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My contemporary / documentary work in progress. I like to shoot parts of London before new shiny buildings take over. Deptford on the verge of gentrification - 2018. Lidl, the German chain has arrived and the food is cheap and great with a bakery in store. MacDonald has taken roots for a while.
Canon EOS 1V | f8 / 1/80
++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA ++++
Ostia Antica is a large archaeological site, close to the modern town of Ostia, that is the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome, 15 miles (25 kilometres) southwest of Rome. "Ostia" (plur. of "ostium") is a derivation of "os", the Latin word for "mouth". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but due to silting the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea.[2] The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics.
Contents
1History
1.1Origins
1.2Civil wars
1.3Sacking by pirates
1.4Imperial Ostia
1.5Late-Roman and sub-Roman Ostia
1.6Sacking and excavation
2Modern day
3Media
4Gallery
5Notes
6References
7External links
History
Origins
Ostia may have been Rome's first colonia. According to the legend Ancus Marcius, the semi-legendary fourth king of Rome, who was the first to destroy Ficana, an ancient town that was only 17 km (11 mi) from Rome and had a small harbour on the Tiber, and then proceeded with establishing the new colony 10 km (6 mi) further west and closer to the sea coast. An inscription seems to confirm the establishment of the old castrum of Ostia in the 7th century BC.[3] The oldest archaeological remains so far discovered date back to only the 4th century BC.[4] The most ancient buildings currently visible are from the 3rd century BC, notably the Castrum (military camp);[5] of a slightly later date is the Capitolium (temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). The opus quadratum of the walls of the original castrum at Ostia provide important evidence for the building techniques that were employed in Roman urbanisation during the period of the Middle Republic.[6]
Civil wars
Ostia was a scene of fighting during the period of the civil wars between Gaius Marius and Sulla during the 1st century BC. In 87 BC, Marius attacked the city in order to cut off the flow of trade to Rome. Forces led by Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and Quintus Sertorius crossed the Tiber at three points before capturing the city and plundering it. After his victory here, Marius moved on to attack and capture Antium, Aricia and Lanuvium to further destroy the foodstores of Rome.[7]
Sacking by pirates
In 68 BC, the town was sacked by pirates.[8] During the sack,[9] the port was set on fire, the consular war fleet was destroyed, and two prominent senators were kidnapped. This attack caused such panic in Rome that Pompey the Great arranged for the tribune Aulus Gabinius to rise in the Roman Forum and propose a law, the lex Gabinia, to allow Pompey to raise an army and destroy the pirates. Within a year, the pirates had been defeated.[10]
The town was then re-built, and provided with protective walls by the statesman and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero.[11]
Imperial Ostia
During Julius Caesar's time as Dictator, one of his improvements to the city was his establishment of better supervision of the supply of grain to Rome. He proposed better access to grain by the use of a new harbour in Ostia along with a canal from Tarracina.
The town was further developed during the first century AD under the influence of Tiberius, who ordered the building of the town's first Forum. The town was also soon enriched by the construction of a new harbour on the northern mouths of the Tiber (which reaches the sea with a larger mouth in Ostia, Fiumara Grande, and a narrower one near to the current Fiumicino International Airport). The new harbor, not surprisingly called Portus, from the Latin for "harbour", was excavated from the ground at the orders of the emperor Claudius. This harbour became silted up and needed to be supplemented later by a harbour built by Trajan finished in the year 113 AD; it has a hexagonal form,[12] in order to reduce the erosive forces of the waves.[citation needed] Moreover, at a relatively short distance, there was also the harbour of Civitavecchia (Centum Cellae). These elements took business away from Ostia itself and began its commercial decline.[12] In 2008 British archaeologists discovered the remains of the widest canal ever built by the Romans, 300 feet wide, which they believe ran Portus across the Isola Sacra to the Tiber opposite Ostia, which would have made the transport of large quantities of goods far easier than by land transport. In 2014 ruins on the north side of the river opposite the city were discovered indicating a large built-up area with some massive structure. Ostia within the walls cover an area of 69 hectares or 173 acres. During the 4th century city spilled over the southern walls to the sea south of Regioni III and IV on the map.
Ostia itself was provided with all the services a town of the time could require; in particular, a famous lighthouse. The popularity of the Cult of Mithras is evident in the discovery of eighteen mithraea.[13] Archaeologists have also discovered the public latrinae, organised for collective use as a series of seats that allow us to imagine today that their function was also a social one. Ostia had a large theatre, many public baths (such as the Thermae Gavii Maximi, or Baths at Ostia), numerous taverns and inns and a firefighting service. Ostia also contained the Ostia Synagogue, the earliest synagogue yet identified in Europe; it created a stir when it was unearthed in 1960-61.[14]
Late-Roman and sub-Roman Ostia
Ostia grew to 50,000 inhabitants in the 2nd century, reaching a peak of some 100,000 inhabitants in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.[15][16][17] Ostia became an episcopal see as part of the Diocesi of Rome as early as the 3rd century AD; the cathedral (titulus) of Santa Aurea being located on the burial site of St Monica, mother of Augustine; she died here in 387 in a house property of the Diocesi of Rome.
