When I Travel, I like to photograph local people. This was taken in a cosmetic shop on the island of St. Martin.

Atlantic Puffins in Newfoundland

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Abandoned Mental Asylum

Visiting Jack before Christmas to take gifts and photograph him a few more times before the New Year. He has progressed so well - this would never have been possible without the wonderful staff and skilled surgical team, consultants and PICU nurses who have made these visits possible.

Not forgetting the blood donors. Never forget those.

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The Consultants

Quick doodle / continuous line sketch

Ballpoint, ink pen

Grained paper

21 x 21 cm

My consultant is a little busy at the moment so I tried to dress myself as if I were to go out. Even though it’s butt cold. I’d need some kind of vest or coat but for moving but inside this shouldn’t make any adviser throw up or anything. Especially with what I’ve been wearing recently!

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Cover for The New York Times,

Sunday Review.

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The Glasshouse is an international centre for musical education and concerts on the Gateshead bank of Quayside in northern England. Opened in 2004 as Sage Gateshead and occupied by North Music Trust The venue's original name honours a patron: the accountancy software company The Sage Group.

History

Planning for the centre began in the early 1990s, when the orchestra of Sage Gateshead, Royal Northern Sinfonia, with encouragement from Northern Arts, began working on plans for a new concert hall. They were soon joined by regional folk music development agency Folkworks, which ensured that the needs of the region's traditional music were taken into consideration and represented in Sage Gateshead's programme of concerts, alongside Rock, Pop, Dance, Hip Hop, classical, jazz, acoustic, indie, country and world, Practice spaces for professional musicians, students and amateurs were an important part of the provision.

The planning and construction process cost over £70 million, which was raised primarily through National Lottery grants. The contractor was Laing O'Rourke. The centre has a range of patrons, notably Sage Group which contributed a large sum of money to have the building named after it. Sage plc has helped support the charitable activities of Sage Gateshead since its conception. The venue opened over the weekend 17–19 December 2004.

Sage Gateshead was developed by Foster and Partners following an architectural design competition launched in 1997 and managed by RIBA Competitions. Over 100 architects registered their interest and 12 – a mixture of local, national and international talent – were invited to prepare concept designs. A shortlist of six was then interviewed with Foster and Partners unanimously selected as the winner. The Design has gone on to win a number of awards: the RIBA Inclusive Design Award, Civic Trust Award and The Journal North East Landmark of the Year Award.

As a conference venue, the building hosted the Labour Party's Spring conference in February 2005 and the Liberal Democrat Party conference in March 2012. On 18 August 2009, Sage Gateshead was selected to host the 2010 and 2011 National Union of Students annual conference. The 2010 Annual Conference took place 13–15 April 2010.

In 2022 The Sage Group announced that they were also sponsoring a new development that is being built next to Sage Gateshead which will be called The Sage. Sage Gateshead announced that they will be finding a new name for the venue prior to The Sage opening in 2024. On 13 September 2023 the venue announced its new name, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music.

Building

The centre occupies a curved glass and stainless steel building designed by Foster and Partners, Buro Happold (structural engineering), Mott MacDonald (engineering consultants) and Arup (acoustics), with views of Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides, the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.

The Glasshouse contains three performance spaces; a 1,700-seater, a 450-seater, and a smaller rehearsal and performance hall, the Northern Rock Foundation Hall. The rest of the building was designed around these three spaces to allow for maximum attention to detail in their acoustic properties. Structurally it is three separate buildings, insulated from each other to prevent noise and vibration travelling between them. The gaps between them may be seen as one walks around inside. A special 'spongy' concrete mix was used in the construction, with a higher-than-usual air capacity to improve the acoustic. These three buildings are enclosed (but not touched) by the now-famous glass and steel shell. Sage One was intended as an acoustically perfect space, modelled on the Musikverein in Vienna. Its ceiling panels may be raised and lowered and curtains drawn across the ribbed wooden side walls, changing the sound profile of the room to suit any type of music. Sage Two is a smaller venue, possibly the world's only ten-sided performance space.

The building is open to the public throughout the day.

Concerts

The Glasshouse will host concerts from a wide range of internationally famous artists, and those who have played at the venue include Above and Beyond, Blondie, James Brown, Bonobo, Andy Cutting, De La Soul, Nick Cave, George Clinton, Bill Callahan, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Dillinger, Grace Jones, Gretchen Peters, Elbow, Explosions in the Sky, the Fall, Herbie Hancock, Mogwai, Morrissey, Mumford & Sons, Pet Shop Boys, Sunn O))), Nancy Sinatra, Snarky Puppy, Sting, Yellowman, Shane Filan of Westlife and others. In February 2015, it was one of the hosts of the second annual BBC Radio 6 Music Festival.

It is also home to Royal Northern Sinfonia, of which The Guardian wrote there is "no better chamber orchestra in Britain", and frequently hosts other visiting orchestras from around the world. The current music director for Royal Northern Sinfonia is the pianist and conductor Lars Vogt. In late 2014, Royal Northern Sinfonia collaborated with John Grant, performing at Sage Gateshead, and other venues throughout the UK. Recordings from this tour were made available as a limited edition CD and 12" record via Rough Trade Records in 2015.

Opinion

There has been popular debate surrounding what was Sage Gateshead. The venue is popular in the local area because of its concerts, and also its accessible learning courses for all ages and its constant interaction with local schools and academies through programmes such as Sing Up and the option of school visits.

Awards

2019: UK National Lottery 25th Birthday Award - Best Arts, Culture and Film

2019: Julie's Bicycle Creative Green 2 Star

2019: Gold Standard - Attitude is Everything

2018: Gold Award for Inclusive Tourism (North East Tourism Awards)

2018: Gold Award for Business Tourism (Visit England Awards for Excellence)

2005: Local Authority Building of the Year

2005: British Construction Industry Awards

2005: RIBA Award for Inclusive Design

Gateshead is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. The town's attractions include the twenty metre tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.

Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.

In the 2011 Census, the town had a population of 120,046 while the wider borough had 200,214.

History

Gateshead is first mentioned in Latin translation in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae ("at the goat's head"). This interpretation is consistent with the later English attestations of the name, among them Gatesheued (c. 1190), literally "goat's head" but in the context of a place-name meaning 'headland or hill frequented by (wild) goats'. Although other derivations have been mooted, it is this that is given by the standard authorities.

A Brittonic predecessor, named with the element *gabro-, 'goat' (c.f. Welsh gafr), may underlie the name. Gateshead might have been the Roman-British fort of Gabrosentum.

Early

There has been a settlement on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, around the old river crossing where the Swing Bridge now stands, since Roman times.

The first recorded mention of Gateshead is in the writings of the Venerable Bede who referred to an Abbot of Gateshead called Utta in 623. In 1068 William the Conqueror defeated the forces of Edgar the Ætheling and Malcolm king of Scotland (Shakespeare's Malcolm) on Gateshead Fell (now Low Fell and Sheriff Hill).

During medieval times Gateshead was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Durham. At this time the area was largely forest with some agricultural land. The forest was the subject of Gateshead's first charter, granted in the 12th century by Hugh du Puiset, Bishop of Durham. An alternative spelling may be "Gatishevede", as seen in a legal record, dated 1430.

Industrial revolution

Throughout the Industrial Revolution the population of Gateshead expanded rapidly; between 1801 and 1901 the increase was over 100,000. This expansion resulted in the spread southwards of the town.

In 1854, a catastrophic explosion on the quayside destroyed most of Gateshead's medieval heritage, and caused widespread damage on the Newcastle side of the river.

Sir Joseph Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead from 1869 to 1883, where his experiments led to the invention of the electric light bulb. The house was the first in the world to be wired for domestic electric light.

In the 1889 one of the largest employers (Hawks, Crawshay and Company) closed down and unemployment has since been a burden. Up to the Second World War there were repeated newspaper reports of the unemployed sending deputations to the council to provide work. The depression years of the 1920s and 1930s created even more joblessness and the Team Valley Trading Estate was built in the mid-1930s to alleviate the situation.

Regeneration

In the late noughties, Gateshead Council started to regenerate the town, with the long-term aim of making Gateshead a city. The most extensive transformation occurred in the Quayside, with almost all the structures there being constructed or refurbished in this time.

In the early 2010s, regeneration refocused on the town centre. The £150 million Trinity Square development opened in May 2013, it incorporates student accommodation, a cinema, health centre and shops. It was nominated for the Carbuncle Cup in September 2014. The cup was however awarded to another development which involved Tesco, Woolwich Central.

Governance

In 1835, Gateshead was established as a municipal borough and in 1889 it was made a county borough, independent from Durham County Council.

In 1870, the Old Town Hall was built, designed by John Johnstone who also designed the previously built Newcastle Town Hall. The ornamental clock in front of the old town hall was presented to Gateshead in 1892 by the mayor, Walter de Lancey Willson, on the occasion of him being elected for a third time. He was also one of the founders of Walter Willson's, a chain of grocers in the North East and Cumbria. The old town hall also served as a magistrate's court and one of Gateshead's police stations.

Current

In 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, the County Borough of Gateshead was merged with the urban districts of Felling, Whickham, Blaydon and Ryton and part of the rural district of Chester-le-Street to create the much larger Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

Geography

The town of Gateshead is in the North East of England in the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear, and within the historic boundaries of County Durham. It is located on the southern bank of the River Tyne at a latitude of 54.57° N and a longitude of 1.35° W. Gateshead experiences a temperate climate which is considerably warmer than some other locations at similar latitudes as a result of the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic drift). It is located in the rain shadow of the North Pennines and is therefore in one of the driest regions of the United Kingdom.

