Hemerocallis fulva?

A daylily, day lily or ditch-lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/,[2] a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, native to Asia. Despite the common name, it is not, in fact, a lily, nor does it specifically grow in ditches. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred Hemerocallis species for their attractive flowers; a select few species of the genus have edible petals, while some are extremely toxic. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by the American Daylily Society, the only internationally recognized registrant according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). .[3] The plants are perennial, bulbous plants, whose common name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. Hemerocallis are herbaceous clump-forming perennials growing from rhizomes,[4] some produce spreading stolons. They have a fibrous or fibrous-tuberous root system with contractile roots.[5] The tuberous roots are used to store nutrients and water. The arching leaves are produced from the base of the plant (basal) and lack petioles,[4] they are strap-like, long, linear lanceolate leaves and grouped into opposite fans. The crown is the small portion between the leaves and the roots. The large showy flowers are produced on scapes. The slightly irregular shaped flowers are arranged in helicoid cymes, or produced solitarily.[4] The scapes of some species and cultivars produce small leafy proliferations arising from the nodes or in bracts. The proliferations are clones that root when planted.[6]

Typically Hemerocallis flowers have three similar petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, and each have a midrib. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower has six stamens joined to the perianth tube, each with a two-lobed anther. The unequal stamen filaments are curved upward with the linear-oblong anthers dorsifixed. The superior ovary is green, with three chambers and the stigma is 3-lobed or capitate. The fruit is a capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae). The fruits may have no seeds (sterile), or many relatively large, shiny, black, roundish seeds.[4][7] The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. The haploid number of chromosomes is eleven.[4] Despite their common name, daylilies are not true lilies (plants from the genus Lilium, family Liliaceae). Although the flowers of Hemerocallis and Lilium species have a similar shape, their growth habits, stems and leaf shapes are distinctive. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system. As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily".[12]

The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions.[13] Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".[14] Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.[citation needed]

Cultivars

edit

There are more than 100,000 daylily cultivars, the milestone having been achieved in 2024[13] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of bluish shades, particularly in the eyezones.

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, doubling, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, fringed edges called ‘teeth’, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust". Sought-after improvements include rust resistance, foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties.

In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars[15] Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double", some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals.

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun. Wikipedia

H."Mystic Jellyfish"- one of Jamie Gossard's

crazy spiders. It is about 50% polymerous.

Daylily Duet- a polymerous version of

'Plein Air Paintbrush' on the left, 'Island

Glamorous Guest' on the right

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A polymerous bloom...having four petals and four sepals (or more) rather than the normal three each.

 

Blogged at christmasnotebook.com/2010/06/08/daylily-season-is-in-ful....

Polymerous blossom (having more than the usual three petals and three sepals).

 

Blogged at christmasnotebook.com/2010/06/10/along-the-same-lines/.

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 23W27 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 3.8 YEARS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22, 23:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Michigan, #49236, #usdaZone6, #Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily, #23W27

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 23W27 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 3.8 YEARS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22, 23:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Michigan, #49236, #usdaZone6, #Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily, #23W27

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Try-Relational Feedback, 2011

handmade soft sculpture, borrowed bedroom, monitor, chairs, blankets, coffee table, plant, beers, magazines, tequila

 

From our initial discussions about a performance we realize that we would like to site ours in one of the house's bedrooms--specifically, we would perform in the bedroom with a live feed / possible two-way connection to a computer / monitor elsewhere in the house. To paint it in broad strokes (for now), the performance would be an extension of a piece we did for the 'Under the Blanet' Eternal Telethon in 2010, see image attached, consisting of a durational performance with soft relational object (no mess or liquids involved). The bed would be used as a stage on which the reclined performance would unfold. We believe the bedrooms are not typically used for exhibition space at Summercamp, so we wonder if this is at all possible? The bedroom as site is integral to this particular performance, so any feedback about this would be welcome asap...

 

CamLab is a collaborative project between Anna Mayer and Jemima Wyman, started at CalArts in 2005. The collaboration is a result of the artists’ combined investments in the phenomena of scopophilia, embodied knowledge, and a destabilization of a singular subjectivity. These shared investments manifest in optically-charged and ribald projects that are continuously concerned with forwarding alterity as subject matter.

