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Hmm, I need more experience "building a burger" but the home-baked black beer bread buns make up for it! Rose's 'The Bread Bible' bake today www.thelonebaker.com/journal/2015/8/6/beer-bread-the-brea... Join me on Facebook www.facebook.com/thelonebaker
The world egg, cosmic egg or mundane egg is a mythological motif found in the creation myths of many cultures and civilizations. Typically, the world egg is a beginning of some sort, and the universe or some primordial being comes into existence by "hatching" from the egg, sometimes lain on the primordial waters of the Earth.
Vivasvan, Rahu, Bhūmi, Naraka, Ananta, Garbhodaksayi Vishnu
One Brahmanda
This is one of many material universes, Brahmandas, which expand from Mahavishnu when He breathes.
One of the earliest ideas of "egg-shaped cosmos" comes from some of the Sanskrit scriptures. The Sanskrit term for it is Brahmanda (ब्रह्माण्ड) which is derived from two words- 'Brahm' (ब्रह्म) means 'cosmos' or 'expanding' and 'anda' (अण्ड) means 'egg'. Certain Puranas such as the Brahmanda Purana speak of this in detail.
The Rig Veda (RV 10.121) uses a similar name for the source of the universe: Hiranyagarbha (हिरण्यगर्भ) which literally means "golden fetus" or "golden womb". The Upanishads elaborate that the Hiranyagarbha floated around in emptiness for a while, and then broke into two halves which formed Dyaus (Heaven) and Prithvi (Earth). The Rig Veda has a similar coded description of the division of the universe in its early stages.
The Orphic Egg in the Ancient Greek Orphic tradition is the cosmic egg from which hatched the primordial hermaphroditic deity Phanes/Protogonus (variously equated also with Zeus, Pan, Metis, Eros, Erikepaios and Bromius) who in turn created the other gods. The egg is often depicted with a serpent wound around it.
Many threads of earlier myths are apparent in the new tradition. Phanes was believed to have been hatched from the World-Egg of Chronos (Time) and Ananke (Necessity). His older wife Nyx (Night) called him Protogenus. As she created nighttime, he created daytime. He also created the method of creation by mingling. He was made the ruler of the deities and passed the sceptre to Nyx. This new Orphic tradition states that Nyx later gave the sceptre to her son Uranos before it passed to Cronus and then to Zeus, who retained it.
In the original myth concerning the Ogdoad, the world arose from the waters as a mound of dirt, which was deified as Hathor. Ra was contained within an egg laid upon this mound by a celestial bird. In the earliest version of this myth, the bird is a goose (it is not explained where the goose originates). However, after the rise of the cult of Thoth, the egg was said to have been a gift from Thoth and laid by an ibis, the bird with which he was associated.
A philosophical creation story traced to "the cosmogony of Taautus, whom Philo of Byblos explicitly identified with the Egyptian Thoth—"the first who thought of the invention of letters, and began the writing of records"— which begins with Erebus and Wind, between which Eros 'Desire' came to be. From this was produced Môt which seems to be the Phoenician/Ge'ez/Hebrew/Arabic/Ancient Egyptian word for 'Death' but which the account says may mean 'mud'. In a mixed confusion, the germs of life appear, and intelligent animals called Zophasemin (explained probably correctly as 'observers of heaven') formed together as an egg, perhaps. The account is not clear. Then Môt burst forth into light and the heavens were created and the various elements found their stations.
Following the etymological line of Jacob Bryant one might also consider with regard to the meaning of Môt, that according to the Ancient Egyptians Ma'at was the personification of the fundamental order of the universe, without which all of creation would perish. She was also considered the wife of Thoth.
Chinese mythology
In the myth of Pangu, developed by Taoist monks hundreds of years after Lao Zi, the universe began as an egg. A god named Pangu, born inside the egg, broke it into two halves: the upper half became the sky, while the lower half became the earth. As the god grew taller, the sky and the earth grew thicker and were separated further. Finally Pangu died and his body parts became different parts of the earth.
In the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic, there is a myth of the world being created from the fragments of an egg laid by a diving duck on the knee of Ilmatar, goddess of the air:
One egg's lower half transformed
And became the earth below,
And its upper half transmuted
And became the sky above;
From the yolk the sun was made,
Light of day to shine upon us;
From the white the moon was formed,
Light of night to gleam above us;
All the colored brighter bits
Rose to be the stars of heaven
And the darker crumbs changed into
Clouds and cloudlets in the sky.
In many original folk poems, the duck - or sometimes an eagle - laids its eggs on the knee of Väinämöinen.
