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Lisa O'Rourke, AIB Business Banking pictured at the Network Galway "Open Evening" in the g Hotel. Photo Martina Regan
The analysis of football teams as networks of individuals.
Connections between players according to the number of passing. position in the field according the to area where each player receives the pass (centroid with weights).
Data source: FIFA World Cup 2010
Data collected, analyzed and visualized with www.quadrigram.com
Network robustness is a very important question in many contexts: in communication networks, equipment failures may disrupt the network and prevent users from communicating; in distribution networks (such as power or water distribution), breakdowns can prevent service to customers; also, diseases can spread in contact networks, and vaccinating people (thus in a sense removing them from the network of the disease's spread) can prevent the infection from reaching a large number of persons.
Many papers have studied this question by considering the size of the largest connected component (i.e. the largest set of nodes such that there exists a path between any two nodes) as a criteria for evaluating the robustness of a network: the larger the size of this component, the larger the number of users who can communicate (or the number of people a disease can infect), and hence the more robust the network.
Most real-world networks have heterogeneous degree distributions (i.e. they have a large number of nodes with small degrees, a small number of nodes with a very high degree, and all intermediate cases), hence studying the robustness of power-law random networks seems relevant. This plot shows the resilience of such a network in face of failures and malevolent attacks. Failures are thought to be random events, and are modeled by random removing of nodes. Attacks aim at disrupting quickly a network, and are modeled by the removal of nodes by decreasing order of their degree. In both cases, the plot shows the fraction of nodes remaining in the largest connected component, as a function of the number of removed nodes.
The behaviors of the network in both cases are very different: while the plot for failures decreases very smoothly and reaches 0 only when almost all nodes have been removed, the plot for attacks decreases very sharply and reaches 0 when only a small fraction of the nodes has been removed. This seems to imply that networks with heterogeneous degree distributions are very resilient to failures, but very fragile against attacks. This would be due to the high degree nodes, which hold the network together. In case of failures, very few of these nodes are removed, and the network resists, but in case of attacks the removal of these nodes disrupts the network very quickly.
The third plot, which shows the effect of almost random attacks, can mitigate this conclusion. These attacks simply consist in removing randomly nodes that have degree at least 2. We can observe that, though it is not as efficient as a classical attack, this strategy succeeds in disrupting the network far more quickly than random failures. This shows that the weakness of networks with heterogeneous degree distributions in face of attacks is also caused by their large number of nodes of degree one.
See this survey for more information.
LaSalle Street Station, situated in the heart of Chicago, has been a significant hub for rail travel for over 150 years.
This station, located at 414 South LaSalle Street, played an essential role in the city's transportation network, serving as a gateway to and from the bustling metropolis.
Notable railroads to serve the facility included the New York Central, Rock Island, Nickel Plate Road, Monon, and briefly the Chicago & Eastern Illinois.
The history of this site traces back to October 10, 1852, when it first opened its doors with the extension of the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad from 22nd Street.
At that time, the Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad—later a subsidiary of Lake Shore & Michigan Southern/New York Central—maintained a depot at 12th Street, sharing the space with another Rock Island depot.
By December 1866, a new station emerged, welcoming the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad as a co-tenant alongside Rock Island.
Tragedy struck in October 1871, as the Great Chicago Fire decimated the station. In the face of adversity, it was promptly rebuilt.
Eventually, to pave the way for modernization, this post-fire structure was demolished to accommodate a new station designed by the renowned architectural firm Frost & Granger.
Opening on July 1, 1903, this station served until 1981, etching its place in cinematic history by featuring in Alfred Hitchcock’s 1959 classic "North by Northwest," starring Cary Grant and Eva Marie Saint, and the 1973 film "The Sting," starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford.
Historical Beginnings
LaSalle Street Station’s origins date back to the mid-19th century, a time when Chicago was emerging as a key transportation hub in the United States due to its strategic location.
The original station was built in 1852 by the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad (CRI&R). It was the first station in Chicago to be used exclusively for passenger service, marking the beginning of an era of rail travel that would shape the city’s development.
The early years of LaSalle Street Station were synonymous with rapid expansion and development.
As the CRI&R established its network, the station became a crucial terminal, connecting the Midwest with distant markets and facilitating economic growth.
Architectural Evolution
The original wooden structure of LaSalle Street Station, built in 1852, was modest in comparison to its later iterations. In 1866, a more permanent structure was erected, reflecting the station’s increasing importance.
This new station was designed with a grand waiting room, notable for its exquisite architecture and spacious interior, epitomizing the grandeur of 19th-century rail travel.
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, LaSalle Street Station witnessed further architectural advancements.
