Roxy Music are an English art rock group formed in 1971 by Bryan Ferry, who became the group's lead vocalist and chief songwriter. The other members are Phil Manzanera (guitar), Andy Mackay (saxophone and oboe) and Paul Thompson (drums and percussion). Former members include Brian Eno (synthesizer and "treatments"), and Eddie Jobson (synthesizer and violin). Although the band took a break from group activities in 1983, they reunited for a concert tour in 2001, and have toured together intermittently since that time.

Roxy Music attained popular and critical success in the UK, Europe and Australia during the 1970s and early 1980s, beginning with their debut album, Roxy Music (1972).[1] The band was highly influential, as leading proponents of the more experimental, musically sophisticated element of glam, as well as a significant influence on early English punk music. They also provided a model for many New Wave acts and the experimental electronic groups of the early 1980s. The group is distinguished by their visual and musical sophistication and their preoccupation with style and glamour.[2] Ferry and co-founding member Eno have also had influential solo careers, the latter becoming one of the most significant record producers and collaborators of the late 20th century.

Rolling Stone magazine ranked Roxy Music #98 on its "The Immortals – 100 The Greatest Artists of All Time" list.[3]

A new studio album, which would have been their ninth, began recording in 2005. It would have been Roxy's first record with Brian Eno since 1973, who wrote two songs for it as well as played keyboards.[4] However, Bryan Ferry eventually confirmed that material from these sessions would be released as a Ferry solo album, with Eno playing on "a couple of tracks,"[5] and that he doesn't think they'll record as Roxy Music again.[6] Subsequently, this was confirmed by the announcement of a solo Bryan Ferry album, entitled Olympia.

Ceremony of Glen Cinema Memorial entitled Rattle Little Mother at Dunn Square Paisley.

 

Location Of Names On Rattle Little Mother, Glen Cinema Memorial

 

Front “ To The Children Of The Glen Cinema “

Left Panel as you face front of memorial which faces in the direction of the Piazza “ Elizabeth Leonard - Samuel McBlane - Sarah McCafferty - Robert McConnell - Nellie McCran - Minnie McCran - Edward McEnhill - Margaret McEnhill - James McEnhill - Denis McGarrity - Robert McGirr - Jeanie McGrattan - Mary McWattie - Margaret Morrow - Robert Niven - Georgina Peacock - Tom Perkins - John Pinkerton - William Pinkerton - Alexander Telfer - William Rae - Thomas Renfrew - George Scott - William Spears - Jane Stevenson - Robert Wingate.

 

Back of Memorial which faces Paisley Town Hall “ James Gielty - John Gielty - Norman Gillies - John Goodwin - Henry Green - Mary Green - Archibald Grogan - Annie Hamilton - George Hammond “ 31 December 1929 “ Elizabeth Hart - Peter Houston - Thomas Howard - Julia Irvine - William Irvine - Thomas Jackson - James Johnston - George Kennedy - Helen Kilkie - Thomas Kilkie.

 

Right panel as you face front of memorial which faces towards Forbes Place “ Robert Adams - Robert Alexander - John Bell - William Black - Hugh Blue - John Bowes - David Boyd - Caroline Brain - Lily Buchanan - John Cairns - Daniel Corbett - Elizabeth Corrigan - Agnes Coyle - Robert Craig - Francis Curran - Elizabeth Dempster - Leah Dixon - Mary Dolan - George Elliott - Henry Elliott - Bessie Finlay - Enso Fiori - Janet Fitch - William Fitch - James Gatherer - Margaret Gibson.

 

N.B All lettering in gold except from “ 31 December 1929 “ on rear of memorial which is in black, both sides contain 26 names whilst there is 19 names on the bac

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

An English language catalogue for the products of Fazer entitled “May we present Fazer?” and issued by the famous Finnish confectionery and food company of Karl Fazer. Consisting of loose leaf sheets, clip-bound in a folder, the catalogue is not dated but the product range and design feels late-1950s to early 1960s.

 

Karl Fazer opened his first café in Helsinki, Finland, in 1891 and rapidly branched out into manufacturing a range of chocolates and confectionery. The ranges were often carefully packaged and branded such as Fazer Sininen-Fazer Blue milk chocolate introduced in 1922. The company is still independent and its brands are to be found widely across the Scandinavian countries where they also produce a large range of bakery goods and biscuits.

 

I do not recall them as ever having much visibility in the UK market – a crowded field with its own manufacturers – but the Christmas arrival of Orange and Lemon Slices did occasionally, I recall, include Fazer’s blue packaging.

 

The catalogue shows a wide range of products and it is fascinating to see packaging in colour. This page shows a range of mint milk chocolate 'lentils' (similar to the UK's Smarties possibly), tje Italian Pastilles and bagged mints.

 

Mural entitled Pilsenita by artists @martinkelbl x @marketabrecherova and @gabrielamangarova marking the transition of the Pilsen area from Czech to Mexican heritage; seen at 15th and Blue Island Avenue in the Pilsen area of Chicago, Illinois.

March'12

 

Logos/Corporate Identity

Conceptual brand entitled On The Edge, which specializes in outerwear geared towards mountaineers.

 

--

Corporate Research

 

Founded on December 26, 1962, On the Edge, has since been a well-renowned brand specializing in outdoor gear and outerwear particularly for mountaineers. In the 1950s, Gene Livingston, a mountaineer and native of Greenwood Village, Colorado, experienced the inconveniences his fellow climbers and skiers faced while trekking up the mountains: they either left behind gear or wanted additional layers. The mountaineers were left with no option but to bear the frigid cold or to make the trip back down and drive into town. However, through bank loans, Gene was able to construct an outerwear shop next to the lodge at the base of the Front Range mountain. His mission was and has always been to make these items conveniently and readily available to mountaineers at affordable prices.

 

Corporate headquarters are located in Denver, Colorado, which is less than half an hour from Greenwood Village. The On the Edge retail chain caters to mountaineers of the Rocky Mountains, though there are plans of expansion to the Alaska Range. Aside from the original On the Edge retail store in Greenwood Village, Colorado, there are two other retail stores in Libby, Montana near the Cabinet Mountains, and in Alberta, Canada near Mount Columbia. Each retail store currently employs about fifteen employees. These early middle-aged employees are daring, fit environmentalists and mountaineers. They all share a passion for this extreme sport. Moreover, customers, whether mountaineers or people going for the wilderness chic look, can access the website and order products to be shipped nationally and internationally. Otherwise, select outerwear can be found in many outdoor retailers, like Eastern Mountain Sports, Cabela’s, Dick’s Sporting Goods, and The Sports Authority. Other than advertisements in climbing magazines, the best form of advertising has always been word of mouth.

 

The target consumer is envisioned to be a single Caucasian male in his mid-twenties with a college degree. He is a suburbanite within the upper-middle class, working a regular 9-to-5 as an IT analyst. As a self-confident athlete, he longs to stay in shape, along with to be one with nature. He aspires to be the macho outdoorsman his father once was.

 

Since its founding in the early 1960s, On the Edge’s competitors include The North Face, Inc.; Columbia Sportswear Co.; The Timberland Company; and L.L. Bean, Inc. Nonetheless, quality and value ultimately set On the Edge apart from these other brands. All outdoor gear and outerwear undergo meticulous and extensive research and lab testing by mountaineers of the Development Team. Outerwear ranging from jackets to gloves upholds the company’s superiority. Thus, the general image of On the Edge is to offer quality merchandise at reasonable and affordable prices to mountaineers living on the edge.

Explore the installation 'Ball of Beasts' by Stephanie Mansolf and Jen Ontiveros at the Adobe Books Gallery in San Francisco, December 2013. This piece was part of a group exhibition entitled 'The And and the Mushroom: a Parable' curated by Katie Hood Morgan.

On April 15, 2023, five First Nations in B.C., alongside provincial and federal government representatives, announced settlement agreements of the Nations’ Treaty Land Entitlements claims.Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/28589

Heart shaped sprayed frame made by Darbyshire for Damient Hirst's artwork entitled: - Untitled (Birthday Card)

ENTITLED "Celebrating Together"

 

This is my winning design for the D23 Expo's Fab 5 Fan Art contest. I am officially the first fan to have a Vinylmation displayed in a Disney art gallery.

 

Vinylmation is Disney's new & unique line of artistic, Mickey Mouse-shaped 3 inch and 9 inch collectibles. In the blind packages, you'll find designs by cast members from the Disney Design Group and Imagineers. Guests also have the chance to create their own Vinylmation design by purchasing either a 3" or 9" blank. This is what I did with mine!

