Voigtländer 40mm f/1.2 NOKTON aspherical | Nikon Z-Mount
View allAll Photos Tagged 53).[1]
With heartfelt and genuine thanks for your kind visit. Have a wonderful and beautiful day, be well, keep your eyes open, appreciate the beauty surrounding you, enjoy creating, stay safe and laugh often! ❤️❤️❤️
Credits :
Hair : [^.^Ayashi^.^] [Maiymi hair New!! ❥ @ Bloom
📷Dress : Luas Dolce Dress New!! ❥ @ Access
Eyes : {S0NG} Sakura New!! ❥ @ Epiphany 🐾
Face Tattoo : {S0NG} Sakura New!! ❥ @ Epiphany 🐾
📷Bouquet and Headpiece : *Tentacio* : Suculenta lover New!! ❥ @ Collabor88 🐾
Nails : VENGE - Sakura New!! ❥ @ We Love Roleplay
LuluB! - Alassea - Aura - Golden. New!! ❥ @ Chronicles and Legends Event
.:Short Leash:. Sweet Sadism Collar New!! ❥ @ Chronicles and Legends Event
Wings : Exia Fairy Wing White New!! ❥ @ Chronicles and Legends Event
riNK *Elf Ears (with flower)
LeLUTKA.Head.Lilly.2.5
Decor
📷 Dahlia- Iriv - Lantern - Kashmir New!! ❥ @ Collabor88 🐾
📷 Dahlia - Iriv - Lantern - Pink New!! ❥ @ Collabor88 🐾
📷 Dahlia- Iriv - Lantern - White New!! ❥ @ Collabor88 🐾
8f8 - Make Believe - Pampas Grass
8f8 - Make Believe - Pick Your Reality
8f8 - Make Believe - Baby's Breath DRY
8f8 - Make Believe - Baby's Breath GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Bouquet Decor DRY
8f8 - Make Believe - Bouquet Decor GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Bouquet Ikebana GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Bouquet Ikebanat DRY
8f8 - Make Believe - Bush GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Bush LAVENDER
8f8 - Make Believe - Grass n' Rocks 1 GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Grass n' Rocks 1 ZEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Grass n' Rocks 2 GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Grass n' Rocks 3 GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Pampas Bush BROWN
8f8 - Make Believe - Pampas Bush GREEN
8f8 - Make Believe - Pampas Bush WHITE
8f8 - Make Believe - Pampas Grass DRY
CELESTE - Gentle Flowers - Muted - Pink
-Garden- by anc garden "mist" baby's
-Garden- by anc lavender {purple}
EA 1081 si LDE 074 aparținând Constantin Grup cu un tren de la Constanța port zona B pentru Larga Jijia
Letcani 12.09.2021
Orden:Passeriformes
Familia:Thraupidae
Género:Tangara
Nombres comunes: Tángara de cuello rojo, tangara militar ,saíra militar, Tangara cuello castaño, Tángara de Cuello Rojo macho
Nombre cientifico:Tángara cyanocephala
STATUS:Este y sur de Brasil, Paraguay y norte de Argentina.
Nombre Ingles: Red-necked tanager male
Lugar de captura: Tibagí, Paraná, Brasil
Por: Cimarron mayor Panta.
Tangara es un género de aves paseriformes que pertenecen a la familia Thraupidae. El género incluye a una cincuentena de especies de aves nativos del Neotrópico.
En general se los encuentra en la parte alta del dosel arbóreo; pero algunos ocupan hábitats más abiertos.
La hembra suele construir un nido bien escondido en forma de taza y poner dos huevos manchados de marrón o lila. Los polluelos nacen a los 13 a 14 días y empluman en 15 a 16 días. El macho y la hembra alimentan a sus crías con insectos y frutas. A veces tienen ayudantes.
Las frutas constituyen del 53 al 86 % de su alimentación. Además comen insectos que recogen de las hojas o que atrapan al vuelo.
Están distribuidos fundamentalmente en las regiones tropicales de América Central y Sudamérica; algunas especies se encuentran en Norteamérica.
Head: LeLUTKA Lilly Head 3.1
Body: Legacy classic 1.4
Shape: Brown shape Elise
Skin: .::WoW skins :ELISE shape for LeLUTKA fleur
Skin Body: TheSkinnery - SLIM push-up sorbet
Hair: Doux - Taiane Hairstyle [M/Boobs]
Outfit: Limited Addiction - LOTD162
Pose: Inspiration - Woman in the garden ( Exclusive pose MIIX EVENT )
Phone: Kollective
Tattos: MINIMALIST - Simplicity Tattoo
Nails: Avada - Stiletto Nails Pusa
Marks: Finer Threads
Body Shine: MARPESIA
Breast Veins: MARPESIA
Two very rare diesel locomotives, belonging to the Craiova Energy Complex, freshly repainted, arriving in Brazi station
Het is 16:53 als Lineas 1571+2105 met een lege Dolimetrein door het station van Kropswolde rijdt, op weg als trein 47627 naar Hermalle-Sous-Huy.
-Informatie-
Datum: 21-04-21
Plaats: Woldweg, Kropswolde
Van/naar: Veendam -> Hermalle-Sous-Huy
Vervoerder: Lineas
Locs: 1571+2105
Trein: Dolimetrein
Treinnumer: 47627
-Vervoerder-
Lineas rijdt in Nederland en België verschillende goederentreinen. Een aantal daarvan is kleinere (buurt) goederentreinen. Lineas (vroeger B-logistics) is in een aantal jaar flink gegroeid. In 2019 heeft het spoor bedrijf het Dolime-vervoer tussen Hermalle en Veendam overgenomen van DB Cargo. De Belgische spoorvervoerder reed voor de Corona-crisis 4 Dolimetreinen per week. Doordat er van de gemeente geen tweede bunker in dienst mag worden genomen en de normale bunker telkens vol zit is de productie gehalveerd. Sindsdien rijdt de vervoerder gemiddeld 2 treinen per week. De extra-wagenset is naar mijn weten weer teruggegeven aan de eigenaar, die is namelijk toch niet meer nodig.
-Foto-
Lineas heeft op 1 januari 2019 het Dolimevervoer tussen Hermalle-Sous-Huy en Veendam overgenomen van DB-Cargo. De Belgische vervoerder reed met een koppel 7700den. Lineas heeft het contract weer voor 2 jaar gewonnen, dat betekend dat de vervoerder nog tot 1 januari 2023 het Dolimevervoer rijdt. Uiteraard is het rijden met diesel onder de draad niet echt schoon, tevens kunnen de locs de dienstregeling niet aan. Daarom huurt Lineas vanaf 13 december 2020 2 vervoerders in. TCS rijdt met een ex-NS 1700 onder de draad. IRP rijdt met een G2000 het laatste stuk van Onnen naar Veendam. Deze loc staat de hele week in Onnen. Lineas rijdt met een koppel 7700den het stuk tussen de Belgische groeve en Sittard.
Lineas heeft in de vloot een drietal locs van de serie G1206, twee daarvan zijn in huisstijl. De locs rijden voornamelijk in de Rotterdamse havens. Soms hebben ze een uitstapje naar bijvoorbeeld het hoge noorden om een trein af te slepen.
Op dinsdag 20 april 2021 reed de Lineas Dolimetrein weer aardig op tijd (+60). Na aankomst van de trein in Onnen bleek de 2105 van het storingsgevoelige type G2000 een storing te hebben, de loc kon niet harder rijden dan 40 km/uur, op zich niet een groot probleem voor de last-mile. Nadat de monteur het probleem niet had kunnen oplossen werd er om een hulploc gevraagd, deze kwam in de vroege ochtend van 21 april 2021 pas vanuit Kijfhoek naar Onnen. De heenrit werd de kapotte G2000 meegenomen achter de G1206, daar was ik blij om want de terugrit zou de loc dan achterop de trein hangen. Toch werd in Veendam besloten om de loc om te rijden, het nut snap ik niet want de G2000 is gewoon beremd, schijnbaar hadden ze tijd over ofzo. Na een poosje rondom Kropswolde te hebben gehangen werd er voor deze stek gekozen omdat hier de meeste kans was op zon. Veel lengte heb je hier (zeker door die lelijke G2000) niet maar het stationsgebouw is wel een fraai motief.
Na een poosje wachten bromde loc 1571 de hoek om. Aan de haak heeft de loc de kapotte 2105 en een lege Dolimetrein. De trein reed ruim 19 uur te laat (!). In Onnen werd de 1571 voor de trein weggehaald en kwam de 101001 voor de trein welke hem naar Sittard rijdt. De 1571 is op Onnen gebleven om de Dolimetrein van morgen te rijden welke waarschijnlijk ook wel behoorlijk te laat zal zijn. Na de foto werd er tevreden naar huis gefietst.
Foto: ©Tijmen Holstein
7400' of double stacked, 53 foot domestics assigned to train Q CHISTO6 04L trade Chicago's bustling metropolis for the rural farmlands, wind turbines and grain elevators that dot the many miles of this bucolic Illinois landscape, seen here sprinting through small-town Ransom, milepost 79 of the Chillicothe Sub, still within the infant stages of their long, westward journey across the old Santa Fe Transcontinental to California. The front runner on this Sunday edition Chicago-Corwith to Stockton intermodal Q is C44-9W #987, which wears the short lived Heritage 1 livery from BNSF's original corporate image, conjured up following a September 1995 merger between both the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Burlington Northern railroads. This sharp looking H1 scheme features a large orange band running the length of each locomotive marked with company initials and flanked both above and below by thin yellow stripes and dark green paint, brought all together by BNSF's round "Wagon Wheel" logo adorned on the nose. Formerly relegated to trailing service only, the entire fleet of these 900, 1000, and 1100 series General Electric Dash 9's were all recently upgraded with the necessary PTC electrical equipment to become lead qualified out on the mainlines; Today's pictured 987 reaping such benefits.
Seraphine Set
Top/Pants/Shoes
Legacy / Maitreya + Petite X / Reborn + Waifu
Available Single
Top / Pants - 12 Solid Colors
Mix & Match In Fatpack
Top - 45 Solid Colors + 20 Color Patterns
Customize - 3 Parts / String / 10 Metals Colors
Pants - 45 Solid Colors + 30 Color Patterns
Customize - String
Shoes (Fatpack Only)
40 Solid Colors
Customize - 14 Parts
------------------------------|||---------------------------
◾*N* - Snow Glasses Review / GACHA
Snowing Animation
Flame Color Change By Touch
Animation: Santa / Tree / Snowman / Enaga / Lizuna / Seal
Exclusive to THE ARCADE
Event round (December 1st to 31st)
◾YOKAI - Little Christmas Goose / GACHA
Decor
3 RARE
12 Commons
Exclusive to THE ARCADE
Event round (December 1st to 31st)
◾YOKAI - Winter Citizens / GACHA
Decor
1 RARE
11 Commons
Exclusive to THE ARCADE
Event round (December 1st to 31st)
FOLLOW ME ➤ PRIMFEED
With Loch Eigheach Gaur Reservoir in the valley bottom, 66741 'Swanage Railway' is seen attacking the 1:53 gradient between Rannoch Station and Cruach Snow Shed, on the climb towards Currour Summit.
The train is 6S45 North Blyth Alcan to Fort William Alcan loaded bauxite, and is entering the final stages of its 14hr journey after crossing the last Up ScotRail service of the day in Rannoch Station.
🚫💲🚫 1 Free Shop & Hop Gift minimum in my pics Everyday during the Event period 🚫💲🚫
◤ S P O N S O R S ◢
⋆❆『.Tardfish.』❆⋆
.Tarfish. Chomp Ghost
Kawaii Animesh Head Companion for Halloween
Available in 6 versions
Available at Shop and Hop Event
🚖Taxis : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Golden/41/184/53
Tardfish. Giant Pumpkin 🚫💲🚫 Shop & Hop Freebie 🚫💲🚫
Very Giant animated Pumpkin
Available as legacy & PBR
Come to grab it at Halloween Shop & Hop Event.