In Cook Islands mythology, deep within Avaiki (the Underworld), a place described as resembling a vast hollow coconut shell, there dwelt in the deepest depths, the primordial mother goddess, Varima-te-takere. Her domain was described as being so narrow, that her knees touched her chin. It was from this place that she created the first man, Avatea, a god of light, a hybrid being half man and half fish. He was sent to the Upperworld to shine light in the land of men, and his eyes were believed to be the sun and the moon.
Modern mythology
In 1955 poet and writer Robert Graves published the mythography The Greek Myths, a compendium of Greek mythology normally published in two volumes. Within this work Graves' imaginatively reconstructed "Pelasgian creation myth" features a supreme creatrix, Eurynome, "The Goddess of All Things", who arose naked from Chaos to part sea from sky so that she could dance upon the waves. Catching the north wind at her back and, rubbing it between her hands, she warms the pneuma and spontaneously generates the serpent Ophion, who mates with her. In the form of a dove upon the waves, she lays the Cosmic Egg and bids Ophion to incubate it by coiling seven times around until it splits in two and hatches "all things that exist... sun, moon, planets, stars, the earth with its mountains and rivers, its trees, herbs, and living creatures".
The concept was resurrected by modern science in the 1930s and explored by theoreticians during the following two decades. The idea comes from a perceived need to reconcile Edwin Hubble's observation of an expanding universe (which was also predicted from Einstein's equations of general relativity by Alexander Friedmann) with the notion that the universe must be eternally old. Current cosmological models maintain that 13.8 billion years ago, the entire mass of the universe was compressed into a gravitational singularity, the so-called cosmic egg, from which it expanded to its current state (following the Big Bang).
Georges Lemaitre proposed in 1927 that the cosmos originated from what he called the primeval atom.
In the late 1940s, George Gamow's assistant cosmological researcher Ralph Alpher, proposed the name ylem for the primordial substance that existed between the big crunch of the previous universe and the big bang of our own universe (Wikipedia).
A ceremonial ribbon-cutting officially kicks off the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at Charles Rice Learning Center. Pictured are, back row, left to right: Craig Welle, executive director of Dallas ISD Enrichment Curriculum and Instruction; Nancy Webb, vice president of organizational advancement for Big Thought; Principal Alpher Garrett-Jones; Michelle Thomas, vice president of Global Philanthrophy for JPMorgan Chase; Isaac Burren, program service manager for North Texas Food Bank; and students cut the ribbon. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.
John Cromwell Mather (is that a Puritan name of what?), on the left, won the Nobel Prize for his work characterizing the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and showing that it is highly consistent with a much earlier theoretical model promulgated by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann.
The idea in Gamow et al. is that as the early universe expanded after the Big Bang, it would cool off by adiabatic expansion (no heat loss during expansion.
In this model, given how old and how large the universe is is now, the Universe should act as a blackbody which now radiates very low frequency light (electromagnetic radiation) after this expansion, light in the form of microwaves. On the basis of this model, Gamow et al. suggested that the vastness of space is very cold, less than - 400 degrees Fahrenheit (5-28 K).
John Mather was Principle Invesigator of the COBE satellite, which was launched to exactly test this prediction. It detected the residue microwaves from the Big Bang and was able to plot the intensity of the microwaves at varying frequencies, and it matched a blackbody as perfectly as anything ever has. Scuttlebutt has it that when these data were displayed at a cosmology talk, the audience stood and cheered!
Cosmology is a very interesting field. Lev Landau long ago made the observation that "cosmologists are often in error, but never in doubt." I don't think that's true anymore and cosmology as a field has much data for its models, although of course there is so much to learn: we are finite beings probing God's transcendence.
I don't think one should hang one's faith on a scientific theory, no matter how good it is (and Big Bang cosmology is a pretty good one). Too many of my students tell me that the BB is of course opposed to Genesis. But in fact the BB looks an awful lot like the first verse of Genesis: fiat lux. The universe has a beginning. I tell my students that science shows God's providence through natural laws; it is thinking God's thoughts after him.
Natural law NEVER eliminates God from the picture; it merely shows His commitments in nature, which are expressed as natural law.
There is much more to say, but this post is far too long already
The Postcard
A postally unused Plastichrome postcard by Colourpicture Publishers Inc. of Boston, Mass.
On the divided back of the card the publishers have printed:
'Aerial view of the General Electric Research
Laboratory, Schenectady, New York.
Situated on a promontory known as The
Knolls overlooking the Mohawk River,
the Laboratory commands a broad view
of the surrounding country.
The Laboratory was established in 1900
and moved to this site in 1950. Extensive
additions are currently under way'.
General Electric Research Laboratory
General Electric Research Laboratory was the first industrial research facility in the United States. Established in 1900, the lab was home to the early technological breakthroughs of General Electric. It created a research and development environment that set the standard for industrial innovation for years to come.
The Laboratory developed into GE Global Research that now covers an array of technological research, ranging from healthcare to transportation systems, at multiple locations throughout the world. Its campus in Schenectady, New York was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.
History of the Laboratory
The Laboratory was founded in 1900 by Thomas Edison, Willis R. Whitney, Charles Steinmetz and Elihu Thomson.
Elihu summed up the goal of the lab saying:
"It does seem to me that a Company
as large as the General Electric Company
should not fail to continue investing and
developing in new fields: there should, in
fact, be a research laboratory for commercial
applications of new principles, and even for
the discovery of those principles."
Furthermore, Edwin W. Rice, founding vice president, said they wanted to:
"Establish a laboratory to be devoted
exclusively to original research.
It is hoped by this means that many
profitable fields may be discovered."
Whitney and the founders of the research lab took many of their lab ideals from the German university model. German universities allowed professors to research and experiment with their own interests to seek further knowledge without having commercial or economic interests in mind.
Other German scientists also researched exclusively with business in mind. But these two approaches contributed to a successful relationship between science and industry. It was this success that influenced Whitney in his vision for the GE Research Lab.
The laboratory began at a time when the American electrification process was in its infant stage. General Electric became the leader of this move towards electrifying the United States. Willis Whitney and his assistant, Thomas Dempster, were the key researchers in developing the electrical technology that allowed the laboratory to continue to grow.
The lab grew from 8 people to 102 people by 1906, which included scientifically trained researchers that made up 40% of the staff. Whitney believed in exploratory scientific research, with the goal of creating new commercial products. These two goals appealed to General Electric.
For researchers, the lab provided time and money for experimentation, research, and personal interests without putting a high demand on developing theories or teaching. Nearly 30 years after its founding, the laboratory had expanded its staff to more than 400 chemists, physicists, and electrical engineers, plus their assistants.
Early Success
It took several years for the lab to follow through with the vision to create original innovations, instead of improving on the inventions already in place.
GE's earliest project was perfecting the incandescent light bulb. In 1908, engineer and new head researcher William Coolidge invented the ductile tungsten light bulb filament, providing a more durable and longer-lasting light filament than the existing technology.
The invention secured GE's technological leadership in the market and epitomized the role of the GE research lab - bringing innovation to the marketplace.
However that work was still an improvement on existing technology and nothing entirely new. In the coming years, GE scientists earned two Nobel Prizes in chemistry and physics.
In 1932, Irving Langmuir won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on surface chemical reactions which had helped him develop the gas-filled light bulb in 1916. After patenting many inventions, Langmuir developed his new light bulb which reinvented lights altogether. By 1928, due to Langmuir's innovation, GE held 96% of incandescent light sales in America. That entirely new invention set GE on a path to follow through with Whitney and Rice's vision for the lab.
Later History
Starting with the success of the incandescent and gas-filled light bulbs, General Electric expanded its research to a range of technological and scientific fields. It strove for commercial goals in any innovation they achieved. Throughout its history, the General Electric Research Laboratory has earned thousands of patents for innovative technology, redefining industries and commercial products.
In 1999, the laboratory became GE Global Research after opening a research center in Bangalore, India. GE now has research laboratories in New York, Oklahoma, India, China, Germany, and Brazil, all of which make up GE's push for global innovation.
GE has expanded its research beyond lighting to appliances, aviation, electrical distribution, energy, healthcare, media & entertainment, oil & gas, transportation, and water, along with numerous other fields. They employ 3,000 researchers and continue to bring innovation and technology to the world, the same goal of General Electric that was first proposed by Whitney and Steinmetz.
