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Oenanthe oenanthe ♀
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
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If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
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PLEASE, NO AWARDS, no Copy and Paste Comments and no group icons like "your wonderful photo was seen in group xyz". They will all be deleted as soon as i see them.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS, kopierte Kommentare oder diese Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich sobald ich sie sehe.
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Oenanthe oenanthe ♀
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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Schneider Componon 80mm 4.0, Nikon D7200, 112 photos
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/6/843
hipocryshit.blogspot.ru/2011/08/after-shaking-pipette-was...
Exactly 10 years ago:
Vor genau 10 Jahren:
Native Village of Wales, the reason why I was there:
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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Aussi commune que capable de performances adaptatives parfois méconnues (dans l'ordre : dévorer la cervelle de chauves-souris, se repaître d'autres passereaux ou "décapsuler" des bouteilles de lait) :
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0611
www.scientificamerican.com/blog/tetrapod-zoology/great-ti...
[Pisaura Simon 1885: 13 (IT: 4) spp]
Cfr. notes¹ over the above image.
Pisauridæ and Trechaleidæ appear to be monophyletic sister clades, separated from Dolomedes clade. The nuptial gift-giving trait could have evolved & lost either once in their lycosoid LCA or independently, or evolved convergently as opportunistic MS.
NOTES
1. TBL 8 mm.
REFERENCES
W. Nentwig & al. 2022: All you need to know about spiders.
S. Pekár & al. 2021: World Spider Trait Database.
J. Hernández-Corral & al. 2021: Spiders in Quercus forests.
G. Greco & al. 2021: Spider silks & webs.
D. Heimerl & al. 2021: Pisaura mirabilis reproductive tactics.
M. Beyer & al. 2021: Pisaura mirabilis nuptial gift acceptance.
M.J.B. Eberhard & al. 2020: Pisaura mirabilis courtship.
J.O. Wolff 2020: Spider silk thread anchorage.
J. Cowles 2018: Amazing Arachnida.
M.J. Albo & al. 2017: Lycosoidea relationships.
The Red-backed Shrike inhabits low thorny scrub with small and medium sized trees in semi-open landscapes, often near water. It's name derives from this species impaling its prey on thorns or barbed-wire spikes to keep them in its 'larder'.
People used to mistakenly believe that it always impaled nine insects before eating one! Hence in Europe, the Germanic name Neuntöter (Nine killer) is used. Butcher bird is also a common name.
Red-backed Shrikes and other shrike species have evolved with exceptional eyesight and are considered by some as 'mini' raptors. They also have sharp talons for holding their prey.
*Ornithologists have long known that shrikes impale their prey, no one knew for certain how these songbirds managed to catch and kill relatively large vertebrates. A new analysis of high-speed video footage in the US with Loggerhead Shrikes finally reveals the answer: They grasp mice by the neck with their pointed beak, pinch the spinal cord to induce paralysis, and then vigorously shake their prey with enough force to break its neck.
*https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321
The adult male has pale grey crown, nape, rump and uppertail-coverts, and chestnut mantle, back and scapulars. The upperwing is blackish with chestnut-edged feathers. There is sometimes a small, white wing patch at primaries’ bases.
The tail is black but the central pair of rectrices has white base, whereas the outer pairs show white outer webs. The black terminal bands on other tail feathers form an inverted T visible in flight.
On the underparts, chin and throat are white. Rest of underparts is pale salmon-pink. The undertail-coverts are white.
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS, no Copy and Paste Comments and no group icons like "your wonderful photo was seen in group xyz". They will all be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS, kopierte Kommentare oder diese Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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UAR interviewed Prof Matthew Fisher of Imperial University London about his work on the fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) currently devastating amphibian species around the world. Matthew and his team have been the first to successfully treat infected frogs and their tadpoles. They 'cured' individual midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) with a dilute solution of a fungicide Itraconazole and after cleaning their habitat in the mountains of Majorca were able to re-introduce the species where they had previously become locally extinct.
This is the first time amphibians have been successfully re-introduced following an outbreak of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
While this method is not an answer to removing the fungus from the wider environment it does make it possible for people to remove threatened species into captivity and maintain them in 'arks' until their descendants can be returned to the wild.
Read more here: www.britannica.com/topic/Bd-The-Amphibian-Plague-2037002
Download a transcript of the interview here.