In time mercantile activities became focused on Portus instead. For scholars of the High Empire Ostia was the seaside version of Rome, the city of apartment buildings. It used to be thought that the city entered a period of slow decline after Constantine I made Portus a municipality, Ostia thereby ceasing to be an active port and instead becoming a popular country retreat for rich aristocrats from Rome.[12] In spite of the fact that Portus shows substantial growth in the 4th century, the traditional view that Ostia went into marked decline has had to be revised due to recent excavations and re-evaluation of the evidence. The knocking down of some apartment blocks replaced by houses of the rich was "thought to have signalled the disappearance of Ostia's once-vibrant group of non-elite residents and labourers"..."recent research has suggested we take a more nuanced view of residential patterns and social demography in the Late Antique city".[18] Earlier views of decay relied on fleeting references in the ancient sources and excavators ignoring evidence from the period that the town continued to thrive despite pockets of decay into the 6th century, "..life in Ostia ended not with a Vesuvian bang but with a whimper" after a slow decline from the 6th to the 9th centuries.
The city housed the headquarters of the Prefect of the Annona and his large staff. Although there are signs of decay in certain quarters, evidence indicates continued prosperity through fifth century, including: repairs on baths (26 remained in operation during the 4th century), public buildings, church construction, street repaving, residential and business expansion beyond the perimeter of the south wall (the presence of a small harbour, the Porta Marina on the sea, is attested), a huge 4th century villa located east of the Maritime baths, and the continued operation of the river port on the western edge of the town, the 'navalia', a squarish basin built in from the river, a warehouse on the east side and, behind it, a large bath complex, erroneously called the palazzo imperial.[19] Numerous bathing establishments are recorded as still operating in the 4th and into the 5th centuries with major repairs of the center-city Neptune Baths in the 370s.
The city was mentioned by St Augustine when he passed there in the late 4th century.[20] The poet Rutilius Namatianus reported the lack of maintenance of the city ports in 414 AD.[21] This view has been challenged by Boin, who states Namatianus' verse is a literary construct and not consistent with the archaeological record, ibid. pp. 22, 25, (the poet was lamenting the lost greatness of Rome after the sack of 410 and was hoping for the rise again of the great city).
After the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 (traditional date: Julius Nepos died 480 was the last legitimate emperor), Ostia fell slowly into decay as the population of Rome, 700-800,000 in A.D. 400 contracted to 200,000 or less in 500 A.D. The city was finally abandoned in the 9th century[22] due to the repeated invasions and sackings by Arab pirates. A naval battle, the Battle of Ostia, was fought there in 849 between Christians and Saracens; the remaining inhabitants moved to Gregoriopolis a short distance away.[12]
Sacking and excavation
A "local sacking" was carried out by Baroque architects,[when?] who used the remains as a sort of marble storehouse for the palazzi they were building in Rome.
Soon after, foreign explorers came in search of ancient statues and objects.[who?]
The Papacy started organising its own investigations with Pope Pius VII; under Benito Mussolini massive excavations were undertaken from 1939 to 1942[4] during which several remains, particularly from the republican period, were brought to light. The first volume of the official series Scavi di Ostia appeared in 1954; it was devoted to a topography of the town by Italo Gismondi and after a hiatus the research still continues today. Though untouched areas adjacent to the original excavations were left undisturbed awaiting a more precise dating of Roman pottery types, the "Baths of the Swimmer", named for the mosaic figure in the apodyterium, were meticulously excavated, in 1966–70 and 1974–75, in part as a training ground for young archaeologists and in part to establish a laboratory of well-understood finds as a teaching aid. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the ancient town are as yet unexcavated. In 2014, a geophysical survey using magnetometry, among other techniques, revealed the existence of a boundary wall on the north side of the Tiber enclosing an unexcavated area of the city containing three massive warehouses.[23][24]
Modern day
The excavated site of Ostia Antica is open to the public as a tourist attraction. A number of finds from the excavation are housed on-site in the Museo Ostiense.[25] The site has dining, and other facilities.[26] The Theatre is also occasionally used for cultural events.[27]
Media
Ostia was featured in the novels I, Claudius and Claudius the God, both written by British novelist Robert Graves. The novels include scenes set at Ostia spanning from the reign of Augustus to the reign of Claudius, including the departure of Agrippa to Syria and Claudius's reconstruction of the harbour. In the 1976 television series, Ostia was frequently mentioned but never actually seen.
Ostia features in A War Within: The Gladiator by Nathan D. Maki. After an assassination attempt on Emperor Commodus the protagonists Antonius and Theudas escape by clinging to a barge on the Tiber, reaching Ostia, and stowing away on a trireme heading north to Ravenna.
Ostia appears briefly towards the end of the Roman Empire section of the 1981 comedy film History of the World, Part I, where the main characters board a galleon (bearing the El Al logo) bound for Judaea. In the film, however, Ostia is only ever referred to as simply "the port".
Ostia's beach and port serves as the location for the 1993 music video of the song "La solitudine" by Laura Pausini.
Ostia is mentioned several times in the 2005 HBO/BBC historical drama series Rome.
Ostia is mentioned in the 2000 film Gladiator, when the protagonist, Maximus, learns that his army is camped at Ostia and awaiting orders.
One of the wonders buildable in the "Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire" mod for Sid Meier's Civilization III is called the "Portus Ostiae".
Ostia is the name of the Magic World's lost kingdom and the location of the gladiatorial games in the manga series Negima! Magister Negi Magi.
Ostia is the name of the most important city of the Lycian Alliance in the Fire Emblem series.
Ostia is mentioned in several novels in Lindsey Davis' Marcus Didius Falco series.
