DGS 91083 Rheinhausen - Marl Hüls AG

 

Heute möchte ich Euch das erste Bild einer kleinen mehrtägigen Tour nach Nordrhein-Westfalen zeigen. In den nächsten Tagen folgen in loser Reihenfolge noch ein paar weitere Fotos. Am Morgen des 8. April 2025 habe ich mich am Rheinufer rechtzeitig zum Sonnenstand zu Fuße der Haus-Knipp-Brücke eingefunden und habe auf ostwärts fahrende Güterzüge gewartet. Gegen 9 Uhr zeigte sich auf der Stahlgitterbrücke ein Containerzug. Dieser war mit der 275 021-4 von DuisportRail bespannt. Der relativ kurze CT-Zug mit der G1206 macht sich meiner Meinung sehr gut auf der langen Brücke. Die Baukastenlok aus dem Hause Vossloh fehlte mir noch in der Sammlung. Genau eine Stunde später folgte dann der zweite Güterzug an diesem Morgen. Zwischendurch war noch eine DB Cargo 294 als Lz über die Stahlbrücke gerollt. Zudem noch zwei Güterzüge in die Gegenrichtung. Einmal die 383 425 "modility" von METRANS mit einem KV und eine AlphaTrain 186 mit einem ARS Altmann. Die zweite Zugbewegung in Richtung Oberhausen war ein leerer Autozug bestehend aus verkehrsroten Laerrs. Dieser wurde von der 193 301-9 "Das ist grün." von DB Cargo traktioniert. Beladen wäre dieser Zug natürlich der Knaller gewesen. Danach habe ich dann erstmal überlegt, ob ich nicht an dieser Stelle abbrechen soll und mich woanders hin verschieben sollte. Ich blieb aber vor Ort. Leider tat sich erst wieder nach weiteren 50min etwas. Ich hatte auf der anderen Rheinseite eine G2000 erspäht. Leider hatte sie, als sie aus den Bögen herausfuhr, nur drei Kesselwagen am Haken. Das war nun äußerst ungünstig. Die ganze Fuhre verlor sich etwas auf der langen Bahnbrücke. Die für Railflex fahrende 273 106-5 hätte meiner Meinung mindestens gerne die dreifache Menge an Kesselwagen befördern dürfen. Im Anschluss bin ich dann nach Bottrop-Welheim gefahren...

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♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,…

   

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100 ... Hors power

67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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♔ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ, Ҡąʍąҟմɾą , ⅋ Ӌօҟօհąʍą لąքąղ ♔

-w̸ ̸w̸ ̴w̶ ̷.̷ ̴f̷ ̷l̴ ̸i̵ ̵c̵ ̴k̸ ̴r̴ ̵.̴ ̷c̷ ̸o̴ ̴m̴ ̵/̸ ̴1̸ ̵o̷ ̴n̴ ̷e̷ ̴ ̸

 

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2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113…shichifuku jin 2҉0҉23

   

-Donderdag 20 Juli 2023 17:00-

  

[NL] Soms verleg ik mijn aandacht naar andere vervoersmodaliteiten per spoor en zo komt het al eens voor dat ik op pad ga voor trams. Dit pasten we ook toe tijdens het tripje Polen deze zomer door een bezoek in te plannen aan (de voorsteden van) Katowice. Vanwege het sterk geïndustrialiseerde karakter wordt Katowice wel eens vergeleken met het Belgische Charleroi, al zijn de meeste fabrieken hier nog wel in bedrijf. De grote werkgelegenheid leidde in de jaren tot veel bebouwing met als resultaat dat de agglomeratie van Katowice met zo'n 3,5 miljoen inwoners de grootste van Polen betreft. Ter ontsluiting van de (voor)steden met de industrie ontstond er op den duur ook een zeer uitgebreid tramnetwerk wat met een huidige stand van 29 (!) lijnen en 677 haltes één van de grootste ter wereld is. De omgeving van Katowice heeft over het algemeen een vervallen maar actief karakter en vertoont inderdaad gelijkenissen met Charleroi, wat ook sterk geïndustrialiseerd is (geweest) en een groot netwerk aan tramlijnen naar de voorsteden kende.

 

Goed, de omvang van deze agglomeratie maakte het onmogelijk om alle delen aandacht te geven dus besloten we te focussen Bytom in het noordwestelijke deel. In dit deel zijn nog meerdere voorstadlijnen te vinden van het tramnetwerk met nog wat inzetten van het oudste materieel: de Konstal 105Na. We trapten de dag af in Biskupice dat destijds werd aangedaan door lijn 5 van Bytom naar Zabrze. Al snel bleek dat het een kwestie was van plannen want er bleek een enorme diversiteit aan materieel te rijden: van de modernste tot de oudste en allemaal op dezelfde lijn. Gelukkig konden we gedurende de dag wel de nodige plaatjes maken en na de middag wisselde men wat materieel uit in positieve zin voor ons: er kwam nog een setje van 2 Konstal trams op de baan. In tegenstelling tot de anderen was het voorste stel nog voorzien van koersrollen en dat was nét het beetje extra. Na een regenbui zouden ze vertrekken vanuit Bytom en we waren vastberaden om hier achteraan te gaan. Na een foto in half zonlicht tussen flatgebouwen uit het Sovjet-tijdperk startten we de inhaalactie naar Biskupice, waar de gemiddelde leeftijd van de bebouwing nóg wat hoger lag. Het resultaat was, mits je de auto's wegdenkt, een foto die wel in de jaren '80 genomen had kunnen zijn:

 

Met een imposant wolkendek op de achtergrond passeren de Konstal 105Na 476 & 425 in een beginnend avondzonnetje opnieuw de vier Nederlanders, onderweg naar het nauwelijks uit te spreken eindpunt Zabrze Makoszowy. Opvallend bij een koppel 105Na's is dat de tweede tram steeds in opzending wordt meegenomen: er ontbreekt immers een functie voor het rijden in dubbeltractie. Hierna werd de achtervolging opnieuw opgezet om een derde foto te maken én om mee te reizen op hun terugrit naar Bytom, wat een avontuur op zich bleek... To be continued!

  

[EN] On Thursday the 20th of July, we were able to photograph some of the Konstal 105Na's which are still used by the Polish company of public transport in and around Katowice: Tramwaje Śląskie. At the end of the day, the Konstal 105Na 476 and 425 are seen in Biskupice heading as tram line 5 to Zabrze.

  

Tramwaje Śląskie Konstal 105Na 476 & 425, Tram 5, Świętego Jana, Biskupice

©TimoTrimbos

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106,2107,2018,2109,2110,2111

    

༼℘ⷬℜⷢℴⷪ༽ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ ・・・

  

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106,,…

  

nakanojo / 中之条ビエンナーレは２０２３年９月９日（土曜日）スタート、鎌倉やさいはレンバイ、湘南クッキーは湘南ビーチdeコーヒールンバ、下仁田町のカツ丼スタンプラリーは２０２２年１１月３０日まで、コクリコのクレープはシュガーレモン、ビッくらポンの打率は現在３割最新獲得はラッキー・ルウのマグネット、静岡県の海鮮丼は沼津港か清水港、新潟県六日町のお六と桂姫の銅像、江ノ電 鵠沼駅、横浜の「シドモアさんのさくら」の夏の風景、京極スタンドの生ビール　パンツはベイシア

 

Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ

 

Cras maximus dolor eu ex malesuada, non mollis augue dapibus. Vestibulum sit amet est a est laoreet malesuada. Fusce consectetur congue risus quis ornare.༼℘ⷬℜⷢℴⷪ༽ Ϛհì͢͢͢çհìƒմҟմلìղ Donec convallis eros felis, sit amet volutpat dui maximus nec. Integer viverra magna nisl, non convallis velit pellentesque eu. Aliquam eget metus lacus. Vivamus quam nunc, iaculis shichifuku jin non ultrices in, blandit in urna. Mauris sollicitudin scelerisque erat viverra gravida. Mauris blandit tempor justo, in viverra urna sollicitudin tincidunt. Sed gravida aliquet lectus, gravida mollis quam faucibus sed. Quisque faucibus odio ac metus ultricies, eget fringilla ex rhoncus. Aenean accumsan arcu scelerisque eleifend euismod. Nulla dictum tincidunt arcu eu facilisis.

 

Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Donec pulvinar sollicitudin leo, ac efficitur magna sollicitudin a. Sed id justo eleifend, lobortis lacus vel, euismod diam. Curabitur pretium finibus ipsum a bibendum. Pellentesque neque nulla, euismod eget enim vel, mattis tincidunt eros. Mauris pulvinar tellus mauris, eu blandit ex mattis vel. Phasellus pulvinar vestibulum nulla vel mollis. Integer nibh sapien, fermentum eu urna quis, pretium vulputate dolor. Quisque at lectus non lacus tempus faucibus. Aliquam consequat placerat elementum. Sed facilisis interdum nisi vel malesuada.

 

Proin at ante venenatis, interdum libero ac, hendrerit odio. Aliquam feugiat nunc nec tristique placerat. Integer consectetur diam at neque tempor fermentum. Etiam fermentum ipsum libero, sed euismod elit condimentum vitae. Nunc ac neque sapien. Nam massa ligula, placerat id volutpat id, pharetra ac justo. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse mattis nulla non vehicula fringilla. Vestibulum commodo vel turpis vitae rutrum. Aliquam interdum justo id erat molestie malesuada dapibus a est. Morbi id tincidunt risus. Aliquam iaculis leo sollicitudin nisi eleifend, non commodo nisl suscipit. Duis ullamcorper vestibulum tellus a vulputate. In at odio non risus hendrerit cursus quis ac mi.

 

Sed sed quam nibh. Nunc eu lobortis erat. Aenean sem magna, blandit eget finibus eu, ullamcorper ut ex. Suspendisse potenti. Fusce vitae quam quis leo semper tristique. Maecenas nisl ipsum, dapibus eu luctus eget, dignissim vitae elit. Vestibulum iaculis luctus iaculis. Integer tristique nibh mollis lacinia ornare. Suspendisse sit amet eleifend sem. Quisque urna eros, congue a eleifend ut, facilisis ut nisl. Ut vel sollicitudin lectus. Proin luctus ex eu porttitor scelerisque.

 

Integer diam ante, blandit in eros ut, tristique placerat justo. Donec pretium faucibus turpis, sed posuere mauris finibus nec. Sed pellentesque ante leo, id pulvinar magna sodales sed. Suspendisse id porta tellus. Nunc dictum, tortor at feugiat viverra, neque dolor tristique leo, sit amet blandit odio nisi ultrices lacus. Sed sit amet feugiat quam. Integer hendrerit ex diam, ornare bibendum augue dapibus pellentesque. Suspendisse non imperdiet est, eu rutrum purus.

 

Suspendisse eget arcu dignissim, auctor arcu sed, aliquet urna. Mauris condimentum, tellus eget consequat malesuada, tortor turpis venenatis libero, in cursus metus velit malesuada elit. Mauris est risus, consequat tincidunt arcu sed, dapibus consectetur nisl. Integer tristique leo sit amet ante porta commodo. Etiam feugiat velit eu erat lobortis, eget tincidunt sem sagittis. Fusce pellentesque volutpat mauris, vitae mattis leo convallis vitae. Suspendisse aliquam, orci id mollis molestie, dolor elit euismod tellus, sed porta enim nulla quis mauris. Integer risus ligula, tristique a sagittis ac, pretium quis lectus. Phasellus ullamcorper mattis neque condimentum condimentum. Pellentesque accumsan, augue sed tristique condimentum, arcu erat tempus lorem, eu eleifend felis nulla eget velit. Mauris sodales semper neque, vel euismod lacus luctus in. Donec sollicitudin nec risus nec mattis. Fusce fringilla quam nec molestie pellentesque. Fusce non orci urna. Ut varius id erat a faucibus. Etiam nec pellentesque lacus.

 

Integer non congue tortor, ut mollis tortor. Morbi sed cursus elit, vel posuere erat. Maecenas egestas ex ac ullamcorper accumsan. In elit purus, gravida ac nisi a, maximus bibendum orci. Nunc semper mollis lectus ac laoreet. Sed sapien dolor, aliquet posuere blandit at, rhoncus a dolor. Proin est purus, vehicula sit amet eleifend vel, rutrum sit amet nisl. Fusce quis sapien pharetra, commodo diam id, sollicitudin diam. Maecenas convallis magna arcu, sit amet placerat turpis sagittis non. Ut id enim at sapien ultricies lobortis et eu tortor. Aliquam hendrerit auctor nunc, ut semper diam. Quisque vel odio vitae enim convallis pulvinar. Etiam dictum laoreet augue, vitae vestibulum orci dignissim eget. In efficitur, sapien ac pretium vehicula, orci sapien aliquet neque, at eleifend lectus velit vel tellus. Maecenas luctus nibh non feugiat euismod.

 

Pellentesque feugiat risus mattis magna feugiat, quis consectetur neque sodales. Integer eleifend faucibus purus, nec semper augue imperdiet nec. Proin tempus turpis nec dolor varius laoreet. Morbi semper, nibh ut luctus pretium, ex metus imperdiet mi, quis viverra arcu elit at massa. Aenean a sollicitudin lectus. Nunc at libero eu tellus cursus tempor rhoncus a elit. Etiam eu nisi suscipit, tempor mauris ut, pulvinar enim. Donec ultrices pharetra ante, id vulputate tellus convallis sit amet. Donec dictum, nisl et dictum malesuada, arcu arcu convallis eros, in pharetra tellus felis a dui. Cras nec eros a erat elementum lacinia a sed metus. Donec vel porta sapien, at vestibulum augue. Donec placerat nisi vitae metus rutrum, nec pellentesque lectus ultrices. Curabitur iaculis, turpis sed porttitor tristique, nulla urna tristique ex, nec tempor felis purus sed magna. Etiam feugiat, velit sed condimentum cursus, ex ipsum dictum purus, id rutrum massa arcu a mauris. Nam porta porttitor varius. Integer vitae condimentum enim, eget eleifend augue.

 

Nam nec mi ut nibh semper malesuada a vel mauris. Aliquam erat volutpat. Aliquam sed neque eu ante molestie hendrerit nec in nibh. Donec posuere et libero eget auctor. Sed lacinia tincidunt iaculis. Praesent tristique vehicula ex, nec feugiat tortor. Proin a massa venenatis risus maximus sagittis in in dolor. Vivamus tempus, massa eget condimentum vehicula, arcu elit iaculis magna, non egestas odio ex condimentum eros. Sed hendrerit nunc eu vulputate venenatis. Sed efficitur diam ullamcorper, cursus est et, mollis risus.

 

Curabitur egestas a nunc fermentum hendrerit. Fusce laoreet ac quam ut facilisis. Aenean sed ipsum ornare quam sagittis facilisis. Fusce vestibulum lectus justo, sit amet consectetur mauris interdum quis. Praesent placerat mauris at dui egestas tristique. Duis viverra, mauris eget tempus cursus, ipsum nibh ullamcorper enim, nec varius tortor metus sed magna. Aliquam id tincidunt arcu. Praesent rutrum nibh eu mauris finibus commodo. Nullam eu auctor dolor.💯ShichifนนJin✍ Sed aliquet cursus lectus, vitae accumsan dui. Vestibulum sodales odio vel ullamcorper luctus. Duis et cursus ante, quis hendrerit lorem. Nullam euismod porttitor augue. Pellentesque ultricies diam a lacus dignissim, in pharetra lacus tincidunt. Cras dapibus, neque egestas aliquet cursus, nulla leo rhoncus tortor, vitae tempor nunc ante ac ligula.

  

Duis interdum neque eu sem vestibulum facilisis. Phasellus vel accumsan lectus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae; Nunc ut lacus eget ante placerat luctus. Nullam quis erat ante. Nullam nibh mi, aliquet at eleifend in, varius non mi. Praesent molestie elit sed tellus pretium, id rutrum diam cursus. Mauris ullamcorper hendrerit quam, sit amet tempor velit. Aenean fermentum lectus ac nunc pulvinar vulputate. Mauris hendrerit, erat ac rhoncus fermentum, tellus lacus congue elit, sit amet venenatis neque nibh elementum risus. Maecenas diam nisi, luctus ac ante quis, tincidunt sagittis quam. Fusce interdum rutrum venenatis. Duis aliquam velit ut bibendum pretium. Sed et tempus velit. Nam volutpat risus ut orci iaculis, semper viverra mauris mattis. Integer molestie condimentum nisl at mollis.