References
Bosch J, Sanchez-Tomé E, Fernández-Loras A, Oliver JA, Fisher MC, Garner TWJ. (2015) Successful elimination of a lethal wildlife infectious disease in nature. Biology Letters. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0874
Fisher MC, Henk DA, Briggs C, Brownstein JS, Madoff L, McCraw SL, Gurr S. (2012) Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature 484: 186-194
Northern wheatears have one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world – they breed over a huge area of the Arctic, in eastern Canada, Greenland, Eurasia and Alaska. But the birds are made up of two separate subspecies that appear never to meet. One subspecies breeds in eastern Canada, Greenland and Iceland, while the other uses Eurasia and Alaska.
And despite sporadic reports of sightings in North America, nobody has ever seen either subspecies spending the winter in the Americas, even though this might seem the obvious choice for Alaskan wheatears, there had been sightings of birds in the Pakistan, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Scientists had an idea that all wheatears from across the Arctic somehow make their way to Africa.
so to test these ideas, they decided to use miniature light-recording devices called geolocators to track wheatears migrating to Africa from the Arctic. These devices – developed at the British Antarctic Survey - weigh just 1.2 grams and, including attachments, make up about six per cent of an adult bird's body weight.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505
The researchers found that the birds take between two and three months to get from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to sub-Saharan Africa. They found that Alaskan wheatears fly overland to eastern Africa to spend the winter there, covering about 13,500 kilometres (8388 miles). But birds from eastern Canada and Greenland cover around 3500 kilometres (2174 miles) getting to western Europe, grappling with the stormy north Atlantic on the way, before making their way to Africa.
And even though they weigh just 25 grams – slightly more than a robin – they cover an incredible 290 kilometres (180 miles) every day.
Migration map:
dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net/content/roybiolett/8/4/505/F...
Северные каменки населяют крупнейший регион - они размножаются на огромном пространстве Арктики, на востоке Канады, в Гренландии, Евразии, Аляске.
Но птицы состоят из двух отдельных подвидов, которые никогда не встречаются. Один подвид гнездится в восточной Канаде, Гренландии и Исландии, в то время как другой использует Евразию и Аляску.
И, несмотря на отдельные сообщения о наблюдениях в Северной Америке, никто и никогда не видел как каменки зимуют в Северной и Южной Америке, хотя это может показаться очевидным выбором для каменок с Аляски. Каменок также наблюдали в Пакистане, Иране и на Аравийском полуострове, и у ученых были предположения, что птицы с Аляски мигрируют так далеко, как в Африку.
Для проверки предположения о том, что каменки со всей Арктики стремятся в Африку
в 2012 году ученые проследили пути миграции северной каменки и обнаружили, что эта маленькая певчая птица весом всего 25 грамм имеет самый долгий миграционный путь на зимовку.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505
Используя прикрепленные к лапкам обыкновенных каменок миниатюрные геолокаторы весом 1,2 грамма (6% от веса птицы), ученые установили, что каменки с Аляски летят на зимовку в Африку в область южнее Сахары, восточная часть, над сушей над Сибирью, Кенией и Суданом, преодолевая около 13 500 километров (8388 миль).
Каменки из Восточной Канады и Гренландии летят на зимовку в Африку в область южнее Сахары, западная часть, пересекая на пути бурную северную Атлантику, через Западную Европу, преодолевая около 3 500 километров (2174 миль).
Исследователи обнаружили, что миграция птиц от мест их размножения в Арктике до Африки южнее Сахары длится от двух до трех месяцев (полет из Африки до Аляски занимает примерно 91 день). Скорость миграции составляет до 290 км/день.
Карта миграции:
dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net/content/roybiolett/8/4/505/F...
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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Helicoprion sp. - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in a brown concretion from the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides).