🚖Taxis : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Golden/41/184/53
Tardfish info :
🚖 Mainstore : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Tardfish/138/139/23
● Tardfish info : www.flickr.com/photos/154104917@N03
⋆❆『 Simply Shelby 』❆⋆
Spooky Specter Fence Set ⌚️💰⌚️ Exclusive Weekend Sale Price ⌚️💰⌚️ (actualy still Available)
New Halloween Release at Simply Shelby Main Store.
4 Fence Styles set + Gate
Also Contain : Beware Sign, Hovering Hologram Ghosts, pumpkins, Tree & Ground Leaf Clutter
C/M/NT
Available at Simply Shelby mainstore:
🚖 Mainstore : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Starry%20Sky/171/109/22
● Info : www.flickr.com/photos/simplyshelbysl/
⋆❆『 TREIZED DESIGNS 』❆⋆
TREIZED Samhain Shirt
Exclusive for @ACCESS Event
100% Original Mesh
HUD control EXCLUSIVE TEXTURES in FATPACK.
Fitted for Legacy (M / Athletic) & Belleza
Available at ACCESS Event
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/ACCESS/128/129/2002
Treized Infos :
🚖Taxis : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/The%20Good%20Place/222/127/15
● MP : marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/192658
● Info : linktr.ee/treized
⋆❆『 YOKAI 』❆⋆
YOKAI - Crow pumpkin GACHA [The Arcade]
Funny halloween theme Crows Set
12 available (11 common + 1 rare)
Available at The Arcade September round
Open : Sept 15th until october 15th
🚖Taxis to event : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/The%20Arcade/78/131/32
After the event will by available in mainstore
YOKAI infos :
🚖 Mainstore : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Reef%20Island/84/30/23
● Info : www.flickr.com/photos/anikeeva
⋆❆『 VENUS Tattoos 』❆⋆
VENUS "SILK" HAND TATTOOS
Unisex BOM Hand + arm tattoo
Included 3 shades (fresh, faded, old)
Available at Venus Tattoos mainstore
🚖Taxis : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Sintaire/228/6/1000
● Marketplace : marketplace.secondlife.com/en-US/stores/257524
❆Info : www.flickr.com/photos/angelovenus/
◤ Other Items ◢
Giant Pumpkin : Check sponsors ↑ 🚫💲🚫 Shop &Hop Freebie 🚫💲🚫
Pumpkin Vine deco : LOVE - MONSTER PUMPKIN PATCH
Autumn Grass : LOVE - AUTUMN DRY GRASS - CLUMP 🚫💲🚫 Free Group Gift
Selfie Stick : .::Coterie::. Selfie Stick 👌💲👌 35L$ on marketplace 👌💲👌 marketplace.secondlife.com/p/Coterie-Selfie-Stick/8096181
Pant : #Dios - Dakota Cargo's [ Khaki ]
Shirt : Check sponsors ↑
Fences : sponsors ↑
Crows : sponsors ↑
Demon on my head : sponsors ↑
Beard : RAKE Facial Hair -Iver- EvoX
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Sunborne/121/85/28
Tattoo : Check sponsors ↑
Head : LeLutka - Kris head
Body : Belleza Jack
Shape : by me
Skin : f u o e y . Oliver Skin Medium / E 🚫💲🚫 GG
Hairbase : Modulus - Lenny Hair Base Evo X - 🚫💲🚫 Free Gift
Hair : WINGS-HAIR-ES1118 Grays & Browns
Face Moles : (VOLGA) . Freckles and Moles
Mesh nails : N E X U S HD nails v.4
Nails Applier : :DEIAMOS - Heathen Nails 🚫💲🚫 Group Gift
🚖Taxis to DEIAMOS Mainstore :
maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Aurore/212/222/551
Pose : By me
💎 Lempika - Sandals #056
ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ (in diff. colors, amazing texture) @ Tres Chic Event
ꜰᴏʀ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ɴɪᴄᴇ ɪᴛᴇᴍꜱ ᴄʜᴇᴄᴋ @ Mainstore OR Marketplace
｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡ ｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡
💎 AVANTAGE mainstore
ex -ALEX- design .
Set Elisia (Top, skirt, panties)
(for Maitreya/Legacy/Perky/Reborn/Kupra/Kups)
ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ @ ☑ Mainstore
For more nice items check @
｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡ ｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡
💎 REVIVER -LADYROSE bom
ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ @ BLACK FAIR EXCLUSIVE
For more items check @ Mainstore OR Marketplace
｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡ ｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡
💎 *MoonMakeup* - Diana Lips (HUD diff. colors)
ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ @
｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡ ｡☆✼★━━━━━━━━━━━━★✼☆｡
ʙᴇꜱᴛ ᴠɪᴇᴡᴇᴅ ʟᴀʀɢᴇ, ꜰᴏʀ ᴀɴʏ Qᴜᴇꜱᴛɪᴏɴꜱ, ꜰᴇᴇʟ ꜰʀᴇᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀᴄᴛ ᴍᴇ ♥ ✨
Flying fox species vary in body weight, ranging from 120–1,600 g (0.26–3.53 lb). Across all species, males are usually larger than females.
The large flying fox has the longest forearm length and reported wingspan of any bat species, but some bat species exceed it in weight. Its wingspan is up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), and it can weigh up to 1.1 kg (2+1⁄2 lb).
This image was taken on Cape Tribulation Road, not far from the Daintree River, near Port Douglas in Queensland, Australia
1. In the woods., 2. Blowing in the wind., 3. Sailing, thats for the birds, 4. Downstream, 5. A very very very young butterfly., 6. HEY BUZZ OFF!!!!!!!!, 7. Alva Glen, 8. The Loup of Fintry,
9. SPLASH, 10. Big Bird (nothing to do with sesame street), 11. Got one to sit at last, 12. Campsie Fall, 13. Said the spider to the fly, 14. Standing Tall, 15. The Best Seat in Town, 16. flickr.com/photos/17604343@N06/2753905571/,
17. Falls of Clyde (top), 18. Splash - Tenerife Sunset ii, 19. Tenerife Sunset, 20. Falls of Clyde (top), 21. Pink, 22. Butterfly number 2, 23. The Loup of Fintry, 24. Top of the falls.,
25. Bracklinn Falls, 26. Bridge at Hermitage, 27. A waterfall a Bruar, 28. Stairway to ....., 29. Seat reserved, standing room only, 30. The Birks at Aberfeldy, 31. Through the Trees, 32. A hill, little pond and some green stuff,
33. Falls of clyde (bottom falls), 34. Falls Of Clyde (top falls), 35. Part of Hermitage main falls, 36. Hoverfly on a Thistle, 37. A Family Scene, 38. The Hermitage., 39. Let there be light., 40. A Yellow Rose,
41. Hermitage, 42. Bruar, 43. Pretty in Pink, 44. Carluke Waterfall, 45. Follow the Yellow Brick Road, 46. Bridge on the Clyde, 47. The base of the Falls, 48. One Man, Two Wellingtons, Three hours and ZERO FISH,
49. Waterfall Carluke, 50. Local Waterfall, 51. Down the valley, 52. The Talla Dam, 53. Swans in the sunset, 54. Falls at Kirkfieldbank, 55. African Daisy II, 56. Sunset in Scotland.,
57. The Heron (Blue I think), 58. when the wind blows, 59. Tinto Hill View, 60. A dreamy day, 61. Below the Weir, 62. Clyde at Kirkfieldbank ii, 63. Another Campsie shot!!!!!!!, 64. Glasgow Cathedral,
65. Campsie falls, 66. Glasgow Cathedral, 67. Tullip, 68. Bridge over clyde 2, 69. A Bridge over the Clyde, 70. Lanark Loch, 71. The Hidden Corner, 72. The Dalveen Pass
Created with fd's Flickr Toys.
The 16th is the last Montana which was built with the original design. On a late Yuly afternoon, it was waiting for its crew on Kelenföld. The loco pulled a heavy, loaded crude oil train to Székesfehérvár from Füzesgyarmat.
Nikon Coolpix B700
ISO-200; 1/200sec; F-stop f/4.8; EV:0; 95mm (17mm)
Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod
Cape Cod
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the area of Massachusetts. For other uses, see Cape Cod (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Cod (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 41°41′20″N 70°17′49″W / 41.68889°N 70.29694°W / 41.68889; -70.29694
Map of Massachusetts, with Cape Cod (Barnstable County) indicated in red
Dunes on Sandy Neck are part of the Cape's barrier beach which helps to prevent erosion
Cape Cod, often referred to locally as simply the Cape, is an island and a cape in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States. It is coextensive with Barnstable County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, and Seconsett Island, are also in Barnstable County, being part of municipalities with land on the Cape. The Cape's small-town character and large beachfront attract heavy tourism during the summer months.
Cape Cod was formed as the terminal moraine of a glacier, resulting in a peninsula in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1914, the Cape Cod Canal was cut through the base or isthmus of the peninsula, forming an island. The Cape Cod Commission refers to the resultant landmass as an island; as does the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in regards to disaster preparedness.[1] It is still identified as a peninsula by geographers, who do not change landform designations based on man-made canal construction.[citation needed]
Unofficially, it is one of the biggest barrier islands in the world, shielding much of the Massachusetts coastline from North Atlantic storm waves. This protection helps to erode the Cape shoreline at the expense of cliffs, while protecting towns from Fairhaven to Marshfield.
Road vehicles from the mainland cross over the Cape Cod Canal via the Sagamore Bridge and the Bourne Bridge. The two bridges are parallel, with the Bourne Bridge located slightly farther southwest. In addition, the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight as well as tourist passenger services.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Geography and political divisions
o 1.1 "Upper" and "Lower"
* 2 Geology
* 3 Climate
* 4 Native population
* 5 History
* 6 Lighthouses of Cape Cod
* 7 Transportation
o 7.1 Bus
o 7.2 Rail
o 7.3 Taxi
* 8 Tourism
* 9 Sport fishing
* 10 Sports
* 11 Education
* 12 Islands off Cape Cod
* 13 See also
* 14 References
o 14.1 Notes
o 14.2 Sources
o 14.3 Further reading
* 15 External links
[edit] Geography and political divisions
Towns of Barnstable County
historical map of 1890
The highest elevation on Cape Cod is 306 feet (93 m), at the top of Pine Hill, in the Bourne portion of the Massachusetts Military Reservation. The lowest point is sea level.
The body of water located between Cape Cod and the mainland, bordered to the north by Massachusetts Bay, is Cape Cod Bay; west of Cape Cod is Buzzards Bay. The Cape Cod Canal, completed in 1916, connects Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay; it shortened the trade route between New York and Boston by 62 miles.[2] To the south of Cape Cod lie Nantucket Sound; Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, both large islands, and the mostly privately owned Elizabeth Islands.
Cape Cod incorporates all of Barnstable County, which comprises 15 towns: Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee, Barnstable, Yarmouth, Dennis, Harwich, Brewster, Chatham, Orleans, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown. Two of the county's fifteen towns (Bourne and Sandwich) include land on the mainland side of the Cape Cod Canal. The towns of Plymouth and Wareham, in adjacent Plymouth County, are sometimes considered to be part of Cape Cod but are not located on the island.
In the 17th century the designation Cape Cod applied only to the tip of the peninsula, essentially present-day Provincetown. Over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all the land east of the Manomet and Scussett rivers - essentially the line of the 20th century Cape Cod Canal. Now, the complete towns of Bourne and Sandwich are widely considered to incorporate the full perimeter of Cape Cod, even though small parts of these towns are located on the west side of the canal. The canal divides the largest part of the peninsula from the mainland and the resultant landmass is sometimes referred to as an island.[3][4] Additionally some "Cape Codders" – residents of "The Cape" – refer to all land on the mainland side of the canal as "off-Cape."