One of the most distinguishing features of Gateshead is its topography. The land rises 230 feet from Gateshead Quays to the town centre and continues rising to a height of 525 feet at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Sheriff Hill. This is in contrast to the flat and low lying Team Valley located on the western edges of town. The high elevations allow for impressive views over the Tyne valley into Newcastle and across Tyneside to Sunderland and the North Sea from lookouts in Windmill Hills and Windy Nook respectively.

The Office for National Statistics defines the town as an urban sub-division. The latest (2011) ONS urban sub-division of Gateshead contains the historical County Borough together with areas that the town has absorbed, including Dunston, Felling, Heworth, Pelaw and Bill Quay.

Given the proximity of Gateshead to Newcastle, just south of the River Tyne from the city centre, it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as being a part of Newcastle. Gateshead Council and Newcastle City Council teamed up in 2000 to create a unified marketing brand name, NewcastleGateshead, to better promote the whole of the Tyneside conurbation.

Economy

Gateshead is home to the MetroCentre, the largest shopping mall in the UK until 2008; and the Team Valley Trading Estate, once the largest and still one of the larger purpose-built commercial estates in the UK.

Arts

The Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art has been established in a converted flour mill. The Glasshouse International Centre for Music, previously The Sage, a Norman Foster-designed venue for music and the performing arts opened on 17 December 2004. Gateshead also hosted the Gateshead Garden Festival in 1990, rejuvenating 200 acres (0.81 km2) of derelict land (now mostly replaced with housing). The Angel of the North, a famous sculpture in nearby Lamesley, is visible from the A1 to the south of Gateshead, as well as from the East Coast Main Line. Other public art include works by Richard Deacon, Colin Rose, Sally Matthews, Andy Goldsworthy, Gordon Young and Michael Winstone.

Traditional and former

The earliest recorded coal mining in the Gateshead area is dated to 1344. As trade on the Tyne prospered there were several attempts by the burghers of Newcastle to annex Gateshead. In 1576 a small group of Newcastle merchants acquired the 'Grand Lease' of the manors of Gateshead and Whickham. In the hundred years from 1574 coal shipments from Newcastle increased elevenfold while the population of Gateshead doubled to approximately 5,500. However, the lease and the abundant coal supplies ended in 1680. The pits were shallow as problems of ventilation and flooding defeated attempts to mine coal from the deeper seams.

'William Cotesworth (1668-1726) was a prominent merchant based in Gateshead, where he was a leader in coal and international trade. Cotesworth began as the son of a yeoman and apprentice to a tallow - candler. He ended as an esquire, having been mayor, Justice of the Peace and sheriff of Northumberland. He collected tallow from all over England and sold it across the globe. He imported dyes from the Indies, as well as flax, wine, and grain. He sold tea, sugar, chocolate, and tobacco. He operated the largest coal mines in the area, and was a leading salt producer. As the government's principal agent in the North country, he was in contact with leading ministers.

William Hawks originally a blacksmith, started business in Gateshead in 1747, working with the iron brought to the Tyne as ballast by the Tyne colliers. Hawks and Co. eventually became one of the biggest iron businesses in the North, producing anchors, chains and so on to meet a growing demand. There was keen contemporary rivalry between 'Hawks' Blacks' and 'Crowley's Crew'. The famous 'Hawks' men' including Ned White, went on to be celebrated in Geordie song and story.

In 1831 a locomotive works was established by the Newcastle and Darlington Railway, later part of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway. In 1854 the works moved to the Greenesfield site and became the manufacturing headquarters of North Eastern Railway. In 1909, locomotive construction was moved to Darlington and the rest of the works were closed in 1932.

Robert Stirling Newall took out a patent on the manufacture of wire ropes in 1840 and in partnership with Messrs. Liddell and Gordon, set up his headquarters at Gateshead. A worldwide industry of wire-drawing resulted. The submarine telegraph cable received its definitive form through Newall's initiative, involving the use of gutta-percha surrounded by strong wires. The first successful Dover–Calais cable on 25 September 1851, was made in Newall's works. In 1853, he invented the brake-drum and cone for laying cable in deep seas. Half of the first Atlantic cable was manufactured in Gateshead. Newall was interested in astronomy, and his giant 25-inch (640 mm) telescope was set up in the garden at Ferndene, his Gateshead residence, in 1871.

Architecture

JB Priestley, writing of Gateshead in his 1934 travelogue English Journey, said that "no true civilisation could have produced such a town", adding that it appeared to have been designed "by an enemy of the human race".

Victorian

William Wailes the celebrated stained-glass maker, lived at South Dene from 1853 to 1860. In 1860, he designed Saltwell Towers as a fairy-tale palace for himself. It is an imposing Victorian mansion in its own park with a romantic skyline of turrets and battlements. It was originally furnished sumptuously by Gerrard Robinson. Some of the panelling installed by Robinson was later moved to the Shipley Art gallery. Wailes sold Saltwell Towers to the corporation in 1876 for use as a public park, provided he could use the house for the rest of his life. For many years the structure was essentially an empty shell but following a restoration programme it was reopened to the public in 2004.

Post millennium

The council sponsored the development of a Gateshead Quays cultural quarter. The development includes the Gateshead Millennium Bridge, erected in 2001, which won the prestigious Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2002.

Former brutalism

The brutalist Trinity Centre Car Park, which was designed by Owen Luder, dominated the town centre for many years until its demolition in 2010. A product of attempts to regenerate the area in the 1960s, the car park gained an iconic status due to its appearance in the 1971 film Get Carter, starring Michael Caine. An unsuccessful campaign to have the structure listed was backed by Sylvester Stallone, who played the main role in the 2000 remake of the film. The car park was scheduled for demolition in 2009, but this was delayed as a result of a disagreement between Tesco, who re-developed the site, and Gateshead Council. The council had not been given firm assurances that Tesco would build the previously envisioned town centre development which was to include a Tesco mega-store as well as shops, restaurants, cafes, bars, offices and student accommodation. The council effectively used the car park as a bargaining tool to ensure that the company adhered to the original proposals and blocked its demolition until they submitted a suitable planning application. Demolition finally took place in July–August 2010.

The Derwent Tower, another well known example of brutalist architecture, was also designed by Owen Luder and stood in the neighbourhood of Dunston. Like the Trinity Car Park it also failed in its bid to become a listed building and was demolished in 2012. Also located in this area are the Grade II listed Dunston Staithes which were built in 1890. Following the award of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of almost £420,000 restoration of the structure is expected to begin in April 2014.

Sport

Gateshead International Stadium regularly holds international athletics meetings over the summer months, and is home of the Gateshead Harriers athletics club. It is also host to rugby league fixtures, and the home ground of Gateshead Football Club. Gateshead Thunder Rugby League Football Club played at Gateshead International Stadium until its purchase by Newcastle Rugby Limited and the subsequent rebranding as Newcastle Thunder. Both clubs have had their problems: Gateshead A.F.C. were controversially voted out of the Football League in 1960 in favour of Peterborough United, whilst Gateshead Thunder lost their place in Super League as a result of a takeover (officially termed a merger) by Hull F.C. Both Gateshead clubs continue to ply their trade at lower levels in their respective sports, thanks mainly to the efforts of their supporters. The Gateshead Senators American Football team also use the International Stadium, as well as this it was used in the 2006 Northern Conference champions in the British American Football League.

Gateshead Leisure Centre is home to the Gateshead Phoenix Basketball Team. The team currently plays in EBL League Division 4. Home games are usually on a Sunday afternoon during the season, which runs from September to March. The team was formed in 2013 and ended their initial season well placed to progress after defeating local rivals Newcastle Eagles II and promotion chasing Kingston Panthers.

In Low Fell there is a cricket club and a rugby club adjacent to each other on Eastwood Gardens. These are Gateshead Fell Cricket Club and Gateshead Rugby Club. Gateshead Rugby Club was formed in 1998 following the merger of Gateshead Fell Rugby Club and North Durham Rugby Club.

Transport

Gateshead is served by the following rail transport stations with some being operated by National Rail and some being Tyne & Wear Metro stations: Dunston, Felling, Gateshead Interchange, Gateshead Stadium, Heworth Interchange, MetroCentre and Pelaw.

Tyne & Wear Metro stations at Gateshead Interchange and Gateshead Stadium provide direct light-rail access to Newcastle Central, Newcastle Airport , Sunderland, Tynemouth and South Shields Interchange.

National Rail services are provided by Northern at Dunston and MetroCentre stations. The East Coast Main Line, which runs from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh Waverley, cuts directly through the town on its way between Newcastle Central and Chester-le-Street stations. There are presently no stations on this line within Gateshead, as Low Fell, Bensham and Gateshead West stations were closed in 1952, 1954 and 1965 respectively.

Road

Several major road links pass through Gateshead, including the A1 which links London to Edinburgh and the A184 which connects the town to Sunderland.

Gateshead Interchange is the busiest bus station in Tyne & Wear and was used by 3.9 million bus passengers in 2008.

Cycle routes

Various bicycle trails traverse the town; most notably is the recreational Keelmans Way (National Cycle Route 14), which is located on the south bank of the Tyne and takes riders along the entire Gateshead foreshore. Other prominent routes include the East Gateshead Cycleway, which connects to Felling, the West Gateshead Cycleway, which links the town centre to Dunston and the MetroCentre, and routes along both the old and new Durham roads, which take cyclists to Birtley, Wrekenton and the Angel of the North.