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on an Idaho specimen with preserved soft-parts (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Gay Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, Bingham County, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS, no Copy and Paste Comments and no group icons like "your wonderful photo was seen in group xyz". They will all be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS, kopierte Kommentare oder diese Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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Oenanthe oenanthe ♂
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS, no Copy and Paste Comments and no group icons like "your wonderful photo was seen in group xyz". They will all be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS, kopierte Kommentare oder diese Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear ... on the beach of Bering Strait in Alaska, waiting for the night to continue its long travel to East Africa
Steinschmätzer .......... am Strand der Beringstrasse in Alaska, wartet auf die Nacht, um die lange Reise nach Ostafrika fortzusetzen
Stenpikker ................... på stranden af Beringhavet i Alaska venter på natten til at fortsætte sin lang rejse til Østafrika
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe ♂
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
In 2010 in Iqaluit (Nunavut, Canada) we ringed (banded) this bird as adult and attached a geolocator. We succeeded to recatch it to gain the data stored in the geolocator one year later. This means that this little bird travelled at least twice from Baffin Island to Africa and back.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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[9 sff, 21 tbb, 51 + †3 gg, 72 + †3 sgg, 279 + †14 spp]
[♁: 17 + †6 sff, 38 + †6 tbb, 345 + †166 gg, 14,056 + †764 spp]
High selective pressure, mainly due to inter / intraspecific competition and saturation of ecological niches by the autochthonous populations in natural, "undisturbed" (biologically differentiated) habitats is a major cause of the invasive and synanthropic drift of allochthonous species towards "disturbed" habitats. Do the allochthonous always tend to avoid and delete biodiversity anyway? Or, at least in some cases, are they able to stimulate the increase of biodiversity in the environments in which they settle, through parabiosis and lestobiosis?
____________________________________________________
Table 1. 250+19 ISO3166-1A2 regions with total # of extant unsplitted ant spp+sspp & gg, spp/gg ratios (s), specific & generic local densities (sd, gd); antweb [1] + antwiki [2] data interpolation.
REFERENCES
E.G.F. Regina 2025: Italian myrmecofauna 2025.
E.G.F. Regina 2019: Global BioGeographic Synoptic Table®.
E.G.F. Regina 2019: Expanded¹ Taxonomic Notation®.
NOTES
1. In this particular context the term expanded implies exclusively an itemized normalization of the contents already present in the current standard taxonomic notation with no additional contents.
OA · antbase · antcat antweb · antwiki · keyants · academia.e · scholar · bio.b · bdlibrary · PLOS1 · RSB · EJE · BGF · MN · b-systems · r-gate · iN · c-cafe · palæos · peerj · d-life · fauna-eu taxonomicon · taxonomicum · biolib · Dominium · Supertree · OToLW · SN2K · fauna-i2K3 · ITIS · ws · moreaulab · semanticscholar · UFBIR 2005 · Evolutionary history of life · Task allocation & partitioning of social insects · Patterns of self-organization in ants · Nature+Life TL · ION · insecta.pro · dipterists.org · MikesInsectKeys
Original entomonet design (fL1600*):
a, Zytel ⌒ ⌀6L860 ab₁-ab₁L15☍. b₁, b₂, Ti ac☌ ⌀7L55 1⌈♀b⌖c⌖L20↑b⌖c⌖W4⟳. c₁, c₂, Ti sh ⌀6L370 ∠c₁ec₂100° r15r9 @c₁⇥-c₂⇥L12-L24 b₁c₁-b₂c₂L40⌈ c₁d☍ c₂dqr; 1 Ti c⊥ bc⌈ ♂π ⌀2L0.8 cπ☍. d, Ti c₁ec₂ ☌ ⌀12L30 d♂e♀ M12×2 c₁⌖-c₂⌖d⇥ L7-L15. e, Ti handle ⌀20L500T2 1♀♂M12×2. NOTES: ⌖, center; ⇥, end; ⟳, clockwise; ☌, connector; π, pin; ☍, permanent ☌; ⌈, bayonet; f, frame; sh, straight hoop.
Oenanthe oenanthe ♂
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS, no Copy and Paste Comments and no group icons like "your wonderful photo was seen in group xyz". They will all be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS, kopierte Kommentare oder diese Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe ♂
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Helicoprion sp. - fossil shark tooth whorl, probably from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on an Idaho specimen that has soft-part preservation.