 

CamLab uses media that historically have been employed to register the politics of the body (performance, video and photography) in an effort to extend on those traditions as well as investigate the new visual codes produced by contemporary individual consumer technology. CamLab is committed to working across these mediums in order to maximize their potential for disrupting conventional ideas of an autonomous body.

 

CamLab’s interest in embodying multiple perspectives is literalized through the use of hand-held camera techniques and the polymerous structure of the live performances. The most recent costumes for performance range from the laboriously crafted to the more economically designed, each one attempting to create a communal architecture to accommodate our bodies and multiple others. The references to contemporary fashion and specialized adornment remain, with the emphasis shifting towards an investigation of how participation can link bodies and forge intimacy.

 

CamLab’s investment in the body is supplemented by an investigation into the interrelatedness of language and embodiment. Some performances use language exclusively while others depend on non-verbal exchanges. CamLab believes that a contemporary politics of pleasure must acknowledge the contiguity of language and body in facilitating the spectrum of experience between alterity and intimacy.

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2022 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 34 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' (Roberts-N., 2002) Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan, 7/2020 - Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily Dily, hem-ur -oh-KAL-iss, Mature size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Month 7, In Garden Bed V3 for 315 DAYS (Shake). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002)

height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat.

Awards: HM 2010

 

Additional photos of this plant (search of my flickr photostream):

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

Rare 5x5 polymerous bloom

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2022 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 34 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2022 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 34 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2022 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 34 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' (Roberts-N., 2002) Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan, 7/2020 - Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily Dily, hem-ur -oh-KAL-iss, Mature size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Month 7, In Garden Bed V3 for 315 DAYS (Shake). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002)

height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat.

Awards: HM 2010

 

Additional photos of this plant (search of my flickr photostream):

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmᵻroʊˈkælɪs/. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same or a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

TAXONOMY

SPECIES

The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:

 

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China

Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia

Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea

Hemerocallis esculenta Koidz. (syn. H. pedicellata Nakai) >) - China, Japan, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – Orange Daylily, Tawny Daylily, Tiger Lily, Ditch Lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places

Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea

Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang - Hongdo Islands of South Korea

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – Lemon Lily, Yellow Daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America

Hemerocallis littorea Makino - Korea, Japan

Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. (includes H. exaltata Stout as H. m. var. exaltata) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East

Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia

Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China

Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China

Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China

Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung - Korea

Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan

Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands

 

Two hybrids are recognized:

 

Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii

Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii

 

A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:

 

H. × hybrida

H. × ochroleuca

H. × stoutiana

H. × traubara, H. × traubiana

H. × washingtonia

H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana

 

ETYMOLOGY

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

CULTIVATION

"The Perfect Perennial"

The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial", due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for one to five weeks, although some will bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colours, now they come in an assortment of many shades thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers require full sun to bring out all of their color; darker varieties, including red and purple flowers, need shade.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.

 

This annual award - as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges - can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:

 

'All American Chief'

'Always Afternoon'

'Arctic Snow'

'Asterisk'

'August Frost'

'Beauty to Behold'

'Burning Daylight'

'Cat Dancer'

'Cayenne'

'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'

citrina

'Condilla'

'Curly'

'Cinnamon Windmill'

'Custard Candy'

'Eggplant Escapade'

'Elegant Candy'

'Fooled Me'

'Grey Witch'

'Holly Dancer'

'Jamaican Me Crazy'

'Jellyfish Jealousy'

'Julie Newmar'

'Karen's Curls'

'Killer'

'Lady Neva'

'Lime Frost'

'Mahogany Magic'

'Mary's Gold'

'Moonlit Masquerade'

'North Wind Dancer'

'Old Tangiers'

'Performance Anxiety'

'Primal Scream'

'Radiant Moonbeam'

'Ruby Spider'

'Running Late'

'Russian Rhapsody'

'Selma Longlegs'

'Serena Sunburst'

'Sir Modred'

'Spider Man'

'Stafford'

'Strawberry Candy'

'Tuxedo Junction'

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.

 

H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.

 

TOXICITY

CATS

Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.