 

To keep updated with my newest figures, feel free to check out www.mametchi.com/ink_vinylmation.shtml

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Author : @Kiri Karma

Travel to NOLA - February 2024 - Krewe Of Zulu

 

Early in 1909, a group of laborers in a club named ?The Tramps? went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy that included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me' about the Zulu Tribe. According to legend, after seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. The rest, as they say, is history. Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians, however, seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that.

 

Conversations and interviews with older members indicate that, back in the day, the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or ?Club.? The Tramps were one such group. The group that founded Zulu was probably made up of both members from the Tramps and other ward-based groups and members of a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community. For a small amount of dues, members received financial help when they got sick or there was a funeral to pay for.

 

While the men marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story in the early days were similarly attired.

 

The year 1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.

 

Today Zulu is famous for their coconut throw ? quite possibly the most coveted throw in all of Mardi Gras. Zulu?s honor guard is called the Soulful Warriors; and they have characters including Big Shot, Witch Doctor, Ambassador, Mayor, Province Prince, Governor and Mr. Big Stuff.

 

The most famous Krewe of Zulu king was Louis Armstrong who reigned in 1949.

 

Year founded: 1909

Membership: 1500 male riders

Signature throw: hand decorated coconuts

For more about the artist, visit: www.aaycock.com/

 

Aycock, Alice., Project Entitled "The Beginnings of a Complex ..." (1976-77): Notes, Drawings, Photographs. New York: LAPP Princess Press, 1977.

 

See MCAD Library's catalog record for this book.

intranet.mcad.edu/library

Entitled- "End of a Busy Day"

Image from a photograph album entitled, 'Changpoo and environs Kulangeu. Tōa Bō', compiled by Dr J. Preston Maxwell, c1902.

 

(John) Preston Maxwell (1871-1961), MB, BS, FRCS, was born 5 December 1871 in Birmingham, where his father, Dr James Laidlaw Maxwell (1836-1921), practised medicine. In 1899, he went out to Fujian as a medical missionary for the English Presbyterian Church and spent most of his professional life in China before returning to England sometime after 1935. Maxwell specialized in obstetrics and was a leading authority on foetal osteomalacia. He married (Edith) Lilly Isaacson in 1899; they had a daughter, Marjorie, who was born in 1908.

 

Reference: DA26/2/2/1/[63]

Page from a brochure entitled The Centenary Year of Timothy Taylor & Co. Ltd. (1858-1958). The 24-page brochure contains a history of the Keighley-based brewery and an account of brewing itself, accompanied by line drawings. It was used as a promotional item. This page includes a line-drawing of the Dog and Gun in Oxenhope.

 

Timothy Taylor & Co. Ltd. (maltsters and brewers) was founded by Timothy Taylor in December 1858. It originally operated from a brewery in Cook Lane, Keighley, before moving to Knowle Spring in 1863 where larger premises could be constructed. Timothy Taylor was born in Bingley in 1826. He was originally in the tailoring trade, with a shop on Low Street, Keighley. He married Charlotte Aked and his two sons (Robert Henry and Percy) continued the brewing business after Timothy's death in January 1898. Within a year of starting, the company had two licensed houses - the Volunteer Arms in Lawkholme Lane and the New Inn at Bocking. A well was sunk at Knowle Spring in 1894 that continues to provide the water for the brewing to this day. Timothy Taylor's became a limited company in 1929. The firm's championship-winning ale Landlord was created in 1952. Further sons and nephews continued to run the business. Timothy's grandson John Taylor, later Conservative peer Lord Ingrow, was the last direct descendant to run the company. He was replaced in 1995 by Charles Dent, who married John Taylor’s daughter Annie. Tim Dewey took over as chief executive in October 2014.

 

Item loaned for scanning by Tim Neal in October 2019. Part of the Keighley and District Local History Society digital archive.

SUNDERLAND'S iconic new dray horses statue will stand on Keel Square, after a planning application was approved for the site of the life-sized piece.

 

Created by Ray Lonsdale to honour the former Vaux Brewery, the statue, made from corten steel, has secured its place on the corner of Keel Square, looking over the road to the transforming riverside.

 

Commissioned by Sunderland City Council, the public art, entitled 'Gan Canny', is one of three designed by Ray - who created Seaham's famous Tommy. The artist spent 14 months creating the stunning piece, and a further 19 months for the other two sculptures.

 

Gan Canny is expected to be in position by early December, with the two further pieces yet to be revealed but expected to be installed separately at different sites across the Riverside Sunderland development.

 

Ray, whose family are from Sunderland, still has a strong connection to the city and said it has been a privilege and challenge to create the artwork of an iconic city sight that he still remembers himself.

 

Ray said: "When I was first approached by the council to work on this piece, I just felt that it was too good an opportunity to pass up. I know how much the dray horses meant to people and it is really nice to be able to create something that so many people have a positive sentiment about."

 

"I am just so flattered though, to have been given the chance to create something that celebrates the past in a city that is focused now on the future. It's easy to look back at what we had, but the fact that this piece will stand in a part of the city that is literally looking over at the Vaux site, which is quickly transforming into an impressive new place, means it really is about giving a nod to the past without dwelling on it."

 

A layer of oxide will form over the piece when its surface is exposed to the elements, producing a 'rust-like' coating that helps it blend into the environment it is in. It captures two men riding the dray horses, with a cart full of Vaux beer on the back and includes details like the spokes of the wheels, as well as a realistic recreation of a bucket carrying sculpted horse mess that hangs on the side of the cart. Crates of Vaux even contain sculpted bottles.

 

The piece will stand on the North West corner of Keel Square, looking across the road to the Vaux site, which is now part of the Riverside Sunderland quarter, an area undergoing rapid change with £350m worth of development projects underway on the site right now.

 

Sunderland is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located at the mouth of the River Wear on the North Sea, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Newcastle upon Tyne. The city has a population of 347000, making it the largest settlement in the North East of England. It is the administrative centre of the metropolitan borough of the same name.

 

The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. It is historically part of County Durham.

 

Locals from the city are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. ; its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects.

 

In 685, King Ecgfrith granted Benedict Biscop a "sunder-land". Also in 685 The Venerable Bede moved to the newly founded Jarrow monastery. He had started his monastic career at Monkwearmouth monastery and later wrote that he was "ácenned on sundorlande þæs ylcan mynstres" (born in a separate land of this same monastery). This can be taken as "sundorlande" (being Old English for "separate land") or the settlement of Sunderland. Alternatively, it is possible that Sunderland was later named in honour of Bede's connections to the area by people familiar with this statement of his.

 

The earliest inhabitants of the Sunderland area were Stone Age hunter-gatherers and artifacts from this era have been discovered, including microliths found during excavations at St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth. During the final phase of the Stone Age, the Neolithic period (c. 4000 – c. 2000 BC), Hastings Hill, on the western outskirts of Sunderland, was a focal point of activity and a place of burial and ritual significance. Evidence includes the former presence of a cursus monument.

 

It is believed the Brigantes inhabited the area around the River Wear in the pre- and post-Roman era. There is a long-standing local legend that there was a Roman settlement on the south bank of the River Wear on what is the site of the former Vaux Brewery, although no archaeological investigation has taken place.

 

In March 2021, a "trove" of Roman artefacts were recovered in the River Wear at North Hylton, including four stone anchors, a discovery of huge significance that may affirm a persistent theory of a Roman Dam or Port existing at the River Wear.

 

Recorded settlements at the mouth of the Wear date to 674, when an Anglo-Saxon nobleman, Benedict Biscop, granted land by King Ecgfrith of Northumbria, founded the Wearmouth–Jarrow (St Peter's) monastery on the north bank of the river—an area that became known as Monkwearmouth. Biscop's monastery was the first built of stone in Northumbria. He employed glaziers from France and in doing he re-established glass making in Britain. In 686 the community was taken over by Ceolfrid, and Wearmouth–Jarrow became a major centre of learning and knowledge in Anglo-Saxon England with a library of around 300 volumes.

 

The Codex Amiatinus, described by White as the 'finest book in the world', was created at the monastery and was likely worked on by Bede, who was born at Wearmouth in 673. This is one of the oldest monasteries still standing in England. While at the monastery, Bede completed the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in 731, a feat which earned him the title The father of English history.

 

In the late 8th century the Vikings raided the coast, and by the middle of the 9th century the monastery had been abandoned. Lands on the south side of the river were granted to the Bishop of Durham by Athelstan of England in 930; these became known as Bishopwearmouth and included settlements such as Ryhope which fall within the modern boundary of Sunderland.

 

Medieval developments after the Norman conquest

In 1100, Bishopwearmouth parish included a fishing village at the southern mouth of the river (now the East End) known as 'Soender-land' (which evolved into 'Sunderland'). This settlement was granted a charter in 1179 by Hugh Pudsey, then the Bishop of Durham (who had quasi-monarchical power within the County Palatine); the charter gave its merchants the same rights as those of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, but it nevertheless took time for Sunderland to develop as a port. Fishing was the main commercial activity at the time: mainly herring in the 13th century, then salmon in the 14th and 15th centuries. From 1346 ships were being built at Wearmouth, by a merchant named Thomas Menville, and by 1396 a small amount of coal was being exported.

