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The Andromeda Galaxy (Messier 31) is the nearest large galaxy to our own Milky Way and one of the most magnificent objects in the night sky. Visible as a faint small smudge from a dark site on a moonless night, M31 is a gigantic aggregation of hundreds of billions of stars at a distance of about 2.5 million light years.
Once thought to be a nebula inside our own Galaxy, its true nature was discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1925, which measured the distance of this "island universe" by studying a special class of pulsating stars known as Cepheids.
M31 is classified as a spiral galaxy with its galactic plane inclined about 13 degrees to our line of sight, and it is therefore seen nearly edge-on. It has, as our own Galaxy, a number of smaller satellite galaxies, the most prominent of which are M32 (the bright, star-like concentration at bottom right at the edge of the spiral arm) and M110, the more extended bright patch at upper left. Astronomers have found evidence of a massive black hole at the center of this galaxy (as is the case for our own Milky Way).
They have also calculated that we are in a collision course with our grand neighbor in space: approaching each other at a speed of about 100 Km/sec, the two galaxies will collide in about 4 billion years and maybe merge into a giant elliptical galaxy.
Image Details:
Telescope: Orion EON ED 80/500 refractor
Mount: Modified Vixen Sphinx (NexSXW)
Camera: Canon EOS 20Da
Light frames: 19 x 3 mins (total: 57 mins), ISO 1600, Daylight WB, no filter
Guiding: Skywatcher 80/400 refractor, Skywatcher Synguider autoguider
Processing: DSS 3.3.4, Adobe Photoshop CS6
EVENTS:
DETAILS:
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The Triangulum Galaxy (known as Messier 33 or NGC 598) is a beautiful large spiral galaxy in the constellation of Triangulum. It can be (barely) seen with the unaided eye as a faint small smudge only under a truly dark, transparent sky. It is thus one of the most distant objects visible to the unaided eye, since its distance is calculated to be about 3 million light-years. However and due to its relatively large apparent size (almost as large as the area covered by four full Moons), it has a low surface brightness and therefore it is a difficult object to observe under less than ideal conditions.
M33's loosely-wound spiral arms are filled with numerous reddish HII regions (emission nebulae of ionized hydrogen), as well as bluish clouds of young stars. Many of them have their own NGC numbers, the most prominent being NGC 604 (visible at the lower left of the spiral at 8 o' clock position from the nucleus). NGC 604 has a diameter of nearly 1,500 light-years and is estimated that it contains at least 200 newly-formed hot stars.
The galaxy was probably discovered in the 17th Century by Giovanni Batista Hodierna and rediscovered later in 1764 by Charles Messier, who gave it the catalog name M33. It was among the first "Nebulae" identified as extragalactic objects and it was E. Hubble that measured its distance using pulsating stars known as Cepheids, that placed it well outside our own Milky Way.
M33 is the third-largest galaxy of the Local Group, after the Andromeda Galaxy and our own Milky Way, with an estimated diameter of 50,000 light-years, about half the size of the Milky Way. Some astronomers believe that M33 may be a remote but gravitationally bound companion of the Andromeda galaxy.
Image Details:
Telescope: Orion EON ED 80/500 refractor
Mount: Modified Vixen Sphinx (NexSXW)
Camera: Canon EOS 20Da
Light frames: 34 x 3 mins (total: 102 mins), ISO 1600, Daylight WB
Support frames: Darks, Bias
Guiding: Skywatcher 80/400 refractor, Skywatcher Synguider autoguider
Date & Location: 16/10/2018 - Chalkidiki, Greece
Processing: DSS 4.1.1, Adobe Photoshop CS6 with Astronomy Tools Actions Set (spikes added to brightest stars)
M31 the Andromeda galaxy, can be found about 2.5 million light years distant. The galaxy contains 400 billion stars, though some estimates say up to a trillion stars. The galaxy is destined to crash into the milky way in the distant future. Does life exist, most likely it does.
This image, my best yet, is not an accurate representation of the true colour of the galaxy. But I can say the blue colour in the outer spiral arms are regions of young hot blue stars, whilst the orange central core area, is densely packed with much older yellow stars, these cannot be resolved, as they are to far away. The mass of foreground stars across the image all reside in our galaxy, the milky way. The smaller galaxies, at the bottom of the image M110 and M32 just left of centre are both gravitationally tied to the Andromeda Spiral.
61 images at iso 6400iso, at 25 seconds, stacked in deep sky stacker, with dark frames subtracted, 25 minutes in total. Canon 760D, 80mm F6 Refracter, on a driven mount, unguided.
M31 Galaxy
William Optics 73 leveled
William optics 50/200 guide with Omegon 224
Ioptron Cem120 mount
Moravian G2 8300 mark II camera with internal filter wheel
Astronomik filters
Cls CCD, R, G, B, Ha 6nm,
CLS 180x25 -5 °
CLS 300x25 -5 °
It has 900x30 -5 °
R 240x21 -5 °
G 240x21 -5 °
B 240x21 -5 °
Acquisition software Nina, Phd2, Ioptron commander and Vnc
Processing software
Pixinsight, Photoshop and star spikes
Sombrero Galaxy MN190 F5.3 +1.4 extender F7.5 +Enhance filter,, ISO 3200, ISO 800, 4h 53m 46s, exposure time, 70 frames.