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
Helicoprion ferrieri (Hay, 1907) - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH 37899, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in phosphatic limestone of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides). In the Idaho example shown above, the concretion is phosphate-rich carbonate rock. Permian phosphorite successions in southeastern Idaho are fossiliferous and include Helicoprion tooth spirals. The high-grade phosphorite rocks have economic significance and are mined. At the Monsanto phosphorite mine in Idaho, the waste rock piles are huge and rich in fossils. The general stratigraphy at the Monsanto mine is:
Bed of low-grade phosporus ore
Shale with concretions (waste rock)
Center waste shale (waste rock)
Chert layer (waste rock)
Bed of high-grade phosphorus ore
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on the specimen shown above - it has soft-part preservation exposed at the surface, and CT scanning revealed more soft-part structures inside the rock specimen (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Waterloo Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, near the town of Montpelier, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
There is quite a lot of research to show that Westerners become pro-social (nicer, more moral) when they are faced with drawings of eyes (Bateson, Nettle, & Roberts, 2006; Francey & Bergmüller, 2012; Haley & Fessler, 2005). Westerners cooperate more (Bateson, Nettle, & Roberts, 2006), pick up litter more (Francey & Bergmüller, 2012), and are more generous in "dictator games" (Haley & Fessler, 2005).
Since my shtick is that the Japanese are always watching themselves, or that in Japan the kind old sun is always watching, I had anticipated a cultural difference in the extent to which pictures of eyes would motivate the Japanese to be prosocial.
First of all I have noted that posters encouraging the Japanese to be prosocial (don't steal, litter, block the doors) often feature eyes, so that is one notch against my theory.
However, reviewing the literature on the effect of eyes on Japanese behaviour, the results are ambivalent.
Kitayama, Snibbe, Markus, & Suzuki, (2004) found that Japanese showed the mere exposure effect, enhancing the value of their own possessions, only in the presence of pictures of eyes. This is noteworthy in that the prosocial norm would be to be humble and efface ones possessions in the presence of others' gaze. I hypothesized that eyes encourage Japanese to evaluate themselves, and that since they show visual self-enhancement, the eyes encouraged them to self-enhance. In other words, the eyes in the poster were felt to be the subject's own eyes rather than the eyes of others.
More recent research (三船 & 山岸, 2015; 三船, 橋本, & 山岸, 2008) found that Japanese favoured an ingroup (a group to which they belong) rather than an outgroup when faced with a diagram of eyes. Without the eyes the Japanese subjects were, if anything, more generous to strangers. The eyes, or at least the Kabuki ones hardly seem to have increased overall average generosity and ingroup favouritism can hardly be described as prosocial. On the contrary nepotism is something that one might expect Westerners to avoid when faced with the gaze of others.
Finally a study published last year (阿部 & 藤井, 2015) attempted to use posters with eyes to encourage Japanese to park their bicycles in the right place. The research had a result but only with the first (top left) of the three posters shown above. All three posters have pictures of eyes but only the first poster has a large central pair of ideograms (highlighted by me in red) saying "ILLEGAL." Could it be this rather than the eyes that encouraged those near the first poster to park their bicycles more diligently.
As I argued in respect of Ma Kellam's research (Ma-Kellams & Blascovich, 2013) which found that in a multi-ethnic group, thinking about science made subjects more moral might be due to non-WEIRD subjects being encouraged to think in a more sciencey, category or law bound, way, like the left most "ILLEGAL!" poster above.
So perhaps, mirrors and eyes are to Westerners, what science and the law are to the Japanese: each encourage subjects to self-evaluate in ways that they are not accustomed. And that is why, even more than posters with eyes, Japan is covered public sooths (標語, see Nakajima, 1999), telling them to "buckle up", "drive safely", and greet each other. These public billboard sooths probably really have an effect! They get the Japanese to appraise themselves linguistically, which is something that the Japanese do not usually do (Kim, 2002).
In my first class of the autumn semester I will ask students whether they would be likely to park their bike near the signs in the bottom row. I predict that the one on the right with the "Illegal" ideograms will have more effect than the one on the left with the eyes. The one on the left needs something visual to replace the word "illegal" such as a bicycle with a red diagonal like through it.
Bibliography
Francey, D., & Bergmüller, R. (2012). Images of Eyes Enhance Investments in a Real-Life Public Good. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e37397. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037397
Haley, K. J., & Fessler, D. M. . (2005). Nobody’s watching?: Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(3), 245–256. Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513805000036
Kim, H. S. (2002). We talk, therefore we think? A cultural analysis of the effect of talking on thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 828. Retrieved from labs.psych.ucsb.edu/kim/heejung/kim_2002.pdf
Ma-Kellams, C., & Blascovich, J. (2013). Does ‘Science’ Make You Moral? The Effects of Priming Science on Moral Judgments and Behavior. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e57989. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057989
Nakajima, Y. 中島, 義道. (1999). うるさい日本の私. 新潮社.
Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2(3), 412–414. Retrieved from rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/3/412.short
Kitayama, S., Snibbe, A. C., Markus, H. R., & Suzuki, T. (2004). Is There Any ‘Free’ Choice? Psychological Science, 15(8), 527.
三船恒裕, & 山岸俊男. (2015). 内集団ひいきと評価不安傾向との関連. 社会心理学研究, 31(2), 128–134. doi.org/10.14966/jssp.31.2_128
三船恒裕, 橋本博文, & 山岸俊男. (2008). 内集団への利他行動に対する「目」の効果. Presented at the 日本社会心理学会第49回大会, かごしま県民交流センター.
阿部正太朗, & 藤井聡. (2015). 他者の監視を想起させる「目」の絵を用いたポスターによる放置駐輪抑制効果の検証. 都市計画論文集, 50(1), 37–45. doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.50.37
[Tetratrichobothrius Birula 1917: 1 (IT: 1) spp]
[Euscorpiidæ Laurie 1896: 3 sff, 14 gg, 143 spp]
REFERENCES
P. Coelho & al. 2022: Scorpiones ecomorphs.
D.S. Brandt 2021: Eurypterida morphology.
J.C. Lamsdell & al. 2020: Adelophthalmus pyrrhæ sp.n.
F. Kovařík & al. 2019: Euscorpius revision.
P.L. Coelho & al. 2017: A striking relationship.
A. v.d. Meijden & T. Kleinteich 2017: Stinger diversity in scorpions.
J. Waddington & al. 2015: Eramoscorpius brucensis g.&sp.n.
Z-L. Zhao & al. 2015: Scorpion stingers and biomimetic materials.
P.P. Sharma & al. 2014: Scorpiones posterior heteronomy.
R. Foelix & al. 2014: Fine structure of aculeus in Euscorpius.
M. Poschmann & al. 2008: Wæringoscorpio westerwaldensis sp.n.
V. Fet & P.A. Selden 2001: Scorpions 2001, pp. 25-111.
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Helicoprion sp. - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in a brown concretion from the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides).
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on an Idaho specimen with preserved soft-parts (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Gay Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, Bingham County, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
The Red-backed Shrike inhabits low thorny scrub with small and medium sized trees in semi-open landscapes, often near water. It's name derives from this species impaling its prey on thorns or barbed-wire spikes to keep them in its 'larder'.
People used to mistakenly believe that it always impaled nine insects before eating one! Hence in Europe, the Germanic name Neuntöter (Nine killer) is used. Butcher bird is also a common name.
Red-backed Shrikes and other shrike species have evolved with exceptional eyesight and are considered by some as 'mini' raptors. They also have sharp talons for holding their prey.
*Ornithologists have long known that shrikes impale their prey, no one knew for certain how these songbirds managed to catch and kill relatively large vertebrates. A new analysis of high-speed video footage in the US with Loggerhead Shrikes finally reveals the answer: They grasp mice by the neck with their pointed beak, pinch the spinal cord to induce paralysis, and then vigorously shake their prey with enough force to break its neck.
*https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321
The adult male has pale grey crown, nape, rump and uppertail-coverts, and chestnut mantle, back and scapulars. The upperwing is blackish with chestnut-edged feathers. There is sometimes a small, white wing patch at primaries’ bases.
The tail is black but the central pair of rectrices has white base, whereas the outer pairs show white outer webs. The black terminal bands on other tail feathers form an inverted T visible in flight.
On the underparts, chin and throat are white. Rest of underparts is pale salmon-pink. The undertail-coverts are white.
Taken in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Helicoprion ferrieri (Hay, 1907) - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH 37899, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in phosphatic limestone of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides). In the Idaho example shown above, the concretion is phosphate-rich carbonate rock. Permian phosphorite successions in southeastern Idaho are fossiliferous and include Helicoprion tooth spirals. The high-grade phosphorite rocks have economic significance and are mined. At the Monsanto phosphorite mine in Idaho, the waste rock piles are huge and rich in fossils. The general stratigraphy at the Monsanto mine is:
Bed of low-grade phosporus ore
Shale with concretions (waste rock)
Center waste shale (waste rock)
Chert layer (waste rock)
Bed of high-grade phosphorus ore
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on the specimen shown above - it has soft-part preservation exposed at the surface, and CT scanning revealed more soft-part structures inside the rock specimen (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Waterloo Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, near the town of Montpelier, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
This is my favourite bird. You know why? Whenever it comes to my garden, it doesn't come alone. It brings along a collection of different kinds of birds. At times, I have seen more than 10 different types of birds flocking around it.