 

Orci varius natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Cras sollicitudin augue sit amet risus porttitor fringilla. Pellentesque leo nunc, tristique a fermentum at, laoreet nec quam. Proin non justo efficitur, iaculis lacus ut, bibendum eros. Duis eget diam augue. Curabitur accumsan tortor a tellus aliquam sagittis. Morbi tempus felis at mi fringilla, at sodales urna commodo. Quisque rutrum tellus a augue suscipit, sit amet tempor nunc viverra. Pellentesque velit arcu, ultricies eu nibh a, interdum molestie dolor. Ut dapibus orci ligula, a porttitor libero rhoncus et. Etiam mauris tellus, volutpat ac dolor ut, venenatis consectetur elit. Sed leo urna, pharetra sed quam et, dictum consectetur enim. Vestibulum nec tellus tortor. Nunc lectus nisi, accumsan eget enim vel, volutpat bibendum risus.

 

Mauris sit amet orci non quam blandit commodo. Curabitur rutrum sollicitudin ligula, id mollis ex luctus vel. Nullam vehicula suscipit ante, a rutrum arcu rutrum sit amet. Ut lorem nulla, bibendum id odio in, iaculis dictum orci. Ut non venenatis urna, ac auctor erat. Duis in nulla risus. Maecenas quis mauris orci. Vivamus ultrices nec tellus lobortis molestie. Fusce tristique sapien dictum faucibus ultricies. Donec sem lacus, ullamcorper a malesuada nec, semper a ligula.

 

Donec ut dignissim lorem. Donec pharetra pulvinar neque, non ultrices est pulvinar ut. Morbi gravida dui at ultrices dapibus. Nunc cursus nulla diam, auctor tincidunt nunc consequat sed. Fusce venenatis tortor nec dictum porta. Fusce facilisis pellentesque malesuada. Aliquam in quam tincidunt, lobortis ante laoreet, aliquam justo. Donec vel nisi eu erat porttitor pellentesque at id tortor.

 

Sed gravida neque neque, a gravida velit volutpat ac. Morbi nec sollicitudin ex. Cras aliquet odio vitae massa volutpat, in ultrices diam dictum. Maecenas tristique sollicitudin urna eget sodales. Phasellus luctus et justo nec faucibus. Sed in imperdiet enim. Suspendisse lacus erat, ullamcorper vel metus condimentum, pellentesque pulvinar eros. Aenean tempus diam dui, at sagittis erat rutrum vel. In viverra nibh id imperdiet scelerisque. Donec ante felis, blandit tempus nulla in, euismod luctus arcu. Nullam nisi nibh, fringilla et sapien et, tincidunt rhoncus nulla. Sed venenatis, sem a tincidunt ultricies, neque metus rutrum velit, quis rutrum sem sapien eget ante. Mauris viverra congue rhoncus. Aliquam finibus cursus ante, a hendrerit sapien tempor vitae. Aenean id justo rutrum est fermentum malesuada quis feugiat odio. Cras sed erat quis justo consectetur lacinia.

 

Aenean rhoncus, mauris id hendrerit mattis, mauris diam aliquam purus, ut accumsan dolor quam at lectus. Aliquam vitae metus tempus, commodo velit at, consectetur magna. Curabitur est lacus, tincidunt sit amet nunc quis, dictum molestie mauris. Suspendisse vestibulum ac nibh at dapibus. Quisque aliquam mauris rhoncus nibh varius, vitae molestie felis lobortis. Donec dignissim nisl faucibus suscipit tincidunt. In et massa lacus. Etiam finibus sem ut dolor scelerisque, at luctus libero suscipit. Ut semper et tortor sit amet ornare. Sed vel accumsan arcu, vitae ultricies eros. In eget libero varius, euismod quam a, malesuada ipsum. Nulla accumsan ornare est in sodales. Donec luctus dolor leo, ac commodo leo euismod ac. Quisque posuere condimentum neque, at facilisis lorem rutrum non. Fusce ornare, justo nec consequat iaculis, ipsum dolor feugiat enim, eu commodo erat nunc at sapien.

 

ˢʰⁱᶜʰⁱᶠᵘᵏᵘ ʲⁱⁿ ᵗᵒᵏʸᵒ ʲᵃᵖᵃⁿ

 

Proin condimentum rutrum malesuada. Mauris cursus nibh nec turpis cursus, ut semper nulla vestibulum. Vivamus felis magna, ultricies nec viverra non, cursus in augue. Aliquam sagittis leo massa, eget iaculis urna pulvinar vitae. Cras faucibus quam nulla, vel congue eros pulvinar sed. Proin hendrerit lectus eros, sit amet porttitor arcu viverra ac. Maecenas et tincidunt dolor. Quisque ornare ullamcorper dolor eu placerat. Maecenas viverra egestas eleifend.

 

Nulla nec pretium enim. Duis vitae aliquam arcu, eu pellentesque ipsum. Nullam sagittis scelerisque congue. Morbi a semper dui, sit amet congue justo. Phasellus et mauris auctor, vestibulum felis quis, ultrices risus. Suspendisse vitae placerat orci. Sed tempus urna vitae suscipit ullamcorper. Vivamus vel cursus risus. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae; Praesent vehicula, sapien vel placerat hendrerit, ex ipsum ullamcorper elit, sit amet blandit tellus velit non urna. Donec a massa ac nulla porta lacinia sit amet vel sapien.

 

Suspendisse vel ex non leo ultrices finibus quis in massa. Praesent non lorem sapien. Nullam vehicula semper tempus. Praesent a felis vitae orci ultricies feugiat. Vestibulum lobortis eget ante id porttitor. Curabitur efficitur tortor urna. Vivamus nec libero tincidunt, ultricies velit et, venenatis eros. Proin consectetur dapibus lacus sed luctus. In sit amet eleifend nisi. Maecenas luctus tincidunt erat, volutpat ultricies ex ornare id.

 

Sed nec arcu dapibus, hendrerit sem in, posuere ex. Sed non diam eget sapien maximus commodo quis id justo. Nullam aliquam tortor vel mauris porta, eget rhoncus diam imperdiet. Vestibulum sit amet tortor sed neque efficitur auctor at ut enim. Pellentesque dictum ac massa non tempor. Fusce in malesuada magna, nec tincidunt ex. Nullam porttitor fringilla pretium. Curabitur id ligula nec arcu viverra auctor quis a lectus.

 

Morbi luctus porttitor nulla, in egestas elit dictum in. Sed purus dolor, pulvinar a posuere sed, pulvinar vitae ligula. Nunc justo justo, pellentesque et leo id, tincidunt feugiat mauris. Nulla condimentum et mauris posuere porta. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Pellentesque sapien mi, tempor vel mi ut, placerat fringilla dui. Nunc vel porta turpis. Duis consectetur tempus nibh sit amet ornare. Curabitur tempus ac sem dignissim gravida.

  

♔ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ, Ҡąʍąҟմɾą , ⅋ Ӌօҟօհąʍą لąքąղ ♔

  

Sed tempus justo eget tempor vulputate. Vivamus vitae nisl non nunc accumsan dictum vel ut risus. Donec bibendum velit at felis tempus, quis mattis sapien fringilla. Sed risus ante, imperdiet et lacus nec, tempus tempus erat. Phasellus iaculis neque quis leo condimentum placerat. Praesent id posuere enim. Sed viverra magna mollis nulla tincidunt, ut molestie magna dignissim. Mauris congue diam eu sodales dictum. Etiam vestibulum nibh leo, ullamcorper cursus enim ornare sit amet. Donec sodales, erat id fermentum laoreet, velit arcu ornare massa, nec pharetra orci urna in elit. Sed non metus tellus. Cras consequat consectetur est eget egestas. Quisque suscipit nisi arcu, et tempus sapien rutrum ac. Vestibulum ultrices scelerisque tellus, eget vestibulum risus semper nec. Vivamus auctor purus mauris, eget cursus turpis pharetra nec.

 

Vivamus tempus quis sapien eget dictum. Curabitur suscipit ipsum at tristique aliquet. Nulla pharetra, eros nec aliquam rhoncus, orci ante lobortis quam, at pretium neque dolor in lorem. Nulla suscipit sem quis nisl pulvinar aliquam. Integer feugiat lobortis orci, nec lobortis quam sodales sit amet. Sed nisi nisl, aliquam ac pretium sit amet, faucibus quis augue. Etiam volutpat luctus urna, non placerat justo. Ut elementum dapibus mi, ut porttitor justo vehicula quis.

 

Sed ac egestas metus, eu porttitor est. Aenean maximus efficitur mauris non egestas. Pellentesque laoreet eu mi ac pulvinar. Nulla eu laoreet massa. Sed varius eros a venenatis eleifend. Morbi eu eros sed massa porttitor sagittis sit amet sit amet ipsum. Pellentesque in condimentum quam. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Integer non ullamcorper odio. Duis purus felis, luctus nec tempus ac, porta eget orci. Nulla ipsum odio, finibus tempus magna ut, vulputate consectetur est. Suspendisse potenti. In mollis enim nec nisi finibus, quis malesuada justo venenatis. Praesent sit amet ultricies tellus. Mauris blandit quam nunc.

 

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Donec at quam sit amet nibh elementum molestie. Ut vel libero nec libero volutpat porttitor. Nunc aliquet, mi ut euismod vestibulum, orci massa feugiat arcu, non placerat risus ipsum quis tellus. Maecenas eget neque augue. Sed tincidunt accumsan pharetra. Duis porttitor, lectus vel volutpat mollis, magna nulla sagittis erat, id posuere metus neque eu neque. Fusce lobortis non sapien nec viverra. Proin ultrices mi arcu, id ullamcorper lorem consequat sed.

 

Nulla facilisi. Praesent blandit ante in purus semper, quis pellentesque dui blandit. Duis sed justo vitae nulla posuere porttitor. Aenean et finibus lectus. Phasellus finibus dapibus porttitor. Nullam ut lectus et diam scelerisque pretium. Donec non tellus ac nisl blandit rutrum eget quis tellus. Maecenas dictum purus lorem, id consequat nibh aliquet ac. Vestibulum iaculis ligula vitae dui tincidunt dictum. Vestibulum eu metus elementum, mattis eros sed, vestibulum nisi. Aenean non felis ac justo finibus pellentesque ut non leo.

 

Etiam convallis malesuada tellus eget dignissim. Morbi lorem justo, interdum et ante at, dapibus elementum eros. Morbi maximus nunc dui, quis mattis turpis scelerisque sed. Proin varius quis dui in posuere. Aliquam lacinia, magna in convallis volutpat, nulla dui pulvinar nunc, sit amet ullamcorper odio arcu nec nisi. Phasellus sit amet risus et turpis ultricies sollicitudin quis eu mi. Integer gravida, magna eget dignissim imperdiet, ex lorem congue magna, non ullamcorper nibh lorem hendrerit lorem. Phasellus laoreet, erat sit amet sodales ornare, mauris enim pulvinar nunc, eget lacinia ipsum orci eget neque. Vivamus egestas venenatis nisl, cursus pellentesque diam feugiat id. Morbi finibus erat a elit gravida, eget interdum enim iaculis.

 

Donec bibendum semper aliquet. Fusce placerat sed quam placerat rutrum. Nulla luctus hendrerit nunc, eget mollis ligula pulvinar vel. Duis pulvinar rhoncus sodales. Orci varius natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec scelerisque ornare justo ut sodales. Mauris rutrum eu ante efficitur eleifend. Aenean quis sagittis justo, eget consectetur tortor.

 

Fusce eleifend neque ligula, in pellentesque est feugiat sit amet. Nunc sit amet odio libero. Integer nec euismod nunc, in porta mi. Proin ut augue lobortis, dictum est non, maximus dui. Aliquam scelerisque nibh id erat viverra dignissim. Quisque nec lacus ac quam vulputate vehicula. Sed lorem neque, consequat ut nisi a, malesuada efficitur turpis. Phasellus posuere fermentum metus a posuere. Aliquam in viverra ex. Vivamus quis nisl quis leo dapibus commodo. Suspendisse in sodales diam. Quisque vel arcu eget mauris faucibus dictum. Nullam convallis pellentesque condimentum. Maecenas fringilla auctor tempor.

 

In egestas ut nisi quis molestie. Aliquam tristique mauris eu nibh mollis, non suscipit lectus condimentum. Suspendisse finibus tempus nibh, vestibulum rhoncus lectus malesuada a. Cras eget velit odio. Fusce finibus interdum leo. Praesent placerat laoreet mauris non hendrerit. Donec non elementum velit, non scelerisque urna.

 

Nulla lacinia vulputate augue, at aliquet eros dictum at. Fusce dapibus purus in libero mattis, sit amet pellentesque felis mattis. Quisque porttitor sollicitudin tincidunt. Aenean rhoncus sem sed pretium accumsan. Etiam elit massa, accumsan quis mi et, eleifend aliquet ex. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Morbi sodales nunc non erat lacinia pulvinar. Donec pellentesque augue dictum lectus dignissim dignissim molestie id dui. Praesent consectetur tellus leo, pulvinar mattis felis scelerisque ut. Curabitur quis ullamcorper urna, quis porttitor magna. Phasellus libero purus, feugiat a urna id, ullamcorper condimentum lacus.

 

Phasellus turpis lectus, egestas at vulputate a, aliquet sit amet ipsum. Nunc sodales malesuada consectetur. Fusce fringilla non velit at tempus. Phasellus quis convallis libero, ut imperdiet felis. Nam blandit velit a turpis rutrum, laoreet vestibulum felis porttitor. Curabitur imperdiet sapien non purus fermentum dapibus. Vestibulum vel aliquet ante. Fusce feugiat dignissim lorem et sodales. In convallis massa eget felis luctus, sagittis pretium urna consequat.

 

Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Fusce facilisis massa ut fringilla suscipit. In blandit massa at convallis accumsan. Suspendisse tempus placerat neque nec pretium. Vestibulum ac lectus eu nunc tempor vestibulum sed sit amet eros. Integer ultrices nunc et lacus blandit, quis blandit sapien posuere. Ut lorem diam, commodo nec elit egestas, malesuada iaculis felis. Maecenas et velit urna. Maecenas a finibus urna, non pellentesque eros. Aenean consequat mi eu leo rutrum, at viverra metus dictum. Nam tincidunt, elit ac lobortis luctus, quam risus pretium mauris, non vestibulum urna dui non nibh. Curabitur ac dolor maximus, scelerisque nunc vitae, facilisis mi.

 

Fusce suscipit vehicula leo id tempor. Proin augue purus, gravida id justo at, pulvinar tempor lectus. Morbi rutrum lorem nec purus aliquam faucibus. Nunc vel neque at ante egestas molestie. Nam id lacinia dolor. Vivamus vel augue sed nisi ullamcorper rutrum vel a felis. Vivamus dapibus, sem eu finibus fermentum, mauris libero ultricies velit, eu pulvinar ex felis et eros. Vivamus semper luctus leo, dignissim volutpat lacus tincidunt eget. Sed orci lectus, iaculis sit amet enim nec, condimentum faucibus nulla. Praesent sodales consectetur eleifend.

 

Morbi nisl enim, gravida a felis a, viverra ullamcorper augue. Nunc iaculis eu orci luctus accumsan. Sed sed mi id nisi vestibulum pretium et in augue. Donec vulputate, quam at ultrices vulputate, massa leo semper risus, non volutpat orci enim ac diam. Nullam ullamcorper, mi eget vestibulum feugiat, leo sem posuere nisl, eu molestie velit orci vel tellus. Quisque blandit, mi ut venenatis tincidunt, est sapien molestie lectus, quis eleifend odio ex ut orci. Proin libero nisl, tempus vel tortor mattis, vestibulum pulvinar ligula. Phasellus pharetra bibendum lorem. Quisque sit amet velit pretium, dapibus diam sed, vestibulum felis. In tristique volutpat iaculis. Fusce semper ex id ipsum imperdiet, quis egestas tellus mollis.