The most significant transformation came in 1903 when a new station was constructed by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad (CRI&P).
This Beaux-Arts style building, designed by architect Frost & Granger, featured a magnificent brick façade and an ornate interior.
The grandeur of the 1903 station symbolized the zenith of railroad prominence in Chicago, representing a beacon of the city’s architectural heritage.
Golden Era of Rail Travel
LaSalle Street thrived during the golden age of railroad travel in the early to mid-20th century. It served as a gateway for countless passengers, connecting them to various destinations across the nation.
Major trains, such as the Rock Island’s Golden State Limited, Rocket fleet, and New York Central’s 20th Century Limited, Wolverine, and others regularly departed from LaSalle Street, enhancing its reputation as a pivotal rail terminal.
The station’s role was not limited to passenger transit. During both World Wars, LaSalle Street Station played a crucial role in transporting troops, supplies, and equipment.
It continued to be a critical node in the national rail network, facilitating the efficient movement of resources that were vital to the war efforts.
Decline and Resurgence
The mid-20th century marked a period of decline for LaSalle Street Station, mirroring broader trends in the railroad industry. The advent of the automobile and the expansion of the interstate highway system led to a decrease in passenger rail traffic.
By the 1960s, the once-bustling station saw fewer trains and passengers, and maintenance of the aging infrastructure became increasingly neglected.
In 1981, the original Beaux-Arts structure was demolished to make way for new developments, a decision that marked the end of an era.
The demolition paved the way for the construction of the office tower that stands on the site today, reflecting the city’s shifting focus towards modernization and urban redevelopment.
Despite its decline, LaSalle Street Station never ceased operations entirely. The station saw a resurgence in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as part of renewed interest in rail travel and public transportation.
Present-Day Use
Today, LaSalle Street Station continues to serve as a vital transportation hub in Chicago, primarily functioning as a commuter rail terminal under the management of Metra, the Regional Transportation Authority’s commuter rail division.
The station is the terminus for the Metra Rock Island District line, offering vital service to thousands of commuters traveling between the southwestern suburbs and downtown Chicago.
The current station, located beneath the office tower at 414 South LaSalle Street, is modest compared to its grand predecessors. However, it retains a functional and efficient design that caters to the needs of contemporary commuters.
Modern amenities, such as ticketing services, waiting areas, and retail spaces, ensure that passengers have a comfortable and convenient travel experience.
Metra’s continuous investment in infrastructure upgrades and service improvements has bolstered LaSalle Street Station’s role in the region’s transit network.
The station plays a crucial role in alleviating road congestion and promoting sustainable transportation, aligning with broader urban planning goals.
Impact on Urban Development
LaSalle Street Station’s historical and present-day significance extends beyond transportation; it has profoundly impacted urban development in Chicago.
In its early years, the station spurred economic growth by facilitating the easy movement of goods and people. Neighborhoods surrounding the station thrived, transforming into bustling commercial and residential zones.
The office tower that currently occupies the former station site symbolizes Chicago’s evolution into a modern urban centre.
This development demonstrates how historical sites can be reimagined to serve contemporary purposes while retaining their foundational role in the city’s infrastructure.
Maj. Gen. Megan P. Tatu, Commanding General of the 79th Sustainment Support Command, and her command hosted a Legislative Networking Mixer for the Legislative Affairs Committee of West Orange County at Joint Forces Training Base, Los Alamitos, Calif., on Friday, August 23. Represented at the mixer were the cities of Cypress, Los Alamitos, Seal Beach, and Stanton. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Heather Doppke/Released)
SOMESSO / Headshift Social Business Summit. March 18, 2010, #sbs2010, Moving beyond the adoption of social tools to consider business impact and implications for organisational design.
Chris Burke pictured at the Network Galway Business Woman of the Year Awards 2014 in The g Hotel. Photo Martina Regan
China Entrepreneurs Networking meeting
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Contact the McMaster Institute for Sustainable Development in Commerce for information on the PEACE PLUS ONE - WORLD SUSTAINABILITY PROJECT
如果您想要了解更多“和平+壹——世界可持续发展工程”的相关信息，请联系麦克马斯特可持续发展商务研究所。 www.SustainabilitySymbol.com
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Networking For Good - Aguayuda - February 21, 2012. Jennifer Saunders, Soapbox Marketing, Bessy Martinez, Stella & Dot
Network: Thomas J Price: 2013.
The three-metre-tall bronze Network takes the form of a young man in casual dress, looking at his phone. Typical of Price's sculpture, the figure stands with a relaxed pose although his facial expression opens up the potential for a far more complex internal narrative.