Ostia is featured in the film Rome Adventure from 1962.[28]
Ostia is a central location in the children's novel series The Roman Mysteries by Caroline Lawrence, and its television adaption.
Cutaway drawing of a Centennial-style A&P store on the cover of a 1959 company publication.
The building design was introduced that year to commemorate A&P's 100th anniversary.
“The Eye Moment photos by Nolan H. Rhodes”
Theeyeofthemoment21@gmail.com
www.flickr.com/photos/the_eye_of_the_moment
“Any users, found to replicate, reproduce, circulate, distribute, download, manipulate or otherwise use my images without my written consent will be in breach of copyright laws.”
Canon EOS 1V | f8 / 1/100
++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA ++++
Ostia Antica is a large archaeological site, close to the modern town of Ostia, that is the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome, 15 miles (25 kilometres) southwest of Rome. "Ostia" (plur. of "ostium") is a derivation of "os", the Latin word for "mouth". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but due to silting the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea.[2] The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics.
Contents
1History
1.1Origins
1.2Civil wars
1.3Sacking by pirates
1.4Imperial Ostia
1.5Late-Roman and sub-Roman Ostia
1.6Sacking and excavation
2Modern day
3Media
4Gallery
5Notes
6References
7External links
History
Origins
Ostia may have been Rome's first colonia. According to the legend Ancus Marcius, the semi-legendary fourth king of Rome, who was the first to destroy Ficana, an ancient town that was only 17 km (11 mi) from Rome and had a small harbour on the Tiber, and then proceeded with establishing the new colony 10 km (6 mi) further west and closer to the sea coast. An inscription seems to confirm the establishment of the old castrum of Ostia in the 7th century BC.[3] The oldest archaeological remains so far discovered date back to only the 4th century BC.[4] The most ancient buildings currently visible are from the 3rd century BC, notably the Castrum (military camp);[5] of a slightly later date is the Capitolium (temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). The opus quadratum of the walls of the original castrum at Ostia provide important evidence for the building techniques that were employed in Roman urbanisation during the period of the Middle Republic.[6]
Civil wars
Ostia was a scene of fighting during the period of the civil wars between Gaius Marius and Sulla during the 1st century BC. In 87 BC, Marius attacked the city in order to cut off the flow of trade to Rome. Forces led by Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and Quintus Sertorius crossed the Tiber at three points before capturing the city and plundering it. After his victory here, Marius moved on to attack and capture Antium, Aricia and Lanuvium to further destroy the foodstores of Rome.[7]
Sacking by pirates
In 68 BC, the town was sacked by pirates.[8] During the sack,[9] the port was set on fire, the consular war fleet was destroyed, and two prominent senators were kidnapped. This attack caused such panic in Rome that Pompey the Great arranged for the tribune Aulus Gabinius to rise in the Roman Forum and propose a law, the lex Gabinia, to allow Pompey to raise an army and destroy the pirates. Within a year, the pirates had been defeated.[10]
The town was then re-built, and provided with protective walls by the statesman and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero.[11]
Imperial Ostia
During Julius Caesar's time as Dictator, one of his improvements to the city was his establishment of better supervision of the supply of grain to Rome. He proposed better access to grain by the use of a new harbour in Ostia along with a canal from Tarracina.
The town was further developed during the first century AD under the influence of Tiberius, who ordered the building of the town's first Forum. The town was also soon enriched by the construction of a new harbour on the northern mouths of the Tiber (which reaches the sea with a larger mouth in Ostia, Fiumara Grande, and a narrower one near to the current Fiumicino International Airport). The new harbor, not surprisingly called Portus, from the Latin for "harbour", was excavated from the ground at the orders of the emperor Claudius. This harbour became silted up and needed to be supplemented later by a harbour built by Trajan finished in the year 113 AD; it has a hexagonal form,[12] in order to reduce the erosive forces of the waves.[citation needed] Moreover, at a relatively short distance, there was also the harbour of Civitavecchia (Centum Cellae). These elements took business away from Ostia itself and began its commercial decline.[12] In 2008 British archaeologists discovered the remains of the widest canal ever built by the Romans, 300 feet wide, which they believe ran Portus across the Isola Sacra to the Tiber opposite Ostia, which would have made the transport of large quantities of goods far easier than by land transport. In 2014 ruins on the north side of the river opposite the city were discovered indicating a large built-up area with some massive structure. Ostia within the walls cover an area of 69 hectares or 173 acres. During the 4th century city spilled over the southern walls to the sea south of Regioni III and IV on the map.
Ostia itself was provided with all the services a town of the time could require; in particular, a famous lighthouse. The popularity of the Cult of Mithras is evident in the discovery of eighteen mithraea.[13] Archaeologists have also discovered the public latrinae, organised for collective use as a series of seats that allow us to imagine today that their function was also a social one. Ostia had a large theatre, many public baths (such as the Thermae Gavii Maximi, or Baths at Ostia), numerous taverns and inns and a firefighting service. Ostia also contained the Ostia Synagogue, the earliest synagogue yet identified in Europe; it created a stir when it was unearthed in 1960-61.[14]
Late-Roman and sub-Roman Ostia
Ostia grew to 50,000 inhabitants in the 2nd century, reaching a peak of some 100,000 inhabitants in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.[15][16][17] Ostia became an episcopal see as part of the Diocesi of Rome as early as the 3rd century AD; the cathedral (titulus) of Santa Aurea being located on the burial site of St Monica, mother of Augustine; she died here in 387 in a house property of the Diocesi of Rome.