 

Duis justo nibh, ullamcorper vel lacus non, laoreet malesuada eros. Nulla facilisi. Donec nec pretium turpis, sed varius elit. Donec convallis magna augue, eget iaculis elit maximus sed. Donec vitae hendrerit lacus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Nam vel nunc lacinia, lobortis velit eu, vestibulum urna. Maecenas ante erat, tempus vel convallis at, fringilla in orci. Curabitur nunc leo, viverra non tristique eget, aliquet id libero. Pellentesque et sodales magna. Suspendisse et laoreet odio. Sed diam mi, facilisis a mi non, aliquam dictum libero. Etiam sem diam, commodo ac sollicitudin accumsan, dapibus at magna. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nullam euismod nec purus ac consectetur.

 

Nullam at lectus et leo vehicula euismod eget in sem. Aliquam mollis quam et turpis convallis, eget porttitor nulla efficitur. Fusce in justo mollis, convallis erat at, dapibus metus. Vestibulum sit amet auctor odio. Integer semper quis ante at pellentesque. Integer elementum ac arcu sed elementum. Ut aliquam mi quis sodales vehicula. Nulla commodo rutrum iaculis. Quisque euismod erat a sapien volutpat, sed porttitor nisl commodo. Ut eu ultricies urna. Vivamus ullamcorper nisi sed nunc eleifend, sit amet rutrum nulla aliquet. In eu elit ante. Curabitur vitae blandit nunc, at tempor nulla. Nam sed tortor nibh.

 

Cras quis convallis ligula. In sollicitudin faucibus enim vel vulputate. Vivamus in erat vel nisi viverra lobortis. Sed congue, velit sed efficitur pharetra, purus urna dignissim eros, sed vulputate lorem mi ut diam. Nam rhoncus tempus pellentesque. Nullam mollis ut neque ac iaculis. Proin ipsum enim, imperdiet auctor consectetur id, pretium ultricies sapien. Proin congue, nibh vestibulum gravida consequat, nunc elit volutpat tellus, in pretium dui felis dapibus metus. Quisque euismod hendrerit elit, sit amet finibus purus lobortis quis. Aliquam erat volutpat. Vivamus vulputate, mauris ut molestie bibendum, elit arcu mollis est, non commodo nisi tellus in arcu. Nulla ullamcorper magna libero, at aliquet nibh tincidunt et. Nunc sapien eros, malesuada eu mi suscipit, tincidunt vulputate quam. Donec dignissim nisi vitae lacinia aliquet. Curabitur id nisi elit. Pellentesque ut ante felis.

 

Vestibulum laoreet lorem in lectus hendrerit, at aliquet lacus tempor. Sed rutrum turpis sit amet dui vestibulum gravida. Aliquam mattis enim quis lectus venenatis maximus. Nullam sed sem tortor. Vestibulum sit amet vulputate ligula, in efficitur magna. Nulla facilisi. Vivamus efficitur volutpat odio sed varius.

 

Nulla posuere dui magna, vitae commodo velit laoreet ornare. Mauris a pretium orci, id tincidunt dolor. Nunc tempor pellentesque massa, eleifend lobortis felis bibendum id. Quisque at finibus tellus. In vitae felis ac felis rutrum fermentum. Pellentesque sit amet ultricies dolor. Vestibulum luctus bibendum nulla ac varius. Sed neque elit, volutpat ut condimentum laoreet, rutrum vitae nisi. In vitae accumsan sapien, id porta ex. Quisque aliquam hendrerit enim id sodales. Proin molestie tristique lectus, in ultrices leo ornare eget. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Sed efficitur dignissim justo, eu pretium ante maximus in. Curabitur id maximus velit. Donec ut neque mi.

 

shimonita

さて、今年の下仁田町のカツ丼スタンプラリーは１１月３０日まで、全８店舗、スタンプ８個達成で下仁田ネギのプレゼント（先着５０名）、世界遺産・荒船風穴（あらふねふうけつ）とジオパークの町・第１４回 下仁田カツ丼の会スタンプラリー、３店舗達成しただけで景品がもらえる、あの幻の下仁田ねぎボールペンが、な、な、なんと！もらえるのである！！・・・

ちなみに、上信電鉄でGOGO!!下仁田キャンペーンは２０２３年

２月２８日まで！

 

幻の？・・・ちょっといつになく、前のめりすぎたかな・・・

まあいいかフリッカーだからさ。

  

Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In elementum enim nec volutpat faucibus. Integer eu fermentum nisi. In ligula tortor, pretium vel risus ac, consequat euismod ipsum. Mauris nunc ex, semper ut tempor non, facilisis ac metus. Cras id tempor tortor. Aenean pharetra arcu at arcu fringilla feugiat. Etiam vehicula eget libero quis mattis. Nullam sed dapibus tortor. Vivamus ultricies augue sed libero porta porttitor. Integer vitae lorem justo. Nulla ante nibh, convallis id augue vel, tincidunt tincidunt justo. Donec dictum mollis commodo. Fusce feugiat faucibus tortor at interdum. Cras nec lorem condimentum, ornare sem nec, tempus purus.

 

下仁田のgogoキャンペーンとは、

下仁田町の飲食店や小売店で発行された５００円以上のレシートを下仁田駅で提示すると、下仁田駅からご利用区間までの片道乗車分が無料になります！！

 

素晴らしい！

こんなことがあっていいのでしょうか！！

江ノ電の鎌倉駅でもやってほしいくらいだ！！

横浜根岸線の石川町駅でもやっ・・・まあいいかそれは

東海道新幹線の東京駅でもやってほ・・・・だからまあいいかと。。。それは。。そこまではと。。。￥５００円で京都へ行けたらJRは大赤字だと。。。いや、弁当買ってタダ乗りじゃないかと。。。弁当ぶら下げて改札を普通に素通りじゃないかと。。。

下仁田駅だからできること。楽しんでください。

  

Vestibulum dignissim commodo nibh non fermentum. Sed laoreet suscipit consectetur. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Donec sodales, nisl id consectetur imperdiet, nisl elit egestas metus, nec tincidunt nibh diam ut neque. Praesent metus neque, aliquam et interdum auctor, consectetur nec mi. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Nunc eget euismod neque, quis viverra tellus. Fusce a metus quis lorem tincidunt dignissim id lobortis justo. Vestibulum a dolor nulla. Phasellus venenatis finibus magna non efficitur. Sed id lorem nulla.

 

Nullam nec leo justo. Curabitur lacinia mauris sed quam mollis, eget facilisis diam dictum. Aenean tempor commodo molestie. Fusce vel felis euismod, pharetra neque eu, molestie elit. Proin tempor non elit id eleifend. Cras sed leo ut leo semper porta. Vestibulum augue diam, volutpat nec justo laoreet, auctor faucibus quam. Integer id orci finibus orci fringilla tincidunt. Suspendisse potenti. Sed rutrum eu felis ac condimentum. Aenean quis consectetur ante, in pretium erat. Suspendisse dapibus interdum arcu vitae condimentum. Ut aliquam malesuada neque, at consequat lacus eleifend eget.

 

Suspendisse ut arcu tempor, imperdiet nulla a, consequat risus. Sed efficitur consectetur malesuada. Sed et purus eros. Nam sed eleifend ipsum, ut lobortis sem. Nulla sodales neque nunc, eu facilisis nisl aliquet id. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Etiam ipsum libero, cursus eu libero eu, convallis fermentum arcu. Pellentesque ac semper velit.

 

Sed quis dignissim diam. Suspendisse porta purus non purus vehicula, eget interdum mauris efficitur. Maecenas accumsan fringilla bibendum. Proin at lacus mi. Proin nec egestas mi, at imperdiet velit. Ut magna odio, tempor ut nibh vitae, maximus aliquet lorem. Sed dapibus vel nunc non tempor. Fusce blandit sit amet nunc a vehicula. Nullam vel nisi in turpis pulvinar cursus. Suspendisse et mattis nisi, sed malesuada turpis. Donec consectetur, lacus ut molestie ullamcorper, enim massa faucibus urna, eu elementum ligula neque in lorem. Praesent bibendum mi enim, ut sodales dolor egestas sit amet. Quisque elementum id nunc sit amet imperdiet.

 

Donec sapien nisi, gravida tempus diam vel, vulputate laoreet dolor. Morbi auctor auctor lacinia. Curabitur maximus auctor diam, at pellentesque turpis tincidunt non. Sed dictum, leo eu tincidunt lobortis, lacus tortor imperdiet lacus, vitae imperdiet enim dui in felis. Duis ligula diam, pretium ac risus sed, mattis rhoncus metus. Mauris ut velit tristique ante lacinia rhoncus lacinia eu risus. Cras condimentum faucibus erat. Phasellus accumsan tristique maximus. Sed sagittis quam porttitor diam sagittis posuere. Morbi venenatis ut tortor eget imperdiet.

 

Maecenas finibus metus enim, non feugiat diam lacinia id. Ut viverra tempor dui nec dapibus. Maecenas elementum auctor dolor ut convallis. Mauris congue laoreet leo, at auctor eros convallis ac. Fusce fringilla congue neque eget viverra. Duis tristique, quam vitae maximus pharetra, turpis risus ultricies ipsum, nec aliquam erat velit non neque. Morbi finibus commodo aliquet. Pellentesque fringilla sollicitudin consequat. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.

 

Aenean efficitur diam nec lorem porttitor, et volutpat felis dictum. Pellentesque ornare eu magna sit amet facilisis. Phasellus mollis luctus ullamcorper. Sed fringilla fringilla pretium. Cras at nisl posuere, sodales libero ut, volutpat mauris. Aenean pellentesque lacus in tellus rutrum sollicitudin. Praesent at mauris non ipsum feugiat vulputate ut eu purus. Nam convallis nec libero sit amet tincidunt. Sed tincidunt, arcu et egestas sollicitudin, sem diam tempor tellus, ac dignissim ex enim congue purus. Morbi sit amet dui tortor. Aliquam mollis massa turpis, sit amet ultricies sapien dignissim eget. Cras at rutrum purus. Mauris elementum sit amet lectus eu malesuada. Etiam ut eros sapien.

 

Sed eu viverra nisi, eu commodo orci. Integer ultrices tellus enim, dictum lobortis tellus porta eu. Mauris mattis nunc in purus sagittis, a vulputate purus tempus. Maecenas eleifend eget sem eu bibendum. Fusce a commodo orci. Vivamus condimentum lacinia tellus ac porttitor. Nullam nec euismod massa. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Sed purus purus, cursus et justo in, sodales mattis velit. Nam vitae orci quis tortor volutpat sagittis.

 

Suspendisse condimentum orci lacus. Nullam pellentesque elementum felis. Phasellus eget quam at nisi aliquet rhoncus. Aliquam eleifend, justo in sollicitudin pellentesque, neque urna eleifend eros, ac vestibulum diam quam nec nisi. Nam blandit nibh nec purus viverra tincidunt. Morbi est libero, sodales vel ex sed, rhoncus porttitor orci. Nam bibendum, quam eget suscipit porttitor, ante elit eleifend tellus, finibus scelerisque ante odio id metus. Fusce quis elit magna........๖ۣۜϚհìçհìƒմҟմ ʝìղ Ͳօҟվօ لąքąղ

  

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66

67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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♔ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ, Ҡąʍąҟմɾą , ⅋ Ӌօҟօհąʍą لąքąղ ♔

-w̸ ̸w̸ ̴w̶ ̷.̷ ̴f̷ ̷l̴ ̸i̵ ̵c̵ ̴k̸ ̴r̴ ̵.̴ ̷c̷ ̸o̴ ̴m̴ ̵/̸ ̴1̸ ̵o̷ ̴n̴ ̷e̷ ̴ ̸

 

1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113…shichifuku jin 2҉0҉23

   