 

Rapid growth of the port was initially prompted by the salt trade. Salt exports from Sunderland are recorded from as early as the 13th century, but in 1589 salt pans were laid at Bishopwearmouth Panns (the modern-day name of the area the pans occupied is Pann's Bank, on the river bank between the city centre and the East End). Large vats of seawater were heated using coal; as the water evaporated, the salt remained. As coal was required to heat the salt pans, a coal mining community began to emerge. Only poor-quality coal was used in salt panning; better-quality coal was traded via the port, which subsequently began to grow.

 

Both salt and coal continued to be exported through the 17th century, but the coal trade grew significantly (2–3,000 tons of coal were exported from Sunderland in the year 1600; by 1680 this had increased to 180,000 tons).[18] Because of the difficulty for colliers trying to navigate the shallow waters of the Wear, coal mined further inland was loaded onto keels (large, flat-bottomed boats) and taken downriver to the waiting colliers. The keels were manned by a close-knit group of workers known as 'keelmen'.

 

In 1634 a charter was granted by Bishop Thomas Morton, which incorporated the inhabitants of the 'antient borough' of Sunderland as the 'Mayor, Aldermen and Commonality' of the Borough and granted the privilege of a market and an annual fair. While as a consequence a mayor and twelve aldermen were appointed and a common council established, their establishment does not seem to have survived the ensuing Civil War.

 

Before the 1st English civil war the North, with the exclusion of Kingston upon Hull, declared for the King. In 1644 the North was captured by parliament. The villages that later become Sunderland, were taken in March 1644. One artifact of the English civil war near this area was the long trench; a tactic of later warfare. In the village of Offerton roughly three miles inland from the area, skirmishes occurred. Parliament also blockaded the River Tyne, crippling the Newcastle coal trade which allowed the coal trade of the area to flourish for a short period. There was intense rivalry between the ports of Sunderland and Newcastle when the two towns took opposing sides in the Civil War.

 

In 1669, after the Restoration, King Charles II granted letters patent to one Edward Andrew, Esq. to 'build a pier and erect a lighthouse or lighthouses and cleanse the harbour of Sunderland', and authorised the levying of a tonnage duty on shipping in order to raise the necessary funds; however it took time before these improvements were realized.

 

There is evidence of a growing number of shipbuilders or boatbuilders being active on the River Wear in the late 17th century: among others, the banking family Goodchilds opened a building yard in 1672 (it eventually closed when the bank went out of business in 1821); and in 1691 one Thomas Burn aged 17 is recorded as having taken over the running of a yard from his mother.

 

The River Wear Commission was formed in 1717 in response to the growing prosperity of Sunderland as a port. Under the Board of Commissioners (a committee of local land owners, ship owners, colliery owners and merchants) a succession of civil engineers adapted the natural riverscape to meet the needs of maritime trade and shipbuilding. Their first major harbour work was the construction in stone of the South Pier (later known as the Old South Pier), begun in 1723 with the aim of diverting the river channel away from sandbanks; the building of the South Pier continued until 1759. By 1748 the river was being manually dredged. A northern counterpart to the South Pier was not yet in place; instead, a temporary breakwater was formed at around this time, consisting of a row of piles driven into the seabed interspersed with old keelboats. From 1786 work began on a more permanent North Pier (which was later known as the Old North Pier): it was formed from a wooden frame, filled with stones and faced with masonry, and eventually extended 1,500 ft (460 m) into the sea. The work was initially overseen by Robert Stout (the Wear Commissioners' Engineer from 1781 to 1795). In 1794 a lighthouse was built at the seaward end, by which time around half the pier had been enclosed in masonry; it was completed in 1802.

 

By the start of the 18th century the banks of the Wear were described as being studded with small shipyards, as far as the tide flowed. After 1717, measures having been taken to increase the depth of the river, Sunderland's shipbuilding trade grew substantially (in parallel with its coal exports). A number of warships were built, alongside many commercial sailing ships. By the middle of the century the town was probably the premier shipbuilding centre in Britain. By 1788 Sunderland was Britain's fourth largest port (by measure of tonnage) after London, Newcastle and Liverpool; among these it was the leading coal exporter (though it did not rival Newcastle in terms of home coal trade). Still further growth was driven across the region, towards the end of the century, by London's insatiable demand for coal during the French Revolutionary Wars.

 

Sunderland's third-biggest export, after coal and salt, was glass. The town's first modern glassworks were established in the 1690s and the industry grew through the 17th century. Its flourishing was aided by trading ships bringing good-quality sand (as ballast) from the Baltic and elsewhere which, together with locally available limestone (and coal to fire the furnaces) was a key ingredient in the glassmaking process. Other industries that developed alongside the river included lime burning and pottery making (the town's first commercial pottery manufactory, the Garrison Pottery, had opened in old Sunderland in 1750).

 

The world's first steam dredger was built in Sunderland in 1796-7 and put to work on the river the following year. Designed by Stout's successor as Engineer, Jonathan Pickernell jr (in post from 1795 to 1804), it consisted of a set of 'bag and spoon' dredgers driven by a tailor-made 4-horsepower Boulton & Watt beam engine. It was designed to dredge to a maximum depth of 10 ft (3.0 m) below the waterline and remained in operation until 1804, when its constituent parts were sold as separate lots. Onshore, numerous small industries supported the business of the burgeoning port. In 1797 the world's first patent ropery (producing machine-made rope, rather than using a ropewalk) was built in Sunderland, using a steam-powered hemp-spinning machine which had been devised by a local schoolmaster, Richard Fothergill, in 1793; the ropery building still stands, in the Deptford area of the city.

 

In 1719, the parish of Sunderland was carved from the densely populated east end of Bishopwearmouth by the establishment of a new parish church, Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland (today also known as Sunderland Old Parish Church). Later, in 1769, St John's Church was built as a chapel of ease within Holy Trinity parish; built by a local coal fitter, John Thornhill, it stood in Prospect Row to the north-east of the parish church. (St John's was demolished in 1972.) By 1720 the port area was completely built up, with large houses and gardens facing the Town Moor and the sea, and labourers' dwellings vying with manufactories alongside the river. The three original settlements of Wearmouth (Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland) had begun to combine, driven by the success of the port of Sunderland and salt panning and shipbuilding along the banks of the river. Around this time, Sunderland was known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.

 

By 1770 Sunderland had spread westwards along its High Street to join up with Bishopwearmouth. In 1796 Bishopwearmouth in turn gained a physical link with Monkwearmouth following the construction of a bridge, the Wearmouth Bridge, which was the world's second iron bridge (after the famous span at Ironbridge). It was built at the instigation of Rowland Burdon, the Member of Parliament (MP) for County Durham, and described by Nikolaus Pevsner as being 'a triumph of the new metallurgy and engineering ingenuity [...] of superb elegance'. Spanning the river in a single sweep of 236 feet (72 m), it was over twice the length of the earlier bridge at Ironbridge but only three-quarters the weight. At the time of building, it was the biggest single-span bridge in the world; and because Sunderland had developed on a plateau above the river, it never suffered from the problem of interrupting the passage of high-masted vessels.

 

During the War of Jenkins' Ear a pair of gun batteries were built (in 1742 and 1745) on the shoreline to the south of the South Pier, to defend the river from attack (a further battery was built on the cliff top in Roker, ten years later). One of the pair was washed away by the sea in 1780, but the other was expanded during the French Revolutionary Wars and became known as the Black Cat Battery. In 1794 Sunderland Barracks were built, behind the battery, close to what was then the tip of the headland.

 

In 1802 a new, 72 ft (22 m) high octagonal stone lighthouse was built on the end of the newly finished North Pier, designed by the chief Engineer Jonathan Pickernell. At the same time he built a lighthouse on the South Pier, which showed a red light (or by day a red flag) when the tide was high enough for ships to pass into the river. From 1820 Pickernell's lighthouse was lit by gas from its own gasometer. In 1840 work began to extend the North Pier to 1,770 ft (540 m) and the following year its lighthouse was moved in one piece, on a wooden cradle, to its new seaward end, remaining lit each night throughout the process.

 

In 1809 an Act of Parliament was passed creating an Improvement Commission, for 'paving, lighting, cleansing, watching and otherwise improving the town of Sunderland'; this provided the beginnings of a structure of local government for the township as a whole. Commissioners were appointed, with the power to levy contributions towards the works detailed in the Act, and in 1812–14 the Exchange Building was built, funded by public subscription, to serve as a combined Town Hall, Watch House, Market Hall, Magistrate's Court, Post Office and News Room. It became a regular gathering place for merchants conducting business, and the public rooms on the first floor were available for public functions when not being used for meetings of the Commissioners. By 1830 the Commissioners had made a number of improvements, ranging from the establishment of a police force to installing gas lighting across much of the town.