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Triangulum Galaxy M33
The Triangulum Galaxy is the third largest of the local group of galaxies including ourselves, the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy and lies 2.73 million light years from Earth. This was taken over two nights in early January.
Technical stuff:
Bortle 4 skies
Canon EF 600mm f4 + 7D II on iOptron CEM70
Primaluce 60mm Guidescope + ASI290MC
Optolong L-Pro filter
4 hours of 10 min subs
Stacked in DSS
Processed with Photoshop & Topaz Denoise
The Triangulum Galaxy is a spiral galaxy 2.73 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Triangulum. It is catalogued as
Messier 33 or NGC 598. The Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, behind the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
The Triangulum Galaxy was probably discovered by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodierna before 1654.
Additionally, the Galaxy was independently discovered by Charles Messier on the night of August 25-25, 1764.
It was published in his Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters (1771) as object number 33; hence the name M33.
Equipment:
Celestron 9.25” 2350mm Edge-HD Telescope
Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro Computerized GoTo Telescope Mount
Orion 50mm Helical Guide Scope & StarShoot AutoGuider
Celestron 9x50 Finder Scope
ZWO ASI294MC Pro Color Camera
Celestron .7 EdgeHD Reducer Lens
PHD2 Guiding Software
SharpCap Pro
Have a Merry Christmas and a Happy and Healthy New Year!
Gemma
The Andromeda galaxy M31 and the Triangulum galaxy M33 are located almost equidistant but opposite directions from the star Beta Andromedae. Naturally these galaxies became targets on a December (2021) evening under clear Bortle 2-3 skies in Kaeng Krachan, Thailand
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Pentax K-5
SMC Pentax-M 100mm F2.8
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The Sculptor Galaxy is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. The Sculptor Galaxy is a starburst galaxy, which means that it is currently undergoing a period of intense star formation.
M101 The Pinwheel Galaxy May 2025
The Pinwheel Galaxy (also known as Messier 101 or NGC 5457) is an asymmetrical, face-on spiral galaxy distanced 21.6 million light-years from Earth in Ursa Major. At 252,000 light-years across it is 70% larger than our own Milky Way galaxy, has a disk mass of over 100 billion solar masses and contains about a trillion stars.
This is the first image I took with my 7” Askar refractor.
- Acquisition Date: 04/1/202 - 05/26/2025 – 05/27/2025
- Location: Western Massachusetts, USA
- Imaging Camera: QHY600PH-M -10°C - Mode 1(High Gain) Offset:15 Gain:56
- Telescope: Askar 185 APO 185mm f/7 Triplet Refractor
- Flattener: Askar 1x Full Frame Flattener for 185APO
- Mount: Astro-Physics AP1100 w/GTO4
- Guide scope: Celestron Off Axis Guider
- Guide Camera: ASI174m mini
- Software: Adobe Photoshop CS5, Sequence Generator Pro, PixInsight 1.9 Lockhart, Aries Astro Pixel Processor
Filters:
- Chroma Hydrogen Alpha 50mm filter
- Astrodon Gen II E 50mm LRGB Filters
Exposure Times:
- Luminance:10 x 300 sec bin 1x1 (50 min)
- Red: 17 x 300 sec bin 1x1 (85 min)
- Green: 17 x 300 sec bin 1x1 (85 min)
- Blue: 20 x 300 sec bin 1x1 (100 min)
Total Exposure:320min. (5.3hrs)
Sky Quality:
-Magnitude: 19.71
-Bortle Class 5
-1.41 mcd/m^2 Brightness
-1234.6 ucd/m^2 Artificial Brightness
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The Andromeda galaxy, 2.5 million lightyears distant, the furthest object in the sky that can be seen with the naked eye. Contains more than 400 billion stars, the bright yellow core has most of the mass, consisting of the oldest yellow stars. The blue regions around the galaxy consist of younger hotter stars. The darker areas consist of dust and gas lanes tracing out the spiral arms of the galaxy. The galaxy is edge on with a slight tilt to our line of site, the warp in the galaxy stands out clearly, this is possibly due to gravitational interactions with the satellite galaxies, or nearby galaxies like M33 in Triangulum. Note the warp is in the outer regions of the galaxy, where the gravity is less strong. The two smaller satellite galaxies are gravitationally tied to Andromeda and interact with it.
Bortle class 6/7 skies.
Exposure time, 2hrs 42m 41s, 233 frames @ ISO 6400, 3200, 1600. Capture and processing time etc approx. 30hrs, several dozen subs were deleted due to slight tracking errors and light pollution, haze, fogging etc.
80mm F6 refractor
Fornax Lightrack mount unguided
Canon 760D, no filters were used.