It has, however, a very 'selfish' reason to do so. Drongo is a *kleptoparasitic bird*, which catches a quarter of its meals by imitating other creatures. As I have seen it in my garden, it starts imitating other birds and several birds gather around it. They collect food and drongo steals from their mouth. Scientists have observed drongos mimicking more than 50 calls.
Here are some interesting observations on drongo from ornithologists: "When following pied babblers, drongos perch above the group and give alarm calls when a predator is sighted, causing the group to alert and commonly move to cover (Ridley & Raihani 2007). However, drongos also occasionally give alarm calls when no predator is present (false calls), which elicit a similar response as true alarm calls, allowing drongos to swoop down and steal food items dropped by fleeing babblers"(rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/6/589).
"A drongo can warn other creatures when a predator is lurking close by. Sometimes drongos cause a false alarm to make animals drop their kill. If this doesn’t work, the crafty birds use vocal mimicry to trick creatures. Study found drongos can mimic other birds and mammals like meerkats. When stealing food from other animals, drongos are able to eat larger prey than they normally would, like scorpions, beetle larvae and even geckos." (www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2621584/The-bird-...)
(Lanius collurio)
The Red-backed Shrike inhabits low thorny scrub with small and medium sized trees in semi-open landscapes, often near water. It's name derives from this species impaling its prey on thorns or barbed-wire spikes to keep them in its 'larder'.
People used to mistakenly believe that it always impaled nine insects before eating one! Hence in Europe, the Germanic name Neuntöter (Nine killer) is used. Butcher bird is also a common name.
Red-backed Shrikes and other shrike species have evolved with exceptional eyesight and are considered by some as 'mini' raptors. They also have sharp talons for holding their prey.
*Ornithologists have long known that shrikes impale their prey, no one knew for certain how these songbirds managed to catch and kill relatively large vertebrates. A new analysis of high-speed video footage in the US with Loggerhead Shrikes finally reveals the answer: They grasp mice by the neck with their pointed beak, pinch the spinal cord to induce paralysis, and then vigorously shake their prey with enough force to break its neck.
*https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321
The adult male has pale grey crown, nape, rump and uppertail-coverts, and chestnut mantle, back and scapulars. The upperwing is blackish with chestnut-edged feathers. There is sometimes a small, white wing patch at primaries’ bases.
The tail is black but the central pair of rectrices has white base, whereas the outer pairs show white outer webs. The black terminal bands on other tail feathers form an inverted T visible in flight.
On the underparts, chin and throat are white. Rest of underparts is pale salmon-pink. The undertail-coverts are white.
Helicoprion ferrieri (Hay, 1907) - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH 37899, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in phosphatic limestone of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides). In the Idaho example shown above, the concretion is phosphate-rich carbonate rock. Permian phosphorite successions in southeastern Idaho are fossiliferous and include Helicoprion tooth spirals. The high-grade phosphorite rocks have economic significance and are mined. At the Monsanto phosphorite mine in Idaho, the waste rock piles are huge and rich in fossils. The general stratigraphy at the Monsanto mine is:
Bed of low-grade phosporus ore
Shale with concretions (waste rock)
Center waste shale (waste rock)
Chert layer (waste rock)
Bed of high-grade phosphorus ore
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on the specimen shown above - it has soft-part preservation exposed at the surface, and CT scanning revealed more soft-part structures inside the rock specimen (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Waterloo Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, near the town of Montpelier, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
Helicoprion sp. - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH 30896, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in black concretionary phosphorite of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides). In the Idaho example shown above, the concretion is black phosphorite. Permian phosphorite successions in southeastern Idaho are fossiliferous and include Helicoprion tooth spirals. The high-grade phosphorite rocks have economic significance and are mined. At the Monsanto phosphorite mine in Idaho, the waste rock piles are huge and rich in fossils. The general stratigraphy at the Monsanto mine is:
Bed of low-grade phosporus ore
Shale with concretions (waste rock)
Center waste shale (waste rock)
Chert layer (waste rock)
Bed of high-grade phosphorus ore
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on an Idaho specimen with preserved soft-parts (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Waterloo Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, near the town of Montpelier, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
Helicoprion ferrieri (Hay, 1907) - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH 37899, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in phosphatic limestone of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides). In the Idaho example shown above, the concretion is phosphate-rich carbonate rock. Permian phosphorite successions in southeastern Idaho are fossiliferous and include Helicoprion tooth spirals. The high-grade phosphorite rocks have economic significance and are mined. At the Monsanto phosphorite mine in Idaho, the waste rock piles are huge and rich in fossils. The general stratigraphy at the Monsanto mine is:
Bed of low-grade phosporus ore
Shale with concretions (waste rock)
Center waste shale (waste rock)
Chert layer (waste rock)
Bed of high-grade phosphorus ore
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on the specimen shown above - it has soft-part preservation exposed at the surface, and CT scanning revealed more soft-part structures inside the rock specimen (see links below).
