Estimation photos on Flickr

Carolina Mantid - Praying Mantis... by pieceoflace photography

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Good morning. Since we're going to an airshow today and a carshow on Sunday I thought I would post this one image only of a Praying Mantis taken on the side of a Walnut tree at the pond across the street. This is for Ron who recently posted a photo of a Praying Mantis in Australia. This fella here measured at least four inches long in my estimation, and as far as I know is the largest of the different species of Mantis found here in the United States.

For a side view see below link:

farm2.static.flickr.com/1296/1386058448_f03c4b1448_o.jpg

Take care...and I hope everyone has a great weekend.

A praying mantis, or praying mantid, is the common name for an insect of the order Mantidea. Often mistakenly spelled "preying" mantis (since they are notoriously predatory), they are in fact named for the typical "prayer-like" stance. The word mantis derives from the Greek word mantis for prophet or fortune teller. The preferred pluralization is mantids, though there is some usage of mantes or mantises.

Like all insects, a praying mantis has a three- segmented body, with a head, thorax and abdomen. The abdomen is elongated and covered by the wings in adults. Females have strong and large cerci. The first thoracic segment, the prothorax, is elongated and from it arises the modified forelegs.

ISO200, aperture f/5.8, exposure .006 seconds (1/180) focal length 300mm

1995 Bugatti EB110 Super Sport - Chassis : 39017 ( Marcello Gandini - prototypes - Giampaolo Benedini - final design) by el.guy08_11

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Chantilly 2016 - Concours d'élégance

Commentaire Artcurial lors de Retromobile février 2016

1995 Bugatti EB110 Super Sport

Carte grise française

Châssis n° ZA9BB02E0RCD39017

Moteur n° 0103

- Histoire et provenance exceptionnelles

- Livrée avec un deuxième moteur neuf

- Voiture du record de vitesse sur glace en 1995

- Très faible kilométrage (1 373 km)

- Modèle exceptionnellement performant et rare

Le développement des supercars à transmission intégrale a donné l'idée à Gildo Pallanca Pastor, amateur de compétition automobile, actuel directeur de Venturi et membre de la famille Pastor, entrepreneurs monégasques fortunés, de battre le record de vitesse sur glace. Initialement prévue avec une Porsche Turbo, la tentative sera finalement effectuée à bord de cette Bugatti EB110 SS qu'il achète neuve à l'usine. Préparée en Italie (avec principalement une adaptation des rapports de boîte et la pose d'un lest de 270 kg) la voiture est acheminée en Finlande, à proximité de la ville d'Oulu, sur une piste de 7 km. Elle est équipée de simples pneus à lamelles de série, sans clous et, le 3 mars 1995, Gildo Pallanca Pastor atteint la vitesse de 315 km/h, la FIA homologuant finalement 296,34 km/h. Cette performance a bien résisté dans le temps puisque le record n'a été battu qu'en mars 2013, par une Audi RS6.

Lors d'une interview accordée le 2 mai 2013 à Monaco Hebdo, Gildo Pallanca Pastor précisait : "C'était le 3 mars 1995 à Oulu, en Finlande, sur une mer gelée. J'ai atteint une vitesse finale de 315 km/h avec des pneus sans clous. C'était un record assez insensé car je voyais les vagues au bout de la piste. Le plus grand challenge était d'ailleurs de ne pas me retrouver dans l'eau. J'ai eu droit à tout. Aux rennes qui traversaient la piste par exemple... Les Finlandais étaient en tout cas assez intrigués de voir un Monégasque aller plus vite qu'eux sur la glace..."

C'est la voiture de ce record que nous présentons aujourd'hui. Elle fait partie des quelque 31 exemplaires de Bugatti EB110 SS produites. Apparu en 1992, ce modèle était plus puissant et plus léger, disposant de 603 ch à 8 250 tr/mn. Il était capable d'atteindre une vitesse de pointe de 355 km/h et de passer de 0 à 100 km/h en 3,26 secondes. Voiture plus exclusive que les 106 exemplaires de McLaren F1, ses performances sont comparables, avec une plus grande facilité d'utilisation grâce à ses 4 roues motrices et son V12 3,5 litres suralimenté par quatre turbocompresseurs.

En parfait état de présentation, cette voiture du record sur glace a vraisemblablement reçu un voile de peinture par les ateliers Monaco Racing Team il y a quelques années. Quelques très légers éclats de peintures apparaissent au niveau des ouvertures de portes ou sur le bouclier avant mais cela est vraiment anecdotique. La carrosserie est ornée des quelques stickers Michelin et Elf qui soutenaient Gildo Pastor dans son record. Vierge de toute usure, l'habitacle présente des cuirs, moquettes et joints impeccables, et le compartiment moteur est très propre. Doté d'une carte grise française et d'un contrôle technique vierge de tout défaut l'auto est tout simplement exceptionnelle.

Plusieurs éléments seront livrés avec : une housse sur mesure, et les quatre jantes évoquant celles de la Bugatti Royale et avec lesquelles le record du monde a été établi ! Un second moteur neuf sur palette (B110-01-003) accompagnera également la voiture ainsi que le manuel d'entretien et de réglage usine !

Très attaché à cette voiture, Gildo Pallanca Pastor l'a conservée précieusement pendant plusieurs années à Monaco avant de la vendre l'année dernière à un autre collectionneur de la marque. Cette Bugatti EB110 SS, dont le compteur n'affiche que 1 373 km, fonctionne très bien et bénéficiera d'une révision effectuée avant la vente. Elle a été récemment exposée au 32e Festival Bugatti au parc des Jésuites de Molsheim, en septembre dernier, où elle s'est rendue par la route. Depuis, elle a régulièrement roulé entre les mains de son second propriétaire sur les routes d'Alsace.

Pièce d'exception, elle témoigne du début de l'époque des hypercars et de la course à la puissance et à la vitesse qu'ils ont engendré. A ses performances et son faible kilométrage, elle ajoute la rareté et la performance historique que constitue son record.

French title

Chassis n° ZA9BB02E0RCD39017

Engine n° 0103

- Exceptional history and provenance

- Delivered with a second brand new engine

- Ice speed record car in 1995

- Very low mileage (1 373 km)

- Exceptionally rare and powerful car

The development of four-wheel drive supercars gave Gildo Pallanca Pastor, amateur racing driver, CEO of Venturi and member of the wealthy entrepreneurial Monegasque Pastor family, the idea of breaking the ice speed record.

The initial plan was to use a Porsche Turbo, but the attempt was finally made in this Bugatti EB110 SS, bought new from the factory. Prepared in Italy (which principally involved adapting the gearing and adding ballast of 270 kg), the car was taken to a 7 km track in Finland, near the city of Oulu. On 3 March 1995, fitted with regular production tyres, without spikes, Gildo Pallanca Pastor achieved a speed of 315 km/h, ultimately homologated by the FIA at 296,34 km/h. This record stood for some time and was only beaten in March 2013 by an Audi RS6.

During an interview on 2 May 2013 with the Monaco Hebdo, Gildo Pallanca Pastor said : " It was 3 March 1995 Oulu, in Finland, on the frozen sea. I reached a top speed of 315 km/h on tyres without spikes. It was a pretty crazy record as I could see waves at the end of the track. The greatest challenge was to avoid ending up in the water. I had it all. Reindeer crossing the track for example...In any case, the Finns were intrigued to see a Monagesque go faster than them on the ice... "

It is this record-breaking car that we are presenting today. It is one of some 31 examples of the Bugatti EB110 SS built. First appearing in 1992, this model was lighter and more powerful, producing some 603 bhp at 8 250 rpm. It was capable of a top speed of 355 km/h and travelled from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.26 seconds. A more exclusive car than the McLaren F1, with a comparable performance, it was easy to use with four-wheel drive and a V12 3.5-litre engine with four turbochargers.

Presented in perfect condition, this ice record-breaking car is likely to have had a layer of paint added in the Monaco Racing Team workshop a few years ago. There are a few incidental marks to the paintwork on the door openings and front bumper. The coachwork sports Michelin and Elf stickers, both sponsors of Gildo Pastor for his record attempt. The interior presents no wear at all and the leather, carpets and seals are immaculate. The engine compartment is also extremely clean. With a French title and new technical inspection (MOT), this car is simply outstanding. Items to be delivered with the car include : a made to measure cover, the four wheels, echoing those of the Bugatti Royale, that were used to break the world record ! A second engine on a palette (B110-01-003) will accompany the car along with the service book and factory record !

Very attached to this car, Gildo Pallanca Pastor kept it carefully for many years in Monaco, before selling it last year to another marque enthusiast. This Bugatti EB110 SS, with the odometer recording just 1 373 km, is in good running order and will be serviced before the sale. Last September the car was driven to, and exhibited at, the 32rd Bugatti Festival at the Jesuits' park in Molsheim. Since then it has been used regularly by its second owner on the roads in Alsace.

An exceptional lot, this car is a testament to the early period of hypercars and the race for power and speed that ensued. With such a performance and so few miles on the clock, this rare machine also boasts a history as a record-breaking car.

Estimation 800 000 - 1 200 000 €

Vendu 904,800 €

Summernats by Eva Rinaldi

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Summernats Festival delivers Canberra cars, music, girls, tourism dollars and more

The 25th Summernats festival reved up things for Canberra again today as it continued on with parade of show cars.

It wasn't just about cars as event co-owner Andy Lopez told the press. It was more about entertainment and a more family atmosphere, but make no mistake - it was mainly about the cars...and a good dose of loud music - as if the roar of the engines wasn't enough to burst your eardrums (earplugs are provided upon entrance to the festival - satisfying OH&S regulations).

Event numbers are understood to be up this year, approaching 90,000, up at least 10,000 from the last Summernats Festival.

Mr Lopez said "People are going to get see something really terrific...two hundred cars in convoy, beautifully managed, well presented, a complete range of all the types of vehicles that Summernats has to offer and I think pretty much the community is excited about it."

Canberra has had a bit of a love - hate relationship with Summernats over the years, but this year there was plenty of love to go around. There were loads of car lovers, even love-mobile muscle cars, and of course the Ms Summernats competition - and not to be outdone, Fever Australia girls gave the Ms Summernats young ladies a run for the money with photographers and news crews.

No, there were not any riots and a good number of police and event organisers were quick to defuse any potential incidents before they started.

New co-owner Andy Lopez, who purchased Summernats said it's another sign the event has turned a corner.

"This isn't a choir convention, but at the same time we're not like a gathering of satanists either," he said.

"Ninety-nine-point-nine per cent of people that go to Summernats are there because they love what the event is about and if there is anyone else who is looking to cause trouble then we're going to deal with it."

Mr Lopez, originally had little interest in cars, said 2012 is shaping be the most successful Summernats yet.

"We want this to be the premier street machine, modifier event in the world," he said.

"We'll have 1200 people watching our burnout competition and that's something you can't do anywhere else in the world.

"If you win the summernats burnout competition, you are the undisputed champion.

"That's what we want the Summernats to be about."

Summernats attracts many of the nations most talented motor and mechanical craftsmen, artists and all matter of other folks who are in the business of hotted up cars. They also attract news media from from across the country - and this year its been mainly positive, with the festival being pro active to remove the more troublesome aspects of years gone by. The festival also adds a much needed boost to the ACT economy, with nightclubs, hotels and restaurants all reporting business definitely being up since the car-show hit down.

Some of our favourite aspects of Summernats 2012 included:

The burnouts - big congratulations to Peter and Debbie Gray (burnout masters and celebrated husband and wife team).

Miss Summernats contestants - Canberra local Sabrina Damiano, 25, who took out the Miss Summernats honours this year from a field of 14 contestants.

Show N Shine - car enthusiasts shinned up their toys and showed them off to thousands of adoring fans

Radio Revhead - great show put on by John McCoy-Lancaster and special guest in from Utah 1060AM U.S - J.C Hackett

The music - rockin with the massively talented Heaven The Axe (fronted by Phoebe, who is a bit of a Joan Jet - Angus Young (AC/DC) hybrid in our estimation. Phoebe and her crew absolutely rock and they reved up a storm at the Jim Beam Bar

Unexpected attendance by SBS entertainers / actors Rob Shehadie and Tahir (from Fat Pizza fame)

Body ink comp and display

Sidcrome tools display

The super cool personalised number plates which accompanied all show-cars

Top 60 finalist (car) show

A big thank you to Tom and the media crew for being so helpful, and to the other great people who worked so hard to make this years event such a massive success.

It's not too late to enjoy Summernats - it runs through to the 8th, and you don't have to be a rev head to enjoy it. Get your set of wheels and join in the action, and please drive safely.

Websites

Summernats

www.summernats.com.au

Street Machine

motoring.ninemsn.com.au/streetmachine

Heaven The Axe

www.heaventheaxe.com

Sidrome

www.sidchrome.com.au

Rob Shehadie official website

www.robshehadie.com

Tahir official website

www.tahir.com.au

DBC2

www.dbc2.com.au

Music News Australia

www.musicnewsaustralia.com

Eva Rinaldi Photography

www.evarinaldi.com

Eva Rinaldi Photography Flickr

www.flickr.com/evarinaldiphotography

Media Man News

www.mediamannews.com

Solar Panel Installation by Raymond Bull

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Another piece of terrain for my science fiction outpost. By my estimations it will take five hits of damage before being brought under the height limit for Cover.