 

In other aspects, however, Local government was still divided between the three parishes (Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland, St Michael's, Bishopwearmouth, and St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth) and when cholera broke out in 1831 their select vestrymen were unable to cope with the epidemic. Sunderland, a main trading port at the time, was the first British town to be struck with the 'Indian cholera' epidemic. The first victim, William Sproat, died on 23 October 1831. Sunderland was put into quarantine, and the port was blockaded, but in December of that year the disease spread to Gateshead and from there, it rapidly made its way across the country, killing an estimated 32,000 people; among those to die was Sunderland's Naval hero Jack Crawford. (The novel The Dress Lodger by American author Sheri Holman is set in Sunderland during the epidemic.)

 

Demands for democracy and organised town government saw the three parishes incorporated as the Borough of Sunderland in 1835. Later, the Sunderland Borough Act of 1851 abolished the Improvement Commission and vested its powers in the new Corporation.

 

In the early nineteenth century 'the three great proprietors of collieries upon the Wear Lord Durham, the Marquis of Londonderry and the Hetton Company'. In 1822 the Hetton colliery railway was opened, linking the company's collieries with staiths ('Hetton Staiths') on the riverside at Bishopwearmouth, where coal drops delivered the coal directly into waiting ships. Engineered by George Stephenson, it was the first railway in the world to be operated without animal power, and at the time (albeit briefly) was the longest railway in the world. At the same time Lord Durham began establishing rail links to an adjacent set of staiths ('Lambton Staiths'). Lord Londonderry, on the other hand, continued conveying his coal downriver on keels; but he was working on establishing his own separate port down the coast at Seaham Harbour.

 

Although the volume of coal exports were increasing, there was a growing concern that without the establishment of a purpose-built dock Sunderland would start losing trade to Newcastle and Hartlepool. The colliery rail links were on the south side of the river, but Sir Hedworth Williamson, who owned much of the land on the north bank, seized the initiative. He formed the Wearmouth Dock Company in 1832, obtained a Royal Charter for establishing a dock at Monkwearmouth riverside, and engaged no less a figure than Isambard Kingdom Brunel to provide designs (not only for docks but also for a double-deck suspension bridge to provide a rail link to the opposite side of the river). Building of the dock went ahead (albeit the smallest of Brunel's proposals) but not of the bridge; the resulting North Dock, opened in 1837, soon proved too small at 6 acres (2.4 ha), and it suffered through lack of a direct rail link to the colliery lines south of the Wear (instead, it would be linked, by way of the Brandling Junction Railway from 1839, to collieries in the Gateshead area).

 

Also in Monkwearmouth, further upstream, work began in 1826 on sinking a pit in the hope of reaching the seams of coal (even though, at this location, they were deep underground). Seven years later, coal was struck at 180 fathoms; digging deeper, the Bensham seam was found the following year at 267 fathoms and in 1835 Wearmouth Colliery, which was then the deepest mine in the world, began producing coal. When the superior Hutton seam was reached, at a still greater depth in 1846, the mine (which had begun as a speculative enterprise by Messrs Pemberton and Thompson) began to be profitable.

 

Meanwhile, south of the river, the Durham & Sunderland Railway Co. built a railway line across the Town Moor and established a passenger terminus there in 1836. In 1847 the line was bought by George Hudson's York and Newcastle Railway. Hudson, nicknamed 'The Railway King', was Member of Parliament for Sunderland and was already involved in a scheme to build a dock in the area. In 1846 he had formed the Sunderland Dock Company, which received parliamentary approval for the construction of a dock between the South Pier and Hendon Bay. The engineer overseeing the project was John Murray; the foundation stone for the entrance basin was laid in February 1848, and by the end of the year excavation of the new dock was largely complete, the spoil being used in the associated land reclamation works. Lined with limestone and entered from the river by way of a half tide basin, the dock (later named Hudson Dock) was formally opened by Hudson on 20 June 1850. Most of the dockside to the west was occupied with coal staiths linked to the railway line, but there was also a warehouse and granary built at the northern end by John Dobson in 1856 (this, along with a second warehouse dating from the 1860s, was demolished in 1992).

 

In 1850–56 a half-tidal sea-entrance was constructed at the south-east corner of the dock, protected by a pair of breakwaters, to allow larger ships to enter the dock direct from the North Sea. At the same time (1853–55) Hudson Dock itself was extended southwards and deepened, and, alongside the entrance basin to the north, the first of a pair of public graving docks was built. In 1854 the Londonderry, Seaham & Sunderland Railway opened, linking the Londonderry and South Hetton collieries to a separate set of staiths at Hudson Dock South. It also provided a passenger service from Sunderland to Seaham Harbour.

 

In 1859 the docks were purchased by the River Wear Commissioners. Under Thomas Meik as engineer the docks were further extended with the construction of Hendon Dock to the south (1864–67). (Hendon Dock was entered via Hudson Dock South, but in 1870 it too was provided with a half-tidal sea-entrance providing direct access from the North Sea.) Under Meik's successor, Henry Hay Wake, Hudson Dock was further enlarged and the entrances were improved: in 1875 lock gates were installed (along with a swing bridge) at the river entrance, to allow entry at all states of the tide; they were powered by hydraulic machinery, installed by Sir William Armstrong in the adjacent dock office building. Similarly, a new sea lock was constructed at the south-east entrance in 1877–80. The breakwater (known as the 'Northeast Pier') which protected the sea entrance to the docks was provided with a lighthouse (29 ft (8.8 m) high and of lattice construction, since demolished) which Chance Brothers equipped with a fifth-order optic and clockwork occulting mechanism in 1888; it displayed a sector light: white indicating the fairway and red indicating submerged hazards.

 

By 1889 two million tons of coal per year was passing through the dock. The eastern wharves, opposite the coal staiths, were mainly occupied by saw mills and timber yards, with large open spaces given over to the storage of pit props for use in the mines; while to the south of Hendon Dock, the Wear Fuel Works distilled coal tar to produce pitch, oil and other products.

 

After completion of the dock works, H. H. Wake embarked on the construction of Roker Pier (part of a scheme to protect the river approach by creating an outer harbour). Protection of a different kind was provided by the Wave Basin Battery, armed with four RML 80 pounder 5 ton guns, constructed just inside the Old South Pier in 1874.

 

Increasing industrialisation had prompted affluent residents to move away from the old port area, with several settling in the suburban terraces of the Fawcett Estate and Mowbray Park. The area around Fawcett Street itself increasingly functioned as the civic and commercial town centre. In 1848 George Hudson's York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway built a passenger terminus, Monkwearmouth Station, just north of Wearmouth Bridge; and south of the river another passenger terminus, in Fawcett Street, in 1853. Later, Thomas Elliot Harrison (chief engineer to the North Eastern Railway) made plans to carry the railway across the river; the Wearmouth Railway Bridge (reputedly 'the largest Hog-Back iron girder bridge in the world') opened in 1879. In 1886–90 Sunderland Town Hall was built in Fawcett Street, just to the east of the railway station, to a design by Brightwen Binyon.

 

Sunderland's shipbuilding industry continued to grow through most of the 19th century, becoming the town's dominant industry and a defining part of its identity. By 1815 it was 'the leading shipbuilding port for wooden trading vessels' with 600 ships constructed that year across 31 different yards. By 1840 the town had 76 shipyards and between 1820 and 1850 the number of ships being built on the Wear increased fivefold. From 1846 to 1854 almost a third of the UK's ships were built in Sunderland, and in 1850 the Sunderland Herald proclaimed the town to be the greatest shipbuilding port in the world.

 

During the century the size of ships being built increased and technologies evolved: in 1852 the first iron ship was launched on Wearside, built by marine engineer George Clark in partnership with shipbuilder John Barkes. Thirty years later Sunderland's ships were being built in steel (the last wooden ship having been launched in 1880). As the century progressed, the shipyards on the Wear decreased in number on the one hand, but increased in size on the other, so as to accommodate the increasing scale and complexity of ships being built.