Religion

Christianity has been present in the town since at least the 7th century, when Bede mentioned a monastery in Gateshead. A church in the town was burned down in 1080 with the Bishop of Durham inside.[citation needed] St Mary's Church was built near to the site of that building, and was the only church in the town until the 1820s. Undoubtedly the oldest building on the Quayside, St Mary's has now re-opened to the public as the town's first heritage centre.

Many of the Anglican churches in the town date from the 19th century, when the population of the town grew dramatically and expanded into new areas. The town presently has a number of notable and large churches of many denominations.

Judaism

The Bensham district is home to a community of hundreds of Jewish families and used to be known as "Little Jerusalem". Within the community is the Gateshead Yeshiva, founded in 1929, and other Jewish educational institutions with international enrolments. These include two seminaries: Beis Medrash L'Morot and Beis Chaya Rochel seminary, colloquially known together as Gateshead "old" and "new" seminaries.

Many yeshivot and kollels also are active. Yeshivat Beer Hatorah, Sunderland Yeshiva, Nesivos Hatorah, Nezer Hatorah and Yeshiva Ketana make up some of the list.

Islam

Islam is practised by a large community of people in Gateshead and there are 2 mosques located in the Bensham area (in Ely Street and Villa Place).

Twinning

Gateshead is twinned with the town of Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray near Rouen in France, and the city of Komatsu in Japan.

Notable people

Eliezer Adler – founder of Jewish Community

Marcus Bentley – narrator of Big Brother

Catherine Booth – wife of William Booth, known as the Mother of The Salvation Army

William Booth – founder of the Salvation Army

Mary Bowes – the Unhappy Countess, author and celebrity

Ian Branfoot – footballer and manager (Sheffield Wednesday and Southampton)

Andy Carroll – footballer (Newcastle United, Liverpool and West Ham United)

Frank Clark – footballer and manager (Newcastle United and Nottingham Forest)

David Clelland – Labour politician and MP

Derek Conway – former Conservative politician and MP

Joseph Cowen – Radical politician

Steve Cram – athlete (middle-distance runner)

Emily Davies – educational reformer and feminist, founder of Girton College, Cambridge

Daniel Defoe – writer and government agent

Ruth Dodds – politician, writer and co-founder of the Little Theatre

Jonathan Edwards – athlete (triple jumper) and television presenter

Sammy Johnson – actor (Spender)

George Elliot – industrialist and MP

Paul Gascoigne – footballer (Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Lazio, Rangers and Middlesbrough)

Alex Glasgow – singer/songwriter

Avrohom Gurwicz – rabbi, Dean of Gateshead Yeshiva

Leib Gurwicz – rabbi, Dean of Gateshead Yeshiva

Jill Halfpenny – actress (Coronation Street and EastEnders)

Chelsea Halfpenny – actress (Emmerdale)

David Hodgson – footballer and manager (Middlesbrough, Liverpool and Sunderland)

Sharon Hodgson – Labour politician and MP

Norman Hunter – footballer (Leeds United and member of 1966 World Cup-winning England squad)

Don Hutchison – footballer (Liverpool, West Ham United, Everton and Sunderland)

Brian Johnson – AC/DC frontman

Tommy Johnson – footballer (Aston Villa and Celtic)

Riley Jones - actor

Howard Kendall – footballer and manager (Preston North End and Everton)

J. Thomas Looney – Shakespeare scholar

Gary Madine – footballer (Sheffield Wednesday)

Justin McDonald – actor (Distant Shores)

Lawrie McMenemy – football manager (Southampton and Northern Ireland) and pundit

Thomas Mein – professional cyclist (Canyon DHB p/b Soreen)

Robert Stirling Newall – industrialist

Bezalel Rakow – communal rabbi

John William Rayner – flying ace and war hero

James Renforth – oarsman

Mariam Rezaei – musician and artist

Sir Tom Shakespeare - baronet, sociologist and disability rights campaigner

William Shield – Master of the King's Musick

Christina Stead – Australian novelist

John Steel – drummer (The Animals)

Henry Spencer Stephenson – chaplain to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II

Steve Stone – footballer (Nottingham Forest, Aston Villa and Portsmouth)

Chris Swailes – footballer (Ipswich Town)

Sir Joseph Swan – inventor of the incandescent light bulb

Nicholas Trainor – cricketer (Gloucestershire)

Chris Waddle – footballer (Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield Wednesday)

William Wailes – stained glass maker

Taylor Wane – adult entertainer

Robert Spence Watson – public benefactor

Sylvia Waugh – author of The Mennyms series for children

Chris Wilkie – guitarist (Dubstar)

John Wilson - orchestral conductor

Peter Wilson – footballer (Gateshead, captain of Australia)

Thomas Wilson – poet/school founder

Robert Wood – Australian politician

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Marina Bay Sands is an integrated resort fronting Marina Bay in Singapore. Developed by Las Vegas Sands (LVS), it is billed as the world's most expensive stand-alone casino property at US$ 5.7 billion, including the cost of the prime land.

Marina Bay Sands is situated on 15.5 hectares of land with the gross floor area of 581,000 square metres. The iconic design has transformed Singapore's skyline and tourism landscape since it opened on 27 April, 2010. The property has a hotel, convention and exhibition facilities, theatres, entertainment venues, retailers, and restaurants.

Marina Bay Sands was one of two winning proposals for Singapore's first integrated resorts, the other being the Resorts World Sentosa, which incorporates Universal Studios Theme Park. The two resorts aimed to meet Singapore's economic and tourism objectives, and have 30-year casino licenses, exclusively for the first ten years.

Bidders were assessed based on four criteria:

tourism appeal and contribution

architectural concept and design

development investment

strength of the consortium and partners

On 27 May, 2006, Las Vegas Sands (LVS) was declared as the winner to develop the Marina Bay site in the prime new business district of Marina South. LVS highlighted its forte in Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions (MICE). LVS's founder Sheldon Adelson is a pioneer in Las Vegas and the key to his early business success.[3] In the Design Evaluation portion of the tender, a panel of local and international architects commended Sands' design as superior to other bids in terms of pedestrian circulation and layout, and it also fit in with the Marina Bay landscape best. They liked that the hotel towers were set back from the waterfront to open up expansive views of the city and the entire Marina Bay, making the skyline for Singapore's downtown more attractive and distinctive.Construction of the property commenced in early 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2009.

Singapore Tourism Board highlighted Sands' line-up of six celebrity chefs, such as Tetsuya Wakuda, Wolfgang Puck, Daniel Boulud and Mario Batali.

LVS submitted its winning bid on its own. Its original partner City Developments Limited (CDL), with a proposed 15% equity stake, pulled out of the partnership in the second phase of the tender process. CDL's CEO, Kwek Leng Beng said his company's pullout was a combination of factors – such as difficulties in getting numerous companies he owns to comply in time, as well as reluctance of some parties to disclose certain private information in probity checks required by the Singapore government. However, Kwek was retained as an advisor for Sands' bid.

Las Vegas Sands initially committed to invest S$3.85 billion in the project, not including the fixed S$1.2 billion cost of the 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) site itself. With the escalating costs of materials, such as sand and steel, and labour shortages owing to other major infrastructure and property development in the country, Sheldon Adelson placed the total cost of the development at S$8 billion as of July 2009.

Las Vegas Sands declared the undertaking as "one of the world's most challenging construction projects and certainly the most expensive stand-alone integrated resort property ever built". It expects the casino to generate at least $1 billion in annual profit. Two months after the initial phased opening, the casino attracts around 25,000 visitors daily, about a third being Singaporeans and permanent residents who pay a $100 daily entry levy or $2,000 for annual unlimited access. Half a million gamblers passed through the casino in June 2010. In the third quarter of 2012, the revenues of the Marina Bay Sands fell almost 28 per cent from a year earlier.

For the economy, Marina Bay Sands is projected to stimulate an addition of $2.7 billion or 0.8% to Singapore's Gross Domestic Product by 2015, employing 10,000 people directly and 20,000 jobs being created in other industries.

Moshe Safdie was approached to lead the design on this massive project. Taking inspiration from the form of card decks, led to the unique design of the three hotel towers. Other key structures of the property include the 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) ArtScience Museum, The Shoppes, Expo and Convention center and the casino. During the resort's planning and construction phases, feng shui consultants, the late Master Chong Swan Lek and Master Louisa Ong-Lee were consulted in regards to divination.

The engineering for the project was headed by Arup and Parsons Brinkerhoff (MEP/ELV). Arup had originally worked on prestigious projects such as the Beijing National Aquatics Centre and the Sydney Opera House. In spite of their experience in constructing challenging designs, the Marina Bay Sands project was described as the 'most difficult to carry out in the whole world' due to the amount of integration of the varied and advanced technologies needed to complete the project.

The extensive background music system was installed by Singapore based contractor Electronics & Engineering Pte Ltd

The Marina Bay Sands hotel has three 55-story towers with 2,561 luxury rooms and suites, which is capped by the Sands SkyPark, which offers 360-degree views of Singapore's skyline. The SkyPark is home to restaurants, gardens, a 150-metre vanishing edge and the world's largest public cantilever housing an observation deck. This architectural marvel stands at the height of 200 metres and boasts 12,400 square metres of space. Dining options at the Skypark include local celebrity chef restaurant, Sky on 57 (by Justin Quek), restaurant and nightclub KU DÉ TA, and executive club lounge The Club at Marina Bay Sands.