Blog post.

Brickshelf gallery.

Mobile Frame Hangar discussion topic.

Toys'N'Bricks Forum discussion thread.

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

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Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1909

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface vii

Special articles 1

The artificial illumination of naval vessels (a study in naval

hygiene), by J. D. Gatewood 1

A simple operation for hemorrhoids, by H. F. Hull 22

Suggested devices 25

A metal suspensory, by W. B. Grove 25

A short and accurate method of calculating the age in years and months,

by E. M. Brown 25

Card for index system to be used in preparing smooth quarterly form

"X" at recruiting stations, etc., by C. R. Keen 27

Clinical notes 29

A case of angina Ludovici, by W. S. Pugh 29

A case of Vincent's angina, by G. F. Clark 31

Rupture of the iris; two cases, by R. K. Riggs 32

Wood alcohol poisoning; 13 cases, 3 deaths, by R. A. Baehmann 33

A case of virulent chancroids, by D. C. Gather 36

A case of septicemia successfully treated with Steam's streptolytic

serum by M. F. Gates . 39

An unusual case of undescended testicle, by E. M. Brown 39

Current comment 41

United States Pharmacopeial Convention 41

Concerning extracts or abstracts for publication 4l

Measuring the height of recruits 43

Suggestions for the study of heat exhaustion 44

Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by

the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 46

Has the chemical examination of water practical value to the military medical

officer? by P. '.T'. Waldner 47

An aid in throat and laryngeal examinations, by E. M. Brown 50

Progress in medical sciences 51

Laboratory —An anatomical peculiarity noted in specimens of hook worm

from Culebra 51

Preliminary note on the lesions of anchylostomiasis in the intestines of

dogs, by O. J. Mink 51

Preliminary note on nematode found in the liver of a wild rat, by O.

J.Mink 52

Chemistry and pharmacy — Note on the disintegration of tablets;

influence of benzoic acid and benzoates on digestion and health: address on the

clinical examination of urine, with especial reference to estimation of urea;

determination of pepsin by the edestin test, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 52

Surgery —Review of advances; the operative treatment of recent

fractures of the femoral shaft; the treatment of fractures by mobilization and massage;

has surgical treatment lessened mortality from appendicitis; when to operate

for appendicitis; diffuse septic peritonitis, due to appendicitis; local

anesthesia of a limb by venous transfusion after expulsion of blood; on

narcosis under an artificially restricted circulation; the correlation of

glands with internal secretion; improved technique for the detection of

tubercle bacilli in the urine; relief of the wounded during battle, H. C. Curl

and H. W. Smith 54

Pathology and bacteriology —On the so-called fatty degeneration of the adrenals;

three cases of squamous celled carcinoma of the gall bladder; the practical

value of the demonstration of spirochaeta pallida in the early diagnosis of

syphilis; C. 8. Butler and O. J. Mink 65

Medical zoology — Plague in ground squirrels (a review); the prevalence

and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with

a consideration of their possible influence on the public'

health; preliminary note on a protozoan in yaws; the intestinal protozoa

of man, R. C. Holcomb • 67

Tropical medicine — Ankylostomiasis in the Tropics; bilharziasis among women

and girls in Egypt; a report of several cases with unusual symptoms caused by

contact with some unknown variety of jellyfish; the diagnosis of latent

malaria; haemolysins and antihaemolytic substances in the blood of malarial

patients, E. R. Stitt 73

General medicine —The direct inspection of the gastric mucous membrane;

toxemia from the standpoint of perverted metabolism; a rapid method of

test-meal removal, lavage, and inflation; the therapeutics of diseases which

involve the internal secretions (mercury in the treatment of tuberculosis — its

mode of action —a warning); Flexner's serum in the treatment of epidemic

cerebrospinal meningitis; vascular crises; the curative influence of extracts

of leucocytes upon infections in animals, R. M. Kennedy 77

Hygiene and sanitation —Koch's standpoint with reference to the

question of the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis; the prevention of

tuberculosis; tropical lands and white races; sanitary report of the operations

of the naval expeditionary corps (German) in southwest Africa and in east

Africa; growth and naval military service; a study in measurements of cadets at

the naval school; on growth in height of youths serving their time in the army;

the value of fencing as a sport from hygienic and ethical point* of view; on-

the significance of the ophthalmo-reaction for the army; hematuria caused by a

parasite akin to bilharzia; the complex nature of typhoid etiology and the role

played by animals and man in the spread of the typhoid group of diseases; amoebae

carriers, H. G. Beyer 90

Reports and letters 195

Annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Alrik Hammar,

delegate 105

Report of an epidemic of typhoid on the U.S.S. Maine, by M. S.

Elliott. 106

Report of an epidemic of grippe on the U. S. S. Charleston, by M. F.

Gates. 109

Number 2

Preface vii

Special articles 111

The treatment of tuberculosis and the results observed during the year 1908

(at the United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by B. L. Wright 111

Laboratory studies and observations during the year 1908 (at the United

States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by A. B. Clifford 114

Tonsillar hypertrophy; a menace to the service, by B. F. Jenness 120

The ice bag in the treatment of typhoid fever, by G. Tucker Smith 122

Treatment of typhoid fever by colon irrigations, by the late C. G.

Alderman 124

Suggested devices 129

Description of a pit incinerator furnace, by R. C. Holcomb 129

Clinical notes 131

Report of a case of malignant endocarditis, following chancroid, by I.

Franklin Cohn 131

A case of multiple infected wounds from bear bite, by C. C. Grieve 132

A case presenting successive liver abscesses, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith

134

Cerebro-spinal fever, by J. G. Field 135

Current comment 141

Gangosa in Haiti 141

Hookworm disease in recruits from the Southern States 141

Care of ears and eyes in the Japanese navy 142

The question of ear protection in the British navy 142

Report relative to a series of experiments conducted on board the U. S.

S. Ohio during target practice, with "Plasticine" for the protection

of the ear drums during heavy gun fire, by W. M. Garton 142

Hygienic rules, with particular reference to venereal prophylaxis, in

the Austro-Hungarian navy 144

Experiments with gonococcic vaccine, by W. M. Garton 145

Thyroidal enlargement among applicants for enlistment in the Northwest,

by W. A. Angwin 147

Progress in medical sciences 148

Laboratory — Sterilization of catgut, by H. W. Smith 148

Chemistry and pharmacy — Fluidglycerates, pharmaceutical and physiological

aspect; the importance and significance of the chemical examination of the

gastric contents after a test meal, with a new method for estimating the

ferment activity of the gastric contents; demonstrations of enzymes and

antienzymes; studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis; the clinical value of

viscosity determination; the viscosity of the blood; the detection and

quantitative determination of B-oxybutyric acid in the urine; a new method for

the quantitative estimation of albumin in the urine; concerning the diagnostic

value of Cammidge crystals in pancreatic diseases, E. W. Brown and P. J.

Waldner 150

Surgery — Review of advances; cerebral decompression; operative treatment

of acute gonorrheal epididymitis; appendectomy in diffuse septic peritonitis;

concerning technique of skin grafting; treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate

by injections of alien blood; the value of the Cammidge reaction in the diagnosis

of pancreatic disease; the Cammidge reaction in experimental pancreatitis; the

syphilis case sheet; the thymus in Basedow's disease; the effect of mammalian

pituitary on tetany after parathyreoidectomy, and upon the pupil; hemorrhage in

jaundice controlled by blood transfusion; on the haematogenic origin of

purulent nephritis through the staphylococcus; the snapping hip; three cases of

liver abscess treated by aspiration and injection of quinine, H. C. Curl and H.

\V. Smith: 156

Pathology and bacteriology — Widal’s

reaction with sterilized cultures; a new medium for typhoid work; report on a

further series of blood cultures from seventy-four cases of typhoid and

paratyphoid fever; the histology of liver tissue regeneration; typhoid bacilli

and gall bladder; the occurrence and distribution of the spirochaeta pallida in

congenital syphilis; experiments on the differentiation of cholera and

cholera-like vitrios by complement fixation;

C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 166

Medical zoology —What is "schistosoma mansoni;" pulmonary

bilharziasis; filariasis and elephantiasis in southern Luzon; the diagnosis of African

tick fever from the examination of the blood; the parasite of

Kula Azar and allied organisms; a new human nematode-strongylus gibsoni;

report of the Permanent Commission for the Suppression of Uncinariasis; on the

supposed occurrence of the filaria immitis in man, R. C. Holcomb 174

Tropical medicine —An inquiry concerning the etiology of beriberi; have

trypanosomes an ultramicroscopical stage in their life history?; atoxyl as a

curative agent in malaria, E. R. Stitt 179

General medicine —The treatment of acute inflammatory conditions by

Bier's hypertemia; treatment of tetanus with subarachnoid injections of

magnesium sulphate; the serum diagnosis of syphilis; tubercle bacilli in the

sputum; a summary of the most recently published work on the doctrine of

opsonins; experimental investigation on "simple continued fever," H.

M. Kennedy 182

Hygiene and sanitation —On the application of heat for the purification

of water with troops in the field; catarrhal icterus of eberthian origin; the epidemic

of typhoid fever on H. M. S. Regina Elena; the treatment of sweat-foot in the

army; a contribution to our knowledge of the spread of cerebro-spinal

meningitis; on book disinfection on the large scale; the etiology of impetigo

contagiosa; tuberculosis in the British army and its prevention; symptoms that

may be attributed to soldering with the oxyhydrogen

flame; tactics and the health of the army, H. G. Beyer 189

Reports and letters 203

Seventeenth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons,

Manley H. Simons, delegate 203

Report and recommendations of a board of officers, convened at the navy-yard,

Mare Island, Cal., on the precautionary methods to be taken to prevent the invasion of bubonic

plague at that station 205

Number 3

Preface VII

Special articles 211

Notes on the treatment of elephantiasis by the internal administration

of tinctuia ferri cbloridi, by P. S. Rossiter 211

A few notes on syphilis, by W. J. Zalesky 215

A note on the pathology of epidemic asthma, by O. J. Mink 222

Report on sixteen cases of heat prostration, with remarks on etiology,

by A. G. Grunwell 223

Reviews 231

Liver abscess from the point of view of etiology and prophylaxis; pathology

and differential diagnosis; and treatment (3 papers), by G. B. Crow,, J. A. B.

Sinclair, and J. F. Cottle 231

Suggested devices 245

Appliances improvised on sick bay bunks, by C. M. De Valin 245

Clinical notes 247

A case of fracture of patella, with operation at sea, by N. J.

Blackwood.. 247

A case of n current nasal hemorrhage, by Raymond Spear 250

A case of traumatic pneumonia, by C. F. Sterne 252

A case of liver abscess, by M. A. Stuart 254

Current comment 255

Hospital corps efficiency report 255

Physical defects found on reexamination of recruits 255

Some observations on the berthing of enlisted men of the navy, with suggestions

for improvement, by L. W. Curtis 256

The value of a chemical examination of water, by E. R. Noyes 257

Progress in medical sciences 267

Laboratory —A method for the preparation of flat worms for study, by O.

J. Mink and A. H. Ebeling .. 267

The formalin method for the clinical estimation of ammonia in the

urine, by E. W. Brown 269

Bang's method for estimation of sugar in the urine; the Edestin method for

the estimation of pepsin in stomach contents 273

Chemistry and pharmacy — Concerning the fractional precipitation of

albumin in the spinal fluid of normal cases luetics, functional and organic nervous

diseases and their bearing upon the differential diagnosis of dementia

paralytica, tabes dorsalis, tertiary and late syphilis; quantitative determination

of several sugars in the presence of each other in diabetic urines; the butyric

reaction for syphilis in man and in the monkey; excretion of amino acids in

pregnancy and after parturition; the relation between the protein content of

the blood serum and that of serous fluids; the further separation of antitoxin

from its associated proteins in horse serum, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner...276-279

Surgery —The Hodgen splint; surgical anemia and resuscitation; mechanism

underlying artificial respiration; a new theory of surgical shock; carbon

dioxide snow in the treatment of augioma; bursitis subacromialis, or

periarthritis of the shoulder joint; report on the local anesthetics recommended

as substitutes for cocaine; further researches on the etiology of endemic

goiter; auto- and iso-transplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules;

partial, progressive, and complete occlusion of the aorta and other large

arteries in the dog by means of the metal band; C. F. Stokes, R. Spear, and H.