 

Shipyards founded in the 19th century, and still operational in the 20th, included:

Sir James Laing & Sons (established by Philip Laing at Deptford in 1818, renamed Sir James Laing & sons in 1898)

S. P. Austin (established in 1826 at Monkwearmouth, moving across the river to a site alongside Wearmouth Bridge in 1866)

Bartram & Sons (established at Hylton in 1837, moved to South Dock in 1871)

William Doxford & Sons (established at Cox Green in 1840, moved to Pallion in 1857)

William Pickersgill's (established at Southwick in 1845)

J. L. Thompson & Sons (yard established at North Sands by Robert Thompson in 1846, taken over by his son Joseph in 1860, another son (also Robert) having established his own yard at Southwick in 1854)

John Crown & Sons (yard established at Monkwearmouth by Luke Crown (or Crone) by 1807, taken over by his grandson Jackie in 1854)

Short Brothers (established by George Short in 1850, moved to Pallion in 1866)

Sir J Priestman (established at Southwick in 1882)

Alongside the shipyards, marine engineering works were established from the 1820s onwards, initially providing engines for paddle steamers; in 1845 a ship named Experiment was the first of many to be converted to steam screw propulsion. Demand for steam-powered vessels increased during the Crimean War; nonetheless, sailing ships continued to be built, including fast fully-rigged composite-built clippers, including the City of Adelaide in 1864 and Torrens (the last such vessel ever built), in 1875.

 

By the middle of the century glassmaking was at its height on Wearside. James Hartley & Co., established in Sunderland in 1836, grew to be the largest glassworks in the country and (having patented an innovative production technique for rolled plate glass) produced much of the glass used in the construction of the Crystal Palace in 1851. A third of all UK-manufactured plate glass was produced at Hartley's by this time. Other manufacturers included the Cornhill Flint Glassworks (established at Southwick in 1865), which went on to specialise in pressed glass, as did the Wear Flint Glassworks (which had originally been established in 1697). In addition to the plate glass and pressed glass manufacturers there were 16 bottle works on the Wear in the 1850s, with the capacity to produce between 60 and 70,000 bottles a day.

 

Local potteries also flourished in the mid-19th century, again making use of raw materials (white clay and stone) being brought into Sunderland as ballast on ships. Sunderland pottery was exported across Europe, with Sunderland Lustreware proving particularly popular in the home market; however the industry sharply declined later in the century due to foreign competition, and the largest remaining manufacturer (Southwick Pottery) closed in 1897.

 

Victoria Hall was a large concert hall on Toward Road facing Mowbray Park. The hall was the scene of a tragedy on 16 June 1883 when 183 children died. During a variety show, children rushed towards a staircase for treats. At the bottom of the staircase, the door had been opened inward and bolted in such a way as to leave only a gap wide enough for one child to pass at a time. The children surged down the stairs and those at the front were trapped and crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them.

 

The asphyxiation of 183 children aged between three and 14 is the worst disaster of its kind in British history. The memorial, a grieving mother holding a dead child, is located in Mowbray Park inside a protective canopy. Newspaper reports triggered a mood of national outrage and an inquiry recommended that public venues be fitted with a minimum number of outward opening emergency exits, which led to the invention of 'push bar' emergency doors. This law remains in force. Victoria Hall remained in use until 1941 when it was destroyed by a German bomb.

 

The Lyceum was a public building on Lambton Street, opened August 1852, whose many rooms included a Mechanics' Institute and a hall 90 by 40 feet (27 m × 12 m) which Edward D. Davis converted into a theatre, opened September 1854, then was gutted by fire in December the following year. It was refurbished and reopened in September 1856 as the Royal Lyceum Theatre, and is notable as the venue of Henry Irving's first successes. The building was destroyed by fire in 1880 and demolished. The site was later developed for the Salvation Army.

 

The public transport network was enhanced in 1900 – 1919 with an electric tram system. The trams were gradually replaced by buses during the 1940s before being completely axed in 1954. In 1909 the Queen Alexandra Bridge was built, linking Deptford and Southwick.

 

The First World War led to a notable increase in shipbuilding but also resulted in the town being targeted by a Zeppelin raid in 1916. The Monkwearmouth area was struck on 1 April 1916 and 22 lives were lost. Many citizens also served in the armed forces during this period, over 25,000 men from a population of 151,000.

 

In the wake of the First World War, and on through the Great Depression of the 1930s, shipbuilding dramatically declined: the number of shipyards on the Wear went from fifteen in 1921 to six in 1937. The small yards of J. Blumer & Son (at North Dock) and the Sunderland Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. (at Hudson Dock) both closed in the 1920s, and other yards were closed down by National Shipbuilders Securities in the 1930s (including Osbourne, Graham & Co., way upriver at North Hylton, Robert Thompson & Sons at Southwick, and the 'overflow' yards operated by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson and William Gray & Co.).

 

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Sunderland was a key target of the German Luftwaffe, who claimed the lives of 267 people in the town, caused damage or destruction to 4,000 homes, and devastated local industry. After the war, more housing was developed. The town's boundaries expanded in 1967 when neighbouring Ryhope, Silksworth, Herrington, South Hylton and Castletown were incorporated into Sunderland.

 

During the second half of the 20th century shipbuilding and coalmining declined; shipbuilding ended in 1988 and coalmining in 1993. At the worst of the unemployment crisis up to 20 per cent of the local workforce were unemployed in the mid-1980s.

 

As the former heavy industries declined, new industries were developed (including electronic, chemical, paper and motor manufacture) and the service sector expanded during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1986 Japanese car manufacturer Nissan opened its Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK factory in Washington, which has since become the UK's largest car factory.

 

From 1990, the banks of the Wear were regenerated with the creation of housing, retail parks and business centres on former shipbuilding sites. Alongside the creation of the National Glass Centre the University of Sunderland has built a new campus on the St Peter's site. The clearance of the Vaux Breweries site on the north west fringe of the city centre created a further opportunity for development in the city centre.

 

Sunderland received city status in 1992. Like many cities, Sunderland comprises a number of areas with their own distinct histories, Fulwell, Monkwearmouth, Roker, and Southwick on the northern side of the Wear, and Bishopwearmouth and Hendon to the south. On 24 March 2004, the city adopted Benedict Biscop as its patron saint.

 

The 20th century saw Sunderland A.F.C. established as the Wearside area's greatest claim to sporting fame. Founded in 1879 as Sunderland and District Teachers A.F.C. by schoolmaster James Allan, Sunderland joined The Football League for the 1890–91 season. By 1936 the club had been league champions on five occasions. They won their first FA Cup in 1937, but their only post-World War II major honour came in 1973 when they won a second FA Cup. They have had a checkered history and dropped into the old third division for a season and been relegated thrice from the Premier League, twice with the lowest points ever, earning the club a reputation as a yo-yo club. After 99 years at the historic Roker Park stadium, the club moved to the 42,000-seat Stadium of Light on the banks of the River Wear in 1997. At the time, it was the largest stadium built by an English football club since the 1920s, and has since been expanded to hold nearly 50,000 seated spectators.

 

In 2018 Sunderland was ranked as the best city to live and work in the UK by the finance firm OneFamily. In the same year, Sunderland was ranked as one of the top 10 safest cities in the UK.

 

Many fine old buildings remain despite the bombing that occurred during World War II. Religious buildings include Holy Trinity Church, built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St Michael's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as Sunderland Minster and St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from AD 674, and was the original monastery. St Andrew's Church, Roker, known as the "Cathedral of the Arts and Crafts Movement", contains work by William Morris, Ernest Gimson and Eric Gill. St Mary's Catholic Church is the earliest surviving Gothic revival church in the city.

 

Sunderland Civic Centre was designed by Spence Bonnington & Collins and was officially opened by Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon in 1970. It closed in November 2021, following the opening of a new City Hall on the former Vaux Brewery redevelopment site.

 

Tyne and Wear is a ceremonial county in North East England. It borders Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south, and the largest settlement is the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

The county is largely urbanised. It had a population of 1.14 million in 2021. After Newcastle (300,125) the largest settlements are the city of Sunderland (170,134), Gateshead (120,046), and South Shields (75,337). Nearly all of the county's settlements belong to either the Tyneside or Wearside conurbations, the latter of which also extends into County Durham. Tyne and Wear contains five metropolitan boroughs: Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, North Tyneside and South Tyneside, and is covered by two combined authorities, North of Tyne and North East. The county was established in 1974 and was historically part of Northumberland and County Durham, with the River Tyne forming the border between the two.

 

The most notable geographic features of the county are the River Tyne and River Wear, after which it is named and along which its major settlements developed. The county is also notable for its coastline to the North Sea in the east, which is characterised by tall limestone cliffs and wide beaches.

 

In the late 600s and into the 700s Saint Bede lived as a monk at the monastery of St. Peter and of St. Paul writing histories of the Early Middle Ages including the Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

 

Roughly 150 years ago, in the village of Marsden in South Shields, Souter Lighthouse was built, the first electric structure of this type.

 

The Local Government Act 1888 constituted Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland as county boroughs (Newcastle had "county corporate" status as the "County and Town of Newcastle upon Tyne" since 1400). Tynemouth joined them in 1904. Between the county boroughs, various other settlements also formed part of the administrative counties of Durham and of Northumberland.