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian
Locality: Waterloo Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, near the town of Montpelier, southeastern Idaho, USA
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
Oenanthe oenanthe ♀
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
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PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Ariel Rodriguez, Dennis Poth, Stefan Schulz, & Miguel Vences (2010). Discovery of skin alkaloids in a miniaturized eleutherodactylid frog from Cuba. Biology Letters, 6 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1896
Helicoprion sp. - fossil shark tooth whorl, probably from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)
Bluish areas = vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O - hydrous iron phosphate)
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on an Idaho specimen that has soft-part preservation.
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae
-------------------------
Thanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.
-------------------------
See info. at:
web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...
and
Northern wheatears have one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world – they breed over a huge area of the Arctic, in eastern Canada, Greenland, Eurasia and Alaska. But the birds are made up of two separate subspecies that appear never to meet. One subspecies breeds in eastern Canada, Greenland and Iceland, while the other uses Eurasia and Alaska.
And despite sporadic reports of sightings in North America, nobody has ever seen either subspecies spending the winter in the Americas, even though this might seem the obvious choice for Alaskan wheatears, there had been sightings of birds in the Pakistan, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Scientists had an idea that all wheatears from across the Arctic somehow make their way to Africa.
so to test these ideas, they decided to use miniature light-recording devices called geolocators to track wheatears migrating to Africa from the Arctic. These devices – developed at the British Antarctic Survey - weigh just 1.2 grams and, including attachments, make up about six per cent of an adult bird's body weight.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505
The researchers found that the birds take between two and three months to get from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to sub-Saharan Africa. They found that Alaskan wheatears fly overland to eastern Africa to spend the winter there, covering about 13,500 kilometres (8388 miles). But birds from eastern Canada and Greenland cover around 3500 kilometres (2174 miles) getting to western Europe, grappling with the stormy north Atlantic on the way, before making their way to Africa.
And even though they weigh just 25 grams – slightly more than a robin – they cover an incredible 290 kilometres (180 miles) every day.
Migration map:
dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net/content/roybiolett/8/4/505/F...
Северные каменки населяют крупнейший регион - они размножаются на огромном пространстве Арктики, на востоке Канады, в Гренландии, Евразии, Аляске.
Но птицы состоят из двух отдельных подвидов, которые никогда не встречаются. Один подвид гнездится в восточной Канаде, Гренландии и Исландии, в то время как другой использует Евразию и Аляску.
И, несмотря на отдельные сообщения о наблюдениях в Северной Америке, никто и никогда не видел как каменки зимуют в Северной и Южной Америке, хотя это может показаться очевидным выбором для каменок с Аляски. Каменок также наблюдали в Пакистане, Иране и на Аравийском полуострове, и у ученых были предположения, что птицы с Аляски мигрируют так далеко, как в Африку.
Для проверки предположения о том, что каменки со всей Арктики стремятся в Африку
в 2012 году ученые проследили пути миграции северной каменки и обнаружили, что эта маленькая певчая птица весом всего 25 грамм имеет самый долгий миграционный путь на зимовку.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/4/505
Используя прикрепленные к лапкам обыкновенных каменок миниатюрные геолокаторы весом 1,2 грамма (6% от веса птицы), ученые установили, что каменки с Аляски летят на зимовку в Африку в область южнее Сахары, восточная часть, над сушей над Сибирью, Кенией и Суданом, преодолевая около 13 500 километров (8388 миль).