W. Smith 279-289

Pathology and bacteriology —A simple method for the diagnosis of

syphilis; differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacilli in infected

water and milk; a peculiar intralobular cirrhosis of the liver produced by the protozoal

parasite of kala azar; the pathological anatomy of atoxyl poisoning; an

observation on the fate of B. Bulgaricus in the digestive tract of a monkey; a

contribution to the pathology of the spleen; a note, on the histology of a caue

of myelomatosis with Bence-Jones protein in

the urine; a new method for the recognition of indol in media; the rapid

diagnosis of rabies (a new stain for negri bodies); C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink

289-297

Medical zoology —Anew intestinal trematodeof man; some applications of the

precipitin reaction in the diagnosis of hydatid disease; bilharzia, hematobia,

and circumcision; trichocephaliasis; R. C. Holcomb ...... 297-306

Tropical medicine — Rice and beriberi; on the etiology of ulcerative

granuloma of the pudenda; amaebic dysentery with abscess of the liver in a patient

who had never been out of England; E. R. Stitt 306-308

General medicine —The dietetic treatment of diabetes; artificial

hyperemia in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; remarks on the treatment of

gastric ulcer by immediate feeding; present status of the tuberculin tests; T.

W. Richards S0S-315

Hygiene and sanitation — On 'a new and practical method of securing bodily

cleanliness for our men on board ship; on the heat-conducting power of linoleum

as compared to that of floors made of wood or of

betone; on the discrimination of unrecognized diseases and on a disease

of overcrowding in ships, especially at

Malta; H. G. Beyer 315-320

Reports and letters 321

Guam; reports on health and sanitation for the years 1907 and 1908, by F.

E. McCullough and G. L. Angeny. 321

Number 4

Preface vii

Special articles 335

The hospital camp at Norfolk, Va., by P. A. Lovering 335

The teaching of tropical medicine outside of the Tropics, by E. R.

Stitt 308

Ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic, by L. W. Johnson 344

Chronic nephritis in recruits, by B. F. Jenness 347

Supplementary report on the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P.

S. Rossiter 349

Points on embalming practicable on board ship, by C. Schaffer 351

Reviews 355

Surgical shock; a review of recent literature, by H. W. Smith 355

Suggested devices 365

Installation of an X-ray apparatus on the U. S. S. Maryland, by A.

Farenholt 365

Method of fumigation of vessels at Hamburg 368

An oxygen apparatus 370

An easily constructed bunk tray, by C. M. Oman 371

Clinical notes 373

Operations upon the kidney. United States naval hospital, New York, by G.

T. Smith 373

A report on two cases of dentigerous cysts, by D. N. Carpenter 374

A case of mammary development in the male, by E. M. Brown 376

Operative treatment of epididymitis, by W. S. Pugh, Jr 376

Two cases from report of U. S. S. Hancock—1908: (1) Retinal hemorrhage,

(2) myocarditis with rupture, by P. Leach 377

A case of fracture of the skull; operation and recovery, by F. W. F.

Wieber. 378

Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.

E. Riggs 379

Fracture of skull and gunshot wound of lung, with recovery, by W. S.

Pugh, Jr ..... 381

Two unusual appendix cases, by R. R. Richardson 382

Proctoclysis in typhoid fever, by C. F. Stokes 384

Current comment 385

Subscription price of the Bulletin 385

Note on New York Post-Graduate Medical School 385

Note on contributions to the Bulletin 385

Note on annual meeting of American Medical Association on revision of pharmacopeia

386

Note on inquiry concerning clothing in the Tropics 386

Note on publicity concerning venereal disease in California 387

Review of Gatewood's Naval Hygiene 387

Note on the work at Tay Tay 388

Medical examination of army recruits, by A. E. Peck 389

Notes on the treatment of syphilis, by W. S. Hoen 391

Views on the treatment of typhoid fever, by H. A. May 393

Progress in medical sciences 397

Laboratory —Benedict's method for the estimation of glucose in the

urine; estimation of uric acid in the urine, Folin-Schaffer; clinical method

for the estimation of uric acid, modification of the Folin-Schaffer process; test

for blood in the urine; two methods for the estimation of albumin in the urine,

by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 397

Chemistry and pharmacy —The excretion in urine of sugars other than

glucose; experiments and experiences, pharmacological and clinical, with

digitalis, squill, and strophanthus; a reagent for the detection of reducing

sugars; on the antagonism of alcohol to carbolic acid ; the antitoxic activity

of iodine in tuberculosis; new experiments on the physiological action of

sulphuric ether; contribution to the physiology of the glands —further

contributions on the function of the spleen as an organ of iron metabolism;

modifications in the chemical composition of the blood serum in victims of

carbon dioxide poisoning, by P. J. Waldnerand C. Schaffer 402

Pathology and bacteriology —Studies on typhoid fever; chloroform

poisoning — liver necrosis and repair; the importance of blood cultures in the

study of infections of otitic origin; the cultivation of the spirocheeta

pallidum; the cultivation of the bacillus leprae; the chemistry of the liver in

chloroform necrosis; the present status of the whooping-cough question; the

conveyance of whooping cough from man to animals by direct experiment; serology

of syphilis, by C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 407

Medical zoology — Schistosomiasis at Bahia; contribution to the study

of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil; notes on malaria and kala-azar; endemic

amoebic dysentery in New York, with a review of its istribution in North America; filaria

(microfilaria) philippinensis; the distribution of filaria in the Philippine

Islands; acariens and cancers—acariens and leprosy; necator americanus in

Ceylon; anaemia due to trichocephalus dispar; study of the protozoa of J. H.

Wright in sixteen cases of Aleppo boil, by R. C. Holcomb 411

Tropical medicine — Infantile kala-azar; on the identity of beri-beri

and epidemic dropsy; Malta fever in South Africa; leprosy in the Philippine

Islands and its treatment; the various types of plague and their clinical

manifestations, by C. S. Butler 417

Hygiene and sanitation —The means by which infectious diseases are

transmitted; a critical study of the value of the measurements of chest expansion

and lung capacity; notes on the sanitation of yellow fever and malaria; the

house fly as a disease carrier, by H. G. Beyer 419

General medicine —A study of the aural and laryngeal complications of

typhoid fever, especially as observed in hospital practice; the problem of

cancer considered from the standpoint of immunity; nine cases of typhoid fever

treated with an antiendotoxic serum, by T. W. Richards 425

Surgery —Some practical points in the application of the bismuth paste

in chronic suppurative diseases; the sequence of the pathological changes in appendiceal

peritonitis; direct blood transfusion by means of paraffin-coated glass tubes;

the use of animal membrane in producing mobility in ankylosed joints, by C. F.

Stokes and R. Spear 431

Reports and letters 489

American Medical Association, by M. F. Gates 439

Report on the Second International Conference for Revision of Nomenclature

of Diseases and Causes of Death, by F. L. Pleadwell 445

Report upon medical relief measures at Messina, Sicily, by M. Donelson.

. 449

Reports of medical relief measures at Adana, Turkey, by J. T. Miller

and L. W. McGuire 452

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

Read/Download from the Internet Archive

See all images from this book

See all MHL images published in the same year

Boulevard Saint-Martin - Paris (France) by Perry Tak

4 1

PA_1456 [30 points]

A purple space invader in the 3ème arrondissement of Paris along the main boulevards of the city.

Onscreen FlashInvaders message: PURPLE VIBES

All my photos of PA_1456:

PA_1456 (Close-up, September 2021)

PA_1456 (Wide shot, September 2021)

Date of invasion: 04/02/2021 (estimation)

[ Visited this purple PA_1456 7 months and about 24 days after invasion ]

Care For A Bite? <<>> Tyrannosaurus Rex Used Red Toothpaste by Chic Bee

12 2

This Tyrannosaurus Rex used red toothpaste

The head of existing T. Rex skeletons is almost my height. Lucky for us it went extinct in one of the mass extinction cataclysms suffered by our planet Earth.

The teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex displayed marked heterodonty (differences in shape).[13][23] The premaxillary teeth at the front of the upper jaw were closely packed, D-shaped in cross-section, had reinforcing ridges on the rear surface, were incisiform (their tips were chisel-like blades) and curved backwards. The D-shaped cross-section, reinforcing ridges and backwards curve reduced the risk that the teeth would snap when Tyrannosaurus bit and pulled. The remaining teeth were robust, like "lethal bananas" rather than daggers; more widely spaced and also had reinforcing ridges.[24] Those in the upper jaw were larger than those in all but the rear of the lower jaw. The largest found so far is estimated to have been 30 centimetres (12 in) long including the root when the animal was alive, making it the largest tooth of any carnivorous dinosaur yet found.[3]

Tyrannosaurus rex was one of the largest land carnivores of all time; the largest complete specimen, FMNH PR2081 ("Sue"), measured 12.8 metres (42 ft) long, and was 4.0 metres (13.1 ft) tall at the hips.[3] Mass estimates have varied widely over the years, from more than 7.2 metric tons (7.9 short tons),[2] to less than 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons),[5][6] with most modern estimates ranging between 5.4 and 6.8 metric tons (6.0 and 7.5 short tons).[4][7][8][9] Packard et al. (2009) tested dinosaur mass estimation procedures on elephants and concluded that dinosaur estimations are flawed and produce over-estimations; thus, the weight of Tyrannosaurus could be much less than usually estimated.[10]

Although Tyrannosaurus rex was larger than the well known Jurassic theropod Allosaurus, it was slightly smaller than some other Cretaceous carnivores, such as Spinosaurus and Giganotosaurus.[11][12]

The neck of Tyrannosaurus rex formed a natural S-shaped curve like that of other theropods, but was short and muscular to support the massive head. The forelimbs had only two clawed fingers,[13] along with an additional small metacarpal representing the remnant of a third digit.[14] In contrast the hind limbs were among the longest in proportion to body size of any theropod. The tail was heavy and long, sometimes containing over forty vertebrae, in order to balance the massive head and torso. To compensate for the immense bulk of the animal, many bones throughout the skeleton were hollow, reducing its weight without significant loss of strength.[13]

The largest known Tyrannosaurus rex skulls measure up to 5 feet (1.5 m) in length.[15] Large fenestrae (openings) in the skull reduced weight and provided areas for muscle attachment, as in all carnivorous theropods. But in other respects Tyrannosaurus’ skull was significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosauroid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout, allowing unusually good binocular vision.[16][17] The skull bones were massive and the nasals and some other bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized (contained a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces) which may have made the bones more flexible as well as lighter. These and other skull-strengthening features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite, which easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids.[18][19][20] The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped (most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus

T.Rex was not the largest Therapod:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Largesttheropods.png

IMG_0368

Rue Sedaine - Paris (France) by Perry Tak

3

PA_1457 [20 points]

A classic sized blue-pink space invader above a bookstore with books for the youth and children in the 11ème arrondissement of Paris.

When I flashed this space invader it was the 11,320,806th 'flash' in FlashInvaders and FlashInvaders had 186,806 players at this moment (2021-09-28 18h29 Central European Summer Time (UTC+2) )

Onscreen FlashInvaders message: SWEET!

All my photos of PA_1457:

PA_1457 (Close-up, September 2021)

PA_1457 (Wide shot 1, September 2021)

PA_1457 (Wide shot 2, September 2021)

Date of invasion: 04/02/2021 (estimation)

[ Visited this "sweet" PA_1457 almost 8 months after invasion ]

1952 Ford Comète (49.945 €) by el.guy08_11

7

Retromobile 2016 (Paris)

Lot 127

1952 Ford Comète

No reserve

Carte grise française

Châssis n° : 766

Caisse n° : 767

Moteur n°: 700109

- Carrosserie Facel

- Voiture rare, surtout dans cet état

- Très belle restauration

- Sans réserve

Lancée en 1951 par Ford France (SAF), la Comète est un coupé luxueux dont le dessin élégant est confié aux " Stabilimenti Farina " et la fabrication de la carrosserie à Facel Métallon. On notera qu'il s'agit là d'une des premières réalisations de Jean Daninos, avant qu'il ne lance sa propre marque, Facel Vega. La ligne est douce et fluide. Prestige oblige, elle est équipée d'un moteur V8 de 2,158 L. Cette mécanique développe la puissance de 74 ch jusqu'à 1953, ce qui lui permet d'atteindre une vitesse de pointe de 140 km/h. La production tous modèles confondus, s'élèvera à 3 064 exemplaires.

La voiture présentée a été achetée en décembre 1980. Elle était alors immatriculée dans la région de Lyon depuis mars 1974. Elle sort aujourd'hui d'une restauration complète. D'importants travaux ont été menés, la carrosserie a été entièrement refaite, repeinte dans une belle livrée noire qui s'associe à merveille à l'intérieur en cuir marron, lui aussi entièrement refait, avec des moquettes assorties. Le tableau de bord, au splendide dessin, est également en très bel état.

La mécanique de 13 CV (dont le numéro de bloc est différent de celui d'origine) a été elle aussi l'objet d'une réfection et le compteur affiche 10 673 km. L'auto est absolument complète, il ne manque que l'autoradio qui équipait le tableau de bord. Il s'agit là d'une très belle voiture, qui a bénéficié d'une belle restauration, incarnant le style du luxe à la française dans les années 1950.

Merci de noter qu'un vérification de la mécanique devra être effectuée avant de rouler sur de longues distances avec le véhicule.