 

The need to reform local government on Tyneside was recognised by the government as early as 1935, when a Royal Commission to Investigate the Conditions of Local Government on Tyneside was appointed. The three commissioners were to examine the system of local government in the areas of local government north and south of the river Tyne from the sea to the boundary of the Rural District of Castle Ward and Hexham in the County of Northumberland and to the Western boundary of the County of Durham, to consider what changes, if any, should be made in the existing arrangements with a view to securing greater economy and efficiency, and to make recommendations.

 

The report of the Royal Commission, published in 1937, recommended the establishment of a Regional Council for Northumberland and Tyneside (to be called the "Northumberland Regional Council") to administer services that needed to be exercised over a wide area, with a second tier of smaller units for other local-government purposes. The second-tier units would form by amalgamating the various existing boroughs and districts. The county boroughs in the area would lose their status. Within this area, a single municipality would be formed covering the four county boroughs of Newcastle, Gateshead, Tynemouth, South Shields and other urban districts and boroughs.

 

A minority report proposed amalgamation of Newcastle, Gateshead, Wallsend, Jarrow, Felling, Gosforth, Hebburn and Newburn into a single "county borough of Newcastle-on-Tyneside". The 1937 proposals never came into operation: local authorities could not agree on a scheme and the legislation of the time did not allow central government to compel one.

 

Tyneside (excluding Sunderland) was a Special Review Area under the Local Government Act 1958. The Local Government Commission for England came back with a recommendation to create a new county of Tyneside based on the review area, divided into four separate boroughs. This was not implemented. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed a Tyneside unitary authority, again excluding Sunderland, which would have set up a separate East Durham unitary authority.

 

The White Paper that led to the Local Government Act 1972 proposed as "area 2" a metropolitan county including Newcastle and Sunderland, extending as far south down the coast as Seaham and Easington, and bordering "area 4" (which would become Tees Valley). The Bill as presented in November 1971 pruned back the southern edge of the area, and gave it the name "Tyneside". The name "Tyneside" proved controversial on Wearside, and a government amendment changed the name to "Tyne and Wear" at the request of Sunderland County Borough Council.

 

Tyne and Wear either has or closely borders two official Met Office stations, neither located in one of the major urban centres. The locations for those are in marine Tynemouth where Tyne meets the North Sea east of Newcastle and inland Durham in County Durham around 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Sunderland. There are some clear differences between the stations temperature and precipitation patterns even though both have a cool-summer and mild-winter oceanic climate.

 

Tyne and Wear contains green belt interspersed throughout the county, mainly on the fringes of the Tyneside/Wearside conurbation. There is also an inter-urban line of belt helping to keep the districts of South Tyneside, Gateshead, and Sunderland separated. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. All the county's districts contain some portion of belt.

 

Although Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, several joint bodies exist to run certain services on a county-wide basis. Most notable is the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority, which co-ordinates transport policy. Through its passenger transport executive, known as Nexus, it owns and operates the Tyne and Wear Metro light rail system, and the Shields ferry service and the Tyne Tunnel, linking communities on either side of the River Tyne. Also through Nexus, the authority subsidises socially necessary transport services (including taxis) and operates a concessionary fares scheme for the elderly and disabled. Nexus has been an executive body of the North East Joint Transport Committee since November 2018.

 

Other joint bodies include the Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service and Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums, which was created from the merger of the Tyne and Wear Archives Service and Tyne and Wear Museums. These joint bodies are administered by representatives of all five of the constituent councils. In addition the Northumbria Police force covers Northumberland and Tyne and Wear.

 

There have been occasional calls for Tyne and Wear to be abolished and the traditional border between Northumberland and County Durham to be restored.

 

Tyne and Wear is divided into 12 Parliamentary constituencies. Historically, the area has been a Labour stronghold; South Shields is the only Parliamentary constituency that has never returned a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons since the Reform Act of 1832.

 

Newcastle and Sunderland are known for declaring their election results early on election night. Therefore, they frequently give the first indication of nationwide trends. An example of this was at the 2016 European Union referendum. Newcastle was the first large city to declare, and 50.6% of voters voted to Remain; this proportion was far lower than predicted by experts. Sunderland declared soon after and gave a 62% vote to Leave, much higher than expected. These two results were seen as an early sign that the United Kingdom had voted to Leave.

 

Offshore Group Newcastle make oil platforms. Sage Group, who produce accounting software, are based at Hazlerigg at the northern end of the Newcastle bypass. Northern Rock, which became a bank in 1997 and was taken over by Virgin Money in November 2011, and the Newcastle Building Society are based in Gosforth. The Gosforth-based bakery Greggs now has over 1,500 shops. The Balliol Business Park in Longbenton contains Procter & Gamble research and global business centres and a tax credits call centre for HMRC, and is the former home of Findus UK. The Government National Insurance Contributions Office in Longbenton, demolished and replaced in 2000, had a 1 mile (1.6 km) long corridor.

 

Be-Ro and the Go-Ahead Group bus company are in central Newcastle. Nestlé use the former Rowntrees chocolate factory on the east of the A1. BAE Systems Land & Armaments in Scotswood, formerly Vickers-Armstrongs, is the main producer of British Army tanks such as the Challenger 2. A Rolls-Royce apprentice training site is next door.[18] Siemens Energy Service Fossil make steam turbines at the CA Parsons Works in South Heaton. Sir Charles Parsons invented the steam turbine in 1884, and developed an important local company. Domestos, a product whose main ingredient is sodium hypochlorite, was originated in Newcastle in 1929 by William Handley, and was distributed from the area for many years.

 

Clarke Chapman is next to the A167 in Gateshead. The MetroCentre, the largest shopping centre in Europe, is in Dunston. Scottish & Newcastle was the largest UK-owned brewery until it was bought by Heineken and Carlsberg in April 2008, and produced Newcastle Brown Ale at the Newcastle Federation Brewery in Dunston until production moved to Tadcaster in September 2010. At Team Valley are De La Rue, with their largest banknote printing facility, and Myson Radiators, the second largest in the UK market. Petards make surveillance equipment including ANPR cameras, and its Joyce-Loebl division makes electronic warfare systems and countermeasure dispensing systems such as the AN/ALE-47. Sevcon, an international company formed from a part of Smith Electric, is a world leader in electric vehicle controls. AEI Cables and Komatsu UK construction equipment at Birtley.

 

J. Barbour & Sons make outdoor clothing in Simonside, Jarrow. SAFT Batteries make primary lithium batteries on the Tyne in South Shields. Bellway plc houses is in Seaton Burn in North Tyneside. Cobalt Business Park, the largest office park in the UK, is at Wallsend, on the former site of Atmel, and is the home of North Tyneside Council. Swan Hunter until 2006 made ships in Wallsend, and still designs ships. Soil Machine Dynamics in Wallsend on the Tyne makes Remotely operated underwater vehicles, and its Ultra Trencher 1 is the world's largest submersible robot.

 

The car dealership Evans Halshaw is in Sunderland. The car factory owned by Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK between North Hylton and Washington is the largest in the UK. Grundfos, the world's leading pump manufacturer, builds pumps in Sunderland. Calsonic Kansei UK, formerly Magna, make automotive instrument panels and car trim at the Pennywell Industrial Estate. Gestamp UK make automotive components. Smith Electric Vehicles originated in Washington. The LG Electronics microwave oven factory opened in 1989, closed in May 2004, and later became the site of the Tanfield Group. Goodyear Dunlop had their only UK car tyre factory next to the Tanfield site until its 2006 closure. BAE Systems Global Combat Systems moved to a new £75 million factory at the former Goodyear site in 2011, where they make large calibre ammunition for tanks and artillery.

 

The government's child benefit office is in Washington. Liebherr build cranes next to the Wear at Deptford. The outdoor clothing company Berghaus is in Castletown. Vaux Breweries, who owned Swallow Hotels, closed in 1999. ScS Sofas are on Borough Road. There are many call centres in Sunderland, notably EDF Energy at the Doxford International Business Park, which is also the home of the headquarters of the large international transport company Arriva and Nike UK. Rolls-Royce planned to move their production of fan and turbine discs to BAE Systems' new site in 2016.

On April 15, 2023, five First Nations in B.C., alongside provincial and federal government representatives, announced settlement agreements of the Nations’ Treaty Land Entitlements claims.Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/28589

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

From my set entitled “Lamium”

www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/sets/72157607217474399/

In my collection entitled “The Garden”

www.flickr.com/photos/21861018@N00/collections/7215760718...

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadnettle

Lamium (deadnettle) is a genus of about 40-50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which family it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across the temperate world.