To help the Skypark withstand the natural motion of the towers caused by wind, engineers designed and constructed four movement joints beneath the main pools, each possessing a unique range of motion. The total range of motion is 500 millimetres (19.68 inches). In addition to wind, the hotel towers are also subject to settlement in the earth over time, hence custom jack legs were built and installed to allow for future adjustment at more than 500 points beneath the pool system. This jacking system is important primarily to ensure the infinity edge of the pool continues to function properly.[citation needed]

Connected to the hotel towers are the Sands Expo and Convention Centre, Marina Bay Sands Casino and The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands.

The Sands Expo and Convention Centre has more than 120,000 square metres or 1.3 million square feet of meeting space, making it one of the largest and most flexible locations in Asia. It is also the biggest MICE (Meeting, Incentives, Conference and Exhibitions) facility in Singapore, and the ballroom is the largest in Southeast Asia, capable of hosting up to 11,000 delegates. The Sands Expo and Convention Centre has five floors of exhibition and convention space, with up to 2,000 exhibition booths and 250 meeting rooms. It has hosted events ranging from banquets, theater-style conventions, to exhibitions and roadshows.

Located near the Sands Expo and Convention Centre is the Marina Bay Sands Casino. Spanning 15,000 square metres over four levels of gaming, the casino features over 600 gaming tables and 1,500 slot machines along with two noodle bars, The Nest and Tong Dim, and local Chinese eatery, Fatt Choi Express.

Another attraction found at Marina Bay Sands is The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands. With close to 800,000 square feet of retail and restaurant space, The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands is Singapore's first large-scale luxury shopping mall in the Central Business District with boutiques such as Ralph Lauren, Chanel, Cartier and Prada. Other luxury stores include Salon by Surrender, Gucci, Hermès, Emporio Armani, Chopard, REDValentino, Dior, Dunhill, Vertu, Miu Miu, Saint Laurent Paris, Salvatore Ferragamo, Montblanc, Blancpain, and an Hermès Watch Boutique. Also housed within the Shoppes are the five of the six Celebrity Chef Restaurants – Cut (by Wolfgang Puck), Waku Ghin (by Tetsuya Wakuda), Pizzeria and Osteria Mozza (by Mario Batali), Guy Savoy (by Guy Savoy), and DB Bistro Moderne (by Daniel Boulud).

Other attractions within The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands include a canal which runs through the length of the Shoppes, in the same style as the Venetian in Las Vegas, two Crystal Pavilions, one housing renowned nightclubs – Avalon and Pangaea and the other the world's largest Louis Vuitton boutique. An indoor skating rink (synthetic ice) measuring 6,500 square feet (600 m2) as well as the MasterCard Theatres, compromising of the Sands Theatre and Grand Theatre which seat 1,680 people and 2,155 people respectively can also be found at The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands.

The MasterCard Theatres has played host to many international acts and plays since its opening, with Broadway smash musicals like The Lion King, Wicked, Annie, and The Phantom of the Opera. Other acts such as Cirque Éloize and A. R. Rahman's Jai Ho, located in the latter during their world tours.

Visitors to the Event Plaza at The Shoppes can enjoy the nightly Wonder Full show, a 13-minute light and water show featuring lasers, lights, water movements and graphics, set against the backdrop of Marina Bay Sands.

Marina Bay Sands is also home to the ArtScience Museum, With a form reminiscent of the lotus, the ArtScience Museum has been called "The Welcoming Hand of Singapore". It features an adjustable roof waterfall which uses rainwater collected when the roof is sealed in the day.

The resort also features an Art Path designed by Moshe Safdie, incorporating 11 installations by five artists including Zheng Chongbin, Antony Gormley, and Sol LeWitt. The 11 art installations were commissioned to integrate seamlessly with Moshe Safdie's iconic architecture. These art installations form the largest art commissions ever completed as part of an integrated architectual proccess

KVNY (Van Nuys Airport) - 02 SEP 2020

"Westwind Four Zero Zero Golf Papa" taxiing to RWY 16R for departure to Norman Y Mineta San Jose International Airport (KSJC).

This aircraft is owned by Integrated Crop Management Consultants Inc - Salinas, CA.

Production Site: Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV)

Year of Manufacture: 1986

Airworthiness Date: 18 DEC 1986

Test Registration: 4X-CUC

Delivery to Atlantic Aviation Corporation: DEC 1986 as N223WA

Hex Code: A1EE1B

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To Texas International Gas & Oil Company: AUG 1987 as N223WA

Hex Code: A1EE1B

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To First Security Bank: 15 JUL 1999 as N223WA

Hex Code: A1EE1B

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To Wells Fargo Bank Northwest NA Trustee: 21 APR 2001 as N223WA

Hex Code: A1EE1B

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To Meridian Leasing LLC: 15 JUL 2005 as N223WA

Hex Code: A1EE1B

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

Re-registered to Meridian Leasing LLC: 18 NOV 2005 as N680ME

Hex Code: A9044F

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To Bancshares Realty LLC: 15 MAR 2010 as N680ME

Hex Code: A9044F

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To IT & Associates Inc: 21 JUN 2010 as N680ME

Hex Code: A9044F

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To Planemasters Ltd: 25 MAY 2011 as N680ME

Hex Code: A9044F

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To December 5th Holding LLC: 22 AUG 2012 as N680ME

Hex Code: A9044F

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To Green Savoree Racing Promotions 2 LLC: 05 APR 2018 as N680ME

Hex Code: A9044F

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

Re-registered to Green Savoree Racing Promotions 2 LLC: 26 DEC 2018 as N400GP

Hex Code: A4AD45

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

To ICMC Idaho LLC: 31 JAN 2019 as N400GP

Registered as N400GP on 15 MAR 2019

Hex Code: A4AD45

Passengers: 7

Engines: 2x Garrett TFE731-3-1G

via Instagram ift.tt/1JeluTy

Description Famed astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, the first man to set foot on the moon during the historic Apollo 11 space mission in July 1969, served for seven years as a research pilot at the NACA-NASA High-Speed Flight Station, now the Dryden Flight Research Center, at Edwards, California, before he entered the space program. Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (later NASA's Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, and today the Glenn Research Center) in 1955. Later that year, he transferred to the High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards as an aeronautical research scientist and then as a pilot, a position he held until becoming an astronaut in 1962. He was one of nine NASA astronauts in the second class to be chosen. As a research pilot Armstrong served as project pilot on the F-100A and F-100C aircraft, F-101, and the F-104A. He also flew the X-1B, X-5, F-105, F-106, B-47, KC-135, and Paresev. He left Dryden with a total of over 2450 flying hours. He was a member of the USAF-NASA Dyna-Soar Pilot Consultant Group before the Dyna-Soar project was cancelled, and studied X-20 Dyna-Soar approaches and abort maneuvers through use of the F-102A and F5D jet aircraft. Armstrong was actively engaged in both piloting and engineering aspects of the X-15 program from its inception. He completed the first flight in the aircraft equipped with a new flow-direction sensor (ball nose) and the initial flight in an X-15 equipped with a self-adaptive flight control system. He worked closely with designers and engineers in development of the adaptive system, and made seven flights in the rocket plane from December 1960 until July 1962. During those fights he reached a peak altitude of 207,500 feet in the X-15-3, and a speed of 3,989 mph (Mach 5.74) in the X-15-1. Armstrong has a total of 8 days and 14 hours in space, including 2 hours and 48 minutes walking on the Moon. In March 1966 he was commander of the Gemini 8 orbital space flight with David Scott as pilot - the first successful docking of two vehicles in orbit. On July 20, 1969, during the Apollo 11 lunar mission, he became the first human to set foot on the Moon.

NASA Media Usage Guidelines

Credit: NASA

Image Number: E56-2607

Date: January 1956

German postcard by Ross Verlag. Photo: Universal / Super Jewel. Miss DuPont in Foolish Wives (Erich von Stroheim, 1922).

Was Austrian-born Erich von Stroheim (1885-1957) a Hollywood movie star or a European film star? (Who cares!) As the sadistic, monocled Prussian officer in both American and French films, he became ‘The Man You Love to Hate’. But maybe he is best known as one of the greatest and most influential directors of the silent era, known for his extravaganza and the uncompromising accuracy of detail in his monumental films.

Erich von Stroheim's most recent biographers, such as Richard Koszarski, say that he was born in Austria-Hungary (now Austria) in 1885 as Erich Oswald Stroheim. He was the son of Benno Stroheim, a middle-class hat-maker, and Johanna Bondy, both of whom were practising Jews. Stroheim emigrated to America at the end of 1909. On arrival at Ellis Island, he claimed to be Count Erich Oswald Hans Carl Maria von Stroheim und Nordenwall, the son of Austrian nobility like the characters he later played in his films. However, both Billy Wilder and Stroheim's agent Paul Kohner claimed that he spoke with a decidedly lower-class Austrian accent. In 1912 while working at a tavern he met his first wife, Margaret Knox, and moved in with her. Knox acted as a sort of mentor to von Stroheim, teaching him language and literature and encouraging him to write. Under Knox's tutelage, he wrote a novella entitled In the Morning, with themes that anticipated his films: corrupt aristocracy and innocence debased. The couple married in 1913, but money woes drove von Stroheim to deep depression and terrible temper tantrums, and in 1914 Knox filed for divorce. By then he was working in Hollywood. He began his cinema career in bit-parts and as a consultant on German culture and fashion. His first film was The Country Boy (Frederick A. Thomson, 1915) in which he was an uncredited diner in a restaurant. His first credited role came in Old Heidelberg (John Emerson, 1915) starring Wallace Reed and Dorothy Gish. He began working with D. W. Griffith, taking uncredited roles in Intolerance (1916). Additionally, Von Stroheim acted as one of the many assistant directors on Intolerance, a film remembered in part for its huge cast of extras. Later, he played the sneering German with the short Prussian military hairstyle in such films as Sylvia of the Secret Service (George Fitzmaurice, 1917) and The Hun Within (Chester Whitey, 1918) with Dorothy Gish. In the war drama The Heart of Humanity (Allen Holuba, 1918), he tore the buttons from a nurse's uniform with his teeth, and when disturbed by a crying baby, threw it out of a window. Following the end of World War I, Von Stroheim turned to writing.