French title

Chassis #: 766

Caisse No: 767

Engine No.: 700109

- Body by Facel

- A rare car, especially in this condition

- Very beautiful restoration

- No reserve

Launched in 1951 by Ford France (SAF), the Comet was a luxury coupe which elegant design was entrusted to "Stabilimenti Farina" and the manufacture of the body to Facel Metallon. It is worth noting that this is one of the first projects by Jean Daninos before he launched his own brand, Facel Vega. The line is smooth and fluid. With luxury a requirement, the car was powered by a V8 engine of 2158cc. This engine developed 74bhp up to 1953, allowing it to reach a top speed of 140 km/h. The production totaled 3,064 units.

The car on offer was purchased in December 1980 when it was registered in the Lyon region, since March 1974. It has recently come out of a complete restoration. Significant work has been done, the body has been completely redone, painted in a beautiful black shade that combines perfectly with the interior in brown leather, also completely redone, with matching carpets. The dashboard has a splendid design and is also in very good condition.

The 13 CV engine (which number is different from the original one's) was also the subject of a restoration and counter displayed 10,673 km. The car is absolutely complete, missing only the radio fitted on the dashboard. This is a beautiful car, which has benefitted from a beautiful restoration, and embodies the luxury of French style from the 1950s.

Please note that the mecanichals will need to be checked before driving the car on long distances.

Estimation 60 000 - 80 000 €

Vendu 49,945 € - See more at: www.artcurial.com/fr/asp/fullCatalogue.asp?salelot=2877++...

69-DivaChallenge - RuthArt by RuthArt

6 10

This one is Groovy but not easy in my estimation, I really have difficulty with it.

I Am the Diva CZT

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 4, Nos. 1-4, 1910 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

5

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 4, Nos. 1-4, 1910

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1910

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface v

Special articles 1

Chronic nonsuppurative osteoplastic periostitis of traumatic origin, by

George Pickrell and L. M. Schmidt 1

Shooting glasses for riflemen, by E. S. Bogert, jr 11

Suggestions on taking finger prints, by John D. Hall 17

Meat poisoning in the navy, by L. W. Curtis 23

Runner's cramp, a peculiar occupation neurosis, by L. M. Schmidt 25

Venereal prophylaxis, by W. J. Zalesky 28

Medical conditions in the Fiji Islands, by K. A. Bachman 30

Suggested devices 39

Construction of an improvised incubator, by F. G. Abeken and R.

Cuthbertson 39

A gall-bladder dressing, by H. L. Call 40

Clinical notes 43

Report of a typhoid carrier, by C. S. Butler 43

Report of two cases of the variola form of syphilis, by F. M. Furlong

44

Notes on cases treated by vaccines, by M. H. Simons 46

Heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. California, by E. G. Parker 48

A case of gunshot injury of the kneejoint, by Raymond Spear 49

An operation for ectropion, by Raymond Spear 50

Report of a case of amoebiasis. by A. E. Peck 51

Report of a case of acute perforative gangrenous appendicitis, by J. B.

Dennis and A. C. Stanley 54

Case of Vincent's angina, by L. C. Whiteside 56

Two cases of opthalmia gonorrhea, by R. R. Richardson 57

Current comment 59

Venereal prophylaxis 59

Health records for the naval personnel 59

Hygiene exhibitions 61

A few notes on malingering, by F. M. Furlong 62

Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by

the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 66

Progress in medical sciences 69

Laboratory —A new method for the clinical estimation of total nitrogen

in urine, feces or other organic materials; a clinical modification of the

Folin-Schaffer method for the estimation of uric acid in the urine 69

Reviews: A simple method of estimating the amount of sugar in diabetic

urine; a modification of the Esbach method for estimation of albumin in the

urine: a new albuminometer; a new, simple method

of sugar estimation in the urine by the glucosometer; on the

application of the deviation of complement test in the detection of albuminous

substances in the urine; the clinical determination of amido acids in the

urine, O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 74

Chemistry and pharmacy —Uber das Aconitin der japaniechen

Aconitknollen; the influence of certain drugs upon the toxicity of acetanilide and

antipyrine; the effect of work on the creatine content of muscle; the

pharmacological assay of the heart tonics; the estimation and quantitative

significance of hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents; the action of

digestive ferments upon each other, P. J. Waldner and C. Schaffer 76

Pathology and bacteriology —Antityphoid vaccines with attenuated live cultures;

outbreak of food poisoning after a Christmas dinner; on the use of certain new

chemical tests in the diagnosis of general paralysis and tabes; the occurrence

of acetonuria following ether anesthesia; the treatment of gonocoecus

infections by vaccines; concerning the mechanism of the aero-reaction of syphilis;

investigation of blood for tubercle bacilli; on subcutaneous and ophthalmal

tuberculin reaction in lepers;

the diagnosis of syphilis by some laboratory methods; cancer in man and

animals; relation of the spiroclneta pallida to general paralysis; influenzal

meningitis; htemolysis in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms; the Wasserman

reaction in leprosy, 0. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 79

Medical zoology — The development of the miracidium of paragonimus under

various physical conditions; studies on protozoan parasites in sea fishes; two

interesting bilharzial conditions; hookworms and the death rate; filariasis of

the spermatic cord; the reaction of the white blood cells to the presence of

tenia in the intestine of man, R. C. Holcomb and P. E. Garrison 85

Tropical medicine — The relapsing fever of Panama; studies upon

leprosy; antiplague measures in California; histoplasmosis; blackwater fever, C.

S. Butler 90

Hygiene and sanitation —The processes for the disinfection of dwellings

with formaldehyde and potassium permanganate, the amounts of gaseous

formaldehyde given out in each and their practical significance; comparative

investigations on the practical values of certain methods of disinfection with

formaldehyde w ithout the employment of any apparatuses; fly-borne enteric

fever—the source of infection; tuberculosis in Japan; the destruction of

mosquitoes by the French in West Africa by the "trous-pieges; " the

cruiser Alger in the Far East, H.G. Beyer and F. L. Pleadwell 95

Surgery —The use of silver wire in opening the kidney; fractures of the

radial shaft, rotation deformity (occurrence and diagnosis), and aluminum

plates; an ovarian abscess containing a lumbricoid worm; surgery of the stomach, C. F. Stokes and K.

Spear 106

General medicine— The obliteration of the craving for narcotics, the arylarsenate

treatment of syphilis—its probable future effects in the services; a new

treatment of locomotor ataxia; " traitement a vide" of enteric fever;

on the relation between alcoholism and tuberculosis; the treatment of amoebic

dysentery, T. W. Kichards 110

Reports and letters 117

Report on the American Public Health Association, by F. L. Pleadwell..

117

Report on the Sixteenth International Congress of Medicine, Budapest, August-September,

1909, by J. C. Wise 128

Report on the camp of instruction, Antietam, Md., 1909, by M. S.

Elliott. 130

Number 2

Preface v

Special articles 135

The commissary department in naval hospitals, by P. A. Lovering 135

The presence of the lepra bacillus in the circulating blood, by G. B.

Crow. 143

Preliminary report of the finding of hookworm in American Samoa, by P.

S. Rossiter 145

The prevention of venereal diseases in the navy, by Raymond Spear 146

The rational treatment of arteriosclerosis, by C. H. T. Lowndes 150

Treatment of syphilis at Hot Springs, Ark., by W. S. Hoen 154

Suggested devices 159

A portable sanitary scuttle-butt, by E. G. Parker 159

Suggestions for diet kitchen equipment, by Stephen Wierzbieki 161

Notes on colonic anesthesia, by W. S. Pugh, jr 163

Clinical notes 167

Clinical notes from the United States Naval Hospital, Mare Island,

Cal., by U. R. Webb 167

Surgical cases from the U. S. S. Tacoma, by W. S. Pugh, jr 171

Osteomyelitis following fracture, by B. F. Jenness 180

A case of appendicostomy, by Raymond Spear 182

Report of three cases from the U. S. S. Relief, by A. W. Dunbar 184

A case of Landry's paralysis, by H. L. Kelley and J. A. Randall 185

Heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. Colorado, by J. T. Kennedy 187

Two cases of mild heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. Charleston, by Oliver

Diehl 189

Bolo wound involving the brain, by C. F. Ely 190

A case of goundou with coexisting leontiasis, by I. S. K. Reeves 191

Severe rupial eruption appearing as one of the first symptoms and the only

eruption in a case of secondary syphilis, by R. R. Richardson 192

Operations for suppurative ear disease, by R. W. McDowell 193

Notes of two surgical cases, by H. C. Curl 194

Note on cases of fever at Pichilinque Bay, Mexico, by J. L. Neilson 194

A case of neurosis hysteroides, by E. C. White 195

Varix of both superficial epigastric veins, by R. R. Richardson 196

Current comment , 197

Reports of surgical operations 197

The early diagnosis of syphilis and its importance from a service stand

point, by O. J. Mink 197

A few timely comments on clothing, by H. G. Beyer 200

The importance of eliminating the cocaine habitue from the personnel of

the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, by W. D. Owens 204

Injuries from football at the Naval Academy, by C. E. Riggs 205

Muscular spasms in men exposed to high temperatures, by M. E. Higgins.

207

Notes on sanitation at Port Royal, S. C, by R. E. Riggs 208

Reports on venereal prophylaxis, by W. S. Pugh, jr., W. A. Angwin, N.

T. McLean, J. M. Edgar, J. S. Taylor, and F. G. Abeken 211

Are dead typhoid cultures of value for use on board ship in Widal'a

reaction, by C. S. Butler 222

Progress in medical sciences 225

Laboratory — The Noguchi test for syphilis; a concentration method for

tubercle bacilli; a simple method of preparing sugar broth media; a simple

method of preparing Bang's solution. Reviews: The diagnosis of syphilis by some

laboratory methods, by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown. 225

Chemistry and pharmacy — Der jetzige stand der physiologischen

digitalisprfifung, ihr wert fiir die praxis und fur die forschung; the

administration of drugs with regard to absorption and elimination; relative

physiological activity of some commercial solutions of epinephrin; influence of

hydrogen peroxide on hydrochloric acid secretion; the value of alimentary

levulosuria in the diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis; oxaluria and treatment of

calcium oxalate deposit from the urine; E. R. Noves and P. J. Waldner 230

Pathology and bacteriology — Bacillus of acne; some observations on the

study of intestinal bacteria; the presence of tubercle bacilli in the

circulating blood in clinical and experimental tuberculosis; the viability of

the tubercle bacillus; the pathology of pellagra; pellagra; the Wasserman

reaction in pellagra; Zur theorie der Wassermanischer reaktion; the

pathological relationships of gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma; O. J. Mink

and F. M. Shook 235

Medical zoology — A study of the development of Sehittosomum japonicum;

relation between the Schistosoma japonicum and the endemic "Kabure,"

report of the study on the invading route of the Schistoimma japonicum into the

human body; acute trichiniasis without initial eosinophilia; reports of the

twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine at

Jamaica; malaria; a ease of amoebic enteritis with uncinaria, trichocephalus

and trichomonads, showing results of treatment after four years; the

development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis; Paragonomiasis or

parasitic hemoptysis, report of an imported case in California; Kala-Azar in

Madras, especially with regard to its connection with the dog and with the bug

(Conorrhinua); medical survey of the town of Taytay; P. E. Garrison 242

Tropical medicine —Typhus fever; intoxication by fish in China; note on

plague infection in a wood rat; the significance of sleeping sickness for our

colonies; weitere untersuchungen iiber das Pappataci fieber; C. S. Butler 248

Hygiene and sanitation— Untersuchungen fiber den vorgangder

selbstreinigung, ausgefuhrt am wasser des Giesner Volksbades; fiber den prozess

der selbstreinignng der naturlichen wasser nach ihrer kfinstlichen infizierung

durch bakterien; la ventilation pendant le combat; report of Bureau of Health

for the Philippine Islands, third quarter, 1909; a contribution to our knowledge

of the spread of typhoid through bacillus carriers; what may be done to improve

the hygiene of the city dweller; oral prophylaxis; fievre typhoide et eau

distilh'e a bord du " Bouvet;" a general German fencing tournament,

held on the 3d and 4th December at Dresden; report of the International Opium

Commission, Shanghai, China; H. G. Beyer and F. L. Pleadwell 253

Surgery— Resection of the colon for cancer and tuberculosis; serum

treatment of purulent processes; thoracic surgery; the technique of amputations

with especial reference to osteplastic methods; the routine examination of the

oesophagus; the treatment of acute otitic meningitis; a method of splinting

skin grafts; vaccine treatment of pyorrhea alveolaris; R. Spear and H. W. Smith

261

General medicine — Normal auscultatory differences between the sides of

the chest; two signs of diagnostic value, one in chololithiasis, the other in

incipient pulmonary tuberculosis; the diaphragm test for binocular vision; T.

W. Richards 273

Reports and letters 279

Reports on the care of wounded, Bluefields, Nicaragua, by W. S. Pugh,

jr., L. H. Wheeler, and D. G. Sutton 279

Report on physical training at the United States Naval Academy, by W.