Post processing in Lightroom and Canon DDP.
Subs collected over several nights in all conditions, ie dodging clouds and haze, moon present and only 3 clears nights with excellent seeing, but I could not dedicate all the time to M31, read on.
Due to the type of mount I use, I cannot track across the Zenith as my 500mm refractor hits against the Fornax drive, I would have to wait for 1 to 2 hours for the sky to move to the west allowing my scope to be set up on the other side of the mount. I would look at objects rising in the east until I could get back to M31 a while later.
Object: M31 - Andromeda Galaxy (Sept 2025)
Never say never! I swore I would not do this target again, but I was at a very dark site and needed a wideband image to test out my new portable setup and M31 seemed as good as any!
A large spiral galaxy in our “local group” of galaxies named for the mythological princess Andromeda and located in the Constellation of the same name. The galaxy is estimated to be 2.5 million light years distant and is also estimated to be 220,000 light years across with a halo weighing in at 1.23 trillion solar masses containing over a trillion suns within its boundaries.
Other names: Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224
Other objects in FOV:
-M32 - compact elliptical galaxy that is believed to be the remnant core of a much larger galaxy that M31 stripped of its mass during a past collision.
-M110 – The largest of M31’s satellite galaxies that is currently interacting with it.
-NGC206 – a bright star cluster within M31 that has a radius of 400 lightyears. It contains hundreds of O & B type stars.
Details:
- Acquisition Date: 09/20/2025 to 09/21/2025
- Location: Jenkin’s Beach - Green Lake in Dedham, Maine, USA
- Imaging Camera: ZWO ASI2600MM PRO @ -10°C -Gain 100 Offset 50
- Filterwheel: ZWO EFW 7 x 36mm
- Telescope: William Optics RedCat 71 f/4.9(350mm f/l) APO Imaging Astrograph with WIFD
- Focuser ZWO EAF
- Mount: Sky-Watcher - Wave 150i Strainwave Mount
- Guide scope: ZWO OAG-L
- Guide Camera: ZWO - ASI220MM Mini
- Software: NINA, PixInsight 1.9 Lockhart, Aries Astro Pixel Processor, Adobe Photoshop CS5
Filters:
- Antlia Luminance 36mm
- Antlia Red 36mm
- Antlia Green 36mm
- Antlia Blue 36mm
Exposure Times:
- Luminance20 x 5min. (100min) bin 1x1
- Red:17 x 5min. (85min) bin 1x1
- Green:17 x 5min. (85min) bin 1x1
- Blue:20 x 5min. (100min) bin 1x1
Total Exposure/Integration:370min. (6.17hr)
Sky Quality:
SQM- 21.83 mag/arcsec2
Brightness- 0.201 mcd/m2
Artificial bright. -29.8 μcd/m2
Ratio - 0.174
Bortle class 3
just soap in a purple bucket, and here is your personal galaxy !
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Sunset Crater Volano National Monument, Arizona
The moon and the Milky Way typically do not make happy photographic partners. But here I managed to capture both in a seconds-long window of opportunity before the moon rose higher and completely washed out the Center of Galaxy. It was a tricky shot, difficult to capture enough light from the stars yet avoid overexposure from the moon. And the light pollution from nearby Flagstaff made it even more challenging. I credit PhotoPills for enabling some solid planning for the photography here.
Sunset Crater is an incredible volcanic landscape, with vast fields of cinders and basalt lava flows that killed all life around for 900 square miles, one thousand years ago. There's ponderosa pine and juniper trees here, but not much life otherwise, and as a result it is stunningly quiet at night.
Nothing, and I mean nothing, made a sound that night.
This national monument is rated a Dark Sky Park. A 3-minute exposure long before moonrise did not bring out any details of the landscape. Only the silhouette of Sunset Crater against the stars provided any hint of the cinder cone's existence.
In near complete darkness, and in complete silence, the mystery of the moon and Milky Way made for a truly majestic experience.
Single long exposure processed in Capture One Pro.
Selected for FLICKR Explore February 22, 2025
# 33
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Spiral galaxy NGC 5236
Image exposure: 12.7 Minutes
Image field of view: 39.2 x 25.9 arcmin
Image date: 2022-04-05
I will tell you what's missing.
Is it a trampoline in front, or a frisbee in the air? Or is it a ticket to Never Never Land, with non intended dread of being with someone who feels like a relative, but is not?
I will tell you what's missing.
It's a jump in the air that never comes back as a comet from Milky Way, but rather as hands holding and faces smiling, not as means of a travel trip conjunction, but rather a deep down love for THAT galaxy.
I will tell you what's missing.
Dreams.
b.mikic
The Andromeda galaxy, is the nearest neighbouring galaxy, to the milky way. Consisting of one trillion stars and 2.5 million light years distant, its immense gravity has the milky way locked in an irresistible pull toward its final destination, crashing into the Andromeda galaxy and being completely merged into the much bigger galaxy. M31 45 stack 20 sec iso 6400.