The genus includes both annual and perennial species; they spread by both seeds and stems rooting as they grow along the ground.

 

The common name refers to their superficial resemblance to the unrelated stinging nettles, but unlike those, they do not have stinging hairs and so are harmless or apparently "dead".

 

Lamiums are frost hardy and grow well in most soils. Flower colour determines planting season and light requirement: white- and purple-coloured flowered species are planted in spring and prefer full sun. The yellow-flowered ones are planted in fall (autumn) and prefer shade. They often have invasive habits and need plenty of room. Propagate from seed or by division in early spring

 

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

Page from a brochure entitled The Centenary Year of Timothy Taylor & Co. Ltd. (1858-1958). The 24-page brochure contains a history of the Keighley-based brewery and an account of brewing itself, accompanied by line drawings. It was used as a promotional item. This page includes a map of the area served by Timothy Taylor's.

 

Timothy Taylor & Co. Ltd. (maltsters and brewers) was founded by Timothy Taylor in December 1858. It originally operated from a brewery in Cook Lane, Keighley, before moving to Knowle Spring in 1863 where larger premises could be constructed. Timothy Taylor was born in Bingley in 1826. He was originally in the tailoring trade, with a shop on Low Street, Keighley. He married Charlotte Aked and his two sons (Robert Henry and Percy) continued the brewing business after Timothy's death in January 1898. Within a year of starting, the company had two licensed houses - the Volunteer Arms in Lawkholme Lane and the New Inn at Bocking. A well was sunk at Knowle Spring in 1894 that continues to provide the water for the brewing to this day. Timothy Taylor's became a limited company in 1929. The firm's championship-winning ale Landlord was created in 1952. Further sons and nephews continued to run the business. Timothy's grandson John Taylor, later Conservative peer Lord Ingrow, was the last direct descendant to run the company. He was replaced in 1995 by Charles Dent, who married John Taylor’s daughter Annie. Tim Dewey took over as chief executive in October 2014.

 

Item loaned for scanning by Tim Neal in October 2019. Part of the Keighley and District Local History Society digital archive.

The Postcard

 

A Photographic Connoisseur Series postcard entitled 'Darling Mother' that was published by Raphael Tuck & Sons, Art Publishers to Their Majesties the King and Queen.

 

The card was posted in Eastbourne, East Sussex on Sunday the 1st. September 1912 to:

 

Miss Violet Birtles,

5, Ringwood Road,

Eastbourne.

 

The message on the divided back was as follows:

 

"1/9/12.

Dear Vi,

How do you like the

seaside for change?

It is alright, isn't it?

Hope you are alright.

With love,

Beattie."

 

The Lincoln Highway

 

So what else happened on the day that Beattie posted the card?

 

Well, on the 1st. September 1912, Carl G. Fisher, President of the Prest-O-Lite Company and founder of the Indianapolis 500 race, hosted a dinner in Indianapolis for his colleagues in the automotive industry and unveiled his plans for the Lincoln Highway:

 

"A road across the United States!

Let's build it before we're too old

to enjoy it!"

 

The auto trail, which paved roads to connect existing highways, ran from New York City to San Francisco, and was completed in 1925.

 

Gwynfor Evans

 

The day also marked the birth in Barry of the Welsh politician

Gwynfor Evans. He was the founder and first president of the Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru, and Member of Parliament for Carmarthen from 1966 to 1970, and from 1974 to 1979. Gwynfor died in 2005.

 

Bernard Sarnat

 

Also born on the 1st. September 1912, in Chicago, was the American plastic surgeon Bernard Sarnat. He was a developer of craniofacial surgery techniques.

 

The Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Prize in Mental Health was named in honor of him and his wife.

 

Bernard died in 2011.

 

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor

 

The day also marked the death, at the age of 37, of the English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.

 

Samuel, who was nicknamed "The African Mahler", was a contributor to the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha.

 

Samuel, who was born in 1875, was laid to rest at Bandon Hill Cemetery in Croydon. The inscription on Coleridge-Taylor's carved headstone includes four bars of music from the composer's best-known work, Hiawatha, and a tribute from his close friend, the poet Alfred Noyes, that includes these words:

 

"Too young to die: his great simplicity,

his happy courage in an alien world,

his gentleness, made all that knew him

love him."

 

also entitled "Levantine Beauty" [thanks to my good friend Firas aka Klix]

 

My congratulations to our dearest Rita and Alain...

 

My good friend Marie (Rita's sister) asked for some help... so I translated her feelings and Najib's into my words:

 

To our beloved Rita

 

I will miss you sis

I will miss a million thing

I will miss my ultimate friend

my partner in crime,

my companion,

my comforting shoulder,

my sole sister.

 

I will miss you indeed…

Yet!

Lonesome is graciously filled with warmth…

warmth in my heart… warmth in my mind,

warmth of happiness upon seeing your joy,

your bliss…

your delight…

all shining through today… as always…

as always and ever since you met Alain

ever since you met Alain and embarked on this wonderful journey.

 

Mum… Dad… a jewel you have raised

There she is… glowing before you

Profoundly grateful for your love…

your most caring hearts…

your tender nurture

your infinite support and affection

 

No words are enough to utter my joy

No gaze can impart my feelings and intuitions

Though, upon this marvelous day, I will keep echoing ...

I love you

On April 15, 2023, five First Nations in B.C., alongside provincial and federal government representatives, announced settlement agreements of the Nations’ Treaty Land Entitlements claims.Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/28589

Page from a brochure entitled The Centenary Year of Timothy Taylor & Co. Ltd. (1858-1958). The 24-page brochure contains a history of the Keighley-based brewery and an account of brewing itself, accompanied by line drawings. It was used as a promotional item.

 

Timothy Taylor & Co. Ltd. (maltsters and brewers) was founded by Timothy Taylor in December 1858. It originally operated from a brewery in Cook Lane, Keighley, before moving to Knowle Spring in 1863 where larger premises could be constructed. Timothy Taylor was born in Bingley in 1826. He was originally in the tailoring trade, with a shop on Low Street, Keighley. He married Charlotte Aked and his two sons (Robert Henry and Percy) continued the brewing business after Timothy's death in January 1898. Within a year of starting, the company had two licensed houses - the Volunteer Arms in Lawkholme Lane and the New Inn at Bocking. A well was sunk at Knowle Spring in 1894 that continues to provide the water for the brewing to this day. Timothy Taylor's became a limited company in 1929. The firm's championship-winning ale Landlord was created in 1952. Further sons and nephews continued to run the business. Timothy's grandson John Taylor, later Conservative peer Lord Ingrow, was the last direct descendant to run the company. He was replaced in 1995 by Charles Dent, who married John Taylor’s daughter Annie. Tim Dewey took over as chief executive in October 2014.

 

Item loaned for scanning by Tim Neal in October 2019. Part of the Keighley and District Local History Society digital archive.

Do we really live in a democracy? ---- Leben wir wirklich in einer Demokratie??

     

Yes, tomorrow all those entitled to vote will gather here in this district.

     

I then set photos from the Landsgemeinde myself

 

But actually I would also like to ask a question about the topic.

 

Are we currently living in democracies here in Western Europe, the USA etc.??

   

Yes they say it like that. But isn't it a little dishonest and the devil is in the details.

   

#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

 

We are all equal before the law!

 

Everyone has freedom of speech!

 

Everyone has equal opportunities at birth!

 

etc etc etc .. . #&& &

   

I put that all in question and up for discussion here.

 

I often experience that people with less money or from financially disadvantaged circles do not enjoy these privileges undisputedly.

     

For the first time I'll say it like this:

 

We are far from living in a democracy as it is written in books, rather everything here corresponds to a "money aristocracy".

   

The ones that used to send scoundrels and the scoundrels would cut you down with a battle ax or a club have remained roughly the same.

 

Today the bad guys send you bad-letters, lawyers and hit you with your wallet.

 

90% of the so-called democratic governments are made up of those with the big fat wallets or their assistants and decide. If the people reject so-called suggestions from them, they come back with their own layers again and again until the people are tired and say yes !!!

     

What do you all mean?

   

bennoH. May 2023 GLARUS Switzerland

     

Ja morgen werden sich also hier alle Wahlberechtigten hier in diesem Kreis Versammeln.

   

Ich werde von der Landsgemeinde selbst dann noch Fotos Einstellen.

 

Aber eigentlich möchte ich auch eine Frage in den Raum stellen zum Thema.

   

Leben wir aktuell in Demokratien hier in Westeuropa den USA etc.??

   

Ja man sagt dass so.

 

Aber ist es nicht ein wenig verlogen und der Teufel steckt im Detail.

 

Wir seien Alle vor dem Gesetz gleich! Alle haben Redefreiheit! Jeder habe bei Geburt Chancengleichheit!

   

Ich Stelle dass alles in Frage und zur Diskussion hier.

   

Ich erlebe oft, dass Menschen mit weniger Geld oder aus finanziell schlechter gestellten Kreisen keineswegs diese Privilegien unbestritten genießen.

   

Für das erste sage ich's einmal so:

 

Wir leben längst nicht in einer Demokratie wie sie im Buche steht, vielmehr entspricht dies hier alles einer "Geld Aristokratie". Die die welche früher Schurken geschickt haben und die Schurken dich mit der Streitaxt oder der Keule niedergestreckt haben, sind die selben geblieben in etwa.

 

Heute senden Die dir Bösse Briefe, Rechtsanwälte und strecken dich mit Ihrer Geldbörse nieder.

   

In den sogenannten demokratischen Regierungen sitzen zu 90% eben die mit den dicken Fetten Brieftaschen oder deren Gehilfen und bestimmen. Lehnt dass Volk sogenannte Vorschläge derer ab, kommen sie mit selber Layer wieder und wieder bis dass Volk mürbe ist und ja sagt !!!

   

Was meint Ihr?

André Lhuillier, CSS PhD student. André’s talk entitled “Why Little Samson Didn’t Defeat The Hedgehog: A Story Of Social Influence And The Relevance Of Distribution For Successful Information Goods"

Abstract: In 1992 during one of the fiercest battles of the so called ‘console wars’, a modest game was released in the mist of the industry frenzy. Although ‘Little Samson’ is recognized by those who know it as a great game, it remains unknown for most of the consumers today. On the other side of the battlefield, Sega’s thriving Hedgehog was convincing everyone that they have seized their main competitor ‘Mario Kart’. Despite this momentary victory in consumer’s memory and affection, the real winner was not in the center of the industry’s attention. Having less media presence, the sequel of Super Mario Land for the Game Boy was the most purchased game with almost 200% units of what ‘Sonic 2’ sold. This kind of unpredictable and divergent behavior is a unique characteristic of information goods markets. In this presentation I survey the last 30 years of the video game sector and show its particular composition and evolution. Following De Vany’s approach to Hollywood movie industry I dwell into an analysis of this industry with special emphasis in consumer behavior. Re-visiting De Vany’s proposal I make a simple ABM approach to model and show how placement or distribution properties may induce long tail distributions. Following the relevance of information diffusion and the development of hype in this industry another model is presented. In this case the relevance of a consumer social system and its dynamics. After an analysis of the industry history, consumer’s social influence, sales and distribution/access is reviewed; I present several findings and propose a model to understand them. A final discussion will be opened with the presentation of data on Valve Company digital platform Steam.

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

26 September 1905 Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity is published in a peper entitled "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".

Entitled "America's Heartland Remembers" this memorial was designed/organized by Kirkwood resident Rick Randall. It totals 2996 American flags to honor each victim of the September 11th attacks.

Entitled "America's Heartland Remembers" this memorial was designed/organized by Kirkwood resident Rick Randall. It totals 2996 American flags to honor each victim of the September 11 attacks.

NYCHA - NYCHA Senior Benefit & Entitlement Fair - September 22, 2011 - River Bank State Park (Photo by Leticia Barboza)

From my toilet serie entitled "Toiletology".

 

Model: Isabelle

 

Toiletology is a 5 month artistic pseudo-documentary taking places into many Montreal bars and restaurants. While toilets are the most common places they're also the most private area, with their part of mysteries. The basic was to shoot boys and girls in different toilets, doing something that could happen in toilets. Sponsored by the AEECUM, it resulted in a calendar and a web exhibit.

 

Most time, existing light was the only lighting. It explain the lack of sharpness since I had to shoot mostly around 1/60 - 1/100.

 

Not selected for the calendar.

New Deal mural entitled "Cotton Textiles" painted by Arthur Leroy Bairnsfather in 1940. He painted 2 murals for Burlington and both are still in the old PO--now owned by LabCorp. With some heads up, they folks are happy to let you in to see the murals. He also painted a mural for the Monroeville AL post office.

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

The education kit entitled “Riskland: the fun way to learn how to prevent disasters” is the outcome of a joint initiative between the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). This product was developed at the end of 2002 by the ISDR Regional Unit for Latin America and the Caribbean, in cooperation with UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNICEF-TACRO). Initially, it was addressed for countries in the LAC region and was originally produced in Spanish, English and Portuguese.

 

Riesgolandia, aprendamos jugando cómo prevenir desastres tiene la intención de poner a disposición de la comunidad educativa y a los niños y las niñas de América Latina y el Caribe una herramienta innovadora e interactiva para la reducción del riesgo de desastres.

Mural entitled "With Love and Compassion We Can Save the World" by Waleska Nomura aka @waleskanomura seen in the Wynwood area of Miami, Florida.

 

Photo by James aka @urbanmuralhunter on that other photo site.

 

Edit by Teee.

Mural entitled The Mystery of the Disco Melon Ball by

Eric Hornsby aka @artist_esh seen in St Petersburg, Florida. The mural was underwritten by Orange Blossom Catering.

 

Photo by James aka @urbanmuralhunter on that other photo site.

 

Edit by Teee.

On April 15, 2023, five First Nations in B.C., alongside provincial and federal government representatives, announced settlement agreements of the Nations’ Treaty Land Entitlements claims.Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/28589

A cultural event entitled “Paraguay – an Economically Fertile Country” featuring an exhibition on the many aspects and achievements that make the country one of South America’s most promising destinations for investment opportunities, and music performances was held on the sidelines of the Assemblies of WIPO Member States, which met from October 2-11, 2017. WIPO co-organized the event with the Government of Paraguay.

 

Copyright: WIPO. Photo: Violaine Martin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License.

An article entitled "Sea lions at Victoria's Race Rocks injured by debris, boats" just ran in Victoria's Times Colonist that quoted me. See it here: www.timescolonist.com/technology/lions+Victoria+Race+Rock...

 

Anna Hall, a marine zoologist also quoted in the article suggests showing graphic images to children to warn them of the dangers posed to sea lions. This series is a response to that suggestion and not biased propaganda as I have been accused of.

 

This animal "C868" was branded in Astoria, OR by researcher Matt Tennis. It has recently been hit by a boat and will most likely starve to death or die of an infection.

 

An update from a NOAA research biologist and a veterinarian who specializes in marine mammals: Both experts agree the wound has been present for so long that the original source of the trauma is impossible to say with scientific certainty. Possible causes include orca bite, entanglement, and boat strike.

On April 15, 2023, five First Nations in B.C., alongside provincial and federal government representatives, announced settlement agreements of the Nations’ Treaty Land Entitlements claims.Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/28589

Sculpture entitled Ulumau Pohaku Pele, - Forever Growing, the Rock of Pele by Kona artist John "Kalewa" Matsushita is meant to remind visitors that the park is not only a place of natural and scientific wonders, but also a place that is sacred to Native Hawaiians.

 

The sculpture pays tribute to the volcano goddess Pele, whose own monumental handiwork is evident in the Big Island's stunning landscapes and the ongoing Kilauea eruption.

 

the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Mar/08/ln/FP70308...

entitled - silly girl

Official launching of a photo book entitled "Ending malnutrition in Ethiopia - A SUCCESS STORY" which illustrates Ethiopia's success story in ending malnutrition, through the voices, stories and images of Ethiopians, Hawassa, 25 April 2018 ©UNICEF Ethiopia/2018/Nahom Tesfaye

On April 15, 2023, five First Nations in B.C., alongside provincial and federal government representatives, announced settlement agreements of the Nations’ Treaty Land Entitlements claims.Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/28589

Welcome to my latest Flickr series entitled "Quintessential Ireland". During our honeymoon, my wife and I stopped in Kinsale, County Cork. While walking through the bustling fishing village, I stumbled upon the studio of Giles Norman, an Irish B&W landscape artist. His work was an inspiration for this series.

 

This series will include pictures from all over Ireland including Dublin, Kilkenny, Kinsale, Cobh, Kenmare, Killarney, Galway, Doolin, Dingle, Cashel, Blarney, etc.

 

In this series, I will have photos of the majestic scenery in Ireland such as Slea Head on the Dingle Peninsula and the Cliffs of Moher, as well as scenes I associate with Ireland such as boat scenes, pubs, and castles. I hope you like this series as much as I enjoyed putting it together!

 

To see large on black to really pull out the details, please push "L" on your keyboard or click the photo.

 

I'm always looking for ways to improve my photos, so please take a second to leave a comment or critique! Thank you all for viewing my photo!

 

My most interesting photos!

NYCHA - NYCHA Senior Benefit & Entitlement Fair - September 22, 2011 - River Bank State Park (Photo by Leticia Barboza)

noun

 

the fact of having a right to something.