In time mercantile activities became focused on Portus instead. For scholars of the High Empire Ostia was the seaside version of Rome, the city of apartment buildings. It used to be thought that the city entered a period of slow decline after Constantine I made Portus a municipality, Ostia thereby ceasing to be an active port and instead becoming a popular country retreat for rich aristocrats from Rome.[12] In spite of the fact that Portus shows substantial growth in the 4th century, the traditional view that Ostia went into marked decline has had to be revised due to recent excavations and re-evaluation of the evidence. The knocking down of some apartment blocks replaced by houses of the rich was "thought to have signalled the disappearance of Ostia's once-vibrant group of non-elite residents and labourers"..."recent research has suggested we take a more nuanced view of residential patterns and social demography in the Late Antique city".[18] Earlier views of decay relied on fleeting references in the ancient sources and excavators ignoring evidence from the period that the town continued to thrive despite pockets of decay into the 6th century, "..life in Ostia ended not with a Vesuvian bang but with a whimper" after a slow decline from the 6th to the 9th centuries.
The city housed the headquarters of the Prefect of the Annona and his large staff. Although there are signs of decay in certain quarters, evidence indicates continued prosperity through fifth century, including: repairs on baths (26 remained in operation during the 4th century), public buildings, church construction, street repaving, residential and business expansion beyond the perimeter of the south wall (the presence of a small harbour, the Porta Marina on the sea, is attested), a huge 4th century villa located east of the Maritime baths, and the continued operation of the river port on the western edge of the town, the 'navalia', a squarish basin built in from the river, a warehouse on the east side and, behind it, a large bath complex, erroneously called the palazzo imperial.[19] Numerous bathing establishments are recorded as still operating in the 4th and into the 5th centuries with major repairs of the center-city Neptune Baths in the 370s.
The city was mentioned by St Augustine when he passed there in the late 4th century.[20] The poet Rutilius Namatianus reported the lack of maintenance of the city ports in 414 AD.[21] This view has been challenged by Boin, who states Namatianus' verse is a literary construct and not consistent with the archaeological record, ibid. pp. 22, 25, (the poet was lamenting the lost greatness of Rome after the sack of 410 and was hoping for the rise again of the great city).
After the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 (traditional date: Julius Nepos died 480 was the last legitimate emperor), Ostia fell slowly into decay as the population of Rome, 700-800,000 in A.D. 400 contracted to 200,000 or less in 500 A.D. The city was finally abandoned in the 9th century[22] due to the repeated invasions and sackings by Arab pirates. A naval battle, the Battle of Ostia, was fought there in 849 between Christians and Saracens; the remaining inhabitants moved to Gregoriopolis a short distance away.[12]
Sacking and excavation
A "local sacking" was carried out by Baroque architects,[when?] who used the remains as a sort of marble storehouse for the palazzi they were building in Rome.
Soon after, foreign explorers came in search of ancient statues and objects.[who?]
The Papacy started organising its own investigations with Pope Pius VII; under Benito Mussolini massive excavations were undertaken from 1939 to 1942[4] during which several remains, particularly from the republican period, were brought to light. The first volume of the official series Scavi di Ostia appeared in 1954; it was devoted to a topography of the town by Italo Gismondi and after a hiatus the research still continues today. Though untouched areas adjacent to the original excavations were left undisturbed awaiting a more precise dating of Roman pottery types, the "Baths of the Swimmer", named for the mosaic figure in the apodyterium, were meticulously excavated, in 1966–70 and 1974–75, in part as a training ground for young archaeologists and in part to establish a laboratory of well-understood finds as a teaching aid. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the ancient town are as yet unexcavated. In 2014, a geophysical survey using magnetometry, among other techniques, revealed the existence of a boundary wall on the north side of the Tiber enclosing an unexcavated area of the city containing three massive warehouses.[23][24]
Modern day
The excavated site of Ostia Antica is open to the public as a tourist attraction. A number of finds from the excavation are housed on-site in the Museo Ostiense.[25] The site has dining, and other facilities.[26] The Theatre is also occasionally used for cultural events.[27]
Media
Ostia was featured in the novels I, Claudius and Claudius the God, both written by British novelist Robert Graves. The novels include scenes set at Ostia spanning from the reign of Augustus to the reign of Claudius, including the departure of Agrippa to Syria and Claudius's reconstruction of the harbour. In the 1976 television series, Ostia was frequently mentioned but never actually seen.
Ostia features in A War Within: The Gladiator by Nathan D. Maki. After an assassination attempt on Emperor Commodus the protagonists Antonius and Theudas escape by clinging to a barge on the Tiber, reaching Ostia, and stowing away on a trireme heading north to Ravenna.
Ostia appears briefly towards the end of the Roman Empire section of the 1981 comedy film History of the World, Part I, where the main characters board a galleon (bearing the El Al logo) bound for Judaea. In the film, however, Ostia is only ever referred to as simply "the port".
Ostia's beach and port serves as the location for the 1993 music video of the song "La solitudine" by Laura Pausini.
Ostia is mentioned several times in the 2005 HBO/BBC historical drama series Rome.
Ostia is mentioned in the 2000 film Gladiator, when the protagonist, Maximus, learns that his army is camped at Ostia and awaiting orders.
One of the wonders buildable in the "Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire" mod for Sid Meier's Civilization III is called the "Portus Ostiae".
Ostia is the name of the Magic World's lost kingdom and the location of the gladiatorial games in the manga series Negima! Magister Negi Magi.
Ostia is the name of the most important city of the Lycian Alliance in the Fire Emblem series.
Ostia is mentioned in several novels in Lindsey Davis' Marcus Didius Falco series.
Ostia is featured in the film Rome Adventure from 1962.[28]
Ostia is a central location in the children's novel series The Roman Mysteries by Caroline Lawrence, and its television adaption.
Canon EOS 1V | f8 / 1/100
++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA ++++
Ostia Antica is a large archaeological site, close to the modern town of Ostia, that is the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome, 15 miles (25 kilometres) southwest of Rome. "Ostia" (plur. of "ostium") is a derivation of "os", the Latin word for "mouth". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but due to silting the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea.[2] The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics.
Contents
1History
1.1Origins
1.2Civil wars
1.3Sacking by pirates
1.4Imperial Ostia
1.5Late-Roman and sub-Roman Ostia
1.6Sacking and excavation
2Modern day
3Media
4Gallery
5Notes
6References
7External links
History
Origins
Ostia may have been Rome's first colonia. According to the legend Ancus Marcius, the semi-legendary fourth king of Rome, who was the first to destroy Ficana, an ancient town that was only 17 km (11 mi) from Rome and had a small harbour on the Tiber, and then proceeded with establishing the new colony 10 km (6 mi) further west and closer to the sea coast. An inscription seems to confirm the establishment of the old castrum of Ostia in the 7th century BC.[3] The oldest archaeological remains so far discovered date back to only the 4th century BC.[4] The most ancient buildings currently visible are from the 3rd century BC, notably the Castrum (military camp);[5] of a slightly later date is the Capitolium (temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). The opus quadratum of the walls of the original castrum at Ostia provide important evidence for the building techniques that were employed in Roman urbanisation during the period of the Middle Republic.[6]
Civil wars
Ostia was a scene of fighting during the period of the civil wars between Gaius Marius and Sulla during the 1st century BC. In 87 BC, Marius attacked the city in order to cut off the flow of trade to Rome. Forces led by Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and Quintus Sertorius crossed the Tiber at three points before capturing the city and plundering it. After his victory here, Marius moved on to attack and capture Antium, Aricia and Lanuvium to further destroy the foodstores of Rome.[7]
Sacking by pirates
In 68 BC, the town was sacked by pirates.[8] During the sack,[9] the port was set on fire, the consular war fleet was destroyed, and two prominent senators were kidnapped. This attack caused such panic in Rome that Pompey the Great arranged for the tribune Aulus Gabinius to rise in the Roman Forum and propose a law, the lex Gabinia, to allow Pompey to raise an army and destroy the pirates. Within a year, the pirates had been defeated.[10]
The town was then re-built, and provided with protective walls by the statesman and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero.[11]
Imperial Ostia
During Julius Caesar's time as Dictator, one of his improvements to the city was his establishment of better supervision of the supply of grain to Rome. He proposed better access to grain by the use of a new harbour in Ostia along with a canal from Tarracina.
The town was further developed during the first century AD under the influence of Tiberius, who ordered the building of the town's first Forum. The town was also soon enriched by the construction of a new harbour on the northern mouths of the Tiber (which reaches the sea with a larger mouth in Ostia, Fiumara Grande, and a narrower one near to the current Fiumicino International Airport). The new harbor, not surprisingly called Portus, from the Latin for "harbour", was excavated from the ground at the orders of the emperor Claudius. This harbour became silted up and needed to be supplemented later by a harbour built by Trajan finished in the year 113 AD; it has a hexagonal form,[12] in order to reduce the erosive forces of the waves.[citation needed] Moreover, at a relatively short distance, there was also the harbour of Civitavecchia (Centum Cellae). These elements took business away from Ostia itself and began its commercial decline.[12] In 2008 British archaeologists discovered the remains of the widest canal ever built by the Romans, 300 feet wide, which they believe ran Portus across the Isola Sacra to the Tiber opposite Ostia, which would have made the transport of large quantities of goods far easier than by land transport. In 2014 ruins on the north side of the river opposite the city were discovered indicating a large built-up area with some massive structure. Ostia within the walls cover an area of 69 hectares or 173 acres. During the 4th century city spilled over the southern walls to the sea south of Regioni III and IV on the map.
Ostia itself was provided with all the services a town of the time could require; in particular, a famous lighthouse. The popularity of the Cult of Mithras is evident in the discovery of eighteen mithraea.[13] Archaeologists have also discovered the public latrinae, organised for collective use as a series of seats that allow us to imagine today that their function was also a social one. Ostia had a large theatre, many public baths (such as the Thermae Gavii Maximi, or Baths at Ostia), numerous taverns and inns and a firefighting service. Ostia also contained the Ostia Synagogue, the earliest synagogue yet identified in Europe; it created a stir when it was unearthed in 1960-61.[14]
Late-Roman and sub-Roman Ostia
Ostia grew to 50,000 inhabitants in the 2nd century, reaching a peak of some 100,000 inhabitants in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.[15][16][17] Ostia became an episcopal see as part of the Diocesi of Rome as early as the 3rd century AD; the cathedral (titulus) of Santa Aurea being located on the burial site of St Monica, mother of Augustine; she died here in 387 in a house property of the Diocesi of Rome.