༼℘ⷬℜⷢℴⷪ༽ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ ・・・¹⁷,¹⁸,¹⁹,²⁰,²¹,²²,²³,²⁴,²⁵,²⁶,²⁷,²⁸,²⁹,³⁰,³¹,³²,³³,³⁴,³⁵,³⁶,³⁷,³⁸,³⁹,⁴⁰,⁴¹,⁴²,⁴³,⁴⁴,⁴⁵,⁴⁶,⁴⁷,⁴⁸,⁴⁹,⁵⁰,⁵¹,⁵²,⁵³,⁵⁴,⁵⁵,⁵⁶,⁵⁷,⁵⁸,⁵⁹,⁶⁰,⁶¹,⁶²,⁶³,⁶⁴,⁶⁵,⁶⁶,⁶⁷,⁶⁸,⁶⁹,⁷⁰,⁷¹,⁷²,⁷³,⁷⁴,⁷⁵,⁷⁶,⁷⁷,⁷⁸,⁷⁹,⁸⁰,⁸¹,⁸²,⁸³,⁸⁴,⁸⁵,⁸⁶,⁸⁷,⁸⁸,⁸⁹,⁹⁰,⁹¹,⁹²,⁹³,⁹⁴,⁹⁵,⁹⁶,⁹⁷,⁹⁸,⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰,¹⁰¹,¹⁰²,¹⁰³,¹⁰⁴,¹⁰⁵,¹⁰⁶,¹⁰⁷,¹⁰⁸,¹⁰⁹,¹¹⁰,¹¹¹,¹¹²,¹¹³,¹¹⁴,¹¹⁵,¹¹⁶,¹¹⁷,¹¹⁸,¹¹⁹,¹²⁰,¹²¹,¹²²,¹²³,¹²⁴,¹²⁵,¹²⁶,¹²⁷,¹²⁸,¹²⁹,¹³⁰,¹³¹,¹³²,¹³³,¹³⁴,¹³⁵,¹³⁶,¹³⁷,¹³⁸,¹³⁹,¹⁴⁰,¹⁴¹,¹⁴²,¹⁴³,¹⁴⁴,¹⁴⁵,¹⁴⁶,¹⁴⁷,¹⁴⁸,¹⁴⁹,¹⁵⁰,¹⁵¹,¹⁵²,¹⁵³,¹⁵⁴,¹⁵⁵,¹⁵⁶,¹⁵⁷,¹⁵⁸,¹⁵⁹,¹⁶⁰,¹⁶¹,¹⁶²,¹⁶³,¹⁶⁴,¹⁶⁵,¹⁶⁶,¹⁶⁷,¹⁶⁸,¹⁶⁹,¹⁷⁰,¹⁷¹,¹⁷²,¹⁷³,¹⁷⁴,¹⁷⁵,¹⁷⁶,¹⁷⁷,¹⁷⁸,¹⁷⁹,¹⁸⁰,¹⁸¹,¹⁸²,¹⁸³,¹⁸⁴,¹⁸⁵,¹⁸⁶,¹⁸⁷,¹⁸⁸,¹⁸⁹,¹⁹⁰,¹⁹¹,¹⁹²,¹⁹³,¹⁹⁴,¹⁹⁵,¹⁹⁶,¹⁹⁷,¹⁹⁸,¹⁹⁹,²⁰⁰,²⁰¹,²⁰²,²⁰³,²⁰⁴,²⁰⁵,²⁰⁶,²⁰⁷,²⁰⁸,²⁰⁹,²¹⁰,²¹¹,²¹²,²¹³,²¹⁴,²¹⁵,²¹⁶,²¹⁷,²¹⁸,²¹⁹,²²⁰,²²¹,²²²,²²³,²²⁴,²²⁵,²²⁶,²²⁷,²²⁸,²²⁹,²³⁰,²³¹,²³²,²³³,²³⁴,²³⁵,²³⁶,²³⁷,²³⁸,²³⁹,²⁴⁰,²⁴¹,²⁴²,²⁴³,²⁴⁴,²⁴⁵,²⁴⁶,²⁴⁷,²⁴⁸,²⁴⁹,²⁵⁰,²⁵¹,²⁵²,²⁵³,²⁵⁴,²⁵⁵,²⁵⁶,²⁵⁷,²⁵⁸,²⁵⁹,²⁶⁰,²⁶¹,²⁶²,²⁶³,²⁶⁴,²⁶⁵,²⁶⁶,²⁶⁷,²⁶⁸,²⁶⁹,²⁷⁰,²⁷¹,²⁷²,²⁷³,²⁷⁴,²⁷⁵,²⁷⁶,²⁷⁷,²⁷⁸,²⁷⁹,²⁸⁰,²⁸¹,²⁸²,²⁸³,²⁸⁴,²⁸⁵,²⁸⁶,²⁸⁷,²⁸⁸,²⁸⁹,²⁹⁰,²⁹¹,²⁹²,²⁹³,²⁹⁴,²⁹⁵,²⁹⁶,²⁹⁷,²⁹⁸,²⁹⁹,³⁰⁰,³⁰¹,³⁰²,³⁰³,³⁰⁴,³⁰⁵,³⁰⁶,³⁰⁷,³⁰⁸,³⁰⁹,³¹⁰,³¹¹,³¹²,³¹³,³¹⁴,³¹⁵,³¹⁶,³¹⁷,³¹⁸,³¹⁹,³²⁰,³²¹,³²²,³²³,³²⁴,³²⁵,³²⁶,³²⁷,³²⁸,³²⁹,³³⁰,³³¹,³³²,³³³,³³⁴,³³⁵,³³⁶,³³⁷,³³⁸,³³⁹,³⁴⁰,³⁴¹,³⁴²,³⁴³,³⁴⁴,³⁴⁵,³⁴⁶,³⁴⁷,³⁴⁸,³⁴⁹,³⁵⁰,³⁵¹,³⁵²,³⁵³,³⁵⁴,³⁵⁵,³⁵⁶,³⁵⁷,³⁵⁸,³⁵⁹,³⁶⁰,³⁶¹,³⁶²,³⁶³,³⁶⁴,³⁶⁵,³⁶⁶,³⁶⁷,³⁶⁸,³⁶⁹,³⁷⁰,³⁷¹,³⁷²,³⁷³,³⁷⁴,³⁷⁵,³⁷⁶,³⁷⁷,³⁷⁸,³⁷⁹,³⁸⁰,³⁸¹,³⁸²,³⁸³,³⁸⁴,³⁸⁵,³⁸⁶,³⁸⁷,³⁸⁸,³⁸⁹,³⁹⁰,³⁹¹,³⁹²,³⁹³,³⁹⁴,³⁹⁵,³⁹⁶,³⁹⁷,³⁹⁸,³⁹⁹,⁴⁰⁰,⁴⁰¹,⁴⁰²,⁴⁰³,⁴⁰⁴,⁴⁰⁵,⁴⁰⁶,⁴⁰⁷,⁴⁰⁸,⁴⁰⁹,⁴¹⁰,⁴¹¹,⁴¹²,⁴¹³,⁴¹⁴,⁴¹⁵,⁴¹⁶,⁴¹⁷,⁴¹⁸,⁴¹⁹,⁴²⁰,⁴²¹,⁴²²,⁴²³,⁴²⁴,⁴²⁵,⁴²⁶,⁴²⁷,⁴²⁸,⁴²⁹,⁴³⁰,⁴³¹,⁴³²,⁴³³,⁴³⁴,⁴³⁵,⁴³⁶,⁴³⁷,⁴³⁸,⁴³⁹,⁴⁴⁰,⁴⁴¹,⁴⁴²,⁴⁴³,⁴⁴⁴,⁴⁴⁵,⁴⁴⁶,⁴⁴⁷,⁴⁴⁸,⁴⁴⁹,⁴⁵⁰,⁴⁵¹,⁴⁵²,⁴⁵³,⁴⁵⁴,⁴⁵⁵,⁴⁵⁶,⁴⁵⁷,⁴⁵⁸,⁴⁵⁹,⁴⁶⁰,⁴⁶¹,⁴⁶²,⁴⁶³,⁴⁶⁴,⁴⁶⁵,⁴⁶⁶,⁴⁶⁷,⁴⁶⁸,⁴⁶⁹,⁴⁷⁰,⁴⁷¹,⁴⁷²,⁴⁷³,⁴⁷⁴,⁴⁷⁵,⁴⁷⁶,⁴⁷⁷,⁴⁷⁸,⁴⁷⁹,⁴⁸⁰,⁴⁸¹,⁴⁸²,⁴⁸³,⁴⁸⁴,⁴⁸⁵,⁴⁸⁶,⁴⁸⁷,⁴⁸⁸,⁴⁸⁹,⁴⁹⁰,⁴⁹¹,⁴⁹²,⁴⁹³,⁴⁹⁴,⁴⁹⁵,⁴⁹⁶,⁴⁹⁷,⁴⁹⁸,⁴⁹⁹,⁵⁰⁰,⁵⁰¹,⁵⁰²,⁵⁰³,⁵⁰⁴,⁵⁰⁵,⁵⁰⁶,⁵⁰⁷,⁵⁰⁸,⁵⁰⁹,⁵¹⁰,⁵¹¹,⁵¹²,⁵¹³,⁵¹⁴,⁵¹⁵,⁵¹⁶,⁵¹⁷,⁵¹⁸,⁵¹⁹,⁵²⁰,⁵²¹,⁵²²,⁵²³,⁵²⁴,⁵²⁵,⁵²⁶,⁵²⁷,⁵²⁸,⁵²⁹,⁵³⁰,⁵³¹,⁵³²,⁵³³,⁵³⁴,⁵³⁵,⁵³⁶,⁵³⁷,⁵³⁸,⁵³⁹,⁵⁴⁰,⁵⁴¹,⁵⁴²,⁵⁴³,⁵⁴⁴,⁵⁴⁵,⁵⁴⁶,⁵⁴⁷,⁵⁴⁸,⁵⁴⁹,⁵⁵⁰,⁵⁵¹,⁵⁵²,⁵⁵³,⁵⁵⁴,⁵⁵⁵,⁵⁵⁶,⁵⁵⁷,⁵⁵⁸,⁵⁵⁹,⁵⁶⁰,⁵⁶¹,⁵⁶²,⁵⁶³,⁵⁶⁴,⁵⁶⁵,⁵⁶⁶,⁵⁶⁷,⁵⁶⁸,⁵⁶⁹,⁵⁷⁰,⁵⁷¹,⁵⁷²,⁵⁷³,⁵⁷⁴,⁵⁷⁵,⁵⁷⁶,⁵⁷⁷,⁵⁷⁸,⁵⁷⁹,⁵⁸⁰,⁵⁸¹,⁵⁸²,⁵⁸³,⁵⁸⁴,⁵⁸⁵,⁵⁸⁶,⁵⁸⁷,⁵⁸⁸,⁵⁸⁹,⁵⁹⁰,⁵⁹¹,⁵⁹²,⁵⁹³,⁵⁹⁴,⁵⁹⁵,⁵⁹⁶,⁵⁹⁷,⁵⁹⁸,⁵⁹⁹,⁶⁰⁰,⁶⁰¹,⁶⁰²,⁶⁰³,⁶⁰⁴,⁶⁰⁵,⁶⁰⁶,⁶⁰⁷,⁶⁰⁸,⁶⁰⁹,⁶¹⁰,⁶¹¹,⁶¹²,⁶¹³,⁶¹⁴,⁶¹⁵,⁶¹⁶,⁶¹⁷,⁶¹⁸,⁶¹⁹,⁶²⁰,⁶²¹,⁶²²,⁶²³ˢᴴᴵᶜᴴᴵᶠᵁᴷᵁᴶᴵᴺ²⁴,⁶²⁵,⁶²⁶,⁶²⁷,⁶²⁸,⁶²⁹,⁶³⁰,⁶³¹,⁶³²,⁶³³,⁶³⁴,⁶³⁵,⁶³⁶,⁶³⁷,⁶³⁸,⁶³⁹,⁶⁴⁰,⁶⁴¹,⁶⁴²,⁶⁴³,⁶⁴⁴,⁶⁴⁵,⁶⁴⁶,⁶⁴⁷,⁶⁴⁸,⁶⁴⁹,⁶⁵⁰,⁶⁵¹,⁶⁵²,⁶⁵³,⁶⁵⁴,⁶⁵⁵,⁶⁵⁶,⁶⁵⁷,⁶⁵⁸,⁶⁵⁹,⁶⁶⁰,⁶⁶¹,⁶⁶²,⁶⁶³,⁶⁶⁴,⁶⁶⁵,⁶⁶⁶,⁶⁶⁷,⁶⁶⁸,⁶⁶⁹,⁶⁷⁰,⁶⁷¹,⁶⁷²,⁶⁷³,⁶⁷⁴,⁶⁷⁵,⁶⁷⁶,⁶⁷⁷,⁶⁷⁸,⁶⁷⁹,⁶⁸⁰,⁶⁸¹,⁶⁸²,⁶⁸³,⁶⁸⁴,⁶⁸⁵,⁶⁸⁶,⁶⁸⁷,⁶⁸⁸,⁶⁸⁹,⁶⁹⁰,⁶⁹¹,⁶⁹²,⁶⁹³,⁶⁹⁴,⁶⁹⁵,⁶⁹⁶,⁶⁹⁷,⁶⁹⁸,⁶⁹⁹,⁷⁰⁰,⁷⁰¹,⁷⁰²,⁷⁰³,⁷⁰⁴,⁷⁰⁵,⁷⁰⁶,⁷⁰⁷,⁷⁰⁸,⁷⁰⁹,⁷¹⁰,⁷¹¹,⁷¹²,⁷¹³,⁷¹⁴,⁷¹⁵,⁷¹⁶,⁷¹⁷,⁷¹⁸,⁷¹⁹,⁷²⁰,⁷²¹,⁷²²,⁷²³,⁷²⁴,⁷²⁵,⁷²⁶,⁷²⁷,⁷²⁸,⁷²⁹,⁷³⁰,⁷³¹,⁷³²,⁷³³,⁷³⁴,⁷³⁵,⁷³⁶,⁷³⁷,⁷³⁸,⁷³⁹,⁷⁴⁰,⁷⁴¹,⁷⁴²,⁷⁴³,⁷⁴⁴,⁷⁴⁵,⁷⁴⁶,⁷⁴⁷,⁷⁴⁸,⁷⁴⁹,⁷⁵⁰,⁷⁵¹,⁷⁵²,⁷⁵³,⁷⁵⁴,⁷⁵⁵,⁷⁵⁶,⁷⁵⁷,⁷⁵⁸,⁷⁵⁹,⁷⁶⁰,⁷⁶¹,⁷⁶²,⁷⁶³,⁷⁶⁴,⁷⁶⁵,⁷⁶⁶,⁷⁶⁷,⁷⁶⁸,⁷⁶⁹,⁷⁷⁰,⁷⁷¹,⁷⁷²,⁷⁷³,⁷⁷⁴,⁷⁷⁵,⁷⁷⁶,⁷⁷⁷,⁷⁷⁸,⁷⁷⁹,⁷⁸⁰,⁷⁸¹,⁷⁸²,⁷⁸³,⁷⁸⁴,⁷⁸⁵,⁷⁸⁶,⁷⁸⁷,⁷⁸⁸,⁷⁸⁹,⁷⁹⁰,⁷⁹¹,⁷⁹²,⁷⁹³,⁷⁹⁴,⁷⁹⁵,⁷⁹⁶,⁷⁹⁷,⁷⁹⁸,⁷⁹⁹,⁸⁰⁰,⁸⁰¹,⁸⁰²ˢᴴᴵᶜᴴᴵᶠᵁᴷᵁᴶᴵᴺ,⁸⁰³,⁸⁰⁴,⁸⁰⁵,⁸⁰⁶,⁸⁰⁷,⁸⁰⁸,⁸⁰⁹,⁸¹⁰,⁸¹¹,⁸¹²,⁸¹³,⁸¹⁴,⁸¹⁵,⁸¹⁶,⁸¹⁷,⁸¹⁸,⁸¹⁹,⁸²⁰,⁸²¹,⁸²²,⁸²³,⁸²⁴,⁸²⁵,⁸²⁶,⁸²⁷,⁸²⁸,⁸²⁹,⁸³⁰,⁸³¹,⁸³²,⁸³³,⁸³⁴,⁸³⁵,⁸³⁶,⁸³⁷,⁸³⁸,⁸³⁹,⁸⁴⁰,⁸⁴¹,⁸⁴²,⁸⁴³,⁸⁴⁴,⁸⁴⁵,⁸⁴⁶,⁸⁴⁷,⁸⁴⁸,⁸⁴⁹,⁸⁵⁰,⁸⁵¹,⁸⁵²,⁸⁵³,⁸⁵⁴,⁸⁵⁵,⁸⁵⁶,⁸⁵⁷,⁸⁵⁸,⁸⁵⁹,⁸⁶⁰,⁸⁶¹,⁸⁶²,⁸⁶³,⁸⁶⁴,⁸⁶⁵,⁸⁶⁶,⁸⁶⁷,⁸⁶⁸,⁸⁶⁹,⁸⁷⁰,⁸⁷¹,⁸⁷²,⁸⁷³,⁸⁷⁴,⁸⁷⁵,⁸⁷⁶,⁸⁷⁷,⁸⁷⁸,⁸⁷⁹,⁸⁸⁰,⁸⁸¹,⁸⁸²,⁸⁸³,⁸⁸⁴,⁸⁸⁵,⁸⁸⁶,⁸⁸⁷,⁸⁸⁸,⁸⁸⁹,⁸⁹⁰,⁸⁹¹,⁸⁹²,⁸⁹³,⁸⁹⁴,⁸⁹⁵,⁸⁹⁶,⁸⁹⁷,⁸⁹⁸,⁸⁹⁹,⁹⁰⁰,⁹⁰¹,⁹⁰²,⁹⁰³,⁹⁰⁴,⁹⁰⁵,⁹⁰⁶,⁹⁰⁷,⁹⁰⁸,⁹⁰⁹,⁹¹⁰,⁹¹¹,⁹¹²,⁹¹³,⁹¹⁴,⁹¹⁵,⁹¹⁶,⁹¹⁷,⁹¹⁸,⁹¹⁹,⁹²⁰,⁹²¹,⁹²²,⁹²³,⁹²⁴,⁹²⁵,⁹²⁶,⁹²⁷,⁹²⁸,⁹²⁹,⁹³⁰,⁹³¹,⁹³²,⁹³³,⁹³⁴,⁹³⁵,⁹³⁶,⁹³⁷,⁹³⁸,⁹³⁹,⁹⁴⁰,⁹⁴¹,⁹⁴²,⁹⁴³,⁹⁴⁴,⁹⁴⁵,⁹⁴⁶,⁹⁴⁷,⁹⁴⁸,⁹⁴⁹,⁹⁵⁰,⁹⁵¹,⁹⁵²,⁹⁵³,⁹⁵⁴,⁹⁵⁵,⁹⁵⁶,⁹⁵⁷,⁹⁵⁸,⁹⁵⁹,⁹⁶⁰,⁹⁶¹,⁹⁶²,⁹⁶³,⁹⁶⁴,⁹⁶⁵,⁹⁶⁶,⁹⁶⁷,⁹⁶⁸,⁹⁶⁹,⁹⁷⁰,⁹⁷¹,⁹⁷²,⁹⁷³,⁹⁷⁴,⁹⁷⁵,⁹⁷⁶,⁹⁷⁷,⁹⁷⁸,⁹⁷⁹,⁹⁸⁰,⁹⁸¹,⁹⁸²,⁹⁸³,⁹⁸⁴,⁹⁸⁵,⁹⁸⁶,⁹⁸⁷,⁹⁸⁸,⁹⁸⁹,⁹⁹⁰,⁹⁹¹,⁹⁹²,⁹⁹³,⁹⁹⁴,⁹⁹⁵,⁹⁹⁶,⁹⁹⁷,⁹⁹⁸,⁹⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰⁰,¹⁰⁰¹,¹⁰⁰²,¹⁰⁰³,¹⁰⁰⁴,¹⁰⁰⁵,¹⁰⁰⁶,¹⁰⁰⁷,¹⁰⁰⁸,¹⁰⁰⁹,¹⁰¹⁰,¹⁰¹¹,¹⁰¹²,¹⁰¹³,¹⁰¹⁴,¹⁰¹⁵,¹⁰¹⁶,¹⁰¹⁷,¹⁰¹⁸,¹⁰¹⁹,¹⁰²⁰,¹⁰²¹,¹⁰²²,¹⁰²³,¹⁰²⁴,¹⁰²⁵,¹⁰²⁶,¹⁰²⁷,¹⁰²⁸,¹⁰²⁹,¹⁰³⁰,¹⁰³¹,¹⁰³²,¹⁰³³,¹⁰³⁴,¹⁰³⁵,¹⁰³⁶,¹⁰³⁷,¹⁰³⁸,¹⁰³⁹,¹⁰⁴⁰,¹⁰⁴¹,¹⁰⁴²,¹⁰⁴³,¹⁰⁴⁴,¹⁰⁴⁵,¹⁰⁴⁶,¹⁰⁴⁷,¹⁰⁴⁸,¹⁰⁴⁹,¹⁰⁵⁰,¹⁰⁵¹,¹⁰⁵²,¹⁰⁵³,¹⁰⁵⁴,¹⁰⁵⁵,¹⁰⁵⁶,¹⁰⁵⁷,¹⁰⁵⁸,¹⁰⁵⁹,¹⁰⁶⁰,¹⁰⁶¹,¹⁰⁶²,¹⁰⁶³,¹⁰⁶⁴,¹⁰⁶⁵,¹⁰⁶⁶,¹⁰⁶⁷,¹⁰⁶⁸,¹⁰⁶⁹,¹⁰⁷⁰,¹⁰⁷¹,¹⁰⁷²,¹⁰⁷³,¹⁰⁷⁴,¹⁰⁷⁵,¹⁰⁷⁶,¹⁰⁷⁷,¹⁰⁷⁸,¹⁰⁷⁹,¹⁰⁸⁰,¹⁰⁸¹,¹⁰⁸²,¹⁰⁸³,¹⁰⁸⁴,¹⁰⁸⁵,¹⁰⁸⁶,¹⁰⁸⁷,¹⁰⁸⁸,¹⁰⁸⁹,¹⁰⁹⁰,¹⁰⁹¹,¹⁰⁹²,¹⁰⁹³,¹⁰⁹⁴,¹⁰⁹⁵,¹⁰⁹⁶,¹⁰⁹⁷