For most of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, Cape Cod was considered to consist of three sections:
* The Upper Cape is the part of Cape Cod closest to the mainland, comprising the towns of Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee. Falmouth is the home of the famous Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and several other research organizations, and is also the most-used ferry connection to Martha's Vineyard. Falmouth is composed of several separate villages, including East Falmouth, Falmouth Village, Hatchville, North Falmouth, Teaticket, Waquoit, West Falmouth, and Woods Hole, as well as several smaller hamlets that are incorporated into their larger neighbors (e.g., Davisville, Falmouth Heights, Quissett, Sippewissett, and others).[5]
* The Mid-Cape includes the towns of Barnstable, Yarmouth and Dennis. The Mid-Cape area features many beautiful beaches, including warm-water beaches along Nantucket Sound, e.g., Kalmus Beach in Hyannis, which gets its name from one of the inventors of Technicolor, Herbert Kalmus. This popular windsurfing destination was bequeathed to the town of Barnstable by Dr. Kalmus on condition that it not be developed, possibly one of the first instances of open-space preservation in the US. The Mid-Cape is also the commercial and industrial center of the region. There are seven villages in Barnstable, including Barnstable Village, Centerville, Cotuit, Hyannis, Marstons Mills, Osterville, and West Barnstable, as well as several smaller hamlets that are incorporated into their larger neighbors (e.g., Craigville, Cummaquid, Hyannisport, Santuit, Wianno, and others).[6] There are three villages in Yarmouth: South Yarmouth, West Yarmouth and Yarmouthport. There are five villages in Dennis including, Dennis Village(North Dennis), East Dennis, West Dennis, South Dennis and Dennisport.[7]
* The Lower Cape traditionally included all of the rest of the Cape,or the towns of Harwich, Brewster, Chatham, Orleans, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown. This area includes the Cape Cod National Seashore, a national park comprising much of the outer Cape, including the entire east-facing coast, and is home to some of the most popular beaches in America, such as Coast Guard Beach and Nauset Light Beach in Eastham. Stephen Leatherman, aka "Dr. Beach", named Coast Guard Beach the 5th best beach in America for 2007.[8]
[edit] "Upper" and "Lower"
The terms "Upper" and "Lower" as applied to the Cape have nothing to do with north and south. Instead, they derive from maritime convention at the time when the principal means of transportation involved watercraft, and the prevailing westerly winds meant that a boat with sails traveling northeast in Cape Cod Bay would have the wind at its back and thus be going downwind, while a craft sailing southwest would be going against the wind, or upwind.[9] Similarly, on nearby Martha's Vineyard, "Up Island" still is the western section and "Down Island" is to the east, and in Maine, "Down East" is similarly defined by the winds and currents.
Over time, the reasons for the traditional nomenclature became unfamiliar and their meaning obscure. Late in the 1900s, new arrivals began calling towns from Eastham to Provincetown the "Outer Cape", yet another geographic descriptor which is still in use, as is the "Inner Cape."
[edit] Geology
Cape Cod and Cape Cod Bay from space.[10]
East of America, there stands in the open Atlantic the last fragment of an ancient and vanished land. Worn by the breakers and the rains, and disintegrated by the wind, it still stands bold.
“
”
Henry Beston, The Outermost House
Cape Cod forms a continuous archipelagic region with a thin line of islands stretching toward New York, historically known by naturalists as the Outer Lands. This continuity is due to the fact that the islands and Cape are all terminal glacial moraines laid down some 16,000 to 20,000 years ago.
Most of Cape Cod's geological history involves the advance and retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet in the late Pleistocene geological era and the subsequent changes in sea level. Using radiocarbon dating techniques, researchers have determined that around 23,000 years ago, the ice sheet reached its maximum southward advance over North America, and then started to retreat. Many "kettle ponds" — clear, cold lakes — were formed and remain on Cape Cod as a result of the receding glacier. By about 18,000 years ago, the ice sheet had retreated past Cape Cod. By roughly 15,000 years ago, it had retreated past southern New England. When so much of Earth's water was locked up in massive ice sheets, the sea level was lower. Truro's bayside beaches used to be a petrified forest, before it became a beach.
As the ice began to melt, the sea began to rise. Initially, sea level rose quickly, about 15 meters (50 ft) per 1,000 years, but then the rate declined. On Cape Cod, sea level rose roughly 3 meters (11 ft) per millennium between 6,000 and 2,000 years ago. After that, it continued to rise at about 1 meter (3 ft) per millennium. By 6,000 years ago, the sea level was high enough to start eroding the glacial deposits that the vanished continental ice sheet had left on Cape Cod. The water transported the eroded deposits north and south along the outer Cape's shoreline. Those reworked sediments that moved north went to the tip of Cape Cod.
Provincetown Spit, at the northern end of the Cape, consists largely of marine deposits, transported from farther up the shore. Sediments that moved south created the islands and shoals of Monomoy. So while other parts of the Cape have dwindled from the action of the waves, these parts of the Cape have grown.
Cape Cod National Seashore
This process continues today. Due to their position jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean, the Cape and islands are subject to massive coastal erosion. Geologists say that, due to erosion, the Cape will be completely submerged by the sea in thousands of years.[11] This erosion causes the washout of beaches and the destruction of the barrier islands; for example, the ocean broke through the barrier island at Chatham during Hurricane Bob in 1991, allowing waves and storm surges to hit the coast with no obstruction. Consequently, the sediment and sand from the beaches is being washed away and deposited elsewhere. While this destroys land in some places, it creates land elsewhere, most noticeably in marshes where sediment is deposited by waters running through them.
[edit] Climate
Although Cape Cod's weather[12] is typically more moderate than inland locations, there have been occasions where Cape Cod has dealt with the brunt of extreme weather situations (such as the Blizzard of 1954 and Hurricane of 1938). Because of the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, temperatures are typically a few degrees cooler in the summer and a few degrees warmer in the winter. A common misconception is that the climate is influenced largely by the warm Gulf Stream current, however that current turns eastward off the coast of Virginia and the waters off the Cape are more influenced by the cold Canadian Labrador Current. As a result, the ocean temperature rarely gets above 65 °F (18 °C), except along the shallow west coast of the Upper Cape.
The Cape's climate is also notorious for a delayed spring season, being surrounded by an ocean which is still cold from the winter; however, it is also known for an exceptionally mild fall season (Indian summer), thanks to the ocean remaining warm from the summer. The highest temperature ever recorded on Cape Cod was 104 °F (40 °C) in Provincetown[13], and the lowest temperature ever was −12 °F (−24.4 °C) in Barnstable.[14]
The water surrounding Cape Cod moderates winter temperatures enough to extend the USDA hardiness zone 7a to its northernmost limit in eastern North America.[15] Even though zone 7a (annual low = 0–5 degrees Fahrenheit) signifies no sub-zero temperatures annually, there have been several instances of temperatures reaching a few degrees below zero across the Cape (although it is rare, usually 1–5 times a year, typically depending on locale, sometimes not at all). Consequently, many plant species typically found in more southerly latitudes grow there, including Camellias, Ilex opaca, Magnolia grandiflora and Albizia julibrissin.
Precipitation on Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket is the lowest in the New England region, averaging slightly less than 40 inches (1,000 mm) a year (most parts of New England average 42–46 inches). This is due to storm systems which move across western areas, building up in mountainous regions, and dissipating before reaching the coast where the land has leveled out. The region does not experience a greater number of sunny days however, as the number of cloudy days is the same as inland locales, in addition to increased fog. Snowfall is annual, but a lot less common than the rest of Massachusetts. On average, 30 inches of snow, which is a foot less than Boston, falls in an average winter. Snow is usually light, and comes in squalls on cold days. Storms that bring blizzard conditions and snow emergencies to the mainland, bring devastating ice storms or just heavy rains more frequently than large snow storms.
[hide]Climate data for Cape Cod
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 2.06
(35.7) 2.5
(36.5) 6.22
(43.2) 11.72
(53.1) 16.94
(62.5) 23.5
(74.3) 26.39
(79.5) 26.67
(80.0) 25.06
(77.1) 18.39
(65.1) 12.56
(54.6) 5.44
(41.8) 26.67
(80.0)
Average low °C (°F) -5.33
(22.4) -5
(23.0) -1.33
(29.6) 2.72
(36.9) 8.72
(47.7) 14.61
(58.3) 19.22
(66.6) 20.28
(68.5) 15.56
(60.0) 9.94
(49.9) 3.94
(39.1) -2.22
(28.0) -5.33
(22.4)
Precipitation mm (inches) 98
(3.86) 75.4
(2.97) 95
(3.74) 92.5
(3.64) 83.6
(3.29) 76.7
(3.02) 62.2
(2.45) 65
(2.56) 74.7
(2.94) 84.8
(3.34) 90.7
(3.57) 92.7
(3.65) 990.9
(39.01)
Source: World Meteorological Organisation (United Nations) [16]
[edit] Native population
Cape Cod has been the home of the Wampanoag tribe of Native American people for many centuries. They survived off the sea and were accomplished farmers. They understood the principles of sustainable forest management, and were known to light controlled fires to keep the underbrush in check. They helped the Pilgrims, who arrived in the fall of 1620, survive at their new Plymouth Colony. At the time, the dominant group was the Kakopee, known for their abilities at fishing. They were the first Native Americans to use large casting nets. Early colonial settlers recorded that the Kakopee numbered nearly 7,000.
Shortly after the Pilgrims arrived, the chief of the Kakopee, Mogauhok, attempted to make a treaty limiting colonial settlements. The effort failed after he succumbed to smallpox in 1625. Infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza caused the deaths of many other Kakopee and Wampanoag. They had no natural immunity to Eurasian diseases by then endemic among the English and other Europeans. Today, the only reminder of the Kakopee is a small public recreation area in Barnstable named for them. A historic marker notes the burial site of Mogauhok near Truro, although the location is conjecture.
While contractors were digging test wells in the eastern Massachusetts Military Reservation area, they discovered an archeological find.[citation needed] Excavation revealed the remains of a Kakopee village in Forestdale, a location in Sandwich. Researchers found a totem with a painted image of Mogauhok, portrayed in his chief's cape and brooch. The totem was discovered on property on Grand Oak Road. It is the first evidence other than colonial accounts of his role as an important Kakopee leader.
The Indians lost their lands through continued purchase and expropriation by the English colonists. The documentary Natives of the Narrowland (1993), narrated by actress Julie Harris, shows the history of the Wampanoag people through Cape Cod archaeological sites.
In 1974, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council was formed to articulate the concerns of those with Native American ancestry. They petitioned the federal government in 1975 and again in 1990 for official recognition of the Mashpee Wampanoag as a tribe. In May 2007, the Wampanoag tribe was finally federally recognized as a tribe.[17]
[edit] History
Cranberry picking in 1906
Cape Cod was a landmark for early explorers. It may have been the "Promontory of Vinland" mentioned by the Norse voyagers (985-1025). Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 approached it from the south. He named Martha's Vineyard Claudia, after the mother of the King of France.[18] The next year the explorer Esteban Gómez called it Cape St. James.
In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold named it Cape Cod, the surviving term and the ninth oldest English place-name in the U.S.[19] Samuel de Champlain charted its sand-silted harbors in 1606 and Henry Hudson landed there in 1609. Captain John Smith noted it on his map of 1614 and at last the Pilgrims entered the "Cape Harbor" and – contrary to the popular myth of Plymouth Rock – made their first landing near present-day Provincetown on November 11, 1620. Nearby, in what is now Eastham, they had their first encounter with Native Americans.
Cape Cod was among the first places settled by the English in North America. Aside from Barnstable (1639), Sandwich (1637) and Yarmouth (1639), the Cape's fifteen towns developed slowly. The final town to be established on the Cape was Bourne in 1884.[20] Provincetown was a group of huts until the 18th century. A channel from Massachusetts Bay to Buzzards Bay is shown on Southack's map of 1717. The present Cape Cod Canal was slowly developed from 1870 to 1914. The Federal government purchased it in 1928.