N. McDonell 287

Number 3

Preface vi

Special articles 291

The illumination of study rooms, being a report submitted to the

superintendent of the Naval Academy, on the present system of lighting the

midshipmen's quarters in Bancroft Hall, with recommendations for its

improvement, by A. L. Parsons and II. W. Smith 291

The surgical aspects of filariasis, by C. F. Stokes 318

Venereal prophylaxis on the Asiatic Station, by Oliver Diehl 325

Dried blood serum, a substitute for fresh blood serum in the rapid

preparation of Loeffler's medium, by E. W. Brown 337

U.S. Naval Medical School laboratories 339

The need for a pathological collection at the United States Naval

Medical School, by C. S. Butler 339

Helminthological technique, by P. E. Garrison 345

Demonstration of treponema pallidum, by F. M. Shook 355

Preliminary report on a proposed method for the volumetric estimation

of mercury, by J. R. Herbig 356

Suggested devices 357

An "unlearnable " vision test card for use in the naval

service, by E. J. Grow 357

A suggested bunk tray, by G. F. Freeman 362

Clinical notes 365

Report of two cases of cerebro-spinal fever, by J. B. Kaufman 365

Acute ear diseases following swimming, by L. M. Schmidt 368

Direct transfusion of blood in a case of shock and hemorrhage, by R. B.

Williams 372

A case of liver abscess demonstrating the value of a differential count

in diagnosis, by E. R. Stitt 376

Five cases of cholera at naval station, Cavite, P. I., by H. L. Kelley

377

The Hagner operation, report of five cases, by L. W. Johnson 378

Clinical notes from Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by E. O. J. Eytinge

380

Fracture of epiphysis of os calcis by muscular contraction, by Raymond

Spear 383

A case of fracture of the base of the skull, by Raymond Spear 383

A case of heavy hymenolepis nana infection, with a note as to

treatment, by E. R. Stitt and D. G. Allen 384

Report of 12 cases of beriberi, by J. A. Randall 385

Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.

E. Riggs 386

Pericarditis associated with impetigo herpetiformis (?) followed by

grave systematic disturbance and interesting pathological lesions, by H. L.

Kelley 387

Blastomycotic lesions in a case of syphilis, by E. R. Stitt and S. L.

Higgins. 388

Current comment 391

Results of venereal prophylaxis not likely to be apparent in general

statistics of 1909 391

Typhoid vaccination 391

International military medical statistics 393

Varicocele and the public- services 394

Importance of ophthalmoscopy at recruiting stations, by J. A. Murphy

395

Progress in medical sciences 399

Chemistry and pharmacy — Rapid chemical filtration compared to slow sand

filtration; the question of the so-called physiological albuminuria; a

contribution to Hang's method for estimation of sugar; the estimation of

ammonia and acidity in the urine and their clinical application; thymol an a

source of error in Heller's test for urinary protein; physiological effects of

high temperature and humidity; direct identification of acetone in urine; the

pancreas reaction of Cammidge; rapid detection of boric acid in butter and

milk. E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 399

Pathology and bacteriology — Changes in the pancreas in diabetes; the

Cammidge reaction; acute pancreatitis and urinary findings; the specific treatment

of carcinoma; concentration method for tubercle bacilli; ueber die nach Ziehl

nicht darstellbare form des tuberkelbazillus; nachweis bedeutung der

tuberkelbazillen in stroemendem pthisikerblut; ueber die granulare form des

tuberculosevirus im lungenauswurf ; the cultivation of the leprosy bacillus;

ueber den nachweis von indol in den bakterischeu kulturen mit der Ehrlichschen

methode; the relation of the pseudo-diphtheria and the diphtheria bacillus; the

influence of age and temperature upon the potency of anti-diphtheritic serum and

antitoxin globulin solution; the value of opsonic determinations in the

discovery of typhoid carriers; the distribution of bacteria in bottled milk and

certain controlling factors; are acid-fast bacteria other

than the tubercle bacillus commonly met in clinical laboratory work; acid-fast

organisms in waters; the treatment of infection of the urinary tract with

bicterial vaccines; the B. fecalia alkaligines pathogenic for

man; treatment of typhoid carriers; a preliminary inquiry into the prevalence

of paratyphoid fever in London, with remarks on blood culture in 48 cases of

enteric fever, O. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 403

Medical zoology —Guinea worm in domesticated animals, with a note of its

discovery in a leopard; the effect of mosquito larvae upon drinking water; the

existence of living creatures in the stomach as a cause of chronic dyspepsia; a

study of the anatomy of Watsonius (n. g.), watsoni of man and of 19 allied

species of mammalian trematode worms of the superfamily paramphistomoidea, P.

E. Garrison 415

Tropical medicine- Yaws as a cause of chronic ulceration; on the nature

and origin of Calabar swellings; two cases of balantidium infection with autopsy,

C. S. Butler 418

Hygiene and sanitation — Die handedesinfektion bei typhus-

bazillentragern; vorkommen und bedeutung der streptokokken in der milch; the

control of scarlet fever; a note on squirrel fleas as plague carriers; the communications

of diarrhea from the sick, to the healthy; summer diarrhea and enteric fever;

rapport d'inspection generale de l'escadre du nord; H. G. Beyer and F. L.

Pleadwell 421

Surgery — Terminal arterial anesthesia; varicocele, an analysis of 403

cases; the method of respiration by intratracheal insufflation, its scientific principle

and its practical availability in medicine and surgery; avoidance of apparatus

complicating operation in thoracic surgery; experimental intrathoracic surgery

by the Meltzer and Auer method of intratracheal insufflation; the value of

continuous intratracheal insufflation of air (Meltzer) in thoracic surgery; the

treatment of diffuse progressive free peritonitis; ueber carbenzyn; carbenzym

bei tuberkulosen affektionen; ueber die dosierung der stauungshyperamie; the

after-results of the operative treatment of hemorrhoids; some experiments on

the relative susceptibility of different teeth to dental caries, R. Spear and

H. W. Smith. 438

General medicine — Review of current progress in medicine; the adequacy

of the present-day treatment of syphilitic diseases of the nervous system; Syphilis

and parasyphilis of the nervous system; la reazione di Wassermann nelle

malattie cutanee; treatment of syphilis by intramuscular injection of metallic

mercury; on the treatment of tetanus by the intraspinal injection of a solution

of magnesium sulphate, with cases; hospital infection of tuberculosis; current

conceptions of hysteria; an acute infectious disease of unknown origin; A. W.

Dunbar and T. W. Richards 447

Reports and letters 457

Report on U. S. Pharmacopceial Convention, 1910, by P. J. Waldner 457

Number 4

Preface v

Special articles 459

Insanity in the navy, by Heber Butts 469

Notes on the presence and prevalence of Xecator americanus in Samoa, by

P. S. Rossiter 476

Problems of sanitation in landing and expeditionary service in tropical

and subtropical regions, translation by P. J. Waldner 479

United States Naval Medical School laboratories 499

Helminthological technique, by P. E. Garrison 499

Suggested devices 513

An improvised incubator for ships, by L. W. McGuire 513

An efficient rat-killing device for use on board ship, by F. M. Munson

514

Clinical notes 515

A case of atypic typhoid, with sudden death, by E. R. Stitt 515

A case of excision of the clavicle, by Raymond Spear 518

Appendicular abscess; rupture into peritoneal cavity; operation and

recovery, by A. D. McLean 517

Case of suppurative appendicitis, by C. W. Smith 519

Meningitis of primary origin (pneumococcus), by E. R. Stitt 529

A case of metastatic pneumonia complicating tonsillitis, by W. A.

Angwin. 521

Report of a case of acute yellow atrophy of liver, by E. R. Stitt and

D. A. Gregory 522

A case clinically resembling rhinopharyngitis mutilans, by E. R. Stitt

524

External urethrotomy without a guide, by E. G. Parker 524

Note on the possible existence of both Agchylostoma duodenale and

Necator americarms at Guam, by E. R. Stitt 525

Current comment 527

New order for appointment of medical officers in the navy 527

New naval health record 527

Diphtheria prophylaxis 529

Peculiar advantages of local anaesthesia in ordinary hernia operations

in the naval service, by H. C. Curl 539

Progress in medical sciences 533

Chemistry and pharmacy — An experimental and clinical study of the

functional activity of the kidneys by means of phenolsulphonephthalein; the

biological standardization of drugs; the detection of methyl alcohol,

especially in the presence of ethyl alcohol; a simple method for the rapid and

accurate determination of the alcoholic content of fluids; a method for

determining the alkalinity of the blood; contributions to clinical methods for

urinary analysis; a method for the estimation of nitrogen in the urine; a method

for the direct test for acetone in the urine; a study of Nylander's reaction;

the so-called Cammidge test; the occurrence of and a clinical test for soluble

protein in the feces; a test of pancreatic function, E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge

533

Pathology and bacteriology — Anaphylaxis and its relation to clinical

medicine; on the preparation of a simple culture medium; the cultivation of the

tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum by means of antiformin; the hospital

laboratory with special reference to diagnosis in surgical cases; the

cerebro-spinal fluid, O. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 545

Medical zoology — Helminthic infection and its relation to

eosinophilia: the ant as a destroyer of flies; amebic dysentery in New York;

the Gastrodiscus hominis in the Philippines; note on the presence of Bilharzia

haematobia in Egyptian mummies of the twentieth dynasty (1250-1000 B. C). P- E-

Garrison 551

Tropical medicine— Transmission of pest without rate and without fleas;

the etiology of beriberi; beriberi-Forschungen in den Niederlandisch

ostindischen Kolonien, besonders in Bezug aul" Prophylaxis und Heilung;

the work of the board for the study of tropical diseases in the Philippines, C.

S. Butler 552

Hygiene and sanitation — Explosions-gase und ihre Wirkung auf den Menchen;

Eine von Bazillentragern hervorgerufene Typhus-epidemie in der X V. Division

von Japan; the sputum of typhoid fever patients as a possible source of

infection; Ueber die Beurteilung des Colibakterienbefundes in Trinkwasser nebst

Bemerkungen iiber den Xachweis und das Vorkommen der Colibazillen; quantitative

investigations on the absorption of benzol from the air by animal and man:

studies on the absorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the air by animals

and man; on the absorption of hydrochloric acid vapors by animals during

prolonged experiments; hygiene in the French navy, H. G. Beyer and F. L.

Pleadwell

558

Surgery— On the experimental surgery of the thoracic aorta and the

heart; clinical experiences with intratracheal insufflation (Meltzer) with remarks

upon value of the method for thoracic surgery; the surgical management of

urethral stricture and its complications; Hunterian lecture on the surgery of

the lymphatic system: a tourniquet for the control of hemorrhage from the scalp

during osteoplastic resection of the skull; a further contribution on the

sterilization of the skin of operative areas; note on the neuropathology

cytology of anemia, infections, Grave's disease, and surgical shock; the

treatment of post-operative adhesions; an improved method of preparing catgut

ligatures; observations on the condition of the mouth in 1,000 consecutive

cases of chronic disease, R. Spear and E. Thompson 567

General medicine — The clinical aspects of arteriosclerosis;

trichinosis, a clinical study of fifty-two sporadic cases; some further

investigations and observations upon the pathology of rheumatic fever; etiology

of chronic arthritis; Grave's disease, A. VV. Dunbar and T. W. Richards.. 578

Prospectus of United States Naval Medical School, Washington, D. C 585

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Tiger (Panthera Tigris) by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

4

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus Panthera. It is most recognisable for its black stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ungulates, such as deer and wild boar. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat to support its requirements for prey and rearing of its offspring. Tiger cubs stay with their mother for about two years and then become independent, leaving their mother's home range to establish their own.

The tiger was first scientifically described in 1758. It once ranged widely from the Eastern Anatolia Region in the west to the Amur River basin in the east, and in the south from the foothills of the Himalayas to Bali in the Sunda Islands. Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, the islands of Java and Bali, and in large areas of Southeast and South Asia and China. What remains of the range where tigers still roam free is fragmented, stretching in spots from Siberian temperate forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and a single Indonesian island, Sumatra.

The tiger is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. India hosts the largest tiger population. Major reasons for population decline are habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. Tigers are also victims of human–wildlife conflict, due to encroachment in countries with a high human population density.

The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. It featured prominently in the ancient mythology and folklore of cultures throughout its historic range and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature, appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea.

Etymology

The Middle English tigre and Old English tigras derive from Old French tigre, from Latin tigris. This was a borrowing of Classical Greek τίγρις 'tigris', a foreign borrowing of unknown origin meaning 'tiger' and the river Tigris. The generic name Panthera is derived from the Latin word panthera and the Ancient Greek word πάνθηρ pánthēr.

Taxonomy

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name Felis tigris. In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.

Subspecies

Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger zoological specimens were described and proposed as subspecies. The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands. Mainland tigers are described as being larger in size with generally lighter fur and fewer stripes, while island tigers are smaller due to insular dwarfism, with darker coats and more numerous stripes. The stripes of island tigers may break up into spotted patterns.