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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♔ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ, Ҡąʍąҟմɾą , ⅋ Ӌօҟօհąʍą لąքąղ ♔

 

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²¹⁰⁷, ²¹⁰⁸, ²¹⁰⁹, ²¹¹⁰, ²¹¹¹, ²¹¹², ²¹¹³…ˢʰⁱᶜʰⁱᶠᵘᵏᵘ ʲⁱⁿ ²҉⁰҉²³

  

パンツは群馬県のベイシア・原町５０８１、「何でパンツを買うのにわざわざ群馬県まで行かなきゃならないの？パンツはパンツでしょどこで買ったって同じでしょ！」と人から言われてもパンツは群馬県のベイシア、原町５０８１、ベイシア吾妻店、ここで買うことに決めている、もうとっくに決まっている、他者の意見など入る余地はない、パンツならベイシア吾妻店、原町５０８１、駐車場は終日無料、夜８時までだけどね

 

༼℘ⷬℜⷢℴⷪ༽ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ ・・・

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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♔ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ, Ҡąʍąҟմɾą , ⅋ Ӌօҟօհąʍą لąքąղ ♔

 

1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106,,…

  

nakanojo / 中之条ビエンナーレは２０２３年９月９日（土曜日）スタート、鎌倉やさいはレンバイ、湘南クッキーは湘南ビーチdeコーヒールンバ、下仁田町のカツ丼スタンプラリーは２０２２年１１月３０日まで、コクリコのクレープはシュガーレモン、ビッくらポンの打率は現在３割最新獲得はラッキー・ルウのマグネット、静岡県の海鮮丼は沼津港か清水港、新潟県六日町のお六と桂姫の銅像、江ノ電 鵠沼駅、横浜の「シドモアさんのさくら」の夏の風景、京極スタンドの生ビール　

 

Proud this shot of Sara just hit 75K views! Thanks for all your views, faves and comments!

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8-25-25 - 400k views 453 faves 5 galleries

༼℘ⷬℜⷢℴⷪ༽ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ

 

28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

+ + + + www.flickr.com/1one + + + +

 

♔ Ϛհìçհìƒմҟմ لìղ Ͳօҟվօ, Ҡąʍąҟմɾą , ⅋ Ӌօҟօհąʍą لąքąղ ♔

-w̸ ̸w̸ ̴w̶ ̷.̷ ̴f̷ ̷l̴ ̸i̵ ̵c̵ ̴k̸ ̴r̴ ̵.̴ ̷c̷ ̸o̴ ̴m̴ ̵/̸ ̴1̸ ̵o̷ ̴n̴ ̷e̷ ̴ ̸

 

1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113…shichifuku jin 2҉0҉23

 

【鎌倉殿の13人】最終回間近。

最終回は第48回、放送は12月18日（日曜日）

大河ドラマ館（鶴岡八幡宮 境内）は

２０２３年１月９日まで

併設カフェもお忘れなく

以前倒木したイチョウの木が店内に飾ってある。

超巨大、樹齢１K年だから

鎌倉の歴史を見て来た大銀杏ですね。

鎌殿といえば僕は比奈（ヒナ）が大好きでTVに釘付け

だったんだけど、ヒナもこのイチョウの木を

見たんだなあ・・・比奈にあっておしゃべりしてみたかった

なあ・・・などど・・・あのイチョウの木を通して１０００年前の比奈にあったような気がして・・店内でコーヒーを

飲みながら・・・ひ、ひ、ひな、いや、比奈、好きだ！

大好きだーあ！！！（爆笑）

比奈には感動した。素晴らしかった。そう思います。

 

【鎌倉殿の13人】１年納めの師走、１２月ですね、

まもなく最終回です。

  

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

+ + + + www.flickr.com/1one + + + +

 

1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106,,…

  

ginza, tokyo, japan / 中之条ビエンナーレは２０２３年９月９日（土曜日）スタート、鎌倉やさいはレンバイ、湘南クッキーは湘南ビーチdeコーヒールンバ、下仁田町のカツ丼スタンプラリーは２０２２年１１月３０日まで、コクリコのクレープはシュガーレモン、ビッくらポンの打率は現在３割最新獲得はラッキー・ルウのマグネット、静岡県の海鮮丼は沼津港か清水港、新潟県六日町のお六と桂姫の銅像、江ノ電 鵠沼駅、横浜の「シドモアさんのさくら」の夏の風景、京極スタンドの生ビール、山手のフェリス坂にエスカレーター設置を何とかお願いします、この通り・・・何とかご検討いただけませんでしょうか・・・このままだと私の一家は疲労困ぱいで死んでしまいます。

この夏、すでに１トンの汗をかいています。

近隣の優秀な学生諸君のためにも・・・なんとか・・

横浜は日本で１番住みやすい市町村です。

週３日だけですけれど。。。

大好きですヨコハマ！　

 

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111, 2112, 2113…

  

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

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Colosseum

Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.

In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]

The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]

The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.

Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.

It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.

Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.

At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.

 

Coliseu (Colosseo)

A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

 

O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.

O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.

Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.

O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.

Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.

Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.

Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.

Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.

O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".

A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.

Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.

O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.

 

Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.

O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.

Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101

 

18.12.2013 Piatra Neamt

 

Awaiting to depart for Bacau, this splendid machine was quietly telling its story through its beating heart, that engine that ate hundreds, if not milions of miles, worthy and willing to go on ! (btw, she has a superb whistler)

quasi. SUZUKI Ignis III, 2020 ff. specs

 

nano SUV for life

micro-SUV

SUB, B-Segment

 

1.2 Dualjet (83 PS) Mild-Hybrid

Vierzylinder

 

Innengeräusch 100 km/h

70 dB(A) (5.Gang)

 

Innengeräusch 130 km/h

74 dB(A) (5.Gang)

  

Kraftstoffverbrauch Suzuki Ignis 1.2 DUALJET HYBRID:

 

kombinierter Testzyklus 4,9 l / 100km;

 

Mild-Hybrid:

35-50 Nm, 3.1 hp

 

Full Lithium Battery,

helps on smart acceleration between ~ 2.000 and 3.900 rpm in every gear!

5th gear up to 140 km/h

 

0-100 km/h:

 

www.youtube.com/watch?

11:68 Second

 

15" alloy, tyres

 

0- 100 about 11.8 s ( Suzuki says 12.5s)

 

0-80 about 8.3 s other tests: 7.9s

 

0-60 about 5.8 s

 

This car sounds like a sports car.

 

Motor muss gut warm sein!

 

Drehfreudig:

4000 rpm

bis über 5500 rpm* hochdrehen, dann geht noch mehr!

Mildhybrid, Batterie voll!

ps

kleinere Räder:

 

15 " ist besser für die Beschleunigung

als 16"

 

Mehrverbrauch, wenn die Felgen und Reifen

größer werden.

bei 16" oder mehr,

aber schneller am Ziel!

 

(ps. Focus Puma Datenblatt zeigt das deutlich)

 

E-Boost 35Nm

Vmax 170 km/h gps

 

11.3 s -- 0-100 km/h CVT

10.2 s -- 0-100 km/h 5 Gang Hybrid System (full pull start)

 

Was bedeutet das Wort Pull?

„pull“: noun

 

Ziehen, Zerren Zug, Ruck

Drehzahl schon hoch beim Start.

....

at full rpm

 

*Das automatische Getriebe (CVT) geht auch bis 6.000 rpm,

meist 5.500 rpm, bevor hoch geschalten wird.

  

Luftdruck: Winterreifen 2,7 Atü

how u squeeze the 83 ps to its limits.

 

1. Gang - bis 40 km/h

2. Gang - bis 80 km/h

3. Gang - bis 120 km/h

4. Gang - bis 165 km/h

5. Gang - bis fast 180 Tachometer

 

GPS bereinigt, ja nach 15" oder 16 " Felgen

8 km/h bzw. 4 km/h abzüglich

 

Super 100plus ROZ 100! Bessere Performance!

 

Vmax: 172 km/h per GPS abgesichert, 15" Zoll Felgen!

Vmax: 176 km/h per GPS abgesichert, 16" Zoll Felgen!

 

Tacho geht nicht umsonst bis 200 km/h

 

CO₂-Ausstoß: kombinierter Eco Testzyklus:

110 g/km, entspricht 4,4 Liter.

 

Türen öffnen fast 90° Grad an den Seiten

Kofferraum:

Und über 185 cm hoch, hinten zum drunter stehen

 

Perspektive gestrecht

 

13mm Weitwinkel zugeschnitten und korrigiert

 

Suzuki - Ignis - IGNIS 1.2L DUALJET HYBRID

Plug-in-Hybrid Benzin, BJ 2021, 61 kW (83 PS),

Schaltgetriebe

1.2 Dualjet (83 PS) Mild-Hybrid 16V

VVT-i - dual-Jet

 

Valve timing is most valuable thing which effects on engine performance !

 

VVT-i -

Variable valve timing explained

 

Variable Ventilsteuerung mit Intelligenz ist eine von Toyota entwickelte Technologie zur variablen Ventilsteuerung in Kraftfahrzeugen.

 

VVTI ist das Beste in Bezug auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch und die Leistung bei niedrigen und hohen Geschwindigkeiten und ist sehr leise.

 

VVTI es el mejor mejor consumo y potencia en vajas y altas y es muy silencioso

Die Ventilsteuerung ist der wichtigste Faktor, der sich auf die Motorleistung auswirkt!

 

Alfa Romeo was the first manufacturer to use a variable valve timing system in production cars (US Patent 4,231,330). The 1980 Alfa Romeo Spider 2.0 L.

 

The system was first used in 1999 Toyota Celica with 2ZZ-GE.

 

Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i ), is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Toyota.

 

Mehrpunkteinspritzung

 

DOHC - Double Overhead Camshaft =>

Hubkolben-Viertaktmotors bei dem die Ventile von zwei oben liegenden Nockenwellen je Zylinderbank gesteuert werden.

 

K12D

 

"Flame Orange Pearl Metallic /

Super Black Pearl Roof /

 

1.2 DUALJET engine

Ignis-1.2-dualjet-engine

 

1.2 DUALJET engine offers both powerful response and high fuel efficiency.

16V

This high-level balance is made possible by a number of advances including an electric intake VVT (variable valve timing), a variable displacement oil pump and electric piston cooling jets (PCJ).

 

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2019,2020, 2021, 2022,2023,2024,

 

6 Liter Verbrauch auf 100 km, sehr sportliche Fahrweise!

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

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Colosseum

Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.

In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]

The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]

The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.

Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.

It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.

Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.

At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.

 

Coliseu (Colosseo)

A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

 

O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.

O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.

Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.

O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.

Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.

Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.

Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.

Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.

O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".

A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.

Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.

O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.

 

Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.

O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.

Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.

I have no idea how, but it seems this photo made it to EXPLORE a while ago, and as recently as March 2nd, it was ranked 425th, its highest ranking. Anyways, here is some info I copied from my Scout thingamajigee.

 

7 days ago:451

4 days ago:473

59 hours ago:474

50 hours ago:425

42 hours ago:474

33 hours ago:477

24 hours ago:476

Highest position: 425 on Monday, March 2, 2009

by Alan Parker Photos

 

Paris by night

#

I wish I was there

 

j'aimerais être là

 

ich wünschte ich wäre dort

 

Хотел бы я быть там

 

Vorrei essere lì

 

Me gustaría estar allí

 

#

www.ultimatespecs.com/de

Suzuki Ignis 2020 1.2 Smart Hybrid Technische Daten

(2020 - ) - Jahre 2020, 2021, 2022...

 

Leistungsgewicht : 10.1 kg/hp

Fuel System :

Multipoint Injection *

16V

●

via Tempomat - flache und freie Strecke: 15" Felge

 

Tempo 80: 3,2 Liter Verbrauch - 88.28 British MPG

Tempo 95: 3.8 Liter Verbrauch - 74.8 MPG - motorway -

Tempo 100: 4.3 Liter Verbrauch

 

TEMPO 120: 5,8 Liter Verbrauch

 

TEMPO 140: 7,2 LITER VERBRAUCH

TEMPO 160: 9,4 LITER VERBRAUCH

●

 

Verbrauch - Verbrauch nach WLTP sehr schnell:

(bis 120 bis maximal 130 km/h)

 

6 L/100km

 

#

Verbrauch - Verbrauch nach WLTP langsam:

 

5.1 L/100km

 

Verbrauch - Verbrauch nach WLTP

kombiniert:

 

5.1 L/100km

Bauart : 16 Ventile

Turbo : Nein

 

Verdichtung : 13.0 zu 1

 

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdichtungsverh%C3%A4ltnis

 

Das Verdichtungsverhältnis wurde im Laufe der Entwicklung von Verbrennungsmotoren immer weiter gesteigert.

Die allmähliche Steigerung der Verdichtung lag lange vor allem an der Kraftstoffrezeptur.

 

Heute sind Oktanzahlen bis 102 ROZ an der Tankstelle verfügbar.

Ältere Motoren haben tendenziell niedrigere Anforderungen an die Kraftstoffqualität, da die Kraftstoffqualität noch nicht so hoch war, als sie entwickelt wurden.

 

Auch die Gestalt des Brennraums und des Ansaugtrakts trägt zum Oktanzahlbedarf bei.

#

Multipoint Injection *

16V :

 

*Eine Bedingung für heutige hohe Verdichtungsverhältnisse ist die Direkteinspritzung und die Verwendung von Klopfsensoren.

 

Der Zeitpunkt und die Menge der Treibstoffzugabe wird hier exakt gesteuert, womit eine vorzeitige Zündung – und somit ein Klopfen – verhindert werden kann.

 

Moderne Motoren haben Klopfsensoren, die aufkommendes Klopfen erkennen. Sie können den Zündzeitpunkt an die Benzinqualität und an die Motoreigenschaften anpassen.

 

Bei höherem Verdichtungsverhältnis (genauer: Expansionsverhältnis) ist auch der thermische Wirkungsgrad höher.

ROZ 91 Normal Benzin

ROZ 95 - ROZ 100 - ROZ 102

 

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktanzahl#ROZ

 

wirkt sich erst bei Vollgas (Volllast) positiv aus!

 

Beispiel würde eine Oktanzahl von ROZ = 95 (umgangssprachlich: 95 Oktan) eines Benzins bedeuten, dass dessen Klopffestigkeit einem Gemisch aus 95 Vol.-% Iso-oktan und 5 Vol.-% n-Heptan entspricht.

 

Iso-oktan ist klopffest und kann stark verdichtet werden, ohne dass es zur Selbstzündung kommt.

 

Beispielsweise kann der Oktanzahlbedarf eines Motors

bei Vollgas um 10 Oktanzahlen höher

liegen als im Leerlauf.