Thanks to early colonial settlement and intensive land use, by the time Henry Thoreau saw Cape Cod during his four visits over 1849 to 1857[21], its vegetation was depauperate and trees were scarce. As the settlers heated by fires, and it took 10 to 20 cords (40 to 80 m³) of wood to heat a home, they cleared most of Cape Cod of timber early on. They planted familiar crops, but these were unsuited to Cape Cod's thin, glacially derived soils. For instance, much of Eastham was planted to wheat. The settlers practiced burning of woodlands to release nutrients into the soil. Improper and intensive farming led to erosion and the loss of topsoil. Farmers grazed their cattle on the grassy dunes of coastal Massachusetts, only to watch "in horror as the denuded sands `walked' over richer lands, burying cultivated fields and fences." Dunes on the outer Cape became more common and many harbors filled in with eroded soils.[22]
By 1800, most of Cape Cod's firewood had to be transported by boat from Maine. The paucity of vegetation was worsened by the raising of merino sheep that reached its peak in New England around 1840. The early industrial revolution, which occurred through much of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, mostly bypassed Cape Cod due to a lack of significant water power in the area. As a result, and also because of its geographic position, the Cape developed as a large fishing and whaling center. After 1860 and the opening of the American West, farmers abandoned agriculture on the Cape. By 1950 forests had recovered to an extent not seen since the 18th century.
Cape Cod became a summer haven for city dwellers beginning at the end of the 19th century. Improved rail transportation made the towns of the Upper Cape, such as Bourne and Falmouth, accessible to Bostonians. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Northeastern mercantile elite built many large, shingled "cottages" along Buzzards Bay. The relaxed summer environment offered by Cape Cod was highlighted by writers including Joseph C. Lincoln, who published novels and countless short stories about Cape Cod folks in popular magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post and the Delineator.
Guglielmo Marconi made the first transatlantic wireless transmission originating in the United States from Cape Cod, at Wellfleet. The beach from which he transmitted has since been called Marconi Beach. In 1914 he opened the maritime wireless station WCC in Chatham. It supported the communications of Amelia Earhart, Howard Hughes, Admiral Byrd, and the Hindenburg. Marconi chose Chatham due to its vantage point on the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded on three sides by water. Walter Cronkite narrated a 17-minute documentary in 2005 about the history of the Chatham Station.
Much of the East-facing Atlantic seacoast of Cape Cod consists of wide, sandy beaches. In 1961, a significant portion of this coastline, already slated for housing subdivisions, was made a part of the Cape Cod National Seashore by President John F. Kennedy. It was protected from private development and preserved for public use. Large portions are open to the public, including the Marconi Site in Wellfleet. This is a park encompassing the site of the first two-way transoceanic radio transmission from the United States. (Theodore Roosevelt used Marconi's equipment for this transmission).
The Kennedy Compound in Hyannisport was President Kennedy's summer White House during his presidency. The Kennedy family continues to maintain residences on the compound. Other notable residents of Cape Cod have included actress Julie Harris, US Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis, figure skater Todd Eldredge, and novelists Norman Mailer and Kurt Vonnegut. Influential natives included the patriot James Otis, historian and writer Mercy Otis Warren, jurist Lemuel Shaw, and naval officer John Percival.
[edit] Lighthouses of Cape Cod
Race Point Lighthouse in Provincetown (1876)
Lighthouses, from ancient times, have fascinated members of the human race. There is something about a lighted beacon that suggests hope and trust and appeals to the better instincts of mankind.
“
”
Edward Rowe Snow
Due to its dangerous constantly moving shoals, Cape Cod's shores have featured beacons which warn ships of the danger since very early in its history. There are numerous working lighthouses on Cape Cod and the Islands, including Highland Light, Nauset Light, Chatham Light, Race Point Light, and Nobska Light, mostly operated by the U.S. Coast Guard. The exception is Nauset Light, which was decommissioned in 1996 and is now maintained by the Nauset Light Preservation Society under the auspices of Cape Cod National Seashore. These lighthouses are frequently photographed symbols of Cape Cod.
Others include:
Upper Cape: Wings Neck
Mid Cape: Sandy Neck, South Hyannis, Lewis Bay, Bishop and Clerks, Bass River
Lower Cape: Wood End, Long Point, Monomoy, Stage Harbor, Pamet, Mayo Beach, Billingsgate, Three Sisters, Nauset, Highland
[edit] Transportation
Cape Cod is connected to the mainland by a pair of canal-spanning highway bridges from Bourne and Sagamore that were constructed in the 1930s, and a vertical-lift railroad bridge. The limited number of access points to the peninsula can result in large traffic backups during the tourist season.
The entire Cape is roughly bisected lengthwise by U.S. Route 6, locally known as the Mid-Cape Highway and officially as the Grand Army of the Republic Highway.
Commercial air service to Cape Cod operates out of Barnstable Municipal Airport and Provincetown Municipal Airport. Several bus lines service the Cape. There are ferry connections from Boston to Provincetown, as well as from Hyannis and Woods Hole to the islands.
Cape Cod has a public transportation network comprising buses operated by three different companies, a rail line, taxis and paratransit services.
The Bourne Bridge over the Cape Cod Canal, with the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge in the background
[edit] Bus
Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority operates a year-round public bus system comprising three long distance routes and a local bus in Hyannis and Barnstable Village. From mid June until October, additional local routes are added in Falmouth and Provincetown. CCRTA also operates Barnstable County's ADA required paratransit (dial-a-ride) service, under the name "B-Bus."
Long distance bus service is available through Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway, with regular service to Boston and Logan Airport, as well as less frequent service to Provincetown. Peter Pan Bus Lines also runs long distance service to Providence T.F. Green Airport and New York City.
[edit] Rail
Regular passenger rail service through Cape Cod ended in 1959, quite possibly on June 30 of that year. In 1978, the tracks east of South Dennis were abandoned and replaced with the very popular bicycle path, known as the Cape Cod Rail Trail. Another bike path, the Shining Sea Bikeway, was built over tracks between Woods Hole and Falmouth in 1975; construction to extend this path to North Falmouth over 6.3 miles (10.1 km) of inactive rail bed began in April 2008[23] and ended in early 2009. Active freight service remains in the Upper Cape area in Sandwich and in Bourne, largely due to a trash transfer station located at Massachusetts Military Reservation along the Bourne-Falmouth rail line. In 1986, Amtrak ran a seasonal service in the summer from New York City to Hyannis called the Cape Codder. From 1988, Amtrak and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation increased service to a daily frequency.[24] Since its demise in 1996, there have been periodic discussions about reinstating passenger rail service from Boston to reduce car traffic to and from the Cape, with officials in Bourne seeking to re-extend MBTA Commuter Rail service from Middleboro to Buzzards Bay[25], despite a reluctant Beacon Hill legislature.
Cape Cod Central Railroad operates passenger train service on Cape Cod. The service is primarily tourist oriented and includes a dinner train. The scenic route between Downtown Hyannis and the Cape Cod Canal is about 2½ hours round trip. Massachusetts Coastal Railroad is also planning to return passenger railroad services eventually to the Bourne-Falmouth rail line in the future. An August 5, 2009 article on the New England Cable News channel, entitled South Coast rail project a priority for Mass. lawmakers, mentions a $1.4-billion railroad reconstruction plan by Governor Deval Patrick, and could mean rebuilding of old rail lines on the Cape. On November 21, 2009, the town of Falmouth saw its first passenger train in 12 years, a set of dinner train cars from Cape Cod Central. And a trip from the Mass Bay Railroad Enthusiasts on May 15, 2010 revealed a second trip along the Falmouth line.
[edit] Taxi
Taxicabs are plentiful, with several different companies operating out of different parts of the Cape. Except at the airport and some bus terminals with taxi stands, cabs must be booked ahead of time, with most operators preferring two to three hours notice. Cabs cannot be "hailed" anywhere in Barnstable County, this was outlawed in the early nineties after several robbery attempts on drivers.
Most companies utilize a New York City-style taximeter and charge based on distance plus an initial fee of $2 to $3. In Provincetown, cabs charge a flat fare per person anywhere in the town.
[edit] Tourism
Hyannis Harbor on Nantucket Sound
Although Cape Cod has a year-round population of about 230,000, it experiences a tourist season each summer, the beginning and end of which can be roughly approximated as Memorial Day and Labor Day, respectively. Many businesses are specifically targeted to summer visitors, and close during the eight to nine months of the "off season" (although the "on season" has been expanding somewhat in recent years due to Indian Summer, reduced lodging rates, and the number of people visiting the Cape after Labor Day who either have no school-age children, and the elderly, reducing the true "off season" to six or seven months). In the late 20th century, tourists and owners of second homes began visiting the Cape more and more in the spring and fall, softening the definition of the high season and expanding it somewhat (see above). Some particularly well-known Cape products and industries include cranberries, shellfish (particularly oysters and clams) and lobstering.
Provincetown, at the tip of Cape Cod, also berths several whale watching fleets who patrol the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Most fleets guarantee a whale sighting (mostly humpback whale, fin whale, minke whale, sei whale, and critically endangered, the North Atlantic Right Whale), and one is the only federally certified operation qualified to rescue whales. Provincetown has also long been known as an art colony, attracting writers and artists. The town is home to the Cape's most attended art museum, the Provincetown Art Association and Museum. Many hotels and resorts are friendly to or cater to gay and lesbian tourists and it is known as a gay mecca in the summer.[26]
Cape Cod is a popular destination for beachgoers from all over. With 559.6 miles (900.6 km) of coastline, beaches, both public and private, are easily accessible. The Cape has upwards of sixty public beaches, many of which offer parking for non-residents for a daily fee (in summer). The Cape Cod National Seashore has 40 miles (64 km) of sandy beach and many walking paths.
Cape Cod is also popular for its outdoor activities like beach walking, biking, boating, fishing, go-karts, golfing, kayaking, miniature golf, and unique shopping. There are 27 public, daily-fee golf courses and 15 private courses on Cape Cod.[27] Bed and breakfasts or vacation houses are often used for lodging.
Each summer the Naukabout Music Festival is held at the Barnstable County Fair Grounds located in East Falmouth,(typically) during the first weekend of August. This Music festival features local, regional and national talent along with food, arts and family friendly activities.
[edit] Sport fishing
Cape Cod is known around the world as a spring-to-fall destination for sport anglers. Among the species most widely pursued are striped bass, bluefish, bluefin tuna, false albacore (little tunny), bonito, tautog, flounder and fluke. The Cape Cod Bay side of the Cape, from Sandwich to Provincetown, has several harbors, saltwater creeks, and shoals that hold bait fish and attract the larger game fish, such as striped bass, bluefish and bluefin tuna.
The outer edge of the Cape, from Provincetown to Falmouth, faces the open Atlantic from Provincetown to Chatham, and then the more protected water of Nantucket and Vineyard Sounds, from Chatham to Falmouth. The bays, harbors and shoals along this coastline also provide a robust habitat for game species, and during the late summer months warm-water species such as mahi-mahi and marlin will also appear on the southern edge of Cape Cod's waters. Nearly every harbor on Cape Cod hosts sport fishing charter boats, which run from May through October.[28]
[edit] Sports
The Cape has nine amateur baseball franchises playing within Barnstable County in the Cape Cod Baseball League. The Wareham Gatemen also play in the Cape Cod Baseball League in nearby Wareham, Massachusetts in Plymouth County. The league originated 1923, although intertown competition traces to 1866. Teams in the league are the Bourne Braves, Brewster Whitecaps, Chatham Anglers (formerly the Chatham Athletics), Cotuit Kettleers, Falmouth Commodores, Harwich Mariners, Hyannis Harbor Hawks (formerly the Hyannis Mets), Orleans Firebirds (formerly the Orleans Cardinals), Wareham Gatemen and the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox. Pro ball scouts frequent the games in the summer, looking for stars of the future.
Cape Cod is also a national hot bed for baseball and hockey. Along with the Cape Cod Baseball League and the new Junior Hockey League team, the Cape Cod Cubs, many high school players are being seriously recruited as well. Barnstable and Harwich have each sent multiple players to Division 1 colleges for baseball, Harwich has also won three State titles in the past 12 years (1996, 2006, 2007). Bourne and Sandwich, known rivals in hockey have won state championships recently. Bourne in 2004, and Sandwich in 2007. Nauset, Barnstable, and Martha's Vineyard are also state hockey powerhouses. Barnstable and Falmouth also hold the title of having one of the longest Thanksgiving football rivalries in the country. The teams have played each other every year on the Thanksgiving since 1895. The Bourne and Barnstable girl's volleyball teams are two of the best teams in the state and Barnstable in the country. With Bourne winning the State title in 2003 and 2007. In the past 15 years, Barnstable has won 12 Division 1 State titles and has won the state title the past two years.