This two-subspecies proposal was reaffirmed in 2015 by a comprehensive analysis of morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies using a combined approach. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies, namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations of continental Asia, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations of the Sunda Islands. The continental nominate subspecies P. t. tigris constitutes two clades: a northern clade composed of the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and a southern clade composed of all other mainland populations. The authors noted that this two-subspecies reclassification will impact tiger conservation management. It would make captive breeding programs and future re-wilding of zoo-born tigers easier, as one tiger population could then be used to reinforce another. However, there is the risk that the loss of subspecies uniqueness could lead to less protection efforts for specific populations.

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy in accordance with the two-subspecies proposal of the comprehensive 2015 study, and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris, and those in the Sunda Islands as P. t. sondaica. This two-subspecies view is still disputed by researchers, since the currently recognized six living subspecies can be distinguished genetically. Results of a 2018 whole-genome sequencing of 32 samples support six monophyletic tiger clades corresponding with the six living subspecies and indicate they descended from a common ancestor around 110,000 years ago.[14] Studies in 2021 and 2023 also affirmed the genetic distinctiveness and separation of these tigers.

The tiger's closest living relatives were previously thought to be the Panthera species lion, leopard and jaguar. Results of genetic analysis indicate that about 2.88 million years ago, the tiger and the snow leopard lineages diverged from the other Panthera species, and that both may be more closely related to each other than to the lion, leopard and jaguar.

The fossil species Panthera palaeosinensis of early Pleistocene northern China was described as a possible tiger ancestor when it was discovered in 1924, but modern cladistics place it as basal to modern Panthera.Panthera zdanskyi, which lived around the same time and place, was suggested to be a sister taxon of the modern tiger when it was examined in 2014. However, as of 2023, at least two recent studies considered P. zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis, noting that its proposed differences from that species fell within the range of individual variation. The earliest appearance of the modern tiger species in the fossil record are jaw fragments from Lantion in China that are dated to the early Pleistocene. Middle to late Pleistocene tiger fossils were found throughout China, Sumatra and Java. Prehistoric subspecies include Panthera tigris trinilensis and P. t. soloensis of Java and Sumatra, and P. t. acutidens of China; late Pleistocene and early Holocene fossils of tigers were also found in Borneo and Palawan, Philippines.

Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that all living tigers had a common ancestor 108,000 to 72,000 years ago.[27] A 2022 paleogenomic study of a Pleistocene tiger basal to living tigers concluded that modern tiger populations spread across Asia no earlier than 94,000 years ago. There is evidence of interbreeding between the lineage of modern mainland tigers and these ancient tigers. The potential tiger range during the late Pleistocene and Holocene was predicted applying ecological niche modelling based on more than 500 tiger locality records combined with bioclimatic data. The resulting model shows a contiguous tiger range at the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating gene flow between tiger populations in mainland Asia. The tiger populations on the Sunda Islands and mainland Asia were possibly separated during interglacial periods.

The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013. It was found to have repeat compositions much as other cat genomes and "an appreciably conserved synteny".

Hybrids

Captive tigers were bred with lions to create hybrids called liger and tigon. The former born to a female tiger and male lion and the latter the result of a male tiger and female lion. They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species. Because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female tiger is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent species. By contrast, the male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene, hence tigons are around the same size as either species. Breeding hybrids is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conservation.

Characteristics

The tiger has a typical felid morphology. It has a muscular body with strong forelimbs, a large head and a tail that is about half the length of the rest of its body. There are five digits on the front feet and four on the back, all of which have retractable claws which are compact and curved. The ears are rounded, while the eyes have a round pupil. The tiger's skull is large and robust, with a constricted front region, proportionally small, elliptical orbits, long nasal bones, and a lengthened cranium with a large sagittal crest. It is similar to a lion's skull; with the structure of the lower jaw and length of the nasals being the most reliable indicators for species identification. The tiger has fairly robust teeth and its somewhat curved canines are the longest in the cat family at 6.4–7.6 cm (2.5–3.0 in). It has an average bite force at the canine tips of 1234.3 Newton.

Size

The tiger is considered to be the largest living felid species. However, there is some debate over averages compared to the lion. Since tiger populations vary greatly in size, the "average" size for a tiger may be less than a lion, while the biggest tigers are bigger than their lion counterparts. The Siberian and Bengal tigers, along with the extinct Caspian are considered to be the largest of the species while the island tigers are the smallest. The Sumatran tiger is the smallest living tiger while the extinct Bali tiger was even smaller. It has been hypothesised that body size of different tiger populations may be correlated with climate and be explained by thermoregulation and Bergmann's rule. Male tigers are larger than females.

Tiger fur tends to be short, except in the northern-living Siberian tiger. It has a mane-like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in males. Its colouration is generally orange, but can vary from light yellow to dark red. White fur covers the ventral surface, along with parts of the face. It also has a prominent white spot on the back of their ears which are surrounded by black. The tiger is marked with distinctive black or dark brown stripes; the patterns of which are unique in each individual, The stripes are mostly vertical, but those on the limbs and forehead are horizonal. They are more concentrated towards the posterior and those on the trunk may or may not reach under the belly. The tips of stripes are generally sharp and some have gaps within them. Tail stripes are thick bands and a black tip marks the end.

Stripes are likely advantageous for camouflage in vegetation with vertical patterns of light and shade, such as trees and long grass. This is supported by a 1987 Fourier analysis study which concluded that the spatial frequencies of tiger stripes line up with their environment. The tiger is one of only a few striped cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns and rosettes are the more common camouflage pattern among felids. The orange colour may also aid in concealment as the tiger's prey are dichromats, and thus may perceive the cat as green and blended in with the vegetation. The white dots on the ear may play a role in communication.

Three colour variants – white, golden and nearly stripeless snow white are now virtually non-existent in the wild due to the reduction of wild tiger populations, but continue in captive populations. The white tiger has a white background colour with sepia-brown stripes. The golden tiger is pale golden with reddish-brown stripes. The snow white tiger is a morph with extremely faint stripes and a pale reddish-brown ringed tail. White and golden morphs are the result of an autosomal recessive trait with a white locus and a wideband locus respectively. The snow white variation is caused by polygenes with both the white and wideband loci. The breeding of white tigers is controversial, as they have no use for conservation. Only 0.001% of wild tigers have the genes for this colour morph, and the overrepresentation of white tigers in captivity is the result of inbreeding. Hence their continued breeding will risk both inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability in captive tigers.

Pseudo-melanistic tigers with thick, merged stripes have been recorded in Simlipal National Park and three Indian zoos; population genetic analysis of Indian tiger samples revealed that this phenotype is caused by a mutation of a transmembrane aminopeptidase gene. Around 37% of the Simlipal tiger population has this feature, which has been linked to genetic isolation.

The tiger historically ranged from eastern Pakistan to Indochina, and from southeastern Siberia to Sumatra, Java and Bali. The Caspian tiger lived from eastern Turkey and the South Caucasus to northern Afghanistan and western China. The Tibetan Plateau and the Alborz acted as barriers to the species distribution. As of 2022, it inhabits less than 7% of its historical distribution, and has a scattered range that includes the Indian subcontinent, the Indochinese Peninsula, Sumatra, the Russian Far East and northeastern China.

The tiger mainly lives in forest habitats and is highly adaptable. Records in Central Asia indicate that it occurred foremost in Tugay riverine forests and inhabited hilly and lowland forests in the Caucasus. In the Amur-Ussuri region, it inhabits Korean pine and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, where riparian forests provide food and water, and serve as dispersal corridors for both tiger and ungulates. On the Indian subcontinent, it inhabits mainly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, alluvial plains and the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. In the Eastern Himalayas, tigers were documented in temperate forest up to an elevation of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in Bhutan and of 3,630 m (11,910 ft) in the Mishmi Hills. In Thailand, it lives in deciduous and evergreen forests. In Sumatra, tigers range from lowland peat swamp forests to rugged montane forests.

Camera trap data show that tigers in Chitwan National Park avoided locations frequented by people and were more active at night than by day. In Sundarbans National Park, six radio-collared tigers were most active in the early morning with a peak around dawn and moved an average distance of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) per day. A three-year long camera trap survey in Shuklaphanta National Park revealed that tigers were most active from dusk until midnight. In northeastern China, tigers were crepuscular and active at night with activity peaking at dawn and at dusk; they exhibited a high temporal overlap with ungulate species.

As with other felid species, tigers groom themselves, maintaining their coats by licking them and spreading oil from their sebaceous glands. It will take to water, particularly on hot days. It is a powerful swimmer and easily transverses across rivers as wide as 8 km (5.0 mi). Adults only occasionally climbs trees, but have been recorded climbing 10 m (33 ft) up a smooth pipal tree. In general, tigers are less capable tree climbers than many other cats due to their size, but cubs under 16 months old may routinely do so.

Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and maintain home ranges, the size of which mainly depends on prey abundance, geographic area and sex of the individual. Males and females defend their home ranges from those of the same sex, and the home range of a male encompasses that of multiple females. Two females in the Sundarbans had home ranges of 10.6 and 14.1 km2 (4.1 and 5.4 sq mi). In Panna Tiger Reserve, the home ranges of five reintroduced females varied from 53–67 km2 (20–26 sq mi) in winter to 55–60 km2 (21–23 sq mi) in summer and to 46–94 km2 (18–36 sq mi) during monsoon; three males had 84–147 km2 (32–57 sq mi) large home ranges in winter, 82–98 km2 (32–38 sq mi) in summer and 81–118 km2 (31–46 sq mi) during monsoon seasons. In Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, seven resident females had home ranges of 44.1–122.3 km2 (17.0–47.2 sq mi) and four resident males of 174.8–417.5 km2 (67.5–161.2 sq mi). Four male problem tigers in Sumatra were translocated to national parks and needed 6–17 weeks to establish new home ranges of 37.5–188.1 km2 (14.5–72.6 sq mi). Ten solitary females in Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve had home ranges of 413.5 ± 77.6 km2 (159.7 ± 30.0 sq mi); when they had cubs of up to 4 months of age, their home ranges declined to 177.3 ± 53.5 km2 (68.5 ± 20.7 sq mi) and steadily grew to 403.3 ± 105.1 km2 (155.7 ± 40.6 sq mi) until the cubs were 13–18 months old.

The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to 650 km (400 mi) to reach tiger populations in other areas. Young tigresses establish their first territories close to their mother's. Males, however, migrate further than their female counterparts and set out at a younger age to mark out their own area. Four radio-collared females in Chitwan dispersed between 0 and 43.2 km (0.0 and 26.8 mi), and 10 males between 9.5 and 65.7 km (5.9 and 40.8 mi). A young male may have to live as a transient in another male's territory until he is older and strong enough to challenge the resident male. Young males thus have an annual mortality rate of up to 35%. By contrast, young female tigers die at a rate of only around 5%. Tigers mark their territories by spraying urine on vegetation and rocks, clawing or scent rubbing trees, and marking trails with feces, anal gland secretions and ground scrapings.Scent markings also allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity. A tigress in oestrus will signal her availability by scent marking more frequently and increasing her vocalisations. Unclaimed territories, particularly those that belonged to a decreased individual, can be taken over in days or weeks.

Male tigers are generally less tolerant of other males within their territories than females are of other females. Territory disputes are usually solved by intimidation rather than outright violence. Once dominance has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate within his range, as long as they do not live in too close quarters. The most serious disputes tend to occur between two males competing for a female in oestrus. Though tigers mostly live alone, relationships between individuals can be complex. Tigers are particularly social at kills, and a male tiger will share a carcass with the females and cubs within this territory and unlike male lions, will allow them to feed on the kill before he is finished with it. Though the female and male act amicably, females are more tense towards each other at a kill.

Communication

During friendly encounters and bonding, tigers rub against each others' bodies. Facial expressions include the "defense threat", which involves a wrinkled face, bared teeth, pulled-back ears, and widened pupils. Both males and females show a flehmen response, a characteristic grimace, when sniffing urine markings. Males also use the flehman to detect the markings made by tigresses in oestrus. Tigers also use their tails to signal their mood. To show cordiality, the tail sticks up and sways slowly, while an apprehensive tiger lowers its tail or wags it side-to-side. When calm, the tail hangs low.

Tigers are normally silent but can produce numerous vocalisations. They roar to signal their presence to other individuals over long distances. This vocalisation is forced through an open mouth as it closes and can be heard 3 km (1.9 mi) away. A tiger may roar three or four times in a row, and others may respond in kind. Tigers also roar during mating, and a mother will roar to call her cubs to her. When tense, tigers will moan, a sound similar to a roar but softer and made when the mouth is at least partially closed. Moaning can be heard 400 m (1,300 ft) away.

Aggressive encounters involve growling, snarling and hissing. An explosive "coughing roar" or "coughing snarl" is emitted through an open mouth and exposed teeth. Chuffing—soft, low-frequency snorting similar to purring in smaller cats—is heard in more friendly situations. Mother tigers communicate with their cubs by grunting, while cubs call back with miaows. A "woof" sound is produced when the animal is startled. It has also been recording emitting a deer-like "pok" sound for unknown reasons, but most often at kills.