 

Man kann hier auch von einem Volllastbereich sprechen, vergleichbar mit einer sehr schnellen Autobahnfahrt.

 

Die Verwendung von oberhalb der Motorspezifikation liegenden Oktanzahlen bringt im Regelfall keine Vorteile.

 

Moderne Motoren mit elektronischer Kennfeldzündung

in Kombination mit Klopfsensoren können mit verschiedenen Oktanzahlen bei reduzierter Leistung gefahren werden.

 

#

 

SUZUKI Motorleistung : Powertrain optimiert by Toyota

 

Moderner Motore mit elektronischer Kennfeldzündung

 

83 PS or 82 bhp or 61 kW @ 6000 rpm

 

Drehmoment :

107 Nm or 78 lb.ft @ 2800 rpm

35 Nm Hybrid Antrieb: E-Boost

 

Verbrenner plus Hybrid E-Boost

 

Im kurzzeitigen E-Boost-Modus leistet das Suziki Ignis Topmodell 85 PS Systemleistung bei 142 Nm.

 

2020-er Modelle:

53 mpg: 5,33 l Verbrauch.

 

10 % better.

But much more expensive.

 

Leistungssteigerung durch Mild Hybrid

leistungsfähigerer Akku (Lithium Batterie), 3-fach stärker

 

plus verbesserter E-Boost: Fahrpedal-Kickdown

um mehr Leistung zu fordern.

 

"Performance"

 

Das Hybrid-System von Suzuki besteht aus zwei Komponenten: dem integrierten Startgenerator (ISG) und einer extrem effizienten 12-Volt Lithium-Ionen-Batterie. Beim Anfahren und Beschleunigen versorgt der ISG den Benzinmotor mit Energie aus der angeschlossenen Batterie.

 

Fazit Hybrid:

nichts vom Fahrspaß geht verloren, ist aber sparsamer geworden.

 

E-Boost wirkt nur zwischen etwa 2000 bis 3.900 Umdrehungen !!

Beim Mild-Hybrid unterstützt der Elektromotor in nahezu allen Fahrsituationen die Verbrennungsmaschine, so z.B. beim Starten, Anfahren, Beschleunigen.

  

10 Ah - hilft 3 bis 4 km bergauf

 

der Verbrauch bleibt fast auf Niveau wie zuvor

(plus 0,2 l / 100km mehr)

 

entspricht 3.2 hp

35 Nm

peak at

50 Nm

Lithium Batterie rekuperiert sehr schnell.

 

Drivetrain Architecture

 

The Internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor drive the front wheels of the car with the ability to work only in mixed mode.

 

2020 Suzuki Ignis II (facelift 2020) 1.2 Dualjet (83 Hp)

MHEV | Technical specs, data, fuel consumption, Dimensions: www.auto-data.net/en/suzuki-ignis-ii-facelift-2020-1.2-du...

  

Bergab geht es sehr schnell.

Der Ladestrom ist

sicher sehr hoch.

 

Mild-Hybrid-System

Electric motor Torque 50 Nm @ 100 rpm.

36.88 lb.-ft. @ 100 rpm.

 

Weight-to-power ratio 9.8 kg/Hp, 102.2 Hp/tonne

 

Weight-to-torque ratio 7.5 kg/Nm, 132.6 Nm/tonne

 

2020 Suzuki Ignis II (facelift 2020) 1.2 (91 Hp) MHEV 4WD CVT | Technical specs, data, fuel consumption, Dimensions: www.auto-data.net/en/suzuki-ignis-ii-facelift-2020-1.2-91...

 

Mehrpreis: 1.160 Euro - 1.500 € beim Vorgänger Modell

für eine weitaus schwächere Leistung (30%)

  

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0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,

2019,2020, 2021, 2022,2023,2024

In late 2013, I decided to try and see how many different aircraft types and variants I could photograph in a calendar year. This is the result of that. I photographed 590 different type/model/series of aircraft in 2014, with 580 of those presented in this image (I lost several in a hard drive crash this summer).

 

While this started out as a fun project, it felt more and more like work as the year went on, with me making stupid trips all the way across town just to photograph a single aircraft in marginal light simply because I hadn't shot that type yet in 2014.

 

I'm glad to have this ridiculous project behind me and am looking forward to shooting only what I want to shoot in the conditions I want to shoot in, with the focus being on quality, not quantity.

 

For those interested, here is a list of all the aircraft featured in the collage above:

 

ROW 1: 1. AAI RQ-7B Shadow. 2. Acro Sport. 3. Acro Sport II. 4. Aero Commaner 100. 5. Aero Commander 200D. 6. Aero SP AT-4 7. Aero Spacelines Guppy. 8. Aero Vodochody L-29 Delfin. 9. Aero Vodochody L-39 Albatross. 10. Aero Z-131 Jungmann. 11. Aeroanca L-16 Grasshopper. 12. Aerospool WT-9 Dynamic. 13. Aerotek A240. 14. Agusta A119 Koala. 15. Agusta-Westland AH-64D Apache*. 16. Air Creation Clipper. 17. Air Creation Skypper. 18. Air Creation Tanarg. 19. Air Tractor AT-502B. 20. Air Tractor AT-802.

 

ROW 2: 21. Airbus 300. 22. Airbus A319. 23. Airbus A320. 24. Airbus A321. 25. Airbus A330-200. 26. Airbus A340-300. 27. Airplane Factory Sling. 28. Alenia C-27J Spartan. 29. AMD CH 2000 Alarus. 30. American Blimp Corporation A-170LS Lightsign. 31. American Champion 7GCBC Explorer. 32. American Champion 8KCAB Super Decathlon. 33. American Legend AL3C-100 Cub. 34. American Legend AL18 Super Cub. 35. Antonov An-2 Colt. 36.Antonov An-124 Ruslan. 37. Apex Echo. 38. Arion Lightning. 39. Aviat A-1B Husky. 40.BAe 146.

 

ROW 3: 41. BAe Hawk Mk67. 42. Barrows Bearhawk. 43. Beech 17 Staggerwing. 44. Beech 19 Musketeer Sport. 45. Beech 23 Musketeer. 46. Beech 35 Bonanza V-Tail. 47 Beech 36 Bonanza. 47. Beech 58 Baron. 48. Beech 60 Duke. 49. Beech 76 Duchess. 50. Beech 1900C. 51. Beech 1900D. 52. Beech AT-6C Texan II. 53. Beech C-12F Huron. 54. Beech C-45 Expeditor. 55. Beech C99. 56. Beech King Air 90. 57. Beech King Air F90. 59. Beech King Air 100. 60. Beech King Air 200.

 

ROW4: 61. Beech King Air 300. 62. Beech King Air 350. 63. Beech MC-12W Liberty. 64. Beech RC-12H Guardrail. 65. Beech RC-12X Guardrail. 66. Beech T-1A Jayhawk. 67. Beech T-6A Texan. 68. Beech T-34 Mentor. 69. Beech T-34C Turbo Mentor. 70. Beech TC-12B Huron. 71. Beech UC-12F Huron. 72. Beech UC-12W. 73. BeechJet 400. 74. Bell 47. 75. Bell 206B JetRanger. 76. Bell 206L LongRanger. 77. Bell 212. 78. Bell 427. 79. Bell AH-1W SuperCobra. 80. Bell AH-1Z Viper.

 

ROW 5: 81.Bell HH-1N Twin Huey. 82. Bell P-63 Kingcobra. 83. Bell UH-1Y Venom. 84. Bell YP-59A Aircomet. 85. Bellanca 7ACA Champion. 86. Bellanca 7KCAB Citabria. 87. Bellanca Crusair. 88. Bellanca Viking. 89. Bell-Boeing CV-22 Osprey. 90. Bell-Boeing MV-22B Osprey. 91. Berkut 360. 92. Boeing 707. 93. Boeing 717. 94. Boeing 727. 95. Boeing 737-200. 96. Boeing 737-300. 97. Boeing 737-400. 98. Boeing 737-500. 99. Boeing 737-600. 100. Boeing 737-700.

 

ROW 6: 101. Boeing 737-800. 102. Boeing 737-900. 103. Boeing 737-BBJ. 104. Boeing 747-200. 105. Boeing 747-400. 106. Boeing 747-400F. 107. Boeing 757-200. 108.Boeing 757-200F. 109. Boeing 757-300. 110. Boeing 767-200. 111.Boeing 767-200F. 112. Boeing 767-300. 113. Boeing 767-300F. 114. Boeing 777-300. 115. Boeing 777F. 116. Boeing AH-64D Apache Longbow. 117. Boeing AH-64E Guardian. 118. Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress. 119. Boeing B75N1 Super 450 Stearman. 120. Boeing EA-18G Growler*.

 

ROW 7: 121. Boeing F/A-18E Super Hornet. 122. Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet. 123. Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker. 124. Boeing N2S Stearman. 125. Boeing P-26 Peashooter. 126. Boeing-Vertol CH-46E SeaKnight. 127. Bombardier Challenger 300. 128. Bombardier Challenger 600. 129. Bombardier Global 5000. 130. Bombardier Global Express. 131. Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann Replica. 132. Bushwhacker BushCub Sportsman. 133. CAB GY-20 Minicab. 134. Cameron Balloons A-140. 135. Canadair CRJ-200. 136. Canadair CRJ-700. 137. Canadair CRJ-900ER. 138. CASA 212*. 139. Caudron C.460. 140. Cessna 120.

 

ROW 8: 141. Cessna 140. 142. Cessna 150C. 143. Cessna 150F. 144.Cessna 152. 145. Cessna 162 Skycatcher. 146. Cessna 170. 147. Cessna 172A Skyhawk. 148. Cessna 172H Skyhawk. 149. Cessna 175B. 150. Cessna 177B Cardinal. 151. Cessna 180. 152. Cessna 182A Skylane. 153. Cessna 182P Skylane. 154. Cessna 185A. 155. Cessna 195. 156. Cessna 206. 157. Cessna 208 Caravan. 158. Cessna 208B Grand Caravan. 159. Cessna 210 Centurion. 160. Cessna 310.

 

ROW 9: 161. Cessna 337. 162. Cessna 340. 163. Cessna 401. 164. Cessna 402. 165. Cessna 404. 166. Cessna 411. 167. Cessna 414. 168. Cessna 421. 169. Cessna 441. 170. Cessna 500 Sierra Stallion. 171. Cessna 501 Citation 1SP. 172. Cessna 510 Mustang. 173. Cessna 525 Citation Jet. 174. Cessna 550 Citation II. 175. Cessna 560XL Citation Excel. 176. Cessna 650 Citation III. 177. Cessna 680 Sovereign. 178. Cessna 680 A Citation Latitude. 179. Cessna 750 Citation X. 180. Cessna O-1 Bird Dog.

 

ROW 10: 181. Cessna O-2 Skymaster . 182. Cessna P210N Pressurized Centurion. 183. Cessna T-50 Bobcat. 184. Cessna T240. 185. Cessna UC-35B Encore. 186. CIRPAS Pelican. 187. Cirrus SR-20. 188. Cirrus SR-22. 189. Columbia 350. 190. Commonwealth 185 Skyranger. 191. Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer. 192. Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina. 193. Convair 5800. 194. Cozy III. 195. Cozy Mk 4. 196. Cub Crafters CC11-100 Sport Cub C2. 197. Cub Crafters CC11-160 Carbon Cub. 198. Culver Cadet. 199. Curtiss P-40N Warhawk. 200. Czech Aircraft Works Sportcruiser.

 

ROW 11: 201. Dassault Faclon 7X. 202. Dassault Falcon 10. 203. Dassault Falcon 20. 204. Dassault Falcon 50. 205. Dassault Falcon 900. 206. Dassault Falcon 2000. 207. DeHavilland DH.88 Comet. 208. DeHavilland DH.114 Heron. 209. Dehavilland DHC-1B Chipmunk. 210. DeHavilland DHC-4 Turbo Caribou. 211. DeHavilland DHC-6 Twin Otter. 212. DeHavilland DHC-8. 213. Diamond DA-20 Katana. 214. Diamond DA-40 Diamondstar. 215. Diamond DA-42 TwinStar. 216. Dornier 328 Jet. 217. Dornier AlphaJet. 218. Douglas C-47 Dakota. 219. Douglas DC-7B. 220. Douglas DC-9.

 

ROW 12: 221. Douglas DC-10-30. 222. Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless. 223. Eclipse 500 . 224. Eclipse 550. 225. Embraer A-29B Super Tucano. 226. Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia. 227. Embraer ERJ-135. 228. Embraer ERJ-145. 229. Embraer ERJ-170. 230. Embraer ERJ-175. 231. Embraer ERJ-190. 232. Embraer Legacy 500. 233. Embraer Phenom 100. 234. Embraer Phenom 300. 235. Enstrom F28. 236. Epic LT. 237. Erco Ercoupe. 238. Eurocopter AS350B Ecureuil. 239. Eurocopter EC120B. 240. Eurocopter EC135.

 

ROW 13: 241. Eurocopter EC725R2 Caracal. 242. Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin*. 243. Europa Classic. 244. Evektor Aerotechnik Sportstar Max. 245. Extra EA-300S. 246. Fairchild C-119G Flying Boxcar. 247. Fairchild SA-227AC Metro III. 248. Fairchild-Republic A-10C Warthog. 249. Fantasy Air Allegro 2000. 250. Festival R40S. 251. Fielder MA-3 Maverick. 252. Flight Design CTSW. 253. Flug Werk FW-190A-8/N. 254. Flying K Sky Raider II. 255. Fokker F50. 256. FPNA A-22 Valor . 257. Funk B85C. 258. General Atomics MQ-1 Predator. 259. General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon*. 260. General Dynamics F-16BM MLU Falcon*.

 

ROW 14: 261. General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon. 262. General Dynamics F-16D Fighting Falcon. 263. Glasair Glastar TD. 264. Glasair III. 265. Glasair GS-2 Sportsman. 266. Glasair SH-2F. 267. Glasair SII FT. 268. Glasair Super IIG. 269. Globe GC-1B Swift. 270. Great Lakes 2T-A1-2. 271. Grob G-103A Twin II Acro. 272. Grob G-109B. 273. Grob G-120. 274. Grumman AA-1A Trainer. 275. Grumman AA-1B Trainer. 276. Grumman AA-5 Traveler. 277. Grumman AA-5A Cheetah. 278. Grumman AA-5B Tiger. 279. Grumman C-1A Trader. 280. Grumman C-2A Greyhound.

 

ROW 15: 281. Grumman E-2C Hawkeye*. 282. Grumman EA-6B Prowler. 283. Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat. 284. Grumman F7F Tigercat*. 285. Grumman F8F Bearcat. 286. Grumman G-73 Mallard . 287. Grumman HU-16 Albatross. 288. Grumman J2F-6 Duck. 289. Grumman OV-1A Mohawk. 290. Grumman TBM Avenger. 291. Gulfstream G150. 292. Gulfstream G280. 293. Gulfstream G450. 294. Gulfstream G-650ER. 295. Gulfstream G-II. 296. Gulfstream G-III. 297. Gulfstream G-IV. 298. Gulfstream G-V. 299. Harmon Rocket II. 300. Hatz CB-1.

 

ROW 16: 301. Hawker 800. 302. Hawker 4000 . 303. Helio Courier. 304. HondaJet. 305. Hughes 269C. 306. Hughes OH-6A Cayuse. 307. Hummelbird. 308. IAI Astra. 309. IAI F-21A Kfir. 310. IAI Galaxy. 311. IAI Westwind. 312. Jabiru J-230 SP. 313. Jurca MJ-5 Sirocco. 314. Jurca Spitfire. 315. Just Escapade. 316. Just Highlander. 317. Kitfox. 318. Kitfox Classic IV. 319. Kitfox IV 1200 SPDSR. 320. Kitfox Outback.

 

ROW17: 321. Kitfox Super Sport. 322. Kitfox Vixen. 323. Kolb Firestar II. 324. Laird-Turner RT-14 Meteor. 325. Lake Amphibian. 326. Lancair 235. 327. Lancair 320. 328. Lancair 360. 329. Lancair 2000. 330. Lancair Columbia 400. 331. Lancair ES. 332. Lancair Evolution. 333. Lancair IV-PT. 334. Lancair Legacy. 335. Lancair PropJet 4. 336. Learjet 25. 337. Learjet 31. 338. Learjet 35A . 339. Learjet 40. 340. Learjet 45.

 

ROW 18: 341. Learjet 55. 342. Learjet 60. 343. Lockheed C-5A Galaxy. 344. Lockheed C-130A Hercules. 345. Lockheed C-130H Hercules . 346. Lockheed C-130R Hercules. 347. Lockheed EC-130H Compass Call. 348. Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. 349. Lockheed HC-130J Combat King II. 350. Lockheed HC-130P Combat King. 351. Lockheed KC-130J Hercules. 352. Lockheed KC-130T Hercules. 353. Lockheed P-2H Neptune. 354. Lockheed P-38J Lightning. 355. Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon. 356. Lockheed T-33A T-Bird. 357. Lockheed-Martin F-22A Raptor* . 358. Lockheed-Martin F-35A Lightning II. 359. Lockheed-Martin F-35B Lightning II. 360. Luscombe 8A Master.

 

ROW 19: 361. Luscombe 8E Silvair Deluxe Turbine. 362. Luscombe Silvair. 363. Marquart MA-5 Charger . 364. Maule M-5-235C. 365. Maule MX-7-180 Star Rocket. 366. Maule MX-7-235 Super Rocket. 367. MBB Bo105*. 368. McDonnell-Douglas A-4K Skyhawk. 369. McDonnell-Douglas A-4N Skyhawk II. 370. McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II. 371. McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II Plus. 372. McDonnell-Douglas C-17A Globemaster III. 373. McDonnell-Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle*. 374. McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18A+ Hornet. 375. McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18B Hornet *. 376. McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18C Hornet. 377. McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18D Hornet. 378. McDonnell-Douglas KC-10A Extender*. 379. McDonnell-Douglas MD-10-10F. 380. McDonnell-Douglas MD-11.

 

ROW 20: 381. McDonnell-Douglas MD-83. 382. McDonnell-Douglas MD-90. 383. McDonnell-Douglas T-45C Goshawk. 384. McDonnell-Douglas TA-4J Skyhawk. 385. McDonnell-Douglas TAV-8B Harrier II. 386. McLain 103 Trike. 387. MD Helicopters MD500E. 388. MD Helicopters MD530G. 389. MD Helicopters MD520N NOTAR. 390. MD Helicopters MD600N. 391. MD Helicopters MD900 Explorer. 392. Meyer 200D Commander. 393. Micco MAC-145A. 394. Mil Mi-24 Hind. 395. Mitsubishi A6M Zero. 396. Mitsubishi MU-2. 397. Monocoupe 90A. 398. Mooney M20C Ranger. 399. Mooney M20G Executive. 400. Mooney M20R Ovation.

 

ROW 21: 401. Mooney M20TN Acclaim. 402. Morane-Saulnier MS760B Paris. 403. Mudry CAP 231EX. 404. Murphy SR-3500 Moose. 405. Nanchang CJ-6. 406. New Standard D-25. 407. North American B-25J Mitchell. 408. North American F-86E Sabre. 409. North American NA-50. 410. North American NA-64 Yale. 411. North American OV-10A Bronco. 412. North American P-51A Mustang. 413. North American P-51C Mustang. 414. North American P-51D Mustang. 415. North American SNJ-5 Texan . 416. North American T-6G Texan. 417. North American T-28 Trojan. 418. North American TF-51D Mustang. 419. North Wing Sport X2 Apache. 420. Northrop F-5F Tiger II.

 

ROW 22: 421. Northrop F-5N Tiger II. 422. Northrop N9MB Flying Wing. 423. Northrop T-38A Talon. 424. Northrop T-38C Talon. 425. Osprey GP-4. 426. Panavia Tornado IDS. 427. Piaggio P180 Avanti. 428. Pilatus P2-06. 429. Pilatus P-3. 430. Pilatus PC-6 Porter. 431. Pilatus PC-12. 432. Piper J3C-65 Cub. 433. Piper J-4 Cub Coupe. 434. Piper PA-11 Cub Special. 435. Piper PA-12 Super Cruiser. 436. Piper PA-18A Super Cub. 437. Piper PA-22-150 Tri Pacer . 438. Piper PA-23 Apache. 439. Piper PA-23-250 Aztec. 440. Piper-PA-23 Geronimo Conversion.

 

ROW 23: 441. Piper PA-24-180 Comanche. 442. Piper PA-24-250 Comanche 250. 443. Piper PA-24-260 Comanche C. 444. Piper PA-25-235 Pawnee. 445. Piper PA-28-140 Cherokee. 446. Piper PA-28 Cherokee Arrow II. 447. Piper PA-28-161 Warrior II. 448. Piper PA-28-181 Archer II. 449. Piper PA-28-201T Turbo Dakota. 450. Piper PA-28RT-201 Arrow IV. 451. Piper PA-30 Twin Comanche . 452. Piper PA-31-350 Chieftain. 453.Piper PA-31-310 Navajo. 454. Piper PA-31T-1 Cheyenne I. 455. Piper PA-31T Cheyenne II. 456. Piper PA-32-301 Saratoga. 457. Piper PA-32RT-300T Turbo Lance II. 458. Piper PA-32R-301T Turbo Saratoga. 459. Piper PA-34-200T Seneca II. 460. Piper PA-34-220T Seneca III.

 

ROW 24: 461. Piper PA-38 Tomahawk. 462. Piper PA-42-1000 Cheyenne 400. 463. Piper PA-44 Seminole. 464. Piper PA-46-350P Malibu Mirage. 465. Piper PA-46-500T Malibu Meridian. 466. Pitts Model 12 Monster. 467. Pitts S-2C. 468. Powered Parachute. 469. PZL-104 Wilga 80. 470. PZL-Mielec SBLim-2*. 471. QAC Quickie TriQ-200. 472. Quad City Challenger. 473. Quad City Challenger II. 474. Quest Kodiak. 475. Quicksilver Sport II. 476. R.A.F. 2000 GTX. 477. Rand Robinson KR-2. 478. Rans S-6ES Coyote II. 479. Rans S-7. 480. Rans S-18 Stinger.

 

ROW 25: 481. Rans S-19. 482. Raytheon Premier. 483. Remos G-3 600 Mirage. 484. Remos GX. 485. Republic P-47G Thunderbolt. 486. Republic SC-3 Seabee. 487. Robinson R22. 488. Robinson R44. 489. Robinson R66. 490. Rockwell 114 Commander. 491. Rockwell Sabreliner. 492. Rockwell Turbo Commander. 493. Rutan Long-EZ. 494. Rutan Vari-Eze. 495. RX-1 Laser. 496. Ryan Navion. 497. Ryan PT-22. 498. Saab 2000. 499. Schoenfeldt Firecracker (Replica). 500. Schweizer SGS1-26E.

 

ROW 26: 501. Schweizer SGS2-33A. 502. Scott Rocket. 503. Scottish Aviation Bulldog. 504. Seabird Aviation SB7L-360A Seeker. 505. Seaplane Flyers Partnership Sea Hawk. 506. Seversky AT-12 Guardsman. 507. Short C-23A Sherpa. 508. Short Skyvan. 509. Short Tucano Mk I. 510. Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion. 511. Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk. 512. Sikorsky HH-60M Dustoff. 513. Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk*. 514. Sikorsky MH-60S Knighthawk. 515. Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane. 516. Sikorsky S-76. 517. Sikorsky UH-60A Blackhawk. 518. Sikorsky UH-60L Blackhawk. 519. Sky & Sea Cygnet. 520. Skykits Savannah VGW.

 

ROW 27: 521. Smith Aerostar 601P. 522. SOCATA Rallye. 523. SOCATA TBM 700. 524. SOCATA TBM 850. 525. SOCATA TBM 900. 526. SOCATA Tobago. 527. SOCATA Trinidad. 528. Sonerai II. 529. Sonex Sonex. 530. Sonex Xenos. 531. Spartan Executive. 532. Staudacher S600F. 533. Steen Skybolt. 534. Stinson 108-3. 535. Stinson L-5 Sentinel. 536. Stinson Reliant. 537. Stits SA6B Flutrbug. 538. Stits SA-7D Sky Coupe. 539. Stoddard Hamilton SH 1 RG. 540. Stolp SA-100 Starduster.

 

ROW 28: 541. Stolp SA300 Starduster Too. 542. Storm Rally LSA. 543. Swearingen SA226 Merlin. 544. Symphony SA-160. 545. Taylorcraft BC12-D. 546. Taylorcraft Swick-T. 547. Thatcher CX-4. 548. Thorp T-18. 549. Thorp T-211. 550. TL-3000 Sirius. 551. Transall C.160. 552. Turbine Express 2000 RG. 553. Vans RV-3. 554. Vans RV-4. 555.Vans RV-6A. 556. Vans RV-7A. 557. Vans RV-8. 558. Vans RV-9. 559. Vans RV-10. 560. Vans RV-12.

 

ROW 29: 561. Vans RV-14A. 562. Varga Kachina. 563. Viking UV-18C Twin Otter. 564. Viper Jet. 565. Vought F4U-1A Corsair. 566. Vultee BT-13 “Movie Val.” 567.Vultee BT-13 Valiant. 568. Waco RNF. 569. Waco UPF-7. 570. WAG Aerosport Grizzly Cub. 571. Wheeler Express CT. 572. Wright Rocket. 573. Yakovlev Yak-3. 574. Yakovlev Yak-11. 575. Yakovlev Yak-50*. 576. Yakovlev Yak-52. 577. Zenith CH 2000. 578. Zenith STOL CH 750. 579. Zenith Zenair CH 701 SP. 580. Zodiac 601XL .

 

Shots lost in hard drive crash with no previous shots to substite:

1. Douglas C-53 (El Centro Airshow)

2. Fokker S.11 (El Centro Airshow)

3. Lockheed AC-130W Stinger II (Luke Airshow)

4. Lockheed KC-130J Harvest HAWK (Yuma, WTI 2-14)

5. Lockheed Vega (Luke Airshow)

6. Piasecki H-21 (El Centro Airshow)

 

Shot but excluded (poor shots or aircraft in poor condition, inclusion would have resulted in “un-griddable” number of images)

1. Airbus A340-600 (Goodyear)

2. McDonnell-Douglas MD-82 (American Airlines, PHX)

3. McDonnell-Douglas MD-88 (Allegiant Airlines, Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport)

4. North American O-47 (PoF Museum, Chino)

 

Seen, but not photographed:

1. Grumman FM-2 Wildcat (Cable)

2. MiG-15 (PoF Museum, Chino).

 

Substitute shots for images lost in hard drive crash:

1. Agusta-Westland AH-64D Apache (shot at El Centro airshow, 3/15/14)

2. . Boeing EA-18G Growler (shot at El Centro airshow, 3/15/14)

3. CASA 212 (shot at Falcon Field on 3/8/2014 – actually in the image of FFZ on Google Maps right now, just north of the tower. Pretty sure this aircraft is the same one I posted the substitution shot of – same reg and everything).

4. Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin (shot at the Luke AFB airshow on 3/16/14)

5. General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon (Luke airshow, 3/16/14)

6. General Dynamics F-16BM MLU Falcon (El Centro airshow, 3/15/14)

7. Grumman E-2C Hawkeye (shot in-flight over La Jolla, CA, 3/14/14)

8. Grumman F7F Tigercat (shot at Phoenix-Mesa Gateway on 4/11/14)

9. Lockheed-Martin F-22A Raptor (Luke airshow, 3/16/14)

10. MBB Bo105 (Falcon Field – Flight Trails Helicopters, mid-May 2014)

11. McDonnell-Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle (Luke airshow, 3/16/14)

12. McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18B Hornet (Luke airshow 3/16/14 – likely the same NASA aircraft in the substitute shot)

13. McDonnell-Douglas KC-10A Extender (Luke airshow 3/16/14)

14. PZL-Mielec SBLim-2 (Luke airshow, 3/16/14. Same aircraft pictured)

15. Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk (El Centro airshow, 3/15/14)

16. Yakovlev Yak-50 (Casa Grande – Cactus Fly-In, 2/28/14, and Falcon Field 3/8/14)

 

Na Śląsku jest już mało 105Na bez wyświetlaczy. Wczoraj widziałem tylko jeden skład na linii 4.

Widoczny na zdjęciu skład stoi na przystanku Gliwice Zajezdnia. Jedyny przystanek tramwajowy w Gliwicach, który istnieje dzięki zajezdni. Niestety władze Gliwic w 2009 r. zlikwidowały tramwaje w tym mieście.

 

There are already very few 105Na cars without displays in Silesia. Yesterday I saw only one traction on line 4.

The traction shown in the picture is standing at Gliwice Zajezdnia (Gliwice Depot) stop. The only tram stop in Gliwice, which exists thanks to the depot. Unfortunately in 2009 the mayer of Gliwice closed down the trams in this town.

by Alan Parker Photos

Overlay art

COLLAGE

 

"BE original"

Paris by night

Views_100.000+

 

#

I wish I was there

 

j'aimerais être là

 

ich wünschte ich wäre dort

 

Хотел бы я быть там

 

Vorrei essere lì

 

Me gustaría estar allí

 

##############

 

www.ultimatespecs.com/de

Suzuki Ignis 2020 1.2 Smart Hybrid Technische Daten

(2020 - ) - Jahre 2020, 2021, 2022...

 

Leistungsgewicht : 10.1 kg/hp

Fuel System :

Multipoint Injection *

16V

Verbrauch - Verbrauch nach WLTP sehr schnell:

Comfort Plus - 5 - Gang Schaltgetriebe

 

5,7 L/100km

#

Verbrauch - Verbrauch nach WLTP langsam:

 

4.9 - 5.1 L/100km -

je nach Anrieb und Ausstattung

hier

5.0 L/100km Comfort Plus Hybrid

 

Verbrauch - Verbrauch nach WLTP

kombiniert:

 

5.0 L/100km - mein Fahrzeug

Bauart : 16 Ventile

Turbo : Nein

 

Verdichtung : 13.0 zu 1

#

 

Suzuki Bezeichnung MF - 2017 bis 2020, " Ignis II"

90 PS, 0-100 km/h 11,8 s

Höchstgeschwindigkeit 170 km/h

 

Suzuki Bezeichnung MT - ab April 2020, Facelift "Ignis III"

83 PS, neues Hybridsystem

0-100 km/h 12,4 s

Höchstgeschwindigkeit 165 km/h

 

real meist flotter in der Beschleunigung: 11,x

und höhere Vmax. 172 km/h

ps

Reifengröße, Felgen und Ausstattung (Leergewicht) sind je nach Modell etwas unterschiedlich

  

Ignis 1.2 GLX MT - internationale Bezeichnung

 

www.suzukiauto.co.za/cars/ignis

---

  

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdichtungsverh%C3%A4ltnis

 

Das Verdichtungsverhältnis wurde im Laufe der Entwicklung von Verbrennungsmotoren immer weiter gesteigert.

Die allmähliche Steigerung der Verdichtung lag lange vor allem an der Kraftstoffrezeptur.

 

Heute sind Oktanzahlen bis 102 ROZ an der Tankstelle verfügbar.

Ältere Motoren haben tendenziell niedrigere Anforderungen an die Kraftstoffqualität, da die Kraftstoffqualität noch nicht so hoch war, als sie entwickelt wurden.

 

Auch die Gestalt des Brennraums und des Ansaugtrakts trägt zum Oktanzahlbedarf bei.

#

Multipoint Injection *

16V :

 

*Eine Bedingung für heutige hohe Verdichtungsverhältnisse ist die Direkteinspritzung und die Verwendung von Klopfsensoren.

 

Der Zeitpunkt und die Menge der Treibstoffzugabe wird hier exakt gesteuert, womit eine vorzeitige Zündung – und somit ein Klopfen – verhindert werden kann.

 

Moderne Motoren haben Klopfsensoren, die aufkommendes Klopfen erkennen. Sie können den Zündzeitpunkt an die Benzinqualität und an die Motoreigenschaften anpassen.

 

Bei höherem Verdichtungsverhältnis (genauer: Expansionsverhältnis) ist auch der thermische Wirkungsgrad höher.

ROZ 91 Normal Benzin

ROZ 95 - ROZ 100 - ROZ 102

 

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktanzahl#ROZ

 

wirkt sich erst bei Vollgas (Volllast) positiv aus!