 

WIKIPEDIA

PDC 2012 Show Final

Section 1: Registered Extra Large Flowers 7” or more in diameter

'Butter Cream'(Whatley, 1998)

Cynthia Dye

 

Section 2:Registered Large Flowers 4 1/2” or more but under 7”

'Last Snowflake'(Stamile, 2006)

J D Stadler

 

Section 3: Registered Small Flowers 3” or more but under 4 1/2”

'Changing Latitudes'(Shooter-E., 1997)

Gail Moore

 

Section 4: Registered Miniature Flowers less than 3”

'Brookwood Black Kitten'(Sharp, 1995)

Gail Moore

 

Section 5: Registered Double, Polymerous, and Multiform Flowers

'Sebastian the Crab'(Joiner-J., 2003)

Bill Gluck

 

Section 6: Registered Spider Flowers – Spider ratio 4.0:1 or greater

'Skinwalker'(Roberts-N., 1997)

Tom Moore Best In Show

 

Section 7: Registered Unusual Form Flowers

'Walter's Tango'(Marx-Hensley, 2006)

Gail Moore

 

Section 8: Youth – Registered cultivars any size, form, or pattern.

'Ginger Peachy'(Lankart, 1969)

Morgan Rines

 

Section 9: Regional Popularity Poll –

'Carnival in Mexico'(Santa Lucia, 2000)

Cynthia Dye

 

Section 10: Seedlings (Optional listing – Any size, form or pattern)

 

J D Stadler

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' (Roberts-N., 2002) Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan, 7/2020 - Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily Dily, hem-ur -oh-KAL-iss, Mature size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Month 7, In Garden Bed V3 for 315 DAYS (Shake). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002)

height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat.

Awards: HM 2010

 

Additional photos of this plant (search of my flickr photostream):

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2021 Dily- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily Dily, Mature size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 22 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002)

height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat.

Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata'

 

Daylily is the general nonscientific name of a species, hybrid or cultivar of the genus Hemerocallis. Daylily cultivar flowers are highly diverse in colour and form, as a result of hybridization efforts of gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists. Thousands of registered cultivars are appreciated and studied by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, and formerly was part of Liliaceae (which includes Lilium, True Lilies).

 

Daylilies are perennial plants. The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful". This name alludes to the attractive flowers of this genus which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open at sunrise and wither at sunset, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, including China, Korea, and Japan, and this genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of Daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in the same or in a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually has a different color than more distal areas of its tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Fulvous Daylily, although a beautiful plant, is an unwanted alien, invasive weed in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other rhizomatous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden, and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of $20 or less.

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name)were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some people think that it is a native wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily and Roadside Daylily and Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people synonymize “polymerous” with “double,” some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Smithtown, Long Island NY

With the extra magic of extra petals

H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata'

 

Daylily is the general nonscientific name of a species, hybrid or cultivar of the genus Hemerocallis. Daylily cultivar flowers are highly diverse in colour and form, as a result of hybridization efforts of gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists. Thousands of registered cultivars are appreciated and studied by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, and formerly was part of Liliaceae (which includes Lilium, True Lilies).

 

Daylilies are perennial plants. The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful". This name alludes to the attractive flowers of this genus which typically last no more than 24 hours. The flowers of most species open at sunrise and wither at sunset, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

 

Hemerocallis is native to Eurasia, including China, Korea, and Japan, and this genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 60,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Most kinds of Daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations" form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in the same or in a contrasting color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually has a different color than more distal areas of its tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a capsule (often erroneously called a pod).

 

The Fulvous Daylily, although a beautiful plant, is an unwanted alien, invasive weed in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other rhizomatous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one's garden, and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.

 

Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but sturdy and prolific introductions sell at reasonable prices of $20 or less.

 

The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet-scented Lemon-lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name)were early imports from England to 17th-century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some people think that it is a native wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily and Roadside Daylily and Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash-house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, to vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less-hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.

 

In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people synonymize “polymerous” with “double,” some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.

 

Smithtown, Long Island NY

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2021 Dily- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily Dily, Mature size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 22 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002)

height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat.

Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 23W27 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 3.8 YEARS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22, 23:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Michigan, #49236, #usdaZone6, #Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily, #23W27

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 23W27 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 3.8 YEARS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22, 23:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Michigan, #49236, #usdaZone6, #Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily, #23W27

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 7/2021 Dily- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily Dily, Mature size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 22 MONTHS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002)

height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat.

Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

Hemerocallis 'Chief Four Fingers' 23W27 Daylily V3- (Roberts-N., 2002) Tall Dark Red Purple Daylily , Mature plant size: 44in, 6in. Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat., USDA Hardiness Zone 3, Michigan Bloom Week ISO WW27, In Garden Bed V3 for 3.8 YEARS (Shakes). Planted in 2019.