In 1919, Erich von Stroheim directed his own script for Blind Husbands (1919), and also starred in the film. As a director, Stroheim was known to be dictatorial and demanding, often antagonizing his actors. He is considered one of the greatest directors of the silent era, with both cynical and romantic views of human nature. His next directorial efforts were the lost film The Devil's Pass Key (1919) and Foolish Wives (1922), in which he also starred. Studio publicity for Foolish Wives claimed that it was the first film to cost one million dollars. ‘Von’ translated sexual subjects in a witty and ostentatious manner, and his first films for Universal are among the most acclaimed sophisticated films of the silent era. In 1923, Stroheim began work on Merry-Go-Round. He cast the American actor Norman Kerry in a part written for himself 'Count Franz Maximilian Von Hohenegg' and newcomer Mary Philbin in the lead actress role. However, studio executive Irving Thalberg fired Von Stroheim during filming and replaced him with director Rupert Julian. He left Universal for Goldwyn Films to make Greed (1924). This monumental film is now one of Stroheim's best-remembered works as a director. It is a detailed film of Frank Norris’ novel McTeague, about the power of money to corrupt. The original print ran for an astonishing 10 hours. Knowing this version was far too long, Stroheim cut out almost half the footage, reducing it to a six-hour version to be shown over two nights. It was still deemed too long, so Stroheim and director Rex Ingram edited it into a four-hour version that could be shown in two parts. However, in the midst of filming, Goldwyn was bought by Marcus Loew and merged into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. After rejecting Stroheim's attempts to cut it to less than three hours, MGM removed Greed from his control and gave it to head scriptwriter June Mathis, with orders to cut it down to a manageable length. Mathis gave the print to a routine cutter, who reduced it to 2.5 hours. In what is considered one of the greatest losses in cinema history, a janitor destroyed the cut footage. The shortened release version was a box-office failure and was angrily disowned by Von Stroheim. He followed with his most commercially successful film The Merry Widow (1925), the more personal The Wedding March (1928) and the now-lost The Honeymoon. Stroheim's unwillingness or inability to modify his artistic principles for the commercial cinema, his extreme attention to detail, his insistence on near-total artistic freedom, and the resulting costs of his films led to fights with the studios. As time went on he received fewer directing opportunities. In 1929, Stroheim was dismissed as the director of the film Queen Kelly after disagreements with star Gloria Swanson and producer and financier Joseph P. Kennedy over the mounting costs of the film and Stroheim's introduction of indecent subject matter into the film's scenario. It was followed by Walking Down Broadway, another project from which Stroheim was dismissed.

After the introduction of sound film, Erich von Stroheim returned to working principally as an actor, in both American and French films. One of his most famous roles is the prison-camp commandant Von Rauffenstein in Jean Renoir's La Grande Illusion/Grand Illusion (1937) with Jean Gabin. It is a classic anti-war film about friendship, comradeship, and human relations. Working in France on the eve of World War II, Stroheim was prepared to direct the film La dame blanche from his own story and screenplay. Jean Renoir wrote the dialogue, Jacques Becker was to be assistant director, and Stroheim himself, Louis Jouvet, and Jean-Louis Barrault were to be the featured actors. The production was prevented by the outbreak of the war on 1 September 1939, and Stroheim returned to the United States. There he appeared in Five Graves to Cairo (Billy Wilder, 1943). He is perhaps best known as an actor for his role as Max von Mayerling in Wilder's Sunset Boulevard (Billy Wilder, 1950), co-starring Gloria Swanson. For this role, Von Stroheim was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. His character states in the film that he used to be one of the three great directors of the silent era, along with D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille, and he and Swanson watch excerpts from Queen Kelly in the film. Their characters in Sunset Boulevard thus had an autobiographical basis and reflected the humiliations Von Stroheim suffered through his career. Erich von Stroheim was married three times. His second wife was Mae Jones. Their son Erich Jr. became an assistant director. With his third wife, actress Valerie Germonprez, he had another son, Joseph Erich von Stroheim, who eventually became a sound editor. From 1939 until his death, he lived with actress Denise Vernac. She had worked for him as his secretary since 1938 and starred with him in several films. Von Stroheim spent the last part of his life in France where his silent film work was much admired by artists in the French film industry. In France, he acted in films, wrote several novels that were published in French, and worked on various unrealized film projects. Erich von Stroheim was awarded the French Légion d'honneur shortly before his death in 1957 in Maurepas, France at the age of 71.

Sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica, AllMovie, Wikipedia, and IMDb.

And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.

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Bios

Eva Arce

Human rights activist and mother of Silvia Arce who disappeared in Juarez on March 11, 1998. Eva Arce's daughter vanished in March 1998 along with a friend, Griselda Mares. The Washington-based Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) of the Organization of American States has accepted her case.

Cynthia Bejarano

Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, and activist. She spearheaded the “Justice for Women” Symposium in Las Cruces in March 2006. Her research interests include youth and justice; U.S. border studies and violence; and race, class, and gender issues within the criminal justice system. Professor Bejarano was involved with community-based groups in the metropolitan Phoenix area and hopes to build strong community advocacy in the New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua tri-state area. She is also co-founder of Amigos de las Mujeres de Juárez, a non-profit organization working to end the violence against women in Chihuahua, Mexico and the borderlands. She is currently working on an anthology with colleague Rosa-Linda Fregoso focusing on feminicides and sexual assaults against women throughout Latin America, with the tentative title Gender Terrorism: Feminicides in the Américas.

Ilder Andrés Betancourt

Ilder Betancourt will graduate with a Masters in Psychology this June from Stanford University. His research has focused on Latino gangs, specifically in Los Angeles and El Salvador. He has the unusual distinction of having written two honors theses. For his first honors thesis, entitled “Relative Deprivation Mediating Street Gang Appeal,” he constructed and conducted the experimental paradigm used with Latino youth subjects in the Pico Union area of Los Angeles, looking for gang association that occurs at the local level. For his second thesis, “From LA to El Salvador: Displaying Street Performance for the Self,” he conducted field research in El Salvador where he interviewed deported ex-gang members. He is currently teaching for the third year in a row a student-initiated course on Latino gangs in the Chicana/o Studies Program, CCSRE.

Lawrence D. Bobo

Lawrence D. Bobo is the Martin Luther King Jr. Centennial Professor at Stanford University. He is in the Sociology Department and also serves as Director of both CCSRE and the Program in African and African American Studies. Professor Bobo is an elected member of the National Academy of Science, a former Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and former Visiting Scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation. His interests include race, ethnicity, politics, and social inequality. He is currently conducting research for the “Race, Crime, and Public Opinion” project.

Lydia Cacho

Journalist and writer, Lydia Cacho has published over 400 articles in Mexico, Spain, the United States and Canada. She is also the director of a crisis center for women and children who have been sexually abused in Cancun, Mexico. She recently received the 2007 Ginetta Sagan Award for Women’s and Children's Rights from Amnesty International for her work exposing a net of pederasts and child pornographers linked to powerful politicians and business people, as well as for her high-security shelter for victims of trafficking and violence in Cancun, Mexico. After her book Los demonios del Edén (The demons of Eden) was published, she received death threats and was kidnapped and incarcerated by the Mexican police. For 15 years she has researched, lectured, and published articles on violence against women in the State of Chihuahua and other parts of Mexico. She is an expert on issues concerning the corruption and impunity of the Mexican government. The Ginetta Sagan Award is given once a year to one woman in the world who stands out for her work on behalf of women’s and children’s rights. Lydia Cacho is the first Mexican to receive this prestigious award. She is also the author of the novel Muérdele el corazón (Bite his heart) based on the diary of a Mexican woman who dies of AIDS and is currently working on the book Trata y tráfico de mujeres en México (Trafficking in Persons: Women in Mexico).

Adriana Carmona

Human rights lawyer from the Centro de Derechos Humanos de las Mujeres (Center for Women's Human Rights) in Chihuahua City, Mexico. She has argued cases before the International Commission of Human Rights. She collaborates in the writing of reports for CEDAW and the United Nations in the area of human rights and feminicide. She is also a legislative advisor for the Congress of the State of Chihuahua and works with Justicia para Nuestras Hijas (Justice for Our Daughters), a non- government organization formed by relatives on behalf of the women who have disappeared or have been murdered in Juarez and Chihuahua, Mexico.

Carlos Castresana Fernández

Project Coordinator of the United Nations’ Office on Drugs & Crime, Mexican Regional Office. He is also Visiting Professor and Director of International Human Rights Programs at the University of San Francisco Center for Law and Global Justice. In 2003, he visited Ciudad Juarez as a UN Independent Commission Expert to participate in the review of the murder cases in the State of Chihuahua. In 2005, he was appointed Prosecutor of the Spanish Supreme Court. Professor Castresana authored the formal complaint and subsequent reports in the Argentina Case and the Pinochet Case before the Spanish Audiencia Nacional. Professor Castresana serves as an expert in international legal cooperation and other issues in Europe and Latin America. He received the National Human Rights Award in Spain in 1997, and was awarded an Honorary Doctoral Degree from Guadalajara University, Mexico in 2003. He received his law degree from the Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.

Lucha Castro

Human rights lawyer from the Centro de Derechos Humanos de las Mujeres (Center for Women’s Human Rights) in Chihuahua City, Mexico. She is also a legal advocate for Justicia para Nuestras Hijas (Justice for Our Daughters). She represents families of murdered women in the State of Chihuahua and also files the cases with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in Washington DC, a commission that accused the Mexican government of violating the rights of victims and their families.

Norma Cruz

Norma Cruz is an activist for women’s human rights in Guatemala. She began her struggle for justice in 1999 as the result of her own personal experience in the case of her daughter Claudia María who was a victim of sexual violence. Deeply upsetting Guatemalan society, she and her supporters refused to keep silent and made public a reality that affects thousands of Guatemalan female children. Alter a long and dehumanizing legal process, a conviction was achieved in July of 2002, shattering with it the wall of impunity. During this legal process, Norma Cruz and her daughter established the Fundación Sobrevivientes (Survivors Foundation) and began to support hundreds of women who endure violence and seek justice. In July 2006, the Foundation opened the Centro de Atención, providing legal and psychological aid for these women. The Center’s shelter offers protection for women who are victims of intra-family violence and sexual violence, and provides support for families of women who are murdered. Their struggle is directed at bringing impunity to a halt and ending feminicide in Guatemala. In June of 2005, Norma Cruz was officially nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize as part of the campaign “A Thousand Women for a Nobel Peace Prize.” In Killer’s Paradise, a new Canadian documentary focusing on feminicide in Guatemala, she analyzes the links between the murders of women and the civil war in Guatemala.

Paula Flores

An activist in the community of Lomas de Poleo in Ciudad Juarez, she is the mother of María Sagrario González Flores, who disappeared on March 11, 1998 in Juarez and was murdered in April, 1998. Her daughter is one of over 400 women who have been disappeared and slain in Juarez over the past 13 years. Paula Flores runs the María Sagrario Foundation, an organization that established the kindergarten Jardín de Niños Ma. Sagrario González Flores in Juarez.

Rosa-Linda Fregoso

Professor and Chair of Latin American and Latino Studies, and Feminist Studies, at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Rosa-Linda Fregoso received the second annual MLA Prize in United States Latina and Latino and Chicana and Chicano Literary and Cultural Studies for her book MeXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities on the Borderlands. Her interests include human rights, visual culture and and transnational feminist studies. Among her publications on feminicide is the recent article “’We Want Them Alive!’: The Politics and Culture of Human Rights.” Along with Cynthia Bejarano, she is co-editing a book tentatively entitled, Gender Terrorism: Feminicides in the Américas.

Judith Galarza

Mexican activist Judith Galarza Campos joined the struggle for human rights as a result of the forced disappearance of her sister Leticia Galarza Campos in 1978. From 1982 to 1996, she was President of the Independent Committee for Human Rights in Juarez. She was also President of the Association of Relatives of Missing Detainees (AFADM) from 1996 to 2000. Currently she is the Executive Secretary of the Latin American Federation of Associations of Relatives of Missing Detainees (FEDEFAM), headquartered in Venezuela. FEDEFAM provides assistance to families of “disappeared people” in all of Latin America. She has been a promoter of several family groups, among them the Association of Missing Children in Mexico in the 1980s. She is currently completing the degree of licenciatura in Education in Venezuela. On July 24th, she will be awarded the Theodor Häcker Prize in Esslingen, Germany. Häcker worked as a writer and translator during the Nazi period and was part of the Catholic resistance. First awarded in 1995, this prize is dedicated to persons who defend human rights "honorably, with special political valor.”

Marcela Lagarde

Maria Marcela Lagarde y de los Ríos is a Professor in the Graduate Program in Anthropology and Sociology as well as in the Degree Program in Gender and Development at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). She is also advisor to the Graduate Program in Gender Studies of the Guatemala Foundation and to the Program on Feminist Research at UNAM. She is the coordinator of the Casandra Workshops on feminist anthropology and advisor to the Gender Program of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research of UNAM. She is also the Secretary for the College of University Academics at UNAM, of which she became a member in 2002.

Marcela Lagarde is a major figure in Latin American feminism. She is the author of over one hundred articles and ten books. Her doctoral thesis, Los cautiverios de las mujeres: madresposas, monjas, putas, presas y locas (The captivities of women: mother-wives, nuns, prostitutes, prisoners and lunatics), has been reprinted a total of five times between 1990 and 2003. Her books examine topics such as the relationship between gender identity, feminism, human development and democracy; the relationship between ethnicity, gender and feminism; the theme of women’s power and autonomy; and feminist perspectives on love, self-concept, and the eve of the millennium.

Marcela Lagarde collaborates with feminist groups and women’s centers and institutes in Mexico, Latin America and Spain. She also works with organizations of international cooperation, labor unions and political parties focusing on women’s issues. She is a member of the Network of Researchers for the Life and Liberty of Women and other feminist networks. She is also a member of many editorial boards: of Hypatia, a collection of the Andalusian Institute for Women in Spain; of the journal Cuadernos Feministas, of the Editorial Series Diversidades Feministas published by the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at UNAM; and of the journal Pensamiento Iberoamericano, in Spain.

As to the topic that concerns us at this conference, it is Marcela Lagarde who coined the term “feminicide” to describe the situation in Juarez, Mexico. She has developed an analysis of what she calls “the politics of gender extermination” to examine the proliferation of violence in Mexico. Through her ideas, writings and activism, she wishes to leave an indelible mark on public policies.

Marcela Lagarde was a federal representative for the Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) in the LIX Congress (2003-2006) and served as President of the Special Commission on Feminicide in the Republic of Mexico. It was the work of this Commission that disclosed that feminicide was not exclusive to Ciudad Juarez. Marcela Lagarde also promoted legislation establishing feminicide as a crime in the Federal Penal Code and helped pass the law Access to a Life Free of Violence for Women, which was established on February 2.

Marcela Lagarde is a member of the Mexican Academy on Human Rights (2006); of El Consejo Asesor del Centro de Formación Política Mujer y Ciudad, of the Diputación de Barcelona, España (2006); and of the Council to Prevent and Eradicate Discrimination in Mexico City (2006).

Among the many distinctions and honors Marcela Lagarde has received are the Maus Prize for the best doctoral thesis, the Medal of University Merit for 25 years of teaching at UNAM, and the Presea Águila Canacintra al Mérito Legislativo, awarded by the Cámara Nacional de la Industria de la Transformación in 2005. She also received the Omecíhuatl Medal in 2006. The Omecíhuatl Medal is awarded by the Women’s Institute of Mexico City to women who have distinguished themselves for their commitment, struggle and creativity and the defense of democracy. Also in 2006, she received the Hermila Galindo Prize from Mexico City’s Commission on Human Rights, for the defense of women’s human rights.

Miguel Méndez

Adelbert H. Sweet Professor of Law at Stanford University. After a litigation career in public interest law that included work for the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund and California Rural Legal Assistance, Miguel Méndez entered academia and has become a foremost expert, scholar, and teacher in the field of evidence law. An author of leading works on the laws of evidence in California, he writes about reforms in the federal and California evidence codes and on emerging issues in state substantive criminal law. He is a consultant to the California Law Revision Commission, a board member at Public Advocates, Inc., and an elected member of the American Law Institute.

Miguel David Meza Argueta

Falsely accused on July 14, 2003 and held for the murder of Neyra Azucena Cervantes by the judicial authorities in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico. The falseness of this accusation and incarceration was established by reports from Amnesty International, news articles, and testimonies from relatives of the murdered woman, including her mother, Sra. Patti Cervantes, who is also David’s aunt. After proving that Mexican authorities tortured him, he was set free in June 2006.

Paula Moya

Associate Professor in the English Department at Stanford University, Paula Moya served for three years as Director of the Undergraduate Program in CCSRE and as Chair of its Comparative Studies major. Her interests are Chicana/o cultural studies and feminist theory, incorporating 19th and 20th century American literatures, post-colonial literature and literary and cultural theory. Her main theoretical concern centers on the relationship between a subject's social location and her identity, and seeks to interrogate the epistemic and political consequences of social identity. For the past five years, she has been actively involved with the Future of Minority Studies research project (FMS), facilitating discussions about the democratizing role of minority identity and participation in a multicultural society.

Elisabeth Mudimbe-Boyi

Professor of the French and Comparative Literature Departments and Director of the Program in Modern Thought and Literature at Stanford University. Her fields are 20th-century French literature and Francophone literature from Africa and the Caribbean. Her interests include cultural relations between Europe, Africa and the Caribbean; travel writing; history and memory in literature; literature, intellectuals and society; and women writers. She recently served on the Executive Council of the Modern Language Association, where she represented the field of French.

Marisela Ortiz

Marisela Ortiz is the Director of Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa (Our Daughters on Their Way Back Home), a non-profit organization composed of mothers, family members and friends of murdered women in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. A psychologist with a Masters degree in special education, she has taught at the Escuela Normal Superior de Chihuahua for the past 20 years, specializing in professional development. She continues to work with adolescents and also trains middle school teachers in her entire region.

David Palumbo-Liu

Professor of Comparative Literature, Director of the Undergraduate Program in CCSRE, and Chair of CCSRE’s Comparative Studies major at Stanford University. His fields of interest include social and cultural criticism; literary theory and criticism; and East Asian and Pacific Asian American studies. His current project addresses the role of contemporary humanistic literature with regard to the instruments and discourses of globalization, seeking to discover modes of affiliation and transnational ethical thinking. Professor Palumbo-Liu is most interested in issues regarding social theory, community, justice, globalization, and the specific role that literature and the humanities play in helping us address each of these areas.