The Cape also is home to the Cape Cod Frenzy, a team in the American Basketball Association.
Soccer on Cape Cod is represented by the Cape Cod Crusaders, playing in the USL Premier Development League (PDL) soccer based in Hyannis. In addition, a summer Cape Cod Adult Soccer League (CCASL) is active in several towns on the Cape.
Cape Cod is also the home of the Cape Cod Cubs, a new junior league hockey team that is based out of Hyannis at the new communtiy center being built of Bearses Way.
The end of each summer is marked with the running of the world famous Falmouth Road Race which is held on the 3rd Saturday in August. It draws about 10,000 runners to the Cape and showcases the finest runners in the world (mainly for the large purse that the race is able to offer). The race is 7.2 miles (11.6 km) long, which is a non-standard distance. The reason for the unusual distance is that the man who thought the race up (Tommy Leonard) was a bartender who wanted a race along the coast from one bar (The Cap'n Kidd in Woods Hole) to another (The Brothers Four in Falmouth Heights). While the bar in Falmouth Heights is no longer there, the race still starts at the front door of the Cap'n Kidd in Woods Hole and now finishes at the beach in Falmouth Heights. Prior to the Falmouth race is an annual 5-mile (8.0 km) race through Brewster called the Brew Run, held early in August.
[edit] Education
Each town usually consists of a few elementary schools, one or two middle schools and one large public high school that services the entire town. Exceptions to this include Dennis-Yarmouth Regional High School located in Yarmouth which services both the town of Yarmouth as well as Dennis and Nauset Regional High School located in Eastham which services the town of Brewster, Orleans, Eastham, Wellfleet, Truro, and Provincetown (optional). Bourne High School is the public school for students residing in the town of Bourne, which is gathered from villages in Bourne, including Sagamore, Sagamore Beach, and Buzzards Bay. Barnstable High School is the largest high school and is known for its girls' volleyball team which have been state champions a total of 12 times. Barnstable High School also boasts one of the country's best high school drama clubs which were awarded with a contract by Warner Brothers to created a documentary in webisode format based on their production of Wizard of Oz. Sturgis Charter Public School is a public school in Hyannis which was featured in Newsweek's Magazine's "Best High Schools" ranking. It ranked 28th in the country and 1st in the state of Massachusetts in the 2009 edition and ranked 43rd and 55th in the 2008 and 2007 edition, respectively. Sturgis offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme in their junior and senior year and is open to students as far as Plymouth. The Cape also contains two vocational high schools. One is the Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Harwich and the other is Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School located in Bourne. Lastly, Mashpee High School is home to the Mashpee Chapter of (SMPTE,) the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. This chapter is the first and only high school chapter in the world to be a part of this organization and has received much recognition within the Los Angeles broadcasting industry as a result. The officers of this group who have made history are listed below:
* President: Ryan D. Stanley '11
* Vice-President Kenneth J. Peters '13
* Treasurer Eric N. Bergquist '11
* Secretary Andrew L. Medlar '11
In addition to public schools, Cape Cod has a wide range of private schools. The town of Barnstable has Trinity Christian Academy, Cape Cod Academy, St. Francis Xavier Preparatory School, and Pope John Paul II High School. Bourne offers the Waldorf School of Cape Cod, Orleans offers the Lighthouse Charter School for elementary and middle school students, and Falmouth offers Falmouth Academy. Riverview School is located in East Sandwich and is a special co-ed boarding school which services students as old as 22 who have learning disabilities. Another specialized school is the Penikese Island School located on Penikese Island, part of the Elizabeth Islands off southwestern Cape Cod, which services struggling and troubled teenage boys.
Cape Cod also contains two institutions of higher education. One is the Cape Cod Community College located in West Barnstable, Barnstable. The other is Massachusetts Maritime Academy in Buzzards Bay, Bourne. Massachusetts Maritime Academy is the oldest continuously operating maritime college in the United States.
[edit] Islands off Cape Cod
Like Cape Cod itself, the islands south of the Cape have evolved from whaling and trading areas to resort destinations, attracting wealthy families, celebrities, and other tourists. The islands include Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, as well as Forbes family-owned Naushon Island, which was purchased by John Murray Forbes with profits from opium dealing in the China trade during the Opium War. Naushon is one of the Elizabeth Islands, many of which are privately owned. One of the publicly accessible Elizabeths is the southernmost island in the chain, Cuttyhunk, with a year-round population of 52 people. Several prominent families have established compounds or estates on the larger islands, making these islands some of the wealthiest resorts in the Northeast, yet they retain much of the early merchant trading and whaling culture.
Kern County Championships
Sat 10/27/07 - Hart Park - Bakersfield
Varsity Boys - 2007 Kern County Cross Country Championships
Foothill Schwartz, Chris 15:03 1 1 1
McFarland Cisneros, Alfonso 15:39 2 2 1
McFarland Garcia, Eddie 15:41 3 3 2
East Fuentes, Oscar 15:43 4 4 1
McFarland Gomez, Jesus 15:48 5 5 3
McFarland Perez, Marco 15:52 6 6 4
North Gragg, Cody 15:54 7 1
McFarland Alcala, Gerardo 15:57 8 7 5
Centennial Jones, Brant 15:58 10 8 1
Centennial Ramirez, Arturo 16:03 12 10 2
Highland Moreno, Angel 16:03 11 9 1
Highland VanZandt, Jake 16:05 13 11 2
McFarland Camargo, Marco 16:06 14 12 6
Burroughs Rosales, Caleb 16:07 15 13 1
Wasco Mendoza, Asencion 16:18 16 14 1
Highland Turner, Thomas 16:20 17 15 3
Centennial Diller, James 16:22 18 16 3
Ridgeview Solis, Brian 16:22 19 17 1
BHS Ariey, Andrew 16:23 20 18 1
Garces O'Malley, Conner 16:25 21 19 1
McFarland Gomez, Jose 16:27 22 20 7
Highland Marsh, Jeff 16:28 21 19 4
Stockdale Bernaba, Michael 16:30 24 22 1
Foothill Montes, Jose 16:31 25 23 2
Ridgeview Baker, Bobby 16:32 26 24 2
Burroughs Johnson, Matt 16:35 27 25 2
Foothill Lopez, Jose 16:36 28 26 3
Highland Lewis, Colin 16:36 29 27 5
Shafter Wittenberg, Joshua 16:37 30 28 1
Burroughs Malone, Sean 16:38 31 29 3
Highland Stapley, Austin 16:40 32 30 6
Stockdale Burke, Stephen 16:47 33 31 2
Centennial Gonzalez, Joe 16:51 34 32 4
Burroughs Konosak, John 16:53 35 33 4
West Berreras, Nick 16:53 36 34 1
Centennial Smith, Gehrig 16:59 37 35 5
Burroughs Gamboa, Jorge 17:04 38 36 5
Arvin Orozco, Ben 17:05 39 1
BHS Van Matre, David 17:06 40 37 2
Centennial Whitaker, Chris 17:06 41 38 6
East Herrera, Vincente 17:07 43 40 2
Highland Hughes, Cody 17:07 44 41 7
Shafter Handel, Christopher 17:07 42 39 2
BHS McCarthy, Michael 17:08 45 42 3
Foothill Bautista, Erick 17:09 46 43 4
Wasco Cisneros, Jose 17:10 47 44 2
Foothill Haro, Richard 17:13 48 45 5
Wasco Ayala, Juan 17:13 49 46 3
Burroughs Christman, Keith 17:15 50 47 6
Foothill Veloz, Saul 17:16 51 48 6
Wasco Ramirez, Eduardo 17:16 52 49 4
Tehachapi Colditz, Keenan 17:17 53 50 1
BHS Edgquist, Andrew 17:18 54 51 4
Delano Orozco, Christian 17:19 55 52 1
Stockdale Bernaba, Mario 17:20 56 53 3
Stockdale Bhavin, Joshi 17:22 57 54 4
Garces Guzman, Jesus 17:23 58 55 2
Tehachapi Sanchez, Chris 17:27 59 56 2
Wasco Dejulian, Oswaldo 17:33 60 57 5
North Lopez, Robert 17:35 61 2
Shafter Giles, Comeron 17:36 62 58 3
Tehachapi Moreno, Adam 17:43 63 59 3
West Castillo, Christian 17:44 64 60 2
Centennial Thomas, Zack 17:46 67 63 7
Wasco Sanchez, Eric 17:46 65 61 6
Wasco Dejulian, Joel 17:46 66 62 7
South Romero, Jose 17:47 68 1
Shafter Sanchez, Ramon 17:48 69 64 4
Foothill Pineda, Florencio 17:49 70 65 7
Arvin Prado, Felix 17:52 71 66 2
Golden Valley Gonzalez, Gabriel 17:54 72 67 1
South Ahmed, Hasham 17:54 73 2
Burroughs Wong, Charles 17:57 74 68 7
Golden Valley Madrid, Bernardo 18:02 75 69 2
BCHS McCutcheon, Mark 18:03 76 70 1
East Rosales, Jaime 18:14 77 71 3
BHS Morales, Charlie 18:20 78 72 5
Delano Arreola, Reyes 18:28 79 73 2
Ridgeview Cruz, Josh 18:32 81 75 3
Tehachapi Steinbach, Jared 18:32 80 72 4
BHS Holt, Zach 18:33 82 76 6
Taft Union Lopez, Daniel 18:45 83 77 1
Shafter Picazo, Elias 18:46 84 78 5
Ridgeview Hernandez, Chris 18:52 85 79
Garces Reed, Stephen 18:54 86 80 3
Stockdale Pitcher, Ryan 18:56 87 81 5
Shafter Yanez, Matthey 18:57 88 82 6
Shafter Velasquez, Jakob 18:59 89 83 7
Ridgeview Romero, Tino 19:02 90 84 4
Ridgeview Roman, Fernando 19:04 91 85 5
Garces Vander Poel, John 19:08 92 86 4
West Mercadel, Drew 19:10 93 86 3
East Vargas, Esteban 19:12 94 88 4
West Saenz Omar 19:21 95 89 4
Delano Vieyra, Roberto 19:23 96 90 3
Frontier Ferrano, Angel 19:24 97 91 1
Delano Espinoza, Raul 19:26 98 92 4
Delano Orozco, Carlos 19:29 99 93 5
Taft Union Lopez, Martin 19:30 100 94 2
Ridgeview Magno, Bryan 19:38 101 95 6
West Quinones, Edison 19:41 102 96 5
West Zephan, Daniel 19:49 103 97 6
Tehachapi Phife, Josh 19:53 104 98 5
Kern Valley Byrket, Glenn 19:57 105 1
Arvin Parra, Omar 20:00 106 98 3
BCHS Beard, Thomas 20:01 107 100 2
BCHS Lee, Ryan 20:04 108 101 3
Delano Rosales, Miguel 20:07 109 102 6
Garces Farrer, Ryan 20:11 110 103 5
Frontier Sanchez, Ramon 20:12 111 104 2
Taft Union Lopez, Jesus, 20:17 112 105 3
Garces Graham, Brian 20:21 113 106 6
West Romero, Alex 20:29 114 107 7
Stockdale Carter, Jason 20:35 115 108 6
Frontier Garcia, Jairo 20:37 116 109 3
Taft Union Ramirez, Toni 20:45 117 110 4
Taft Union Gama, Jesse 20:57 118 111 5
Golden Valley G. David 21:02 119 112 3
Frontier Mount, Chris 21:08 120 113 4
BCHS Adre, Austin 21:20 121 114 4
Arvin Rodriguez, Miguel 21:23 122 15 4
Delano Velasquez, Michael 21:34 123 116 7
Golden Valley Sandoval, Eric 21:44 124 117 4
East Torres, Conrad 21:45 125 118 5
Frontier Frame, Ethan 21:56 126 119 5
Golden Valley Smith, Gary 21:57 127 120 5
BCHS Stephens, Aaron 22:37 128 121 5
East Ramirez, Ricardo 22:43 129 122 6
Arvin Tabada, Roger 22:47 130 123 5
North Steele, Scott 22:48 131
Kern Valley Hendricks, Jeremy 24:12:00 132
Varsity Boys
McFarland 1st 23
Highland 2nd 81
Centennial 3rd 101
Burroughs 4th 136
Foothill 5th 138
Wasco 6th 210
Bakersfield 7th 220
Stockdale 8th 241
Shafter 9th 267
Ridgeview 10th 285
Arvin 11th 302
East Bakersfield 12th 321
Tehachapi 13th 335
Garces 14th 343
West 15th 365
Delano 16th 400
Golden Valley 17th 485
Taft 18th 497
BCHS 19th 506
Frontier 20th 536
EA 835 & 903 aparținând operatorului CFR Marfă așteptând noi dispoziții în triajul Socola într-o seară frumoasă de iarnă.
1. The tropical rain forest that leads to Santa's House., 2. ebb and flow, 3. Simplicity, 4. detail, 5. Vision, 6. Blue Torrents, 7. Here yesterday, gone today., 8. Feel the Peace Inside You.,
9. Just add seasoning, 10. Diamonds, Diamonds, Diamonds!, 11. The colors of Autumn......... really!, 12. sylvia's hotel, 13. Focus on Autumn, 14. Bokeh Web of atumn colors, 15. Missing..... Spiderman, if you see him, send him home to his web!, 16. Delish........ ous.,
17. All summer long., 18. Dinner time!, 19. Sky Scraper Art, 20. The Continental Divide, 21. Off to Edmonton... Do I need a Parka???, 22. Crab spider waiting for a snack, 23. Dancing in the wind....., 24. tip toeing through the ferns,
25. Tu Lips are better than one, 26. The waiting game, 27. A hint of lilac!, 28. WaVeS of GrEeN, 29. dance partners, 30. Peace:A state of tranquillity or quiet., 31. Chlorophyll, 32. May Macro Madness,
33. Happy Mothers Day, 34. Fernalicious, 35. Something to make you smile!, 36. things to come II, 37. simply spring ...., 38. Magnolia: The Opeing Act., 39. Fire and Rain, 40. Golden dreams of spring,
41. Peace and quiet, 42. Cherry Bokehliscious, 43. Pitt Meadows BC, 44. Crisis of Credit, Visualized- see the link below., 45. An Eyeful of Spring, 46. Springtime Dreams, 47. today I saw....... spring colored in PINK, 48. purple rain.... in the spring,
49. Spring forth, 50. flickr.com/photos/51211704@N00/3369605650/, 51. a winter dream, 52. dreaming, 53. Spring to life, 54. Introducing Spring!, 55. : ), 56. obstacles,
57. Queen of Peace Monastery, Langley BC, 58. Golden Ears Provincial Park, 59. Visitors Wanted, 60. Had a baddddddd day, week, month or year?, 61. Belated Bokeh Wednesday, 62. All signs point towards .......... spring, yes spring!, 63. Todays 07:45 am sunrise with coffee., 64. storms come, and storm go.,
65. sunrise, 66. spring sunrise, 67. endless limits in 2009, 68. Thru the bedroom window, 69. Berries with frosting, 70. 2008: A simpler Christmas., 71. flowering in November in my garden, 72. Changing colors of Autumn
Created with fd's Flickr Toys
With the Dartmouth Railway coincidentally having starting their first day of the 2017 service season on the same day as our run with 701, it was decided that waiting on at Hookhills Viaduct for a combo shot with 701 and the passing train was something worth doing, even if it did mean half an hour sat around in the cold! :-) Passing above on Hoookhills Viaduct is GWR Tank, 4277. The viaduct was built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1860.
Company: Stagecoach Devon
Registration: P701BTA
Fleet Number: 701
New: 1997
Chassis: Volvo B6LE-53
Bodywork: Alexander ALX200 B35F
History: New to Stagecoach Devon as their first low floor bus. Preserved in 2011
Location: Broadsands Road, Broadsands
Exposure: 1/125 @ f6.3 200ISO
Date: 11 February 2016
CREDITS:
Head: Bento head CHLOE 3.3 by @Lelutka
Body: Mesh Body Lara 4.1 by @Maitreya
Hair: Horizon hairstyle by @Truth
Lingerie: Joelle lingerie by @Addams
VISIT THE STORES (LM):
Visit this location at // Backdrop City _ Sandbox 4h auto return & Pose Mall in Second Life
92 53 0 610 003-1 (ex - 60-0786-8) trecand prin statia Simeria cu o naveta de Uagps-uri CTV.
25.06.2014
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth
Bournemouth Listeni/ˈbɔərnməθ/ is a large coastal resort town on the south coast of England directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast, a 96-mile (155 km) World Heritage Site.[1] According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 183,491 making it the largest settlement in Dorset. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth forms the South East Dorset conurbation, which has a total population of over 465,000.
Before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers. Initially marketed as a health resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Dr Granville's book, The Spas of England. Bournemouth's growth really accelerated with the arrival of the railway and it became a recognised town in 1870. Historically part of Hampshire, it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of local government in 1974. Since 1997, the town has been administered by a unitary authority, giving it autonomy from Dorset County Council although it remains part of the ceremonial county. The local council is Bournemouth Borough Council.
The town centre has notable Victorian architecture and the 202-foot (62 m) spire of St Peter's Church, one of three Grade I listed churches in the borough, is a local landmark. Bournemouth's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife. The town is also a regional centre of business, home of the Bournemouth International Centre or BIC, and a financial sector that is worth more than £1,000 million in Gross Value Added.
Toponymy
The first mention of Bournemouth comes in the Christchurch cartulary of 1406, where a monk describes how a large fish ("uni magno piscis"), 18 ft. long, was washed up at "La Bournemowthe" in October of that year and taken to the Manor of Wick; six days later, a portion of the fish was collected by a canon from Christchurch Priory and taken away as tithe.[2] "La Bournemowthe", however, was purely a geographic reference to the uninhabited area around the mouth of the small river which, in turn, drained the heathland between the towns of Poole and Christchurch.[3][4][5] The word bourne, meaning a small stream, is a derivative of burna, old English for a brook.[4][6] From the latter half of the 16th century "Bourne Mouth" seems to be preferred, being recorded as such in surveys and reports of the period, but this appears to have been shortened to "Bourne" after the area had started to develop.[4][5] A travel guide published in 1831 calls the place "Bourne Cliffe" or "Tregonwell's Bourne" after its founder.[7] The Spas of England, published ten years later, calls it simply "Bourne"[8] as does an 1838 edition of the Hampshire Advertiser.[9] In the late 19th century "Bournemouth" became predominant, although its two-word form appears to have remained in use up until at least the early 20th century, turning up on a 1909 ordnance map.[
History
In the 12th century the region around the mouth of the River Bourne was part of the Hundred of Holdenhurst. The hundred later became the Liberty of Westover when it was also extended to include the settlements of North Ashley, Muscliff, Muccleshill, Throop, Iford, Pokesdown, Tuckton and Wick, and incorporated into the Manor of Christchurch.[11] Although the Dorset and Hampshire region surrounding it had been the site of human settlement for thousands of years, Westover was largely a remote and barren heathland before 1800.[12] In 1574 the Earl of Southampton noted that the area was "Devoid of all habitation", and as late as 1795 the Duke of Rutland recorded that "... on this barren and uncultivated heath there was not a human to direct us".[4][13]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Borough of Bournemouth would grow to encompass a number of ancient settlements along the River Stour, including Longham where a skull thought to be 5,500 years old was found in 1932. Bronze Age burials near Moordown, and the discovery of Iron Age pottery on the East Cliff in 1969, suggest there may have been settlements there during that period. Hengistbury Head, added to the borough in 1932, was the site of a much older Palaeolithic encampment.[14][15][16] During the latter half of the 16th century James Blount, 6th Baron Mountjoy, began mining for alum in the area, and at one time part of the heath was used for hunting, although by the late 18th century little evidence of either event remained.[17][18] No-one lived at the mouth of the Bourne river and the only regular visitors to the area before the 19th century were a few fishermen, turf cutters and gangs of smugglers.[19]
Prior to the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802, more than 70% of the Westover area was common land. The act, together with the Inclosure Commissioners' Award of 1805, transferred five thousand acres into the hands of five private owners, including James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, and Sir George Ivison Tapps.[20][21] In 1809 the Tapps Arms public house appeared on the heath. A few years later, in 1812, the first official residents, retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell and his wife, moved into their new home built on land purchased from Tapps. The area was well known to Tregonwell who, during the Napoleonic wars, spent much of his time searching the heath and coastline for French invaders and smugglers.[22]
Anticipating that people would come to the area to indulge in the newly fashionable pastime of sea-bathing, an activity with perceived health benefits, Tregonwell built a series of villas on his land between 1816 and 1822, which he hoped to let out.[23][24] The common belief that pine-scented air was good for lung conditions, and in particular tuberculosis, prompted Tregonwell and Tapps to plant hundreds of pine trees. These early attempts to promote the town as a health resort meant that by the time Tregonwell had died in 1832, Bournemouth had grown into a small community with a scattering of houses, villas and cottages.[23][25] The town would ultimately grow up around the scattered pines and tree-lined walk to the beach, later to become known as the Invalids' Walk.[26][27]
After the death of Tapps in 1835, his son Sir George William Tapps-Gervis inherited his father's estate. He hired the young local architect Benjamin Ferrey to develop the coastal area on the east side of the stream.[28] Bournemouth's first hotel, later to become part of the Royal Bath Hotel, opened in 1838 and is one of the few buildings designed by Ferrey still standing.[25][28] Bournemouth started to grow at a faster rate as Tapps-Gervis began developing the area similarly to the south coast resorts of Weymouth and Brighton. Despite enormous investment, the town's share of the market remained modest.[26] In 1841 Tapps-Gervis invited the physician and writer Augustus Granville to stay. Granville was the author of The Spas of England, which described health resorts around the country, and as a result of his visit he included a chapter on Bournemouth in the second edition of his book. The publication of the book, and the increase in visitors seeking the medicinal use of seawater and the pine-scented air, helped the town to grow and establish itself as an early tourist destination.[29][30]
In the 1840s Benjamin Ferrey was replaced by Decimus Burton, whose plans for Bournemouth included the construction of a garden alongside the Bourne stream, an idea first mooted by Granville. The fields south of the road crossing (later Bournemouth Square) were drained and laid out with shrubberies and walks. Many of these paths, including the Invalids' Walk, remain in the town today.[30][31] A second suggestion of Granville's, a sanatorium, was completed in 1855 and greatly raised Bournemouth's profile as a place for recuperation.[32]
At a time when the most convenient way to arrive in the town was by sea, a pier was considered to be a necessity. Holdenhurst Parish Council were reluctant to find the money, and an attempt to raise the money privately in 1847 had only succeeded in financing a small 100 feet (30 m) jetty.[33] The Bournemouth Improvement Act of 1856 granted greater financial autonomy to the town and a pier was approved that year. A number of wooden structures were built before an 838 feet (255 m) cast iron design by Eugenius Birch was completed in 1880.[33][34] Under the Act, a board of 13 Commissioners was established to build and organise the expanding infrastructure of the town, such as paving, sewers, drainage, street lighting and street cleaning.[35]
The arrival of the railways in 1870 precipitated a massive growth in seaside and summer visitors to the town, especially from the Midlands and London. In 1880 the town had a population of 17,000, but by 1900, when railway connections to Bournemouth were at their most developed, the town's population had risen to 60,000 and it had become a favourite location for visiting artists and writers.[23] The town was improved greatly during this period through the efforts of Sir Merton Russell-Cotes, the town's mayor and a local philanthropist, who helped to establish the town's first library and museum. The Russell-Cotes Art Gallery & Museum was housed in his mansion, and after his death it was given to the town.[36] Bournemouth became a municipal borough in 1890 and a county borough in 1900.[35]
As Bournemouth's growth increased in the early 20th century, the town centre spawned theatres, cafés, two art deco cinemas and more hotels. Other new buildings included the war memorial in 1921 and the Bournemouth Pavilion, the town's concert hall and grand theatre, finished in 1925.
The town escaped heavy bombing during the Second World War, but the sea front incurred great damage when it was fortified against invasion.[37] The cast iron lamposts and benches along the front were removed and melted down for munitions, as was much of the superstructure from both Bournemouth and Boscombe piers before they were breached to prevent their use by enemy ships.[37] The large amounts of barbed wire and anti-tank obstacles along the beach, and the mines at the foot of the chines, took two years to remove when peace was finally achieved.[38]
The Royal National Lifeboat Institution stationed an inshore lifeboat at Bournemouth between 1965 and 1972. Coverage for the area has otherwise been provided from Poole Lifeboat Station.[39] The Bournemouth International Centre (BIC), a large conference and exhibition centre, was constructed near the seafront in 1984,[40] and in the following year Bournemouth became the first town in the United Kingdom to introduce and use CCTV cameras for public street-based surveillance.[25]
The Waterfront complex, which was intended to hold an IMAX cinema, was constructed on the seafront in 1998.[41] The 19 m (62 ft)-high concrete and smoked glass building featured a wavy roof design, but was despised by residents and visitors alike because it blocked views of the bay and the Isle of Purbeck.[41][42] In 2005 it was voted the most hated building in England in a 10,000-people poll conducted by the Channel 4 programme 'Demolition', and was pulled down in Spring 2013.[41][43] The site is to be used as an outdoor event arena. The council still plan a larger redevelopment of the site and adjoining council land in the long term.
In 2012 Bournemouth was unsuccessful in its bid for city status, losing out to Chelmsford in competition with 26 other towns to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.[
Governance
Historically Bournemouth was part of Hampshire, with neighbouring Poole, just to the west of the border, in Dorset. At the time of the 1974 local government re-organisation, it was considered desirable that the whole of the Poole/Bournemouth urban area should be part of the same county. Bournemouth therefore became part of the non-metropolitan county of Dorset on 1 April 1974.[35] On 1 April 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority, independent from Dorset County Council.[45] For the purposes of the Lieutenancy it remains part of the ceremonial county of Dorset.
For local elections the district is divided into 18 wards,[46] and the Bournemouth Borough Council is elected every four years.[47] In the 2011 local elections the Conservatives held overall control, winning 45 of the available 51 seats.[48] The Council elects a Mayor and Deputy Mayor annually.[49] For 2014–15 the mayor is Chris Mayne.[50]
Bournemouth is represented by two parliamentary constituencies in the House of Commons; Bournemouth East and Bournemouth West.[51] In the 2010 general election, the former was held for the Conservatives by Tobias Elwood with 48.4% of the vote, while the latter was also held for the Conservatives by Connor Burns with 45.1%.[52][53]
Geography
Bournemouth is about 94 miles (151 km) southwest of London at 50°43′12″N 1°52′48″WCoordinates: 50°43′12″N 1°52′48″W.[54] The borough borders the neighbouring boroughs of Poole and Christchurch to the west and east respectively and the East Dorset District to the north. Poole Bay lies to the South.[55][56] The River Stour forms a natural boundary to the north and east, terminating at Christchurch Harbour;[56][57] while the River Bourne rises in Poole and flows through the middle of Bournemouth town centre, into the English Channel.[58] The towns of Poole, Bournemouth and Christchurch form the South East Dorset conurbation with a combined population of over 400,000. Bournemouth is both a retail and commercial centre.[59] Areas within Bournemouth include: Boscombe, Kinson, Southbourne, Springbourne, Throop, Westbourne and Winton.[60]
The area's geology has little variety, comprising almost entirely of Eocene clays which, prior to urbanisation, supported a heathland environment.[61][62] Patches of the original heath still remain, notably Turbary Common, a 36-hectare (89-acre) site, much of which is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[63] This heathland habitat is home to all six species of native reptile, the Dartford Warbler and some important flora such as Sundew and Bog Asphodel. Small populations of Exmoor pony and Shetland cattle help to maintain the area.[64] Bournemouth is directly north of Old Harry Rocks, the easternmost end of the Jurassic Coast, 96 miles (155 km) of coastline designated a World Heritage Site in 2001.[65] Bournemouth's own coastline stretches from Sandbanks to Christchurch Harbour and comprises mainly sandy beaches backed by gravel and sandy clay cliffs. These cliffs are cut by a number of chines which provide natural access to the shore.[66] At the easternmost point lies Hengistbury Head, a narrow peninsula that forms the southern shore of Christchurch Harbour. It is a local nature reserve and the site of a Bronze Age settlement.
Climate
Due to its location on the south coast, Bournemouth has a temperate climate with moderate variation in annual and daily temperatures. From 1981 to 2010 the annual mean temperature was 10 to 11 °C (50 to 52 °F).[69] The warmest months are July and August, which have an average temperature range of 12 to 22 °C (54 to 72 °F), while the coolest months are January and February, which have an average temperature range of 1 to 8 °C (34 to 46 °F).[70] Average rainfall in Bournemouth is around 800 mm (31 in) annually, well below the national average of 1,126 millimetres.[71] Since 1960, temperature extremes as measured at Bournemouth Hurn Airport have ranged from 34.1 °C (93.4 °F) in August 1990,[72] down to −13.4 °C (7.9 °F) in January 1963.[73] The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −10.4 °C (13.3 °F) in December 2010.[
Demography
Religious demography
Christian 57.1
Buddhist 0.7
Hindu 0.7
Jewish 0.7
Muslim 1.8
Sikh 0.1
Other religion 0.7
No religion 30.5
Not stated 7.8
The 2011 census records the population of Bournemouth as 183,491, comprising 91,386 males and 92,105 females, which equates to 49.8% and 50.2% of the population respectively.[77][78] The mean average age of all persons is 40 years.[79] With 4,000 residents per square kilometre, Bournemouth has the highest population density of any authority in the South-West region, and is the eighth most populated.[80]
Much of the population, 83.8%, describe their ethnicity as 'white British' while other white groups account for a further 8.1%. Asian groups; Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and other Asian, make up 3.9%. Black British, black African, black Caribbean and other black groups form 1.0% of the population, Those of a mixed race make up 2.3% of the population, and 0.9% are from other ethnic groups.[81]
Christians made up 57.1% of the population but 30% of residents said they had no religion and 7.8% refused to say whether they were religious or not. Muslims were 1.8%, Budhists, Hindus and Jews each had a 0.7% share, Sikhs were 0.1%. and other religions made up 0.7%.[76]
Of all Bournemouth residents aged 16 or over, 19.1% had no qualifications at all, although 35% said they had between one and four O-levels, CSEs, GCSEs or equivalent, and 36.5% have more than five O-level equivalents (grade C and above), an A-level or two to three AS-levels. Those with an NVQ level 1 comprise 8.0% of the population while 15.2% have a level 2 NVQ, a City and Guilds craft certificate, BTEC or general diploma. Just over 20% of residents had two or more A-levels, four or more AS-Levels or an advanced diploma while 15.8% possessed a degree, such as a BA or BSc or a higher degree such as an MA or PhD. An NVQ level 4 or 5, HNC, HND, higher BTEC or higher diploma, is held by 4.2% and a professional qualification is held by 13.9% of residents. An apprenticeship has been completed by 6.3% of the population while 16.9% have some other work related or vocational qualification and 8.3% hold a foreign qualification.[82]
Historical population of Bournemouth
Year
Population
1801 726
1821 877
1841 1,605
1851 2,029
1871 13,160
1891 34,098
1941 128,099
1961 149,106
1981 140,216
1991 158,711
2001 163,441
Historical population figures are for an area that equates to the modern Unitary Authority of Bournemouth[83]
Source: GIS / University of Portsmouth, A Vision of Britain through Time.[84]
Historically Bournemouth has suffered from negative rates of natural increase and has relied on immigration to maintain population growth. In 2007 however, births exceeded deaths for the first time, and this trend has continued through to 2011. This, coupled with a substantial increase in people moving into the area, has led to a sharp rise in the resident population since 2001.[80][85] Of the total population, 3.3% are 85 or over, compared to 2.2% nationally; however the largest group of people moving into the area are students in the 16-24-year age group, and 9% of the current population are between 20 and 24. In England this age group accounts for only 7%.[85]
Economy
Similarly to the rest of Dorset, Bournemouth's economy is primarily in the service sector, which employed 95% of the workforce in 2010.[86] This was 10% higher than the average employment in the service sector for Great Britain and 11% higher than the South West.[86] Of particular importance are the financial and public service sectors which through 2011 continued to show sustained growth. Compared to the rest of the country, Bournemouth performed well in these two areas but under performed in transport and communications.[87]
The smallest geographical region for which Gross Value Added information is available is the NUTS3 area, Bournemouth and Poole. The latest figures, as of 2012, are for the year 2009 which showed that the Bournemouth and Poole area enjoyed the strongest annualised growth in the South-West region.[88][89] In 2009 the South West Regional Accounts showed that the Financial Services sector in Bournemouth was worth £1,031.8 million in Gross Value Added. Important employers in this sector include: JPMorgan, Nationwide Building Society, and the Liverpool Victoria, Unisys, and RIAS insurance companies.[89] The manufacturing sector is predominantly based in neighbouring Poole, but still employed 2% of the workforce in 2010 and 2.6% in 2011.[86][90][Note 2]
Tourism is also important to the local economy. In 2011, domestic and overseas visitors made more than 5.6 million trips to the town and spent over £460 million between them. The equivalent of 8,531 full-time jobs exist as a result which accounts for 15% of all employment in the town.[91] Bournemouth seafront is one of the UK's biggest attractions with 4.5 million visitors in 2011.[92]
With a third of all town centre businesses in the leisure industry, Bournemouth has a booming nightlife economy and is a popular destination for stag and hen parties.[93][94] These party-goers contribute £125 million a year to the economy and support 4,000 jobs. In 2010 the town was awarded a Purple Flag for providing a wide variety of night-time activities while maintaining the safety of both residents and visitors.[94] An independent report published in 2012 indicates there has been a rise in antisocial behaviour which it attributes to the increase in nightlife.[93]
Those of working age make up approximately 65% of Bournemouth's population and of these, 74.6% are economically active although not necessarily employed within the Bournemouth area.[89] Industry in Bournemouth employed more than 76,400 people in 2011 but not all of these were Bournemouth residents.[90] Of those employed in Bournemouth based industries, 29.32% were employed in the public administration, education and health sector. This compares favourably with Dorset, the South-West region, and the country as a whole, as do the other large sectors; distribution, hotels & restaurants (29.06%), and banking, finance and insurance (24.48%). 37.2% of Bournemouth's resident population are employed full-time while 13.3% are employed part-time. An additional 7.1% full-time workers are self-employed, 3.1% are self-employed part-time. Full-time students with jobs account for 5.3% and 3.8% are unemployed.[95]
The shopping streets are mostly pedestrianised with modern shopping malls, Victorian arcades and a large selection of bars, clubs and cafés. North of the centre there is an out-of-town shopping complex called Castlepoint. The 41 acre site has 40 units and was the largest shopping centre in the UK when it opened it 2003.[96] Other major shopping areas are situated in the districts of Westbourne and Boscombe.
Culture
Bournemouth is a tourist and regional centre for leisure, entertainment, culture and recreation. Local author and former mayor, Keith Rawlings, suggests that Bournemouth has a thriving youth culture due to its large university population and many language school students.[97][98] In recent years, Bournemouth has become a popular nightlife destination with UK visitors and many clubs, bars and restaurants are located within the town centre.[98][99] In a 2007 survey by First Direct, Bournemouth was found to be the happiest place in the UK, with 82% of people questioned saying they were happy with their lives.[100]
Major venues for concerts include BIC, Pavilion Theatre and O2 Academy.[101] Built in 1984, the BIC is also a popular place for party political conferences and has been used by all three major political parties.[102] Its four auditoria make it the largest venue on the south coast.[103] The O2 and Pavilion are older and are both Grade II listed buildings. The O2, which opened in 1895 as The Grand Pavilion Theatre, was initially used as a circus and later for music hall theatre. The Pavilion opened in 1929 as concert hall and tea room while also providing a venue for the municipal orchestra. It continues to provide traditional entertainment today, presenting West End stage shows, ballet and operas.[104][105][106] Bournemouth has more than 200 listed buildings, mainly from the Victorian and Edwardian eras, including three grade I churches; St Peter's, St Clement's and St Stephen's.[106]
The Russell-Cotes Museum is a Grade II* listed, villa completed in 1901. It houses artefacts and paintings collected by the Victorian philanthropist Merton Russell-Cotes and his wife during their extensive travels around the world.[107] The four art galleries display paintings by William Powell Frith, Edwin Landseer, Edwin Long, William Orchardson, Arthur Hughes, Albert Moore, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.[108] It was Russell-Cotes who successfully campaigned to have a promenade built; it runs continuously along the Bournemouth and Poole shoreline.[109]
The Lower, Central and Upper Gardens are Grade II* public parks, leading for several miles down the valley of the River Bourne through the centre of the town to the sea.[110] Bournemouth has a further 425 acres (172 ha) of parkland. Initially serving to compensate for the loss of common rights after common land was enclosed in 1802, it was held in trust until 1889 when ownership passed to Bournemouth Corporation and the land became five public parks: King's Park, Queen's Park, Meyrick Park, Seafield Gardens and Redhill Common.[7][111]
The detailed Land Use Survey by the Office for National Statistics in 2005 noted that the local authority area of Bournemouth had the third highest proportion of land taken up by domestic gardens, 34.6%, of the 326 districts in England; narrowly less than the London Boroughs of Harrow and Sutton at the time with 34.7% and 35.1%.[112]
One of Bournemouth's most noted cultural institutions is the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra which was formed in 1893 under Dan Godfrey.[113][114] It became the first municipal orchestra in the country when in 1896, Bournemouth Borough Council took control and Godfrey was appointed musical director and head of the town's entertainments.[113][115] Originally playing three concerts a day during the summer season, in the great glass palm house known as the Winter Gardens;[114][116] the orchestra is now based in Poole and performs around 130 concerts a year across Southern England.[117]
Bournemouth is currently host to a number of festivals. The Bournemouth Food and Drink Festival is a ten-day event which combines a market with live cookery demonstrations.[118] The Arts by the Sea Festival is a mix of dance, film, theatre, literature, and music[119] which was launched in 2012 by the local university, The Arts University Bournemouth, and is set to become an annual event.[120] The Bourne Free carnival is held in the town each year during the summer. Initially a gay pride festival, it has become a celebration of diversity and inclusion.[121] Since 2008, Bournemouth has held its own air festival over four days in August.[122] This has featured displays from the Red Arrows as well as appearances from the Yakovlevs, Blades, Team Guinot Wing-Walkers, Battle of Britain Memorial Flight including Lancaster, Hurricane, Spitfire and also the last flying Vulcan. The festival has also seen appearances from modern aircraft such as the Eurofighter Typhoon.[123] The air festival attracts up to a million people over the four-day event.
The town was especially rich in literary associations during the late 19th century and earlier years of the 20th century. P. C. Wren author of Beau Geste, Frederick E. Smith, writer of the 633 Squadron books, and Beatrice Webb, later Potter, all lived in the town.[126] Paul Verlaine taught at Bournemouth a preparatory school[127][128] and the writer J. R. R. Tolkien, spent 30 years taking holidays in Bournemouth, staying in the same room at the Hotel Miramar. He eventually retired to the area in the 1960s with his wife Edith, where they lived close to Branksome Chine. Tolkien died in September 1973 at his home in Bournemouth but was buried in Oxfordshire. The house was demolished in 2008.[129]
Percy Florence Shelley lived at Boscombe Manor; a house he had built for his mother, Mary Shelley, the writer and author of the gothic horror novel, Frankenstein. Mary died before the house was completed but she was buried in Bournemouth, in accordance with her wishes. The family plot in St Peter's churchyard also contains her parents William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, and the heart of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley.[130] Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and most of his novel Kidnapped from his house "Skerryvore" on the west cliff, Westbourne.[131] Vladimir Chertkov established a Tolstoyan publishing house with other Russian exiles in Iford Waterworks at Southbourne, and under the 'Free Age Press' imprint, published the first edition of several works by Leo Tolstoy.[126] Author Bill Bryson worked for a time with the Bournemouth Echo newspaper and wrote about the town in his 1995 work Notes from a Small Island.[132]
Landmarks
Bournemouth has three Grade I listed churches, St Peter's and St Stephen's in the town centre and St Clemment's in Boscombe.[106] St Peter's was the town's first church, completed in 1879 and designed by George Edmund Street.[133] In his book, England's Thousand Best Churches, Simon Jenkins describes the chancel as "one of the richest Gothic Revival interiors in England", while the 202 feet (62 m) spire dominates the surrounding skyline.[134][135] When the architect, John Loughborough Pearson, designed St Stephen's his aim was to,"bring people to their knees". It has a high stone groined roof, twin aisles and a triforium gallery, although the tower lacks a spire.[136][137]
The borough has two piers: Bournemouth Pier, close to the town centre, and the shorter but architecturally more important Boscombe Pier. Designed by the architect Archibald Smith, Boscombe Pier opened in 1889 as a 600 feet (180 m) structure which was extended to 750 feet (230 m) in 1927 when a new head was constructed.[138] Added in 1958, the boomerang-shaped entrance kiosk and overhanging concrete roof is now a Grade II listed building. In 1961 a theatre was added but this was demolished in 2008 when the rest of the pier was renovated.[138][139] In 2009, fashion designer Wayne Hemingway described Boscombe Pier as "Britain's coolest pier". It was also voted Pier of the Year 2010 by the National Piers Society.[140]
In 1856, Bournemouth Pier was a simple, wooden jetty. This was replaced by a longer, wooden pier five years later, and a cast iron structure in 1880.[34] Two extensions to the pier in 1894 and 1905, brought the total length to 305 metres (1000 feet). After World War II, the structure was strengthened to allow for the addition of a Pier Theatre, finally constructed in 1960. Between 1979 and 1981, a £1.7 million redevelopment programme, saw a great deal of reconstruction work, and the addition of a large two-storey, octagonal-shaped entrance building.[34]
Built as the Mont Dore Hotel in 1881, Bournemouth Town Hall was designated a Grade II listed building in 2001. Designed by Alfred Bedborough in the French, Italian and neo-classical styles, the foundation stone was laid by King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway and the hotel opened in 1885.[141][142][143] The buff brick exterior features Bath stone dressings and terracotta friezes. The main entrance is sited within a projected façade that reaches to the eaves and is topped with a pediment, while above sits a belvedere with turrets and a pavilion roof.[142] During the First World War the hotel was used as a hospital for British and Indian soldiers and after as a convalescent home. It never opened as a hotel again and was purchased by Bournemouth Borough Council in 1919.[144]
Built in the Art Deco style in 1929, situated close to the seafront, the Pavilion Theatre was at the time considered to be the greatest ever municipal enterprise for the benefit of entertainment.[145] Built from brick and stone, the frontage features square Corinthian columns.[141] Still a popular venue, it is today a Grade II listed building.[145]
The Bournemouth Eye is a helium-filled balloon attached to a steel cable in the town's lower gardens. The spherical balloon is 69 m (226 ft) in circumference and carries an enclosed, steel gondola. Rising to a height of 150 m (492 ft), it provides a panoramic view of the surrounding area for up to 28 passengers.[
Sport
The town has a professional football club, AFC Bournemouth, known as the Cherries, who were promoted to the Championship in 2013 and Premier League in 2015,[148] AFC Bournemouth play at Dean Court near Boscombe in Kings' Park, 2 miles (3 km) east of the town centre.[149]
Bournemouth Rugby Club, which competes in the National League Division Two South, has its home at the Bournemouth Sports Club, next to Bournemouth Airport, where it hosts an annual Rugby sevens tournament and festival.[150][151][152] Bournemouth Cricket Club also plays at Bournemouth Sports Club and is reported to be one of the biggest cricket clubs in the country. Its first team plays in the Southern Premier League.[153] Dean Park is a former county cricket ground, once home to Hampshire County Cricket Club and later Dorset County Cricket Club. Today it is a venue for university cricket.[154]
The BIC has become a venue for a round of the Premier League Darts Championship organised by the Professional Darts Corporation.[155]
The Westover and Bournemouth Rowing Club, is the town's coastal rowing club. Established in 1865, it is reported to be the oldest sporting association in the county. The club regularly competes in regattas organised by the Hants and Dorset Amateur Rowing Association which take place on the South Coast of England between May and September.[156]
Other watersports popular in Poole Bay include sailing and surfing, and there are a number of local schools for the beginner to learn either sport.[157] Bournemouth has the third largest community of surfers in the UK and in 2009 an artificial surf reef, one of only four in the world, was constructed there.[158] The reef failed to deliver the promised grade 5 wave, suffered a series of delays and ran over budget, finally costing £3.2 million.
Transport
Road
The principal route to the town centre is the A338 spur road, a dual carriageway that connects to the A31 close to the Hampshire border. The A31 joins the M27 at Southampton and from there the M3 to London and the A34 to the Midlands and the North can be accessed.[161] The main road west is the A35 to Honiton in Devon which runs through the South East Dorset Conurbation and continues east as far as Southampton, albeit as a non-primary route.[162][163] The A350 in the neighbouring borough of Poole provides the only northern route out of the conurbation.[164] National Express coaches serve Bournemouth Travel Interchange & Bournemouth University. There are frequent departures to London Victoria Coach Station and Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airports.[165][166] Local buses are provided mainly by two companies, More Bus, the former National Bus Company subsidiary and now owned by the Go-Ahead group, and Yellow Buses, the former Bournemouth Council-owned company and successors to Bournemouth Corporation Transport, which began operating trams in 1902.[166][167] Other operators serving the town include Damory Coaches and the Shaftesbury & District bus company.[166]
Rail
There are two stations in the town, Bournemouth railway station and Pokesdown railway station to the east.[168] Parts of western Bournemouth can also be reached from Branksome station. All three stations lie on the South Western Main Line from Weymouth to London Waterloo.[169] South West Trains operates a comprehensive service along this line, which also serves Southampton Central, Winchester and Basingstoke to the east, and Poole, Wareham, and Dorchester South to the west.[169][170] Before its closure in 1966, Bournemouth was also served by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway which provided direct access to Somerset and the Midlands.[171]
Air
Originally an RAF airfield, Bournemouth Airport was transferred to the Civil Aviation Authority in 1944 and was the UK's only international airport before the opening of Heathrow in 1946.[172] Acquired by the Manchester Airports Group in 2001, the airport underwent a £45 million phased expansion programme between 2007 and 2011.[173][174] Situated in the village of Hurn on the periphery of Bournemouth, the airport is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the town centre and serves around 600,000 passengers annually.[175] There are direct flights to more than 35 international destinations in 19 countries including: Croatia, Egypt, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey and the United States.[175]
Education
The Bournemouth local education authority was first set up in 1903 and remained in existence until local government was reorganised in 1974 when Bournemouth lost its County Borough status and became part of the county of Dorset. Under the later reforms of 1997, Bournemouth became a unitary authority and the Bournemouth local education authority was re-established.[176][177]
The local council operates a two-tier comprehensive system whereby pupils attend one of the 26 primary schools in the borough before completing their education at secondary school.[178] Bournemouth is one of the minority of local authorities in England still to maintain selective education, with two grammar schools (one for boys, one for girls) and ten secondary modern/comprehensive schools.[179] There are also a small number of independent schools in the town, and a further education college.[180] Bournemouth has two universities: Bournemouth University and Arts University Bournemouth, both of which are located across the boundary in neighbouring Poole.[181]
In 2012, 60.7% of the borough's school leavers gained 5 GCSEs of grade C or above. This was slightly better than the national average of 59.4% and above the average for the rest of Dorset, with 58.8% of pupils from the local authority of Poole, and 54.1% from the remainder of the county, managing to do likewise.[182]