Hunting and diet

The tiger is a carnivore and an apex predator feeding mainly on ungulates, with a particular preference for sambar deer, Manchurian wapiti, barasingha and wild boar. Tigers kill large prey like gaur, but opportunistically kill much smaller prey like monkeys, peafowl and other ground-based birds, porcupines and fish. Tiger attacks on adult Asian elephants and Indian rhinoceros have also been reported. More often, tigers take the more vulnerable small calves. When in close proximity to humans, tigers sometimes prey on domestic livestock and dogs. Tigers occasionally consume vegetation, fruit and minerals for dietary fibre.

Tigers learn to hunt from their mothers, which is important but not necessary for their success. They usually hunt alone, but families hunt together when cubs are old enough. A tiger travels up to 19.3 km (12.0 mi) per day in search of prey, using vision and hearing to find a target. It also waits at a watering hole for prey to come by, particularly during hot summer days. It is an ambush predator and when approaching potential prey, the tiger crouches, with head lowered, and hides in foliage. The tiger switches between creeping forward and staying still. Tigers have been recorded dozing off while in still mode, and can stay in the same spot for as long as a day waiting for prey and launches an attack, when the prey is close enough. It can sprint 56 km/h (35 mph) and leap 10 m (33 ft).

Tiger Reserve

The tiger attacks from behind or at the sides and tries to knock the target off balance. It latches onto prey with its forelimbs, twisting and turning during the struggle. The tiger generally applies a bite to the throat until its target dies of strangulation. Holding onto the throat puts the cat out of reach of the horns, antlers, tusks and hooves. Tigers are adaptable killers and may use other methods, including ripping the throat or breaking the neck. Large prey may be disabled by a bite to the back of the hock, severing the tendon. Swipes from the large paws are capable of stunning or breaking to skull of a water buffalo. They kill small prey with a bite to the back of the neck or skull. Estimates of the success rate for hunting tigers ranges from a low 5% to a high of 50%.

The tiger typically drags its kill for 183–549 m (600–1,801 ft) to a hidden, usually vegetated spot before eating. The tiger has the strength to drag the carcass of a fully grown buffalo for some distance, a feat three men struggle with. It rests for a while before eating and can consume as much as 50 kg (110 lb) of meat in one session, but feeds on a carcass for several days, leaving very little for scavengers.

Enemies and competitors

Tigers may kill and even prey on other predators they coexist with. In much of their range, tigers share habitat with leopards and dholes. They typically dominate both of them, though large packs of dholes can drive away a tiger, or even kill it. Tigers appear to inhabit the deep parts of a forest while these smaller predators are pushed closer to the fringes. The three predators coexist by hunting different prey. In one study, tigers were found to have killed prey that weighed an average of 91.5 kg (202 lb), in contrast to 37.6 kg (83 lb) for the leopard and 43.4 kg (96 lb) for the dhole. Leopards can live successfully in tiger habitat when there is abundant food and vegetation cover, and there is no evidence of competitive exclusion common to the African savanna, where the leopard lives beside the lion. Nevertheless, leopards avoid areas were tigers roam and are less common where tigers are numerous.

Tigers tend to be wary of sloth bears, with their sharp claws, quickness and ability to stand on two legs. Tiger do sometimes prey on sloth bears by ambushing them when they are feeding at termite mounds. Siberian tigers may attack, kill and prey on Ussuri brown and Ussuri black bears. In turn, some studies show that brown bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger.

Reproduction and life cycle

The tiger mates all year round, but most cubs are born between March and June, with another peak in September. A tigress is in oestrus for three to six days, inbetween three to nine week intervals. A resident male mates with all the females within his territory, who signal their receptiveness by roaring and marking. Younger, transient males are also attracted, leading to a fight in which the more dominant male drives the usurper off. During courtship, the male is cautious with the female as he waits for her to show signs she is ready to mate. She signals to him by positioning herself in lordosis with their tail to the side. Copulation is generally 20 to 25 seconds long, with the male biting the female by the scruff of her neck. After it is finished, the male quickly pulls away as the female may turn and slap him. Tiger pairs may stay together for up to four days and mate multiple times. Gestation ranges from 93 to 114 days, with an average of 103 to 105 days.

A tigress gives birth in a secluded location, be it in dense vegetation, in a cave or under a rocky shelter. Litters consist of as many seven cubs, but two or three are more typical. Newborn cubs weigh 785–1,610 g (27.7–56.8 oz), and are blind and altricial. The mother licks and cleans her cubs, suckles them and viscously defends them from any potential threat. She will only leave them alone to hunt, and even then does not travel far. When a mother suspects an area is no longer safe, she moves her cubs to a new spot, transporting them one by one by grabbing them by the scruff of the neck with her mouth. The mortality rate for tiger cubs can reach 50% during these early months, causes of death include predators like dholes, leopards and pythons. Young are able to see in a week, can leave the denning site in two months and around the same time they start eating meat.

After around two months, the cubs are able to follow their mother. They still hide in vegetation when she goes hunting, and she will guide them to the kill. Cubs bond though play fighting and practice stalking. A hierarchy develops in the litter, with the biggest cub, often a male, being the most dominant and the first to eat its fill at a kill. Around the age of six months, cubs are fully weaned and have more freedom to explore their environment. Between eight and ten months, they accompany their mother on hunts. A cub can make a kill as early as 11 months, and reach independence around 18 to 24 months of age, males becoming independent earlier than females. Radio-collared tigers in Chitwan started dispersing from their natal areas earliest at the age of 19 months. Young females are sexual mature at three to four years, whereas males are at four to five years. Tigers may live up to 26 years.

Tiger fathers play no role in raising the young, but he may encounter and interact with them. Resident males appear to visit the female-cub families within his territory. They have when observed swimming with females and their cubs and even sharing kills with them. One male was recorded looking after cubs whose mother had died. By defending his territory, the male is also protecting the females and cubs from harassment by other males. When a new male takes over a territory, cubs under a year old are at risk of being killed, as the male would want to sire his own young with the females. Older female cubs are tolerated but males may be treated as potential competitors.

Threats

Major threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching for fur and body parts, which have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. In India, only 11% of the historical tiger habitat remains due to habitat fragmentation. Demand for tiger parts for use in traditional Chinese medicine has also been cited as a major threat to tiger populations.

In China, tigers became the target of large-scale 'anti-pest' campaigns in the early 1950s, where suitable habitats were fragmented following deforestation and resettlement of people to rural areas, who hunted tigers and prey species. Though tiger hunting was prohibited in 1977, the population continued to decline and is considered extinct in southern China since 2001.

In Bangladesh, tiger body parts like skins, bones, teeth and hair are consumed locally by wealthy Bangladeshis and are illegally trafficked to 15 countries including India, China, Malaysia, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Japan and the United Kingdom via land borders, airports and seaports.

Conservation

Internationally, the tiger is protected under CITES Appendix I, banning trade of live tigers and their body parts.[1] In India, it has been protected since 1972 under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. In 1973, Project Tiger was founded to gain public support for tiger conservation, and 53 tiger reserves covering an area of 75,796 km2 (29,265 sq mi) have been established in the country until 2022. In Nepal, it has been protected since 1973 under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. In Bhutan, it has been protected since 1969; the first Tiger Action Plan implemented during 2006–2015 revolved around habitat conservation, human–wildlife conflict management, education and awareness; the second Action Plan aimed at increasing the country’s tiger population by 20% until 2023 compared to 2015. In Bangladesh, it has been protected since 1973 under the Wildlife (Preservation) Act and the Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012. In 2009, the Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan was initiated to stabilize the country's tiger population, maintain habitat and a sufficient prey base, improve law enforcement and cooperation between governmental agencies responsible for tiger conservation. Myanmar’s national tiger conservation strategy developed in 2003 comprises management tasks such as restoration of degraded habitats, increasing the extent of protected areas and wildlife corridors, protecting tiger prey species, thwarting of tiger killing and illegal trade of its body parts, and promoting public awareness through wildlife education programs.

Global wild tiger population

CountryYearEstimate

India India20233682–3925

Russia Russia2020480–540

Indonesia Indonesia2016400–600

Bangladesh Bangladesh2014300–500

Nepal Nepal2022355

Thailand Thailand2023189

Bhutan Bhutan2023131

Malaysia Malaysia2022<150

China China201855

Myanmar Myanmar201822

Total5,764–6,467

In the 1990s, a new approach to tiger conservation was developed: Tiger Conservation Units (TCUs), which are blocks of habitat that have the potential to host tiger populations in 15 habitat types within five bioregions. Altogether 143 TCUs were identified and prioritized based on size and integrity of habitat, poaching pressure and population status. They range in size from 33 to 155,829 km2 (13 to 60,166 sq mi).

In 2016, an estimate of a global wild tiger population of approximately 3,890 individuals was presented during the Third Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation. The WWF subsequently declared that the world's count of wild tigers had risen for the first time in a century.

Some estimates suggest that there are fewer than 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals. India is home to the world's largest population of wild tigers. A 2014 census estimated a population of 2,226, a 30% increase since 2011. On International Tiger Day 2019, the 'Tiger Estimation Report 2018' was released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The report estimates a population of 2967 tigers in India with 25% increase since 2014. Modi said "India is one of the safest habitats for tigers as it has achieved the target of doubling the tiger population from 1411 in 2011 to 2967 in 2019". As of 2022, India accounts for 75 percent of global tiger population. The Tiger Census of 2023 reports tiger population in India at 3167.

In the 1940s, the Siberian tiger was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 animals remaining in the wild in Russia. As a result, anti-poaching controls were put in place by the Soviet Union and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a rise in the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a problem in the 1990s, when the economy of Russia collapsed. The major obstacle in preserving the species is the enormous territory individual tigers require, up to 450 km (280 mi) needed by a single female and more for a single male. Current conservation efforts are led by local governments and NGO's in concert with international organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Wildlife Conservation Society. The competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters to tolerate the big cats. Tigers have less impact on ungulate populations than do wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers. In 2005, there were thought to be about 360 animals in Russia, though these exhibited little genetic diversity. However, in a decade later, the Siberian tiger census was estimated from 480 to 540 individuals.

Having earlier rejected the Western-led environmentalist movement, China changed its stance in the 1980s and became a party to the CITES treaty. By 1993 it had banned the trade in tiger parts, and this diminished the use of tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine. The Tibetan people's trade in tiger skins has also been a threat to tigers. The pelts were used in clothing, tiger-skin chuba being worn as fashion. In 2006 the 14th Dalai Lama was persuaded to take up the issue. Since then there has been a change of attitude, with some Tibetans publicly burning their chubas.

In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and around the Way Kambas National Park to ensure the long-term viability of wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for the management of wild populations. By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lampung Province, of which only 15 these were intact enough to contain tigers. In the framework of the STP a community-based conservation program was initiated to document the tiger-human dimension in the park to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions.

The Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation formed the collaboration Tigers Forever, with field sites including the world's largest tiger reserve, the 21,756 km2 (8,400 sq mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar. Other reserves were in the Western Ghats in India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, the Russian Far East covering in total about 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).

Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of techniques. Tiger population have been estimated using plaster casts of their pugmarks, although this method was criticized as being inaccurate. More recent techniques include the use of camera traps and studies of DNA from tiger scat, while radio-collaring has been used to track tigers in the wild. Tiger spray has been found to be just as good, or better, as a source of DNA than scat.

Relationship with humans

A tiger hunt is painted on the Bhimbetka rock shelters in India and dated to 5,000–6,000 years ago. Thousands of years later, Emperor Samudragupta was depicted slaying tigers on coins. Tiger hunting became an established sport under the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. The cats were chased on horseback and killed with spears. Emperor Akbar participated in such activities and one of his hunts is the subject of a painting from the Akbarnama. Following Akbar, Emperor Jahangir will introduce musket to tiger hunts and eventually, elephant would be ridden. The British East India Company would pay for bounties on tigers as early as 1757 and tiger hunting would continue under British Raj. Tiger killings were particularly high in the 19th and early 20th centuries; as an estimated 80,000 cats were killed between 1875 and 1925. King George V on his visit to Colonial India in 1911 killed 39 tigers in a matter of 10 days.

Historically, tigers have been hunted at a large scale so their famous striped skins could be collected. The trade in tiger skins peaked in the 1960s, just before international conservation efforts took effect. By 1977, a tiger skin in an English market was considered to be worth US$4,250.

Body part use

Tiger parts are commonly used as amulets in South and Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, the fossils in Palawan were found besides stone tools. This, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, suggests that early humans had accumulated the bones. and the condition of the tiger subfossils, dated to approximately 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, differed from other fossils in the assemblage, dated to the Upper Paleolithic. The tiger subfossils showed longitudinal fracture of the cortical bone due to weathering, which suggests that they had post-mortem been exposed to light and air. Tiger canines were found in Ambangan sites dating to the 10th to 12th centuries in Butuan, Mindanao.

Many people in China and other parts of Asia have a belief that various tiger parts have medicinal properties, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs. There is no scientific evidence to support these beliefs. The use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical drugs in China is already banned, and the government has made some offences in connection with tiger poaching punishable by death. Furthermore, all trade in tiger parts is illegal under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade ban has been in place in China since 1993.

