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Quilotoa volcano is a small 3 km wide caldera about 80 km SSW of Quito. It is the westernmost of Ecuador's Andean volcanoes. The caldera is the truncated remnant of a dacitic stratovolcano. It has steep inner walls which rise 400 m above the surface of a 240 m deep lake.
The only certain historical eruption of Quilotoa volcano occurred in 1280 and was one of the largest explosive eruptions in the world during the past 1000 years.
Geologic studies have shown evidence that Quilotoa has produced at least 8 large explosive eruptions during the past 200,000 years at intervals of 10,000-14,000 years.
Reports of historical eruptions from the caldera lake are not certain. At present, Quilotoa volcano has fumaroles on the lake floor and hot springs on the eastern flank.
1280 Plinian eruption and caldera formation of Quilotoa volcano:
One of the largest known eruptions on earth during the past 1000 years occurred around the year 1280 (radiocarbon dated). It followed a dormancy period of 14,000 years. The eruption emptied ca. 11 cubic km of magma during 4 eruptive phases. The first phase produced one of the northern Andes' largest air-fall pumice and ash layer. The following phases generated large pyroclastic flows and lahars, which reached the Pacific Ocean.
The eruption was followed by the formation of the caldera and ended with the emplacement of a small lava dome.
Ochre-toned geothermal area with active mud pots and steaming fumaroles near Lake Myvatn, North Iceland.
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An updated version of an image taken back in July 2015 using Silver Efex Pro 2 for the B&W conversion and processing.
The geothermal area Krýsuvík is situated on the Reykjanes peninsula in Iceland. It is in the south of Reykjanes in the middle of the fissure zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which traverses Iceland. Where solfataras, fumaroles, mud pots and hot springs have formed, the soil is coloured in bright yellow, red, and green hues. Sulphur deposits were mined in 1722 - 1728 and in the 19th century.
E-M5III. P8270252.1
The Námafjall Geothermal Area is located in Northeast Iceland, on the east side of Lake Mývatn. At this area, also known as Hverir, you will see many smoking fumaroles and boiling mud pots, surrounded by sulphur crystals of many different colours. This sulphur gives the area an overwhelming smell of egg.
Geysir is the most famous of the, er, geysers in the Haukadalur Valley, but it no longer erupts regularly. Those wanting to see and photograph Geysir may have to make do with its little brother, creatively named Litli-Geysir.
(The new big and photogenic gusher is Strokkur, a few hundred metres away.)
Haukadalur, from Old Norse: Haukadalr ("hawk dale"), is a valley with significant geothermal activity in Iceland, home to the most famous of Icelandic geysers – Geysir itself.
The shallow valley is at about 100 m above sea level about 110 km (70 mi) to the north-west of Reykjavík. Haukadalur is part of the Golden Circle tourist route, so it does get busy, but it is a great spot for some atmospheric photos, even when the Icelandic weather is as gloomy as it often is.
This description incorporates text from the English Wikipedia.
This image is included in a gallery:- 1) "colour" by Sylvia Okkerse.
Wa-io-tapu (Māori for "sacred waters") is an active geothermal area at the southern end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, just north of the Reporoa caldera, in New Zealand's Taupo Volcanic Zone. It is 27 kilometres south of Rotorua. Due to dramatic geothermal conditions beneath the earth, the area has many hot springs noted for their colourful appearance, in addition to the Lady Knox Geyser, Champagne Pool, Artist's Palette, Primrose Terrace and boiling mud pools. These can mostly be viewed through access by foot, and in addition to a paid and curated experience, naturally forming hot springs appear around the area. The geothermal area covers 18 square kilometres. Prior to European occupation the area was the homeland of the Ngati Whaoa tribe who descended from those on the Arawa waka.
Covering some 18 sq.km, with the volcanic dome of Mungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) at its northern boundary, the area is literally covered with collapsed craters, cold and boiling pools of mud, water and streaming fumaroles. The general public sees only a very small portion. The area is associated with volcanic activity dating back about 160,000 years and is located right on the edge of the largest volcanic caldera (depression) within the active Taupo Volcanic Zone.
The wide range of colours in the area are all natural and are due to different mineral elements, the predominant colours being :- Green (colloidal sulphur / ferrous salts), Orange (Antimony), Purple (Manganese oxide), White (Silica), Yellow-primrose (Sulphur), Red-brown (Iron oxide) and Black (Sulphur and carbon). (Sourced from offical wedsite)
This image is included in a gallery "Blue" curated by Andy Montgomery.
Average depth : 22 to 30 m (72 to 98 ft)
Max. depth : 30 m (98 ft)
Inferno Crater Lake is a large hot spring located in the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley on the North Island of New Zealand, and the largest geyser-like feature in the world. The actual geyser is not visible, as it plays underwater at the bottom of the lake, however, fumaroles are visible on the lake's shore and the rock wall behind it.
The water temperature in the lake ranges from 35 to 80 °C (95 to 176 °F), with acidity up to pH 2.2, and lake levels that vary up to 12 metres (39 ft), following a complicated 38-day cycle that includes an overflow stage. White silica deposits grow up to the overflow level, and the lake's colour is a result of finely divided silica suspended in the water. At low water levels the lake can be a dull grey colour, changing to an intensely sky blue colour at higher lake levels, in particular after the overflow stage.
Inferno Crater was blasted out of the side of the locally prominent Mt Haszard as part of the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption, which opened several craters along a 17 kilometres (11 mi) rift stretching southwest from Mount Tarawera to the nearby Southern Crater. Inferno Crater's trumpet-shaped lake bed is up to 30 metres (98 ft) deep when the lake is full, which is also when it reaches its highest temperature.
Since 1901 the lake occupying Inferno Crater has exhibited water-level variations closely associated with the Waimangu Geyser cycle. Inferno Crater Lake and its neighbouring Frying Pan Lake form a unique relationship and follow an interconnected rhythmic cycle of hydrology variations repeating itself over the course of roughly 38 days. When the water level and temperature of Inferno Crater Lake increase, the water level and outflow of Frying Pan Lake decrease. Comparable cyclic activity is unknown in other hydrothermal systems in the world.
The system has been the subject of studies since monitoring equipment was installed in the area in 1970. Four distinct phases can be recognised in its cycle: First, the lake level rises steadily from its lowest level by a total of almost 5 metres (16 ft) over the course of 8 days, and then it commences oscillating. The average lake level keeps rising over the course of the oscillations of the second phase until it reaches overflow level. At that point, the lake's volume has increased by 45,800 cubic metres (1,620,000 cu ft). Next, the lake overflows for about 51 hours at a rate of almost 80 liter per second, discharging on average 140,000 cubic metres (4,900,000 cu ft) of over 70 °C (158 °F) hot water down a temporary overflow stream into Waimangu Stream in the valley below. The last stage sees the lake recede to its low level over the last 13 days of the cycle, its water temperature also falling to the low point. During that stage, around 30 million liters of water drain back under Mt Haszard.
Inferno Crater Lake is accessible via a side track with 50 steps off the main Waimangu walking track. It is one of three lakes filling craters created in the vicinity during the 1886 event. (Wikipedia)
Rail workers wrestle with wheels, replacing them on a train recently arrived from Bolivia to the border town of Ollague in Chile. No luxury of a workshop here, they’d jacked up the defective wagon, and were swapping the wheels around, all done against the backdrop of the dominating Volcan Ollague, (19,252 ft)
You can just see a fumarole rising from the peak on the right hand flank of the volcano.
Ollague station, FCAB railway, Atacama, northern Chile.
December 2024 © David Hill
Des fumerolles à emporter ?
En tout cas ce soir, pour cet ami de 18 ans et moi, ce ne sera pas pizza à emporter ! Ce sera pâtes recette maison !
Et sur le chemin vers... La maison justement... Des fumerolles semblent s'échapper, refusant d'être emportées, arrachant leur liberté sur le dos des vents...
Hverir, Northeast Iceland 20200802
Hverir is one of the most active geothermal areas in all of Iceland. Also known as Hverarönd, this region stands out for its ochre-colored landscapes and the numerous fumaroles and boiling mud pools dotted over its moon-like terrain.
In spite of the intense smell of sulfur, its curious geothermal activity entices visitors to walk along Hverir's trails and marvel at the natural wonders of Earth. Due to the high heats of the subsoil at Hverir, it's very important not to leave the signposted paths, both to preserve the impressive landscapes and to avoid getting burned by the steam from the fumaroles or putting your foot in a boiling mire!
The highest point to 3914 m, diameter 3 km.
Last eruption 1280. Violent eruption (level 6 scale volcanic explosivity index),
lahar + pyroclastic flow to the Pacific Ocean. Since then in the caldera a 250 m deep crater lake. Due to minerals the green coloration.
At the bottom of the lake fumaroles, at the east side of the volcano hot springs.
Quilotoa is a water-filled caldera and the most western volcano in the Ecuadorian Andes. The 3-kilometre wide caldera was formed by the collapse of this dacite volcano following a catastrophic VEI-6 eruption about 800 years ago, which produced pyroclastic flows and lahars that reached the Pacific Ocean, and spread an airborne deposit of volcanic ash throughout the northern Andes.This last eruption followed a dormancy period of 14,000 years.The caldera has since accumulated a 250 m (820 ft) deep crater lake, which has a greenish color as a result of dissolved minerals. Fumaroles are found on the lake floor and hot springs occur on the eastern flank of the volcano.
Hverir 20210720
An intense smell of sulfur and large columns of steam will make any car driving along the Ring Road stop to admire one of Iceland's most impressive landscapes: Hverir, a highly geothermal area near Lake Myvatn.
Hverir is one of the most active geothermal areas in all of Iceland. Also known as Hverarönd, this region stands out for its ochre-colored landscapes and the numerous fumaroles and boiling mud pools dotted over its moon-like terrain.
Despite the intense smell of sulfur, its curious geothermal activity entices visitors to walk along Hverir's trails and marvel at the natural wonders of Earth. Due to the high heats of the subsoil at Hverir, it's very important not to leave the signposted paths, both to preserve the impressive landscapes and to avoid getting burned by the steam from the fumaroles or putting your foot in a boiling mire!
Source Civitatis Iceland
The Valles Caldera (or Jemez Caldera) is a 13.7-mile-wide (22.0 km) volcanic caldera in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. Hot springs, streams, fumaroles, natural gas seeps, and volcanic domes dot the caldera landscape. The highest point in the caldera is Redondo Peak, an 11,254-foot (3,430 m) resurgent lava dome located entirely within the caldera and surrounded by moat-like flows of rhyolitic solidified lavas.
Wikipedia
Escallonia Cloud Forest Trail in Costa Rica’s Poás Volcano National Park.
Cloud forests exist where forested mountain areas with high humidity are persistently shrouded in low lying clouds. This is usually caused when warm moist winds push up against mountain terrain. As the air rises and cools the cool air can’t hold as much moisture and clouds or mists are formed by the excess humidity.
A longer exposure at twilight brings some sunset colors back into an already darkened night sky with the first few stars out.
Hverir Iceland is a surreal geothermal area at the foot of the Namafjall volcanic mountain. fumaroles, large mud pools, steam vents and a bare orangy-red landscapes close to Lake Myvatn in the North of Iceland.
pierre-leclerc.pixels.com/featured/hverir-iceland-mud-poo...
The geothermal area Krýsuvík is situated on the Reykjanes peninsula in Iceland. It is in the south of Reykjanes in the middle of the fissure zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which traverses Iceland.
Krýsuvík consists of several geothermal fields, such as Seltún. Here solfataras, fumaroles, mud pots and hot springs have formed, the soil is coloured bright yellow, red, and green hues. Sulphur deposits were mined in 1722–1728 and in the 19th century. German scientist Robert Bunsen visited the site in 1845 and, based on research there, proposed a hypothesis on formation of sulphuric acid in nature.
Near the geothermal fields are several maars — craters created by the explosions of overheated groundwater. The unusual green-blue Grænavatn lake has formed in one of these maars. Test boreholes were made here in the early 1970s, some of the boreholes have turned into irregular, artificial geysers, one of which exploded in 1999, leaving a crater.
Krýsuvík is a popular hiking area and tourism infrastructure — such as wooden pathways — has been developed.
The biggest lake in the area, Kleifarvatn, began to diminish after a big earthquake in 2000; 20% of its surface has since disappeared. In this area there were some farms until the 19th century, after which they were abandoned. Only a small chapel, Krísuvíkurkirkja, built in 1857, remained, until it burned to the ground on January 2, 2010. Church was rebuild in 2020 (wiki)
EOS R - Canon RF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM
By all accounts just under one month on and most of the Bocca Nuova has been infilled by lava erupted from Voragine
Sturlureykir horse farm is a local horse breeding farm with about 60 horses. Every year there are 3 to 5 foals born. The owners try to breed good breeding horses, riding horses and competition horses.
Sturlureykir is a family run farm and has been in the same family for over 150 years. The first central heating system in Europe based on natural hot water in Europe was built there.
Set in the geologically active Warner Valley, and surrounded by mudpots and fumaroles, Boiling Springs Lake is one of the biggest hot lakes anywhere in the world. The cloudy, aqua-colored water is gorgeous to look at, but very dangerous and highly acidic. Heeding the National Park Service warning signage, I was able to find some vantage points away from the unstable volcanic crust and boiling subterranean water for some compositions, including this one of pines precariously growing out of the water’s edge.
Hverir Iceland is one of the most out-of-this-world sites on the island, where you feel connected to the power of the planet.
At the foot of the Namafjall volcanic mountain, the Namaskard geothermal area displays fumaroles, large mud pools, steam vents
and a bare orangy-red landscape.
This is one of the hot springs at Seltúnshverir visible from the Seltún loop trail. This thermal area contains hot springs like this one, as well as, solfataras (fumaroles), mud pools and steaming ground. Seltún is part of the large Krýsuvík Geothermal field which lies on the of the NE-SW trending Krýsuvík volcanic system on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland.
Haukadalur, from Old Norse: Haukadalr ("hawk dale"), is a valley with significant geothermal activity in Iceland, home to the most famous of Icelandic geysers – Geysir itself.
The shallow valley is at about 100 m above sea level about 110 km (70 mi) to the north-west of Reykjavík. Haukadalur is part of the Golden Circle tourist route, so it does get busy, but it is a great spot for some atmospheric photos, even when the Icelandic weather is as gloomy as it often is.
This description incorporates text from the English Wikipedia.
Wiki - A low mountain range about 6km from Reykjahlið on the way to Egillsstaðir. Next to it - mainly at the bottom of the hill on the further side from Reykjahlið are interesting hot mud pools, solfataras, fumaroles, etc.
Fumeroles and seasonal hot springs on a hillside along the Gibbon River on the east side of the Gibbon River Bridge near the Monument Trail head. These thermal features are located in the Gibbon Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Hverir
Iceland
If you find that you are in Iceland for a short period of time, the area around lake Myvatn is probably a good place to go. Within 50km radius, there is a whole spectrum of landscapes ranging from waterfalls (godafoss) , volcanic rock (dimmuborgir), craters (Hverfell, Krafla), hot springs (jarbodin) and of course, geothermal areas like here in Hverir. Since Marianne and I had been to locations around the country of such areas though, the impact of Myvatn was somewhat lessened. Nonetheless, the alien scapes and overcast weather made for great shooting at Hverir which is to the northeast of the Lake.
Hverir geotermal area: one of the most impressive landscapes of all Iceland
Hverir Iceland is one of the most out-of-this-world sites on the island, where you feel connected to the power of the planet.
At the foot of the Namafjall volcanic mountain, the Namaskard geothermal area displays fumaroles, large mud pools, steam vents
and a bare orangy-red landscape.