In time mercantile activities became focused on Portus instead. For scholars of the High Empire Ostia was the seaside version of Rome, the city of apartment buildings. It used to be thought that the city entered a period of slow decline after Constantine I made Portus a municipality, Ostia thereby ceasing to be an active port and instead becoming a popular country retreat for rich aristocrats from Rome.[12] In spite of the fact that Portus shows substantial growth in the 4th century, the traditional view that Ostia went into marked decline has had to be revised due to recent excavations and re-evaluation of the evidence. The knocking down of some apartment blocks replaced by houses of the rich was "thought to have signalled the disappearance of Ostia's once-vibrant group of non-elite residents and labourers"..."recent research has suggested we take a more nuanced view of residential patterns and social demography in the Late Antique city".[18] Earlier views of decay relied on fleeting references in the ancient sources and excavators ignoring evidence from the period that the town continued to thrive despite pockets of decay into the 6th century, "..life in Ostia ended not with a Vesuvian bang but with a whimper" after a slow decline from the 6th to the 9th centuries.
The city housed the headquarters of the Prefect of the Annona and his large staff. Although there are signs of decay in certain quarters, evidence indicates continued prosperity through fifth century, including: repairs on baths (26 remained in operation during the 4th century), public buildings, church construction, street repaving, residential and business expansion beyond the perimeter of the south wall (the presence of a small harbour, the Porta Marina on the sea, is attested), a huge 4th century villa located east of the Maritime baths, and the continued operation of the river port on the western edge of the town, the 'navalia', a squarish basin built in from the river, a warehouse on the east side and, behind it, a large bath complex, erroneously called the palazzo imperial.[19] Numerous bathing establishments are recorded as still operating in the 4th and into the 5th centuries with major repairs of the center-city Neptune Baths in the 370s.
The city was mentioned by St Augustine when he passed there in the late 4th century.[20] The poet Rutilius Namatianus reported the lack of maintenance of the city ports in 414 AD.[21] This view has been challenged by Boin, who states Namatianus' verse is a literary construct and not consistent with the archaeological record, ibid. pp. 22, 25, (the poet was lamenting the lost greatness of Rome after the sack of 410 and was hoping for the rise again of the great city).
After the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 (traditional date: Julius Nepos died 480 was the last legitimate emperor), Ostia fell slowly into decay as the population of Rome, 700-800,000 in A.D. 400 contracted to 200,000 or less in 500 A.D. The city was finally abandoned in the 9th century[22] due to the repeated invasions and sackings by Arab pirates. A naval battle, the Battle of Ostia, was fought there in 849 between Christians and Saracens; the remaining inhabitants moved to Gregoriopolis a short distance away.[12]
Sacking and excavation
A "local sacking" was carried out by Baroque architects,[when?] who used the remains as a sort of marble storehouse for the palazzi they were building in Rome.
Soon after, foreign explorers came in search of ancient statues and objects.[who?]
The Papacy started organising its own investigations with Pope Pius VII; under Benito Mussolini massive excavations were undertaken from 1939 to 1942[4] during which several remains, particularly from the republican period, were brought to light. The first volume of the official series Scavi di Ostia appeared in 1954; it was devoted to a topography of the town by Italo Gismondi and after a hiatus the research still continues today. Though untouched areas adjacent to the original excavations were left undisturbed awaiting a more precise dating of Roman pottery types, the "Baths of the Swimmer", named for the mosaic figure in the apodyterium, were meticulously excavated, in 1966–70 and 1974–75, in part as a training ground for young archaeologists and in part to establish a laboratory of well-understood finds as a teaching aid. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the ancient town are as yet unexcavated. In 2014, a geophysical survey using magnetometry, among other techniques, revealed the existence of a boundary wall on the north side of the Tiber enclosing an unexcavated area of the city containing three massive warehouses.[23][24]
Modern day
The excavated site of Ostia Antica is open to the public as a tourist attraction. A number of finds from the excavation are housed on-site in the Museo Ostiense.[25] The site has dining, and other facilities.[26] The Theatre is also occasionally used for cultural events.[27]
Media
Ostia was featured in the novels I, Claudius and Claudius the God, both written by British novelist Robert Graves. The novels include scenes set at Ostia spanning from the reign of Augustus to the reign of Claudius, including the departure of Agrippa to Syria and Claudius's reconstruction of the harbour. In the 1976 television series, Ostia was frequently mentioned but never actually seen.
Ostia features in A War Within: The Gladiator by Nathan D. Maki. After an assassination attempt on Emperor Commodus the protagonists Antonius and Theudas escape by clinging to a barge on the Tiber, reaching Ostia, and stowing away on a trireme heading north to Ravenna.
Ostia appears briefly towards the end of the Roman Empire section of the 1981 comedy film History of the World, Part I, where the main characters board a galleon (bearing the El Al logo) bound for Judaea. In the film, however, Ostia is only ever referred to as simply "the port".
Ostia's beach and port serves as the location for the 1993 music video of the song "La solitudine" by Laura Pausini.
Ostia is mentioned several times in the 2005 HBO/BBC historical drama series Rome.
Ostia is mentioned in the 2000 film Gladiator, when the protagonist, Maximus, learns that his army is camped at Ostia and awaiting orders.
One of the wonders buildable in the "Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire" mod for Sid Meier's Civilization III is called the "Portus Ostiae".
Ostia is the name of the Magic World's lost kingdom and the location of the gladiatorial games in the manga series Negima! Magister Negi Magi.
Ostia is the name of the most important city of the Lycian Alliance in the Fire Emblem series.
Ostia is mentioned in several novels in Lindsey Davis' Marcus Didius Falco series.
Ostia is featured in the film Rome Adventure from 1962.[28]
Ostia is a central location in the children's novel series The Roman Mysteries by Caroline Lawrence, and its television adaption.
Murco throughout Streetview here but more recently now in tandem with CK Foodstores.
Fortunately there's an older image of this place on Geograph from this exact angle - see here www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4579684
www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.6661137,-4.8713606,3a,75y,164.2...
Von's Supermarket (and I hope it looks this good today!)
Trip 35 on Fuji 200
Koreatown, Los Angeles, Southern California
2007
"We are very pleased to announce that we have won a Civic Trust Commendation Award for our Sainsbury's foodstore design in Talbot Gateway, Blackpool." www.lrw.co.uk/#!Sainsburys-Foodstore-Continues-To-Win-Awa... Leach Rhodes Walker
GCX Unrestricted – Preparation at Castle Kjeldslot
Spring in the Kjelddal was usually everyone’s favorite time of year. But this year was different. The hidden vale of the Kjelddal used to be happy and peaceful. There were never any outsiders bringing their politics and wars into this tranquil place. But that started to change last year.
Lord Gøttfried Kjeldsen sent three of his most trustworthy advisors out into greater Garheim on a mission to gather information.
While on his Lordship’s mission, Norvald visited a small tavern in Ugleheim. As he often did, Norvald had a bit too much to drink and his tongue became a bit too loose. Soon everyone else in the tavern had heard that he was from the hidden land of Kjelddal. The next morning, Norvald realized his error and left town immediately. He went straight home to the Kjelddal, avoiding main roads as much as he could. He had thought that he had covered his tracks well, but two days after his return, one of the villagers reported that his food storage had been emptied and that two of his horses were gone. After searching the vale, there was no sign of the stolen food or horses. Clearly, Outlaws had gotten into the Kjelddal, and escaped. The hidden valley would not remain hidden for long.
The next day, Torbjørn and Fridleiv, Kjeldsen’s other two advisors, returned to the Kjelddal, bringing news of the uncertainty and fear spreading all over Roawia. “It’s clear now that we can no longer trust in our location to keep our people safe.” Kjeldsen told his men. “We need to take measures to prepare ourselves for the days ahead. We have been hidden from war for years, but we cannot trust that our location remains a secret. We must take extra precautions to safeguard our livelihood. From this day on, everyone in the Kjelddal must bring their foodstores and any other possessions they hold dear behind my castle walls. The livestock must also be stabled in my courtyard at night. We will double the castle guard and keep men on the walls day and night. Nothing outside the castle should be considered safe.”
“My Lord,” said Norvald, “This is all my fault. The outlaws must have followed me home from Ugleheim. I will stay on the wall day and night, and the minute they show their ugly faces they will meet the blade of my axe.”
“Very well” said Kjeldsen. “I will personally oversee the movement of food and livestock into my walls. I don’t want anyone in my home that isn’t of the Kjelddal.”
----------------------------------------------------
My entry into the GC X – Preparations category at LOR. This castle has actually been built for a few months now. It was a winter project that I just never got around to photographing. That, and since it wasn’t done in time for CCC, I decided to save it for another contest. I originally tried a few different techniques in building the roof, but in the end I opted for the good old fashioned “studs on top” approach. Everything else I tried just looked to ramshackle in comparison with the rest of the castle’s clean and well-kept appearance. The Kjeddal is one place that has been hidden from the previous war, after all, so I decided that it should look that way.
Not many cars to consider here, but it's great to see that Toyota Crown estate - never a very common car here.
I can't make out the full registration, but I wonder if it's CPW...L? That would make it a Norfolk plate, not unreasonable as Scotter is in neighbouring Lincolnshire (although admittedly quite a way up the county, being just south of Scunthorpe).
Location here: goo.gl/maps/JcGhTJzNZQ2j4zar7 The VG foodstore has been converted to housing, but there's still a fish and chip shop over the road.
Unsent card published by D.V.P. of Leicester, ref. BT 243.
During an excursion to the countryside, we made a stop at this sari-sari store, bought some soda and ate our packed sandwiches.
Pigeons take a morning load off.
Northeast- facing view of La Montanita Food Co-op signage above the rear, upstairs Co-op entrance, which is at street level on the 3500 block of Silver Ave. SE in Nob Hill.
Location: La Montanita Food Co-op, Nob Hill Business Center, 3500 Central Ave SE (former Route 66), Albuquerque, New Mexico 8:14am
Murco throughout Streetview here but more recently now in tandem with CK Foodstores.
Fortunately there's an older image of this place on Geograph from close to this angle - see here www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4579691
www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.665953,-4.8709253,3a,75y,258.88...
I was going to make an elaborate diorama of a food store similar to Fauchon in France, but after almost a year of not being able to complete it, I've given up. This is all I have completed.
An interior shot of the Giant Food on Rockville Pike in Rockville, Maryland taken in the early 1960's. Many thanks to:
I was going to make an elaborate diorama of a food store similar to Fauchon in France, but after almost a year of not being able to complete it, I've given up. This is all I have completed.
As spotted at their King Street, Southport store. The sign says "ICELAND - Authorised Parking Only."
I sure hope their storeroom, situated @ back is better looked after.
I dread to think what kind of vermin roam here after dark.
GCX Unrestricted – Preparation at Castle Kjeldslot
Spring in the Kjelddal was usually everyone’s favorite time of year. But this year was different. The hidden vale of the Kjelddal used to be happy and peaceful. There were never any outsiders bringing their politics and wars into this tranquil place. But that started to change last year.
Lord Gøttfried Kjeldsen sent three of his most trustworthy advisors out into greater Garheim on a mission to gather information.
While on his Lordship’s mission, Norvald visited a small tavern in Ugleheim. As he often did, Norvald had a bit too much to drink and his tongue became a bit too loose. Soon everyone else in the tavern had heard that he was from the hidden land of Kjelddal. The next morning, Norvald realized his error and left town immediately. He went straight home to the Kjelddal, avoiding main roads as much as he could. He had thought that he had covered his tracks well, but two days after his return, one of the villagers reported that his food storage had been emptied and that two of his horses were gone. After searching the vale, there was no sign of the stolen food or horses. Clearly, Outlaws had gotten into the Kjelddal, and escaped. The hidden valley would not remain hidden for long.
The next day, Torbjørn and Fridleiv, Kjeldsen’s other two advisors, returned to the Kjelddal, bringing news of the uncertainty and fear spreading all over Roawia. “It’s clear now that we can no longer trust in our location to keep our people safe.” Kjeldsen told his men. “We need to take measures to prepare ourselves for the days ahead. We have been hidden from war for years, but we cannot trust that our location remains a secret. We must take extra precautions to safeguard our livelihood. From this day on, everyone in the Kjelddal must bring their foodstores and any other possessions they hold dear behind my castle walls. The livestock must also be stabled in my courtyard at night. We will double the castle guard and keep men on the walls day and night. Nothing outside the castle should be considered safe.”
“My Lord,” said Norvald, “This is all my fault. The outlaws must have followed me home from Ugleheim. I will stay on the wall day and night, and the minute they show their ugly faces they will meet the blade of my axe.”
“Very well” said Kjeldsen. “I will personally oversee the movement of food and livestock into my walls. I don’t want anyone in my home that isn’t of the Kjelddal.”
----------------------------------------------------
My entry into the GC X – Preparations category at LOR. This castle has actually been built for a few months now. It was a winter project that I just never got around to photographing. That, and since it wasn’t done in time for CCC, I decided to save it for another contest. I originally tried a few different techniques in building the roof, but in the end I opted for the good old fashioned “studs on top” approach. Everything else I tried just looked to ramshackle in comparison with the rest of the castle’s clean and well-kept appearance. The Kjeddal is one place that has been hidden from the previous war, after all, so I decided that it should look that way.
This was a Jet site back in the early 1990s - see below. In between it was a Shell and of course there may have been other brands. By 2015 it was a regular Murco and by 2018 it had become the Murco Nisa CK Foodstores combination we see here.
www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.6676375,-4.0307506,3a,75y,311.4...
I was going to make an elaborate diorama of a food store similar to Fauchon in France, but after almost a year of not being able to complete it, I've given up. This is all I have completed.
A peek inside the window after everything was cleared out.
Owner Retiring, Selling Freshline Foods In Oak Lawn
Beloved family-owned grocery store closing after 47 years in Oak Lawn.
By Lorraine Swanson, Patch Staff | Jul 11, 2018 3:49 am ET
Owner Retiring, Selling Freshline Foods In Oak Lawn
OAK LAWN, IL --
After 47 years of serving the Oak Lawn community, the owner of Freshline Foods is retiring and selling the grocery store. John Siakotos announced he would be selling the family-owned business in a letter to customers on the store's website.
"We are beyond grateful for your loyal business and support throughout the decades. It has been a pleasure to serve you all."
The Skiatos family first opened the grocery store at 5355 W. 95th St. under the name Freshline Certified, a retailers cooperative serving independently owned grocery stores, in 1971. Operating now under the name Freshline Foods, the store employs approximately 60 people.
Siakotos said the store would remain open and continue business as usual until all inventory is cleared from the stores shelves. In the meantime, customers will receive 30 percent off their grocery purchases until the store closes. The owner did not indicate a closing date or if there were any interested buyers.
"Our commitment to providing you with the highest quality products and friendly service is still our top priority … We look forward to seeing each of you in the store these final weeks to thank you personally."
A few weeks after the store closed it was announced that Pete's Fresh Market would be moving in.
Update 2023: The deal with Pete's Fresh Market fell through and the land is up for sale.
I was going to make an elaborate diorama of a food store similar to Fauchon in France, but after almost a year of not being able to complete it, I've given up. This is all I have completed.
This was a Shell site in earlier Streetview images before the change to Murco and soon after the Murco Nisa CK Foodstores combination we see here. It was certainly called Cross Keys Garage in the past but whether or not it still is now I don't know.
www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.6636083,-4.0598026,3a,75y,142.6...
Not sure on the age of this unit; newer enclosed upright freezers (as seen in background) have made these monsters somewhat obsolete.
Also--I foolishly passed on a proper photo, but this store had only ONE frozen food item remaining in stock days before closing...copious frozen pie crusts! (barely visible inside freezer)
This small town grocery store was closed in late 2024.
The Red & White chain was started in the 1920s so independent grocery stores could consolidate their power.
Red & White food stores
303 Main St, Shippenville, PA 16254