Notable Historic Innovations
- 1900: GE Industrial Research Laboratory is established
- 1902: Electric fan
- 1908: Tungsten light bulb filament
- 1910: First electric hotpoint range
- 1916: Gas-filled light bulb
- 1918: Record-capacity water wheel generator at Niagara Falls
- 1918: Trans-oceanic radio system
- 1920: Portable x-ray machine
- 1921: GE turbosupercharger engine helps an aircraft reach a record altitude
- 1921: Magnetron vacuum tube
- 1927: First television brought into the home
- 1941: First U.S. Jet Engine
- 1943: First auto-pilot system
- 1946: Cloud seeding developed
- 1949: The J47 jet engine is developed, which came to be the most produced gas turbine jet engine in history
- 1962: Solid-state laser
- 1969: Key technologies in the first moon landing
- 1976: Computed Tomography (CT) scanner
- 1983: Signa Magnetic Resonance Imaging system (MRI)
- 2002: Popularization of wind turbines
- 2003: Fuel-efficient Evolution Series locomotive engine
- 2007: First 24 cylinder internal combustion engine
Notable Employees
- Frank Benford, electrical engineer and physicist best known for rediscovering and generalizing Benford's law
- Alexander Stepanov, computer scientist
- Charles Coffin, businessman and engineer
- Charles Proteus Steinmetz, mathematician and electrical engineer
- David Musser, computer scientist
- Elihu Thomson, engineer and inventor
- Irving Langmuir, Nobel Laureate, chemist and physicist
- Ivar Giaever, Nobel Laureate and physicist
- LeRoy Apker, solid-state physicist
- George C. Baldwin, theoretical and experimental physicist
- Ralph Alpher, cosmologist
- Thomas Edison, inventor, scientist and businessman
- William David Coolidge, physicist
- Willis Rodney Whitney, chemist
- Peter T. Kirstein, computer scientist.
Paper series 2
I hope you find them interesting - Thank you for looking.
If you have chosen to contact me, please do not be offended if I do not reply straight away as I'm not that quick at typing.
A ceremonial ribbon-cutting officially kicks off the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at Charles Rice Learning Center. Pictured are, back row, left to right: Craig Welle, executive director of Dallas ISD Enrichment Curriculum and Instruction; Nancy Webb, vice president of organizational advancement for Big Thought; Principal Alpher Garrett-Jones; Michelle Thomas, vice president of Global Philanthrophy for JPMorgan Chase; Isaac Burren, program service manager for North Texas Food Bank; and students cut the ribbon. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.
A ceremonial ribbon-cutting officially kicks off the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at Charles Rice Learning Center. Pictured are, back row, left to right: Craig Welle, executive director of Dallas ISD Enrichment Curriculum and Instruction; Nancy Webb, vice president of organizational advancement for Big Thought; Principal Alpher Garrett-Jones; Michelle Thomas, vice president of Global Philanthrophy for JPMorgan Chase; Isaac Burren, program service manager for North Texas Food Bank; and students cut the ribbon. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.
A ceremonial ribbon-cutting officially kicks off the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at Charles Rice Learning Center. Pictured are, back row, left to right: Craig Welle, executive director of Dallas ISD Enrichment Curriculum and Instruction; Nancy Webb, vice president of organizational advancement for Big Thought; Principal Alpher Garrett-Jones; Michelle Thomas, vice president of Global Philanthrophy for JPMorgan Chase; Isaac Burren, program service manager for North Texas Food Bank; and students cut the ribbon. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.
Stephanie Thomas-Alpher, Randa Owen-Williams, Sally Carson-Campbell, Kathy Singelyn-McDaniel, Diana-Ryrholm-Geerdes, Andrew Bobb
Pictured clockwise from top right: Stephanie Thomas-Alpher DH'84, Sally Carson-Campbell DH'67, Gina Hess-Tanner AB'76, Michelle Crawford-Kourcek DH'79, Mark Rines DH'70, Mary Singelyn-Littlejohn DH'72, Paige Crawford-Guillory DH'82 and Cathy Singelyn-McDaniel DH'70. Missing: Paul Allen, DH'89
group of many graffiti pieces from around the city of toronto by #Oreks #Polo #Zeroser #Alpher #Blame #Evil #Ablok #Code26 etc
Kathy Singelyn-McDaniel, Diana Ryrholm-Geerdes, Stephanie Thomas-Alpher, Duane Hoppel, Mary Singelyn-Littlejohn, 2 hotel guests who joined us, Randa Owen-Williams, Sally Carson-Campbell
Robert Herman, George Gamow (the genie) and Ralph Alpher (1940s): the theoretical physicists hypothesizing the the Big Bang residual heat that could be measured.
Alpher remembers his teacher Edward Teller.
Harwit: "Did you have any physics teachers there that you remember?"
Alpher: "Well, the most impressive one I had right from the start was Edward Teller."
Harwit: "I didn't realize he was there at the time."
Alpher: "He was indeed. I can still visualize him striding into the freshman physics course one night, the first night of its meeting, making a very profound statement; namely, that one of his jobs… he had two jobs… one was to teach physics to those who wanted to learn physics and the other was to get rid of the overpopulation of pre-med students, the usual function of either physics or math courses."
Harwit: "What did he teach?"
Alpher: "Well, at that time he taught freshman physics, and later on I took a course in what was called atomic and molecular physics from him. I guess those were the only two I took from him — freshman physics and atomic and molecular physics."
Read the full interview and listen to the clip here, and find this photo here in our archives.
Credit: AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Physics Today Collection
Find more oral histories here.
EDCJCC Volunteers - D25
EDCJCC at the Hyatt Regency Washington 400 New Jersey Ave NW DC 20001
blood drIve donor
- Reese Alpher
The way the agarbatti bent on itself, it was hard to tell.
Btw, here's an amusing take by George Gamow: (seen on page 42 ;-) (middle) of The Edge of Physics)
George Gamow and his student Ralph Alpher laid the foundation for the theory of big-bang nucleosynthesis. When it came to submit what was a rather speculative paper for publication, Gamow insisted on adding the name of his friend Hans Bethe, a scientist already famous for his work on nuclear fusion. Gamow was being a jokester, for the authorial last names would now constitute a play on the first three letters of the Greek alphabet (α, β, and γ).
Alpher Garrett-Jones, principal at Charles Rice Learning Center, speaks at a news conference to officially dedicate the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at the school. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.
Oil on Canvas.
“About one hundred seconds after the big bang, the temperature would have fallen to one thousand million degrees, the temperature inside the hottest stars. At this temperature protons and neutrons would no longer have sufficient energy to escape the attraction of the strong nuclear force, and would have started to combine together to produce the nuclei of atoms of deuterium (heavy hydrogen), which contain one proton and one neutron.” - Stephen Hawking (summarizing the Alpher, Bethe, Gamow paper).
“It is not without profound sorrow that one admits to oneself that in their highest flights the artists of all ages have raised to heavenly transfiguration precisely those conceptions which we now recognize as false: they are the glorifiers of the religious and philosophical errors of mankind, and they could not have been so without believing in the absolute truth of these errors.” - Friedrich Nietzsche.
Illustratie bij boekrecensie Yossi Alpher: Periphery. Israel ’s search for
Middle East Allies, NRC Boeken
Alpher Garrett-Jones, principal at Charles Rice Learning Center, speaks at a news conference to officially dedicate the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at the school. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.
So I love DayZ Alpher. But since I don't have a very well-functioning mic, I don't play much. I was thinking we should maybe start a private server for us and our friends. We can make clans, bases, and alliances, and watch as they break. Does anyone have a private server, or would anyone be interested in starting one? I have a bit of $, but I don't want to be paying for each month by myself.
To move 4681 from the shed to the farm track for Alpher to pick up was a challenge in itself. Our petrol powered compressor came into its own providing air for the brakes and suspension.
Dear Lolade,
Welcome to αlpher by Union Bank
Thank you for visiting our αlpher booth at the just concluded TEDxLagos conference organised in partnership with Union Bank. We were absolutely delighted to meet and interact with you at the event!
We are excited to welcome you on board our αlpher platform. αlpher has been designed to give women like you access to a bouquet of benefits such as lower interest rates, business and financial advisory support, an ecosystem of likeminded individuals, knowledge sharing opportunities, capacity development programs and so much more.
We would love the opportunity to speak to you in greater detail about all the offerings from αlpher. A member of our team will be in touch shortly. If you have any questions prior to that, please don’t hesitate to email us at alpher@unionbankng.com. We have also attached a copy of your corporate profile photo (as well as a social media version with the αlpher filter). Please post on your Instagram handle with a short write-up on your business. Feel free to use the #alpher and tag @unionbankng; we’ll be happy to repost on the Union Bank page.
Once again, welcome to αlpher!
Yours Sincerely,
The αlpher Team
The Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, or αβγ paper, was published in Physical Review on 1st April 1948 by the graduate student Ralph Alpher, and his advisor George Gamow. The work, argued that the Big Bang would createhydrogen, helium and heavier elements in the correct proportions to explain their abundance in the early universe.
Alpher Garrett-Jones, principal at Charles Rice Learning Center, speaks at a news conference to officially dedicate the Kids Cafe program on Tuesday, April 12, 2011, at the school. (Official Dallas ISD photo by Todd Overman)
This official Dallas ISD photograph is being made available only for publication by the Dallas Independent School District, news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, e-mails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of Dallas ISD or any of its staff acting on behalf of the district.