Каменки из Восточной Канады и Гренландии летят на зимовку в Африку в область южнее Сахары, западная часть, пересекая на пути бурную северную Атлантику, через Западную Европу, преодолевая около 3 500 километров (2174 миль).
Исследователи обнаружили, что миграция птиц от мест их размножения в Арктике до Африки южнее Сахары длится от двух до трех месяцев (полет из Африки до Аляски занимает примерно 91 день). Скорость миграции составляет до 290 км/день.
Карта миграции:
dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net/content/roybiolett/8/4/505/F...
This image accompanies this news story written by GrrlScientist and published on The Guardian.
Figure 1 c: Distribution of the spotted wren-babbler, Elachura formosus (formerly Spelaeornis formosus) [based on: Collar NJ, Robson C. 2007 Family Timaliidae (Babblers). In Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 12 (eds J del Hoyo, A Elliott, DA Christie), pp. 70–291. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. and Zheng G. 2011 A checklist on the classification and distribution of the birds of China, 2nd edn. Beijing, China: Science Press.]. Sampling localities are indicated by dots. [doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.1067]
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
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If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
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PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
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[Euscorpius Thorell 1876: 63 (IT: 18) spp]
[Euscorpiidæ Laurie 1896: 3 sff, 14 gg, 143 spp]
Euscorpius (Euscorpius) celanus Tropea 2012, parapatric ♀, dorsal habitus.
REFERENCES
G. Tropea & A. Parmakelis 2022: Euscorpius concinnus complex in IT & FR.
P. Coelho & al. 2022: Scorpiones ecomorphs.
D.S. Brandt 2021: Eurypterida morphology.
J.C. Lamsdell & al. 2020: Adelophthalmus pyrrhæ sp.n.
F. Kovařík & al. 2019: Euscorpius revision.
J. Cowles 2018: Amazing Arachnida.
P.L. Coelho & al. 2017: A striking relationship.
A. v.d. Meijden & T. Kleinteich 2017: Stinger diversity in scorpions.
J. Waddington & al. 2015: Eramoscorpius brucensis g.&sp.n.
Z-L. Zhao & al. 2015: Scorpion stingers and biomimetic materials.
P.P. Sharma & al. 2014: Scorpiones posterior heteronomy.
R. Foelix & al. 2014: Euscorpius aculeus fine structure.
A. Parmakelis & al. 2013: Euscorpius hidden diversity in GR.
G. Tropea 2012: Euscorpius celanus sp. n.
M. Poschmann & al. 2008: Wæringoscorpio westerwaldensis sp.n.
A. Berkov & al. 2008: Onychocerus albitarsis antennæ.
V. Fet & P.A. Selden 2001: Scorpions 2001, pp. 25-111.
This image accompanies this news story.
A trio of Gouldian finches, Erythrura gouldiae. Black-headed male (L), red-headed male (R), black-headed female (lower).
Image: Sarah Pryke (This image has been cropped). [doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0830]
Ariel Rodriguez, Dennis Poth, Stefan Schulz, & Miguel Vences (2010). Discovery of skin alkaloids in a miniaturized eleutherodactylid frog from Cuba. Biology Letters, 6 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1896
Oenanthe oenanthe, juvenile
Northern Wheatear
Steinschmätzer
Stenpikker
Now and then I will drop in a few pictures of the Northern Wheatear, the bird I owe so very much. From 2005 to 2014 it took me to several interesting places in the north of Europe and America.
It is a very special bird, not only to me but also in general:
Though a rather small bird, it has one of the largest ranges of any songbird, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Europe, Asia and into Alaska.
All these populations are wintering in Africa!
Alaskan birds are travelling approximately 15.000 km each way, what makes them World Champions in migration among songbirds.
rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/13/...
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
If you like my pictures please have a look at:
Wenn Ihnen meine Bilder gefallen, besuchen Sie bitte meine Homepage
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
PLEASE, NO AWARDS or these large group icons like "your wonderful, great photo was seen in group xyz". They will be deleted sooner or later.
BITTE KEINE AWARDS oder diese großen Gruppen-Icons wie "Ich habe Dein wunderbares Bild in Gruppe xyz gesehen". Die lösche ich früher oder später.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *