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In Yangmingshan National Park, the distribution of hot springs and fumaroles is controlled by a sandstone formation that underlies the 13 geothermal areas. All of Yangmingshan's geothermal activity is confined to a narrow strip between Beitou and Zhishan about 18 kilometers long and 3 kilometers wide. The most active steam vents are those at Tahuangtsui, Siaoyoukeng, Macao, Dayoukeng, Ssuhuangtzuping and Kengtzuping.
Forces inside the earth's crust cause rock to rupture. If rocks on both sides of the fracture move relative to each other, a fault is formed. When surface water seeps down and is heated by an underground heat source, most of it is retained inside porous rock but a small amount rises to the surface along the fissure or fault and emerges as a hot spring. If the water temperature is above boiling point, the water vaporizes underground and emerges as fumarolic steam.
Yangmingshan's popular hot springs can be divided into three types according to their chemical composition. First are the acid sulfate (white sulfur) hot springs, such as those at Tahuangtsui, Jhuzihhu, Ssuhuangtzuping and Kengtzuping. Next are acid sulfate chloride (green sulfur) hot springs, such as the ones at Xin Beitou. Last are neutral iron-bearing hot springs, such as those at Tingpichiao and Lengshuikeng; these are cooler and mostly consist of indirectly heated groundwater.
Enjoying a good soak in a steaming, silky-smooth hot spring set amidst beautiful natural scenery is one of life's greatest pleasures. No wonder so many people make the trip up to Yangmingshan on a regular basis. They wouldn't miss their daily hot spring dip for the world!
硫磺谷是一呈東西向延展的谷地，長約為700公尺。本區南側露出的岩層為五指山層石英砂岩，北側則是新鮮的火成安山岩體。臺灣硫黃產區接近海岸，很早就有人採掘，作為貿易商品輸出。早在元朝汪大淵所撰的《島夷誌略》（1349，元至正九年)一書中，便記載臺灣出產硫磺。「地勢盤穹，林木合抱。山曰翠麓，曰重曼，曰斧頭，曰大崎大崎山極高峻，自彭湖望之甚近。……地產沙金、黃豆、黍子、硫黃、黃蠟、鹿、豹、麂皮。貿易之貨，用土珠、瑪瑙、金珠、粗碗、處州瓷器之屬。海外諸國，蓋由此始。」西班牙統治時期: 「沿淡水河，在Quipatao（北投）一帶，有一些村落出產大量的硫黃.另一個硫黃產地則在Taparri（大巴里）（可能是現在的金山磺山溫泉），當地原住民早在西班牙來之前，就開採大量的硫黃賣給中國人。但是大巴里地區的原住民現在已經停止開礦了，因為他們認為開礦會遭致厄運發生。」鄭氏王朝統治時期: 1659年（明永曆13年），荷蘭通事何廷斌至廈門會見鄭成功，稱許臺灣：「沃野千里，雞籠淡水有硝磺…，真霸王之區也。」勸鄭氏攻取臺灣。閩南紀要就有記載：「而鄭軍之在北投者，竟沾染硫黃，使手足糜爛」。此外，認為「南嵌、淡水，窮年陰霽，硫黃所產毒氣薰蒸」，乃將犯人流放此地。1895日本人據臺後，對於硫黃礦業採用許可制，凡有申請者一律允許開採及自由買賣，清代所立的官營制度完全廢止。在1926年全盛時期，大屯山採硫礦區即有27區。英商德記公司於1897年取得大油坑礦權，由馬歇爾（F.S. Mgrshell）主持。1902年後，收買日人及台人礦區，並改良煉製技術，成為規模最大的採硫單位。日據時代的採硫工作，後來幾乎為德記公司所獨佔。
Toscana on the road
Day 13
Report di un viaggio in moto di due settimane partendo dal Lazio per attraversare la Toscana
Report on a two week motorcycle journey from Lazio travelling across Tuscany
The Fountain Paint Pot area in Yellowstone has several springs, pools, geysers, a fumarole, and the Fountain Paint Pot. Yellowstone National Park.
This trail is an easy 0.5 mile (0.8 km) loop boardwalk. You will see various hydrothermal features that are expressions of Yellowstone's volcanism. No two features are exactly alike, yet they can be grouped into those with a lot of water (hot springs and geysers) and those with limited water (mud pots and fumaroles).
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Inne i kraterkomplekset til Mutnovskij. Mange fumaroler med svovelavsetninger, geysirer og kokende gjørme.
Mi-8 helikopter lander i krateret.
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Inside the crater complex of Mutnovsky. Lots of fumaroles with sulfur deposits, geysirs and boiling mud.
Mi-8 helicopter landing inside the crater.
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Traditional sulfur mining at Ijen volcano, Java island, Indonesia.
Its lake is recognised as the largest highly acidic crater lake in the world.
Geothermal fumaroles in the Námaskarð geothermal field in Mýyvatn Area in North Iceland.
"A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in Earth's (or any other astronomical body's) crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emits steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide. The name solfatara, from the Italian solfo, sulfur (via the Sicilian dialect), is given to fumaroles that emit sulfurous gases.
Fumaroles may occur along tiny cracks or long fissures, in chaotic clusters or fields, and on the surfaces of lava flows and thick deposits of pyroclastic flows. A fumarole field is an area of thermal springs and gas vents where magma or hot igneous rocks at shallow depth are releasing gases or interacting with groundwater. From the perspective of groundwater, fumaroles could be described as a hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface."
Text from Wikipedia.
Nice to look at in the morning sun, the fumaroles on the hill above Hveravellir emit sulphurous gas which does not make for pleasant sensations.
The Fountain Paint Pot area in Yellowstone has several springs, pools, geysers, a fumarole, and the Fountain Paint Pot. Yellowstone National Park.
This trail is an easy 0.5 mile (0.8 km) loop boardwalk. You will see various hydrothermal features that are expressions of Yellowstone's volcanism. No two features are exactly alike, yet they can be grouped into those with a lot of water (hot springs and geysers) and those with limited water (mud pots and fumaroles).
A mudpot, mud pool or paint pot is a sort of hot spring or fumarole consisting of a pool of usually bubbling mud.
Mudpots form in high-temperature geothermal areas where water is in short supply. The little water that is available rises to the surface at a spot where the soil is rich in volcanic ash, clay and other fine particulates. The thickness of the mud usually changes along with seasonal changes in the water table.
The mud takes the form of a viscous, often bubbling, slurry. As the boiling mud is often squirted over the brims of the mudpot, a sort of mini-volcano of mud starts to build up, sometimes reaching heights of 3-5 feet. Although mudpots are often called "mud volcanoes", true mud volcanoes are very different in nature.
The mud is generally of white to greyish color, but is sometimes stained with reddish or pink spots from iron compounds. When the slurry is particularly colorful, the feature is then called a "paint pot".
East of the Salton Sea and west of Niland, California
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Inne i kraterkomplekset til Mutnovskij. Mange fumaroler med svovelavsetninger, geysirer og kokende gjørme.
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Inside the crater complex of Mutnovsky. Lots of fumaroles with sulfur deposits, geysirs and boiling mud.
The fumarole was really steaming at Christmas Bowl, off Chair 5 at Mammoth Mtn. Maybe unusually light snow cover didn't obscure it like it normally does this time of year.
A mudpot, mud pool or paint pot is a sort of hot spring or fumarole consisting of a pool of usually bubbling mud.
Mudpots form in high-temperature geothermal areas where water is in short supply. The little water that is available rises to the surface at a spot where the soil is rich in volcanic ash, clay and other fine particulates. The thickness of the mud usually changes along with seasonal changes in the water table.
The mud takes the form of a viscous, often bubbling, slurry. As the boiling mud is often squirted over the brims of the mudpot, a sort of mini-volcano of mud starts to build up, sometimes reaching heights of 3-5 feet. Although mudpots are often called "mud volcanoes", true mud volcanoes are very different in nature.
The mud is generally of white to greyish color, but is sometimes stained with reddish or pink spots from iron compounds. When the slurry is particularly colorful, the feature is then called a "paint pot".
East of the Salton Sea and west of Niland, California
Vulcano is an island of 21sqm belonging to the Aeolian Islands, situated off the north-eastern coast of Sicily. Although the last eruption dates back to 1890, the volcano has never ceased to betray signs of its activity; even today, such phenomenons as fumaroles, jets and steam above and below sea level and sulphurous mud, highly prized for its therapeutic properties, continue to be very much in evidence. Volcano’s shoreline is much jagged sometimes resembling tentacles plunging into the sea, its colour ranging from red to ochre-yellow and featuring a scenery of wild and haunting beauty.
Locality: Cottonwood Basin, Arizona
Weathered volcanic tuff (Towel Creek Tuff) cones associated with fumarolic acitivity.
Stereo picture of the weathered fumaroles
For more information visit:
Locality: Cottonwood Basin, Arizona
Weathered volcanic tuff (Towel Creek Tuff) cones associated with fumarolic acitivity.
Stereo picture of one of the weathered fumaroles.
For more information visit:
Leirhnjúkur lava field at Krafla, Mývatn region, North Iceland.
Fujifilm X-E1 - Fujinon XF 18mm f/2 R