However, the trading of tiger parts in Asia has become a major black market industry and governmental and conservation attempts to stop it have been ineffective to date. Almost all black marketers engaged in the trade are based in China and have either been shipped and sold within their own country or into Taiwan, South Korea or Japan. The Chinese subspecies was almost completely decimated by killing for commerce due to both the parts and skin trades in the 1950s through the 1970s. Contributing to the illegal trade, there are a number of tiger farms in the country specialising in breeding them for profit. It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame animals live in these farms today. However, many tigers for traditional medicine black market are wild ones shot or snared by poachers and may be caught anywhere in the tiger's remaining range (from Siberia to India to the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra). In the Asian black market, a tiger penis can be worth the equivalent of around $300 U.S. dollars. In the years of 1990 through 1992, 27 million products with tiger derivatives were found. In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species in Geneva, Switzerland, a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.

Attacks

Tigers are said to have directly killed more people than any other wild mammal. In most areas, the big cats typically avoid humans, but attacks are a risk wherever people coexist with them. Dangerous encounters are more likely to occur in edge habitats, between wild and agricultural areas.[196] Most attacks on humans are defensive, including protection of young. However, tiger do sometimes see people as potential prey. Tigers hunt people the same way they hunt other prey, by ambush and with a killing bite to the neck. A tiger inflicted wound also carries the risk of infection. Man-eating tigers tend to be old and disabled. Those they have been driven from their home ranges and territories are also at risk of turning to man-eating.

The Champawat Tiger was responsible for an estimated 434 human deaths in Nepal and India before she was shot by famed hunter Jim Corbett. Corbett recorded that the tigress suffered from broken teeth and thus unable to kill normal prey. Modern authors speculate that feeding on meagre human flesh forced the cat to kill more and more. Tiger attacks were particularly high in Singapore during the mid-19th century, when plantations expanded into the animal's habitat. The number of deaths ranged from 200 to 300 annually in the 1840s.

Tiger predation on humans is highest in the Sundarbans. An estimated 129 people were killed between 1969 and 1971. In the 10 years prior to that period, about 100 attacks per year in the Sundarbans. Victims of tigers attacks are local villagers who enter the tiger's domain to collect resources like wood and honey. Fishermen have been particularly common targets. Methods to counter tiger attacks have included face-masks (worn backwards), protective clothes, sticks and carefully stationed electric dummies. These tools have been credited with reducing tiger attacks to only 22 per year in the 1980s. Because of rapid habitat loss attributed to climate change, tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans in the 21 century.

In captivity

Tigers have been kept in captivity since ancient times. In ancient Rome, tigers were displayed in amphitheaters; they were slaughtered in hunts and used for public executions of criminals. Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan is reported to have kept tigers in the 13th century. Starting in the Middle Ages, tigers were being kept in European menageries. In 1830, two tigers and a lion were accidentally put in the same exhibit at the Tower of London. This lead to a fight between them and, after they were separated, the lion died of its wounds. Tigers and other exotic animals were mainly used for the entertainment of elites but from the 19th century onward, they were exhibited more to the public. Tigers were particularly big attractions, and their captive population soared.

Tigers have played prominent roles in circuses and other live performances. Ringling Bros included many tiger trainers in the 20th century including Mabel Stark, who became a big draw and had a long career. She was well known for being able to control the big cats despite being a small woman; using "manly" tools like whips and guns. Another trainer was Clyde Beatty, who used chairs, whips and guns to provoke tigers and other beasts into acting fierce and allowed him to appear courageous. He would perform with as many as 40 tigers and lions in one act. From the 1960s onward trainers like Gunther Gebel-Williams would use gentler methods to control their animals. Tiger trainer Sara Houckle was dubbed "the Tiger Whisperer", as she trained the cats to obey her by whispering to them. Siegfried & Roy became famous for performing with white tigers in Las Vegas. The act ended in 2003 when a tiger named Mantacore attacked Roy during a performance. The use of tigers and other animals in shows would eventually decline in many countries due to pressure from animal rights groups and greater desires from the public to see them in more natural settings. Several countries would restrict or ban such acts.

Tigers have become popular in the exotic pet trade, particularly in the United States. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) estimated that in the US, 5,000 tigers were kept in captivity in 2020, with only 6% of them being in zoos and other facilities approved by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The WWF argues that private collectors are ill-equipped to provide proper care for tigers, which compromises their welfare. They can also threaten public safety by allowing people to interact with them. The keeping of tigers and other big cats by private individuals was banned in the US in 2022 under the Big Cat Public Safety Act. Those who owned big cats at the time of the signing were expected to register with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service before 18 June 2023. The WWF also estimated in 2020 that 7,000–8,000 tigers were held in "tiger farm" facilities in China and Southeast Asia. These tigers are bred to be used for traditional medicine and appear to pose a threat to wild populations by rising demand for tiger parts.

Cultural significance

Tiger-shaped bronze from Zhou-era China, (c. 900 bc)

The tiger is among the most famous of charismatic megafauna. It has been labelled as "a rare combination of courage, ferocity and brilliant colour". In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet, involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog. Likewise, a 2018 study found the tiger to be the most popular wild animal based on surveys, and appearances on websites of major zoos and posters of some animated movies.

While the lion represented royalty and power in Western culture, the tiger filled such a role in Asia. In ancient China, the tiger was seen as the "king of the forest" and symbolised the power of the emperor. In Chinese astrology, the tiger is the third out of 12 symbols in the zodiac and controls the period of the day between 3 am and 5 am. The Year of the Tiger is thought to bring "dramatic and extreme events". The White Tiger is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations, representing the west along with the yin and the season of autumn. It is the counterpart to the Azure Dragon, which conversely symbolises the east, yang and springtime. The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley civilisation. The big cat was depicted on seals and coins during the Chola Dynasty of southern India, as it was the official emblem.

Tigers have had religious significance, even being worshiped. In Buddhism, the tiger, monkey and deer are Three Senseless Creatures, the tiger symbolising anger. In Bhutan, the tiger is venerated as one of the four powerful animals called the "four dignities", and a tigress is believed to have carried Padmasambhava from Singye Dzong to the Paro Taktsang monastery in the late 8th century. In Korean mythology, tigers are messengers of the Mountain Gods. In Hinduism, the tiger is the vehicle for the goddess of feminine power and peace, Durga, whom the gods created to fight demons. Similarly, in the Greco-Roman world, the tiger was depicted being ridden by the god Dionysus. The Warli of western India worship the tiger-like god Waghoba. The Warli believe that shrines and sacrifices to the deity will lead to better coexistence with the local big cats, both tigers and leopards, and that Waghoba will protect them when they enter the forests. In both Chinese and Korean culture, tigers are seen as a protectors against evil spirits, and their image was used to decorate homes and tombs.

In the folklore of Malaysia and Indonesia, "tiger shamans" heal the sick by evoking the big cat. People turning into tigers and the inverse has also been widespread, in particular weretigers are people who could change into tigers and back again. The Mnong people of Indochina believed that tigers could transform into humans. Among some indigenous peoples of Siberia, it was believed that men could have sex with women after transforming into tigers.

The tiger's cultural reputation is generally that of a fierce and powerful animal. William Blake's 1794 poem "The Tyger" portrays the animal as the duality of beauty and ferocity. It is the sister poem to "The Lamb" in Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience and he ponders why God would create such different creatures. The tiger is featured in the medieval Chinese novel Water Margin, where the cat battles and is slain by the bandit Wu Song, while the tiger Shere Khan in Rudyard Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist Mowgli. The image of the friendly tame tiger has also existed in culture, notably Tigger, the Winnie-the-Pooh character and Tony the Tiger, the Kellogg's cereal mascot.

Infrared Eagle Nebula (M16) by Daniel

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This majestic view taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope tells an untold story of life and death in the Eagle nebula, an industrious star-making factory located 7,000 light-years away in the Serpens constellation. The image shows the region's entire network of turbulent clouds and newborn stars in infrared light.

The color green denotes cooler towers and fields of dust, including the three famous space pillars, dubbed the "Pillars of Creation," which were photographed by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

But it is the color red that speaks of the drama taking place in this region. Red represents hotter dust thought to have been warmed by the explosion of a massive star about 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. Since light from the Eagle nebula takes 7,000 years to reach us, this "supernova" explosion would have appeared as an oddly bright star in our skies about 1,000 to 2,000 years ago.

According to astronomers' estimations, the explosion's blast wave would have spread outward and toppled the three pillars about 6,000 years ago (which means we wouldn't witness the destruction for another 1,000 years or so). The blast wave would have crumbled the mighty towers, exposing newborn stars that were buried inside, and triggering the birth of new ones.

The pillars of the Eagle nebula were originally sculpted by radiation and wind from about 20 or so massive stars hidden from view in the upper left portion of the image. The radiation and wind blew dust away, carving out a hollow cavity (center) and leaving only the densest nuggets of dust and gas (tops of pillars) flanked by columns of lighter dust that lie in shadow (base of pillars). This sculpting process led to the creation of a second generation of stars inside the pillars.

If a star did blow up in this region, it is probably located among the other massive stars in the upper left portion of the image. Its blast wave might have already caused a third generation of stars to spring from the wreckage of the busted pillars.

This image is a composite of infrared light detected by Spitzer's infrared array camera and multiband imaging photometer. Blue is 4.5-micron light; green is 8-micron light; and red is 24-micron light.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/N. Flagey (IAS/SSC) & A. Noriega-Crespo (SSC/Caltech)

Wise words by George Redgrave

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Advice to us from Harry Callahan. With the advent of digital photography the average person is able to take far more photographs than hitherto.

Callahan went out almost every morning and walked the city where he lived, taking numerous pictures. He then spent almost every afternoon making proof prints of that day's best negatives. Yet, for all his photographic activity, Callahan, at his own estimation, produced no more than half a dozen final images a year. Wikipedia

From the Archives - Week 27 (2) by Retail Retell

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Construction, Week 55

I got this shot of the new store as seen from the current parking lot the same day as the previous photo. This look of the store under construction – with metal frameworks for the pharmacy drive-thru and vestibule gables that will eventually feature the store’s exterior signage – lasted the shortest amount of time as compared to the other looks (those being, by my estimation, structure formation, pre-gables, post-gables, and stuccoing). The only look remaining to be seen so far is “finished product,” and it's coming soon!

These places are public so these photos are too, but just as I tell where they came from, I'd appreciate if you'd say who :)

Big in Japan by simple.joy

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I didn‘t know much about Fujinon lenses when I first heard about the EX (high end) enlarging lens series, but after I read some enthusiastic endorsements and saw a couple of great sample shots I was certainly intrigued. That said, it was quite some time after this moment, when I found one at a somewhat reasonable price, because it seems like they aren‘t available in large quantities. I think they are among the best enlarging lenses out there and thankfully easy to adapt as well. I don‘t remember if there is any longer focal length but I have got them in 50, 75, 90, 105 and 135 mm (the latter being a lot bigger and in my estimation heavier than all others combined...).

The two large-format lenses are a „Fujinon-SWD 65 mm F 5.6“ and a „Fujinon-W 135 mm F 5.6“ and they are absolutely brilliant lenses as well from my limited experience: Wonderfully sharp with good contrast, colors and seemingly very good from close-up to infinity!

Fuji has certainly gained my trust when it comes to lenses as they really seem to be consistently good as far as I can tell.

Shot with a Yashica "Auto Yashinon DX 50 mm F 1.7" lens on a Canon EOS R5.

Heat Wave by Shari Blaukopf

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(This was reposted from yesterday because the photo was blurry. Thanks to everyone who posted wonderful comments!) It was a crazy day at Crane Beach in Massachusetts! By my estimation there were thousands of people enjoying the sand and the sun. How do you sketch a crowd that big? Start with the umbrellas and go from there.

Alien Project Book - Construction by The Arvo Brothers

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Book NOW available through www.arvobrothers.com

DESCRIPTION:

After a long time, we are glad to present our new book “Alien Project”.

Inspired by the works of geniuses H.R. Giger and Ron Cobb, this new project presented us with an opportunity to build one of the greatest icons of fantasy art. A journey from organic to geometric shapes, from dark to light, and the deep admiration that drives us to build all our creations as our only luggage. This book includes detailed, step-to-step instructions showing how to build the model, together with comments, pictures and diagrams that help the description and will contribute to your understanding of the entire process.

Build your own model. The technology gives us the opportunity. Now is the time.

Content:

220 pages divided into four chapters:

C1.- ESTIMATIONS

C2.- CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL (description of the building process)

C3.- INSTRUCTIONS (steps, building alternatives & catalogue)

C4.- GALLERY

Offset printing, hard cover.

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Bugatti EB112 1999 by Thomas Bersy

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Châssis n°ZA9CC030ERCD39003

Estimation :

Sur demande

Invendu

Porsche Carrera GT 2005 by Thomas Bersy

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Châssis n°WP0ZZZ98Z5L000275

Estimation :

800.000 - 1.000.000 €