 

American Daylily Society: Chief Four Fingers (Roberts-N., 2002) height 44 in.(112 cm), bloom 6 in.(15 cm), season M, Semi-Evergreen, Diploid, 16 buds, 4 branches, Polymerous 80%, Dark red purple with black eye above yellow green throat. Awards: HM 2010

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2020, 21, 22, 23:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Michigan, #49236, #usdaZone6, #Perennial, #Dip, #Sev, #BC/B=16/4, #Midseason, #Monocot, #Polymerous, #Single, #HM2010, #ChiefFourFingers, #Daylily, #23W27

One lovely blossom had four petals / four sepals rather than the usual 3/3. Beautiful.

11 sepal and petals

A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/, a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies.

 

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

Hemerocallis is native to Asia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 80,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some earlier blooming cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Despite the name, daylilies are not true lilies, although the flower has a similar shape. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. Unlike daylilies, which have a fibrous root system, Liliaceae species grow from bulbs and, if ingested, are harmful to humans and animals. It is a common misconception that daylilies share the toxic properties of true lilies.

 

In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, scapes, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy proliferations form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same basic color or a different color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a botanical capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae, not Hemerocallis).

 

The orange or tawny daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), common along roadsides in much of North America, is native to Asia. Along with the lemon lily (Hemerocallis flava), it is the foundational species for most modern cultivars.

 

Although the buds and flowers are often used by humans in gourmet dishes, Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before kidney failure has developed.

 

HISTORY

Daylilies have been found growing wild for millennia throughout China, Mongolia, northern India, Korea, and Japan. There are thousand-year-old Chinese paintings showing orange daylilies that are remarkably similar to the flowers that grace modern gardens.

 

Daylilies may have been first brought to Europe by traders along the silk routes from Asia.[8] However it was not until 1753 that daylilies were given their botanic name of Hemerocallis by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.

 

Daylilies were first brought to North America by early European immigrants, who packed the roots along with other treasured possessions for the journey to the New World. By the early 1800s, the plant had become naturalized, and a bright orange clump of flowers was a common sight in many homestead gardens.

 

As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily."

 

CULTIVATION

The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars.[10] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties.

 

In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive in the United States is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America. This annual award—as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges—can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website.

 

PESTS

Contarinia quinquenotata, commonly known as the daylily gall midge, is a small gray insect infesting the flower buds of Hemerocallis species causing the flower to remain closed and rot.[23] It is a pest within the horticultural trade in several parts of the world, including Southern and Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine.[25] They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/, a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies.

 

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

Hemerocallis is native to Asia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 80,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some earlier blooming cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Despite the name, daylilies are not true lilies, although the flower has a similar shape. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. Unlike daylilies, which have a fibrous root system, Liliaceae species grow from bulbs and, if ingested, are harmful to humans and animals. It is a common misconception that daylilies share the toxic properties of true lilies.

 

In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, scapes, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy proliferations form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same basic color or a different color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a botanical capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae, not Hemerocallis).

 

The orange or tawny daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), common along roadsides in much of North America, is native to Asia. Along with the lemon lily (Hemerocallis flava), it is the foundational species for most modern cultivars.

 

Although the buds and flowers are often used by humans in gourmet dishes, Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before kidney failure has developed.

 

HISTORY

Daylilies have been found growing wild for millennia throughout China, Mongolia, northern India, Korea, and Japan. There are thousand-year-old Chinese paintings showing orange daylilies that are remarkably similar to the flowers that grace modern gardens.

 

Daylilies may have been first brought to Europe by traders along the silk routes from Asia.[8] However it was not until 1753 that daylilies were given their botanic name of Hemerocallis by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.

 

Daylilies were first brought to North America by early European immigrants, who packed the roots along with other treasured possessions for the journey to the New World. By the early 1800s, the plant had become naturalized, and a bright orange clump of flowers was a common sight in many homestead gardens.

 

As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily."

 

CULTIVATION

The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars.[10] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties.

 

In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive in the United States is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America. This annual award—as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges—can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website.

 

PESTS

Contarinia quinquenotata, commonly known as the daylily gall midge, is a small gray insect infesting the flower buds of Hemerocallis species causing the flower to remain closed and rot.[23] It is a pest within the horticultural trade in several parts of the world, including Southern and Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine.[25] They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/, a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies.