Elena Poniatowska Amor

Journalist and novelist, Elena Poniatowska is one of Latin America's most distinguished and innovative living writers. Many of her works have been translated into English, including Querido Diego te abraza Quiela (Dear Diego), Hasta no verte, Jesús mío (Here's to You, Jesusa!); Nada, Nadie. Las voces del temblor (Nothing, Nobody: The Voices of the Mexican Earthquake); Tinísima; La noche de Tlatelolco. Testimonios de historia oral (Massacre in Mexico) and La piel del cielo (The Skin of the Sky). Translations of her work also exist in Polish, Danish, French, Dutch, Italian and German. Elena Poniatowska advocates for women and the poor in their struggle for social and economic justice, denounces the repression of that struggle, and blurs the boundaries between conventional literary forms.

Born in Paris, Elena Poniatowska is of Mexican and French descent. Her father was a Frenchman whose family was originally from Poland. She moved to Mexico in 1942 and began her work as a journalist at the newspaper Excelsior in 1953, where she published daily interviews during an entire year under the name "Hélene.'' She interviewed Diego Rivera, Octavio Paz, William Golding, Barry Goldwater, Dolores del Río, Cantinflas, María Félix, Juan Rulfo, and Linus Pauling, among others. From Excelsior she went to Novedades, where she drew an audience who followed her because of her unpredictable texts. She is a founder and a contributor of the leftist newspaper La Jornada, and continues to contribute to its pages.

In 1954 she published her first novel, Lilus Kikus. Chronicler of the 1985 earthquake and of the Chiapas conflict, she continues to meld her journalistic and literary work. She published Tinísima in 1992, a novel about the life of Tina Modotti, which was as successful as her novel Hasta no verte Jesús mío, about the life of a soldadera, or camp follower. Her next novel, La piel del cielo, won the Premio Alfaguara in 2001 and the prize for the best novel in Spanish awarded by the government of China. In 2004, Alfaguara published her novel El tren pasa primero, which brought to life the struggle of railroad workers and led to the reconstruction of railway stations in many parts of Mexico. During a 35-year period, she led a literary workshop that produced writers such as Silvia Molina, Guadalupe Loaeza y Rosa Nissan.

When Luis Echevarría, who had been Secretary of State during the massacre of 1968, was elected president, he awarded the Xavier Urrutia Literary Prize to Elena Poniatowska in 1971 for her book La noche de Tlatelolco. She rejected the prize asking who was going to award prizes to the dead.

She has been awarded many honorary doctoral degrees: by the University of Sinaloa, the University of Toluca, Columbia University and Manhattanville College in New York, Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, and the University of Pau in France. She is the only woman who has received the Mazatlán Prize in Literature on two occasions, and in 1979, she was the first woman to receive the National Prize for Journalism. In 1993, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and received the Gabriela Mistral Medal in Chile in 1997. She holds the rank of official in the French Legion of Honor, and in 2004 she received the Mary Moors Cabot Prize for Outstanding Work in Journalism. In 2006 the International Women’s Media Foundation awarded her the Courage in Journalism Lifetime Achievement Award. In addition to these she has received many other prizes and awards.

Elena Poniatowska dedicates a good part of her life to writing novels, short stories, poems, articles, interviews, prologues, and book presentations. She was married to Dr. Guillermo Haro, the founder of modern astronomy in Mexico. She has three children, the oldest of whom is a scientist, and ten grandchildren. She lives in Chimalistac with 13 canaries and an unending line of visitors.

Lourdes Portillo

Lourdes Portillo was born in Chihuahua, Mexico and moved to the United States in 1960. Her films focus on the representation of Latina/o identity, human rights, social justice and Latin American realities. An equally important aspect of her filmmaking is experimenting with the documentary form. Her most recent film, Señorita Extraviada (Missing young woman), released in 2002, is a documentary about the disappearance and death of young women in Juarez and the search for truth and justice by their families and human rights groups. It received a Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival, the Best Documentary Prize at the Havana International Film Festival, and the Néstor Almendros Prize at the Human Rights Watch Film Festival. It premiered on P.O.V. and received more than 20 prizes and awards around the world. The film inspired a number of governmental and non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International to conduct intensive investigations into the disappearances and murders of women in Juárez. Lourdes Portillo made her first film, a dramatic short called After the Earthquake, in 1979. Some of the other documentary, dramatic, experimental and performance films and videos she has made are the Academy Award-nominated Las Madres: The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo (1986); La Ofrenda: The Days of the Dead (1988); Vida (1989); Columbus on Trial (1992); Mirrors of the Heart for the PBS series “Americas” (1993); The Devil Never Sleeps (1994); Sometimes My Feet Go Numb; 13 Days, a multi-media piece for a nationally toured play by the San Francisco Mime Troupe (1997); and Corpus (1999), a documentary about the late Tejana singer Selena.

Kris Samuelson

Professor in the Art and Art History Department at Stanford, where she is Director of the Film and Media Studies Program and the Documentary Film and Video MFA Program. She has also been a Professor in the Department of Communication, where she served as Chair from 2000-2003. Kris Samuelson has been an independent producer for twenty-eight years and was nominated for an Academy Award for her film Arthur and Lillie. She has received artist's fellowships from the NEA and the California Arts Council and is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. From 1999-2006, Samuelson served on the Board of the Independent Television Service. Samuelson recently completed .Point 25, a multimedia concert and co-production with colleagues in Stockholm.

Rita Laura Segato

Professor of Anthropology at the University of Brasilia in Brazil, Rita Segato directs the National Research Council of Brazil’s research group on anthropology and human rights. She is also the project director for the non-government organization AGENDE, Ações em Gênero, Cidadania e Desenvolvimento ((Measures in Gender, Citizenship and Development). As part of her work on human rights, she was the co-author of the first affirmative action proposal for the inclusion of students of African and indigenous background in Brazilian higher education.

Her study on ethno-psychology and the construction of gender in the Yoruba religious tradition in Recife, Brazil was published in the book Santos e Daimones. O politeísmo afro-brasileiro e a tradição arquetipal (Saints and demons. African-Brazilian polytheism and the archetypal tradition), a second edition of which came out in 2005. A chapter from this book was translated and published as "Inventing Nature: Family, Sex and Gender In the Xango Cult" in 1997. Her essay “Gender, Politics, and Hybridism in the Transnationalization of the Yorùbá Culture” is included in the volume Òrìsà Devotion as World Religion to be published by the University of Wisconsin Press.

She has also carried out a comparative study of emerging political identities and multiculturalism within the United States, Brazil and Argentina. This study led to the publication in 2007 of the volume La Nación y sus Otros. Raza, etnicidad y diversidad religiosa en tiempos de Políticas de la Identidad (The nation and its Others: race, ethnicity and religious diversity in times of Identity Politics). Two of the articles included in this volume were published in English as "The Color-Blind Subject of Myth; or, Where to find Africa in the Nation" in 1998 and "Frontiers and Margins: The Untold Story of the Afro-Brazilian Religious Expansion to Argentina and Uruguay" in 1996.

Rita Segato carried out an extensive investigation among inmates convicted for sexual crimes in the city in which she resides, and published a book on gender and violence entitled Las estructuras elementales de la violencia (The elemental structures of violence) in 2003. In 2006 the Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana published her essay “La escritura en el cuerpo de las mujeres asesinadas en Ciudad Juárez. Territorio, soberanía y crímenes de Segundo Estado” (Writing on the body of the murdered women of Juarez: Territory, sovereignty and crimes of the Second State). Her understanding of prison reality is the subject of her article “El sistema penal como pedagogía de la irresponsabilidad y el proyecto ‘habla preso: el derecho humano a la palabra en la cárcel’” (The penal system as a pedagogy of irresponsibility and the project prisoner talk: the right to speech in jail), accessible on the website of the Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas, Austin (http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/cpa/spring03/culturaypaz/segato.pdf). Also part of this series of articles is “El color de la cárcel en América Latina. Apuntes sobre la colonialidad de la justicia en un continente en desconstrucción” (The color of jail in Latin America. Notes toward the coloniality of justice in a continent in the process of deconstruction).

Rita Segato is one of the most renowned experts on the subject of feminicide. Her most recent study is entitled “What is feminicide? Notes toward an Emerging Debate,” in which she argues that feminicide should be considered a special category of crimes against humanity in order to bring greater pressure on governments and international jurists to include it among the crimes prosecuted by the International Criminal Court of The Hague.

She has been an invited researcher at the Institute for Research in the Humanities of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and in the Department of Anthropology at Rice University in Houston, and a Visiting Professor at the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida, Gainesville.

Irene Simmons

Artist, university educator, activist and creator of the art installation “ReDressing Injustice.” The “Redressing Injustice” project brings public awareness to the hundreds of unsolved murders perpetrated against women living in Juarez, Mexico. The installation features over 400 dresses hanging on pink crosses that commemorate the victims of feminicide and protest the absence of justice in Juarez. Creatively transformed dresses are continually added to this collaborative endeavor by community members in the areas where the installation is shown. The installation has been featured at political rallies, social justice forums, and memorial events both nationally and internationally since 2003.

Guadalupe Valdés

Bonnie Katz Tenenbaum Professor in the School of Education and Professor in the Spanish and Portuguese Department at Stanford University. She works in the areas of sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. Much of Guadalupe Valdés’ work has focused on the English-Spanish bilingualism of Latinas and Latinos in the United States and on discovering and describing how two languages are developed, used, and maintained by individuals who become bilingual in immigrant communities. Her interests include language diversity; bilinguals and bilingualism; heritage languages among minority populations; and the teaching of Spanish to Hispanic bilinguals and monolingual speakers of English.