 

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

Hemerocallis is native to Asia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 80,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some earlier blooming cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Despite the name, daylilies are not true lilies, although the flower has a similar shape. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. Unlike daylilies, which have a fibrous root system, Liliaceae species grow from bulbs and, if ingested, are harmful to humans and animals. It is a common misconception that daylilies share the toxic properties of true lilies.

 

In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, scapes, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy proliferations form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same basic color or a different color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a botanical capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae, not Hemerocallis).

 

The orange or tawny daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), common along roadsides in much of North America, is native to Asia. Along with the lemon lily (Hemerocallis flava), it is the foundational species for most modern cultivars.

 

Although the buds and flowers are often used by humans in gourmet dishes, Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before kidney failure has developed.

 

HISTORY

Daylilies have been found growing wild for millennia throughout China, Mongolia, northern India, Korea, and Japan. There are thousand-year-old Chinese paintings showing orange daylilies that are remarkably similar to the flowers that grace modern gardens.

 

Daylilies may have been first brought to Europe by traders along the silk routes from Asia.[8] However it was not until 1753 that daylilies were given their botanic name of Hemerocallis by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.

 

Daylilies were first brought to North America by early European immigrants, who packed the roots along with other treasured possessions for the journey to the New World. By the early 1800s, the plant had become naturalized, and a bright orange clump of flowers was a common sight in many homestead gardens.

 

As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily."

 

CULTIVATION

The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars.[10] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties.

 

In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive in the United States is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America. This annual award—as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges—can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website.

 

PESTS

Contarinia quinquenotata, commonly known as the daylily gall midge, is a small gray insect infesting the flower buds of Hemerocallis species causing the flower to remain closed and rot.[23] It is a pest within the horticultural trade in several parts of the world, including Southern and Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine.[25] They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork.

 

WIKIPEDIA

A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/, a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies.

 

The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".

 

DESCRIPTION

Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.

Hemerocallis is native to Asia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 80,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some earlier blooming cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.

 

Despite the name, daylilies are not true lilies, although the flower has a similar shape. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. Unlike daylilies, which have a fibrous root system, Liliaceae species grow from bulbs and, if ingested, are harmful to humans and animals. It is a common misconception that daylilies share the toxic properties of true lilies.

 

In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system.

 

Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, scapes, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy proliferations form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.

 

A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same basic color or a different color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two-lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a botanical capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae, not Hemerocallis).

 

The orange or tawny daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), common along roadsides in much of North America, is native to Asia. Along with the lemon lily (Hemerocallis flava), it is the foundational species for most modern cultivars.

 

Although the buds and flowers are often used by humans in gourmet dishes, Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before kidney failure has developed.

 

HISTORY

Daylilies have been found growing wild for millennia throughout China, Mongolia, northern India, Korea, and Japan. There are thousand-year-old Chinese paintings showing orange daylilies that are remarkably similar to the flowers that grace modern gardens.

 

Daylilies may have been first brought to Europe by traders along the silk routes from Asia.[8] However it was not until 1753 that daylilies were given their botanic name of Hemerocallis by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.

 

Daylilies were first brought to North America by early European immigrants, who packed the roots along with other treasured possessions for the journey to the New World. By the early 1800s, the plant had become naturalized, and a bright orange clump of flowers was a common sight in many homestead gardens.

 

As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily."

 

CULTIVATION

The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".

 

CULTIVARS

There are more than 35,000 daylily cultivars.[10] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less.

 

Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.

 

Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust." Sought-after improvements include foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties.

 

In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double," some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals.

 

Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun.

 

AWARDS

The highest award a cultivar can receive in the United States is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America. This annual award—as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges—can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website.

 

PESTS

Contarinia quinquenotata, commonly known as the daylily gall midge, is a small gray insect infesting the flower buds of Hemerocallis species causing the flower to remain closed and rot.[23] It is a pest within the horticultural trade in several parts of the world, including Southern and Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

 

USES

The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine.[25] They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Five petals, five sepals.

Polymerous

FFO June 2, 2012

The first polymerous daylily of the 2012 season.

5 sepals, 5 petals

Five petals, five sepals.

Daylily "Mystic Jellyfish" by hybridizer

Jamie Gossard. This large spider type often throws polymerous blooms. Instead of the normal 3 petals and 3 sepals, it can have 4 and 4, or even 5 and 5.

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