Yvonne Yarbro-Bejarano

Professor in the Spanish and Portuguese Department and Chair of the Chicana/o Studies Program in CCSRE at Stanford University. Her interests include queer studies and feminist theories, and the confluence of race, gender and sexuality in cultural representations across a variety of media, especially with respect to imaginings of home, nation and family. Since 1994 she has been developing the digital archive Chicana Art, a database of images and information featuring women artists. She will offer a course on the films of Lourdes Portillo in Fall 2007.

Gwenda Yuzicappi

Standing Buffalo First Nation member and mother of 19-year-old missing Amber Redman, who disappeared in rural Saskatchewan, Canada on July 15, 2005. Her case was featured in "Stolen Sisters: Discrimination and Violence against Indigenous Women in Canada," a report released by Amnesty International that addresses the disproportionate number of First Nations women who have been abducted, and how these severe felonies have not been deemed a priority by numerous police forces.

Copyright 2007, Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, all rights reserved.

FEMINICIDE = SANCTIONED MURDER

ccsre.stanford.edu/feminicide/index.html

Prometo no llorar, prometo no acercarme ♫

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My dad did small-time import-export business on clothes and Oriental souvenirs for many years, but certainly not significant to require meeting an international trade consultant from the New York State Department of Commerce. so perhaps Mr. Chmieloski is also a stamp collector?

xxxxx

So how did I come across my late father's contacts' business card folio today? Our old but trusty Maytag washing machine broke the other day. The problem is relatively simple to repair (still costly though) so we are determined to get it fixed. In order to clear out some space for the repairman to do his job, I had to move some boxes around, and in doing so came across my dad's business card folio.

My father collected stamps, coins and many other things, so his contacts and associates are from many walks of life and many different countries.

THE BIRTH OF TEIGNMOUTH PIER.

The Pier at Teignmouth was built in 1865 by an engineering consultant from London, called Joseph Wilson.

As a boy, Joseph William Wilson yearned to be an engineer, much to his fathers disapproval, he’d always hoped that he would follow the family tradition and take up a clerical post. After his sons initial schooling as a cleric, Joseph’s’ father was eventually persuaded to send him, as an apprentice, to work under his cousins tutelage in Fox and Henderson, an engineering firm. Later on in his career he acted as an assistant engineer for the firm, on the construction of Crystal Palace, London. He had an inventive mind, and introduced many improvements to the machinery used on the construction. When he left there, he set up in partnership with his brother-in-law and opened The Oldbury Engineering Works. Then, due to ill health, he left Oldbury and set up as a Consulting Engineer in Banbury, where he and his son carried out the construction of Teignmouth Pier. Joseph Wilson died in 1898.

CONSTRUCTION

The Pier is constructed of cast-iron screw piles, these are literally screwed into the sand with a large hexagon on the pile. They are screwed down to the clay level or infact until refusal. Any new steel piling has been driven 80ft right to bedrock. The deck is open and made up of wood from the Yellow Balou, a hard wood from Borneo. The deck was only recently renewed and will last for another 25 years, withstanding the continuous assault from the sea.

A total of 89 piers were built in England & Wales between 1814 and 1910. Only 50 of the original piers are still standing, however, some of those no longer function as a pier. They are forgotten structures pointing out to sea, reminders of another era. Those of us who like to be reminded of days gone by, can still take a stroll out on the few remaining, safe and attractive piers.

Although Teignmouth Pier has undergone many changes in its history, it is one of only two piers left on the South West coast of England, and that is something, Teignmouth, Devon and the English Heritage should be proud of.

VICTORIANS.

Teignmouth became a popular seaside destination in 1817, when the Victorians frequented coastal resorts in favour of the “big smoke” cities they lived and worked in. Doctors used to prescribe a get away for their ails and some even advised their patients to drink the sea water! It was believed to have healing properties.

Initially, Teignmouth Pier was a landing stage. It’s purpose was to enable steam boat passengers to get to the shore. The Victorians used to enjoy their stroll along the promenade, but for some the pull of the sea was too much, so they would walk out to the end of the Pier and look at the view. They could imagine being on board a ship, with the added advantage of a stable footing. But as the jetty was used more and more frequently for promenading, the need for entertainment did not go un-noticed. Some entrepreneurs saw the potential of a captive audience and decided to build on the jetty, giving refreshments and other amusements. For instance the old machine “what the Butler saw” was one of the first to be installed on the Pier.

During the 2nd World War, a 60 foot section of deck was removed so that the Germans could not breach us if they invaded England. Nearly all the piers on the East and South coasts were dealt with in the same way.

Compensation was paid out for replacement of that section but many remained in that state for a considerable period. Our own wasn’t brought to its original width until the early 1960’s.

This notation from page 12 of the 1998 copyrighted volume, THE COMPLETE M1 GARAND, details the analysis of machinists, industrial engineers, and photomicrographic technicians regarding this phenomenon, observed mainly in the over two million wartime rifles, intermittently.

In particular, Nicholas Gaal of Mesa showed us how this milling machine effect transpires. Interesting lesson in applied production techniques, not to mention forensic & scientific examination. He did precision mill work and machining for half a century.

The others contacted, including retired SA personnel contacted in the 80's, verified. Glenn Lilly, machinist, engineer, and process analyst, was also in the since-deleted footnotes. Van Miller worked at Springfield Armory 1939-55 or so.

The production engineering consultants agreed, and so did the surviving staff. Microscope tracking of the marks and stress photography verified.

It was not seen as a defect, and in fact, as noted in the analysis, the receivers were probably a tad stronger in that "horseshoe" area than others.

This was discussed with other machinists and production engineering/applications specialists, and surviving firearms manufacturing personnel of that place and period.

Verification and corroboration was universal. And unanimous.

All the expert testimony, of course, means nothing to Internet gods and omnipotent experts who weren't even born twenty or thirty years after this happened. They "know" stuff because they "hear it" from...whoever they hear their untest insane malarkey from.

This happened very intermittently at the very height of production. The forgings, of course, had been detail inspected, long before this eventuated. It is not a fault or void, that was established even before the instrumentation was assembled.

Interesting sub-factoid: The rifle on the right was received with a fabric strap with G.I. buckles, but the material was apparently off some other U.S. government strapping setup, and while 1 1/4", bore a stock number suggesting it was never intended for rifles. If I recall, it was for a very large duffel-style equipment cover of some type. However, it was very sturdy material, heavier than that seen on canvas straps for rifles. It was re-purposed and stitched in a non-regulation manner, that frayed end never having received the metal fitting. Eventually a crush fit "tongue" was installed, and it was given away. It was very long.

Another amusing note: Rifle #44702, the next unit left, still bore a very badly worn barrel from September of 1940 and its original butt stock, plus several other very early parts. In the research ongoing on the time, that was an interesting signal of sorts: the gas trap configuration was being dumped and reversed within a few months of manufacture. Fitted with a "replica" barrel, surmarked "RSB", correct short pinion/flush nut rear sight setup, and a few other restoratives, that old rifle, still accompanied by its old original tube separately, was passed on to a friend in federal law enforcement. No idea how or why the original replacement 1940 barrel was still mounted, as the receiver had undergone the procedures to obviate the "seventh round stoppage" issue, and the prevailing theory among the collectors who saw it was that POSSIBLY (no, not "definitely"--there is a difference!!) the change-outs would've been done simultaneously with the removal of the shorter "gas trap" barrel rig.

This might've been the "feature" shot of that shipment, in which case those T105 rear sights were on 44702 when unpacked. However, the last smatterings of detailed notes I have from the time said, "Damaged flush nut sights on rifle but not secure." I am not sure at what point I purchased the other set of flush nuts, or swapped out the parts. I handled so much material at that time it was a blur within a few weeks. Main point being, RESTORATIONS ARE EXPENSIVE and not a lot of fun.

The 'smith who did the measuring and metallurgical workups had some other fascinating observations, too, on both of these rifles. He worked on them 1938-62, and was light years ahead of any of us on the minute details. Even further ahead of the published literature!!!

However, no hard tracks of this seem to remain at the armory, apparently, and the industrial historians seem never to speak with mere "ordinary" factory workers, either vintage ones or those who have done similar operations. I did, as best I could, and a lot of times did not understand what I was being told. This made sense, generally, much later, when the student in me re-read the notes.

These things are continually attacked.

I never could figure out why, and lately, am uninterested in knowing.

Since doing the missives, and especially since 2008, I've been tossing notes and targets and the flotsam and jetsam of a half century of what, essentially, has been sadly wasted time I could've spent doing something productive. And the paperwork on this critter is part of that cleanup.

If I'd known this entire sillyassed adventure ended with throwing out half a ton of notes as late as forty years after taking them, and not generate any respect or income worth discussing, I'd have spent my time looking out the window instead.

The move in 2020 involved hauling another half ton of notes and targets to the dumpster, along with the manuscripts and synopses of books and other research that will never be published or distributed

Annoying assertions in "whacko world" are held, as Azimov so wisely remarked some forty + years ago, in esteem by some as if they were information, knowledge, logic, or analysis. How sad.

Copyrighted. All rights reserved.

Riller & Schnauck / Reischer CRM Golfturnier

Another business attire entry. Spring 2007, taken at the Clift Hotel in SF.

Seattle, WA

- always with her :)

Strobists: simple light this time - just one softbox on consultant's top left.