 

Beispiel würde eine Oktanzahl von ROZ = 95 (umgangssprachlich: 95 Oktan) eines Benzins bedeuten, dass dessen Klopffestigkeit einem Gemisch aus 95 Vol.-% Isooktan und 5 Vol.-% n-Heptan entspricht.

 

Iso-oktan ist klopffest und kann stark verdichtet werden, ohne dass es zur Selbstzündung kommt.

 

Beispielsweise kann der Oktanzahlbedarf eines Motors

bei Vollgas um 10 Oktanzahlen höher

liegen als im Leerlauf.

 

Man kann hier auch von einem Volllastbereich sprechen, vergleichbar mit einer sehr schnellen Autobahnfahrt.

 

Die Verwendung von oberhalb der Motorspezifikation liegenden Oktanzahlen bringt im Regelfall keine Vorteile.

 

Moderne Motoren mit elektronischer Kennfeldzündung

in Kombination mit Klopfsensoren können mit verschiedenen Oktanzahlen bei reduzierter Leistung gefahren werden.

 

#

 

SUZUKI Motorleistung :

 

Moderner Motoren mit elektronischer Kennfeldzündung VVT-i

 

83 PS or 82 bhp or 61 kW @ 6000 rpm

 

Drehmoment :

107 Nm or 78 lb.ft @ 2800 rpm

 

plus E-Boost

3.2 hp

35 Nm

peak

50 Nm

################

 

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2002,2020, 2021, 2022,2023, 2024,

Helena is the capital city of the U.S. state of Montana and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County. The 2010 census put the population at 28,180, and the Lewis and Clark County population at 63,395. Helena is the principal city of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lewis and Clark and Jefferson counties; its population is 74,801 according to the 2010 U.S. Census.

 

Photographer was standing near the intersection of Cedar Street and Roberts Street.

 

The following list is an experiment to determine the effectiveness of keywords in directing traffic to photos, and it must be working because this photo is ranked # 1 of my most popular bits, ordered by the most views.

 

ChallengeGroup - Icon Challenge - 2019-09-21

15Challenges - Anything Goes! - 2019-11-14

 

1 youtube google craigslist myspace yahoo facebook login ebay yahoo mail tube8 face book log in yahoo.com aquarius red tube travel deals facebook.com you tube gmail hotmail mapquest yahoo mail login taurus leo cancer scorpio virgo libra gemini pisces 796

29 aries 796

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31 capricorn 745

32 msn 732

33 sagittarius 730

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37 amazon 671

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49 grocery coupons 537

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51 ls models 537

52 myspace.com 531

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54 florida bas visgids 521

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56 lowes 501

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72 lampreg piso 394

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391 mga kwentong bayan 119

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Colosseum

Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.

In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]

The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]

The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.

Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.

It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.

Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.

At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.

 

Coliseu (Colosseo)

A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

 

O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.

O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.

Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.

O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.

Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.

Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.

Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.

Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.

O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".

A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.

Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.

O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.

 

Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.

O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.

Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.

Let's count them:

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076... Got bored...

Colosseum

Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.

In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]

The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]

The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.

Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.

It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.

Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.

At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.

 

Coliseu (Colosseo)

A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

 

O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.

O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.

Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.

O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.

Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.

Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.

Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.

Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.

O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".

A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.

Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.

O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.

 

Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.

O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.

Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.

A special inclusion for all of my deaf viewers, although those of you who can hear are welcome to enjoy it as well!

 

SOME MUSIC I LIKE:

 

How did this come about? I think at some point I asked my regular viewers, "What songs do you like?" and I got zilch by way of response. So I figured, you gotta lead by example and I thought I'd put together a list of about 100 songs I really like. But like a hungry snake, the list just kept growing, till now it's getting near 800. Bottom line is, it's all about enjoyment, so here's a bunch of songs from my inner iPod which I enjoyed and I hope you will too.

 

A RANDOM SAMPLING OF 700+ SONGS THAT I LIKE

 

1.Cretin Hop (Ramones)

2.All Quiet On The Eastern Front (“)

3.Sheena Is A Punk Rocker (“)

4.Rockaway Beach (“)

5.God Save The Queen (Sex Pistols)

6.Belsen Was A Gas (“)

7.Holidays In The Sun (“)

8.EMI (“)

9.The Hunter (Albert King)

10.Dancing Barefoot (Patti Smith)

11.See No Evil (Television)

12.Do You Love Me Now? (Breeders)

13.Pretend We’re Dead (L7)

14.Trojours L’Amour (Procol Harum)

15.Still There’ll Be More (“)

16.Whiskey Train (“)

17.Poor Mohammad (“)

18.Walking The Dog (Flaming Groovies)

19.Teenage Head (“)

20.Chest Fever (The Band)

21.The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down (“)

22.Single Pigeon (Paul McCartney)

23.Bluebird (“)

24.No Words (“)

25.Every Night (“)

26.Maybe I’m Amazed (“)

27.Had Me A Real Good Time (Faces)

28.Borstal Boys (“)

29.Memphis (“)

30.Too Bad (“)

31.In France They Kiss On Main Street (Joni Mitchell)

32.Just Like This Train (“)

33.A Strange Boy (“)

34.Blue Motel Room (“)

35.Jericho (“)

36.When You Dance I Can Really Love (Neil Young)

37.Cinnamon Girl (“)

38.Pocahontas (“)

39.Ride My Llama (“)

40.Ways Of Love (“)

41.I Believe In You (“)

42.Dive (Nirvana)

43.Been A Son (“)

44.Molly’s Lips (“)

45.Polly (“)

46.All Apologies (“)

47.Jack Straw (Grateful Dead)

48.Sugar Magnolia (“)

49.Friend Of The Devil (“)

50.Bertha (“)

51.Playing In The Band (“)

52.Eskimo Blue Day (Jefferson Airplane)

53.Fat Angel (“)

54.It’s No Secret (“)

55.How Do You Feel? (“)

56.The Other Side Of This Life (Live) (“)

57.Have You Seen The Saucers? (Live) (“)

58.Life Is A Long Song (Jethro Tull)

59.Up The Pool (“)

60.Inside (“)

61.A Time For Everything (“)

62.Jeffery Goes To Leichester Square (“)

63.Mother Goose (“)

64.Living In The Past (“)

65.Presently In The Past (Dan Hicks & His Hot Licks)

66.News From Up The Street (“)

67.The Buzzard Was Their Friend (“)

68.I’m An Old Cowhand (“)

69.Stranger’s Room (Crosby & Nash)

70.Page 43 (“)

71.Marrakesh Express (Crosby, Stills & Nash)

72.You Don’t Have To Cry (“)

73.The Deserter (Fairport Convention)

74.Matty Groves (“)

75.Poor Will And The Jolly Hangman (“)

76.A Tale In Hard Time (“)

77.A Sailor’s Life (“)

78.Who Knows Where The Time Goes? (“)

79.Two Weeks Last Summer (Sandy Denny)

80.Gypsy Davey (“)

81.Back Street Slide (Richard Thompson)

82.Don’t Renege On Our Love (“)

83.The Wrong Heartbeat (“)

84.Sam Jones (“)

85.Ghost In The Wind (“)

86.Small Town Romance (“)

87.Big Chimney (“)

88.Business On You (“)

89.One Door Opens (“)

90.Bathsheba Smiles (“)

91.Upsetter (Grand Funk Railroad)

92.Nothing Is The Same (“)

93.Footstompin’ Music (“)

94.Bad Time (“)

95.Gasoline Alley (Rod Stewart)

96.Cut Across Shorty (“)

97.You Wear It Well (“)

98.Twisting The Night Away (“)

99.Angel (“)

100.A Hard Road (“)

101.Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones)

102.Jumping Jack Flash (“)

103.Stray Cat Blues (“)

104.Factory Girl (“)

105.Prodigal Son (“)

106.Gimmie Shelter (“)

107.Around And Around (“)

108.She Said Yeah (“)

109.Route 66 (Live) (“)

110.Ruby Tuesday (“)

111.Dandelion (“)

112.Casino Boogie (“)

113.Torn And Frayed (“)

114.Thief In The Night (“)

115.Just Another Honky (Faces)

116.If I’m On The Late Side (“)

117.Goodbye Pork Pie Hat (Jeff Beck)

118.Sophie (“)

119.Play With Me (“)

120.You Know What I Mean (“)

121.Cause We’ve Ended As Lovers (“)

122.Shapes Of Things (“)

123.A Salty Dog (Procol Harum)

124.Walking After Midnight (Katy Moffatt)

125.Midnight At The Oasis (Maria Muldaur)

126.Gringo En Mexico (“)

127.Gringo (Little Feat)

128.The Fan (“)

129.Fat Man In The Bathtub (“)

130.All That You Dream (“)

131.Easy To Slip (“)

132.Dixie Chicken (“)

133.Do You Believe In Magic? (Loving Spoonful)

134.Coconut Grove (“)

135.Wild About My Loving (“)

136.The Other Side Of This Life (“)

137.Pow! (“)

138.Didn’t Want To Have To Do It (“)

139.Younger Girl (“)

140.I Want To Take You Higher (Sly & The Family Stone)

141.Babies Making Babies (“)

142.Everybody Is A Star (“)

143.You Caught Me Smiling (“)

144.Table Manners (Kid Creole & The Coconuts)

145.Latin Music (“)

146.Go Down Easy (John Martyn)

147.One Day Without You (“)

148.Poor Boy (Nick Drake)

149.Pink Moon (“)

150.Radio (“)

151.One Of These Things First (“)

152.It’s Only Natural (Crowded House)

153.Pineapple Head (“)

154.Don’t Dream It’s Over (“)

155.Weather With You (“)

156.If I Knew (Joan Baez)

157.Poor Wayfaring Stranger (“)

158.Banks Of The Ohio (“)

159.Glad Bluebird Of Happiness (“)

160.The Jean Jeanie (David Bowie)

161.Hang On To Yourself (“)

162.Golden Years (“)

163.John, I’m Only Dancing (“)

164.Stay (“)

165.Star (“)

166.Suffragette City (“)

167.Heroes (“)

168.The Supermen (“)

169.Black Country Rock (“)

170.Oh You Pretty Things (“)

171.Kooks (“)

172.Rebel Rebel (“)

173.Public Animal #9 (Alice Cooper)

174.Gutter Cat Vs. The Jets (“)

175.Train Kept A-Rolling (Yardbirds)

176.Highway Star (Deep Purple)

177.No No No (“)

178.You Fool No One (“)

179.Flight Of The Rat (“)

180.You Better Think Twice (Poco)

181.Hurry Up (“)

182.Railroad Days (“)

183.What Am I Gonna Do? (“)

184.Golden Ribbons (Loggins And Messina)

185.Angry Eyes (“)

186.Vahevala (“)

187.Thinking Of You (“)

188.Till The Ends Meet (“)

189.Las Vegas (Gram Parsons)

190.She (“)

191.Still Feeling Blue (“)

192.Hearts On Fire (“)

193.That’s All It Took (“)

194.It Doesn’t Matter (Manassas)

195.The Treasure (“)

196.Move Around (“)

197.How Far (“)

198.So Begins The Task (“)

199.Both Of Us (“)

200.Love Eyes (“)

201.Hey Pocky Way (Neville Brothers)

202.Beginning To See The Light (Velvet Underground)

203.What Goes On (“)

204.Here She Comes Now (“)

205.My Baby Thinks He’s A Train (Roseanne Cash)

206.Siberian Khatru (Yes)

207.Long Distance Runaround (“)

208.Starship Trooper (“)

209.Roundabout (“)

210.From The Beginning (Emmerson, Lake & Palmer)

211.Hoedown (“)

212.Aloha Steve And Danno (Radio Birdman)

213.Go Wild In The Country (Bow Wow Wow)

214.Mile High Club (“)

215.On My Radio (The Selecter)

216.Stupid Marriage (The Specials)

217.Hey Venus (That Petrol Emotion)

218.Switch Board Susan (Nick Lowe)

219.Zulu Kiss (“)

220.Queen Of Sheba (“)

221.New Amsterdam (Elvis Costello)

222.Pump It Up (“)

223.You Belong To Me (“)

224.No Action (“)

225.Busy Bodies (“)

226.Moods For Moderns (“)

227.Science Fiction (The Divinyls)

228.Ring Me Up (“)

229.I’ll Make You Happy (“)

230.Stepping Razor (Peter Tosh)

231.Message Of Love (The Pretenders)

232.Cuban Slide (“)

233.My City Was Gone (“)

234.Tattooed Love Boys (“)

235.The Adultress (“)

236.Time The Avenger (“)

237.Time Won’t Let Me (The Outsiders)

238.You Win Again (Jerry Lee Lewis)

239.Stop Messing Around (Fleetwood Mac)

240.My Heart Beat Like A Hammer (“)

241.Like Crying (“)

242.Rattlesnake Shake (“)

243.Homework (“)

244.Chevrolet (Taj Mahal)

245.Leaving Trunk (“)

246.Further On Down The Road (“)

247.You’re Gonna Need Somebody On Your Bond (“)

248.Going Down (Freddie King)

249.Bluebird (Buffalo Springfield)

250.Questions (“)

251.It’s So Hard To Wait (“)

252.Rock And Roll Woman (“)

253.Four Days Gone (“)

254.Uno Mundo (“)

255.Special Care (“)

256.Baba O’Riley (The Who)

257.Won’t Get Fooled Again (“)

258.My Generation (“)

259.My Wife (“)

260.Sea And Sand (“)

261.Drowned (“)

262.The Dirty Jobs (“)

263.Getting In Tune (“)

264.Love Reign O’er Me (“)

265.This Song Has No Title (Elton John)

266.Grey Seal (“)

267.Burn Down The Mission (“)

268.Amoreena (“)

269.Mona Lisas And Mad Hatters (“)

270.High Flying Bird (“)

271.Dancing In The Street (Martha Reeves & The Vandellas)

272.Ramble On (Led Zeppelin)

273.Kashmir (“)

274.Black Dog (“)

275.Four Sticks (“)

276.The Battle Of Evermore (“)

277.The Crunge (“)

278.Immigrant Song (“)

279.Hots On For Nowhere (“)

280.Peace Frog (The Doors)

281.Queen Of The Highway (“)

282.Love Her Madly (“)

283.Hello I Love You (“)

284.The Crystal Ship (“)

285.The Unknown Soldier (“)

286.Once You Get Started (Chaka Kahn & Rufus)

287.Tell Me Something Good (“)

288.Love Is Like An Itching In My Heart (Diana Ross & The Supremes)

289.I Can’t Get Next To You (Al Green)

290.Wait Here (“)

291.To Sir With Love (“)

292.Let’s Get Married (“)

293.Love And Happiness (“)

294.Hangin’ On (“)

295.Take It So Hard (Keith Richards)

296.Three Roses (America)

297.Only In Your Heart (“)

298.Ain’t Got No Money (Frankie Miller)

299.Sneaking Sally Thru The Alley (Robert Palmer)

300.How Much Fun (“)

301.I Hear You Knocking (Dave Edmunds)

302.Run Rudolph Run (“)

303.Queen Of Hearts (“)

304.Girl Talk (“)

305.Trouble Boys (“)

306.You’ll Never Get Me Up (In One Of Those) (“)

307.Almost Saturday Night (“)

308.Chelsea Morning (Sergio Mendes & Brazil ’66)

309.SWLABR (Cream)

310.Dance The Night Away (“)

311.Tales Of Brave Ulysses (“)

312.Badge (“)

313.Those Were The Days (“)

314.Howling For My Darling (Howling Wolf)

315.44 (“)

316.How Many More Times (“)

317.Smokestack Lightning (“)

318.Don’t You Worry ‘Bout A Thing (Stevie Wonder)

319.Tuesday Heartbreak (“)

320.Looking For Another Pure Love (“)

321.Big Brother (“)

322.Golden Lady (“)

323.The Low Spark Of High Heeled Boys (Traffic)

324.Walking In The Wind (“)

325.Many A Mile To Freedom (“)

326.Hidden Treasure (“)

327.Medicated Goo (“)

328.No Face, No Name, No Number (“)

329.Pearly Queen (“)

330.Heaven Is In Your Mind (“)

331.Such A Night (Elvis Presley)

332.It’s Now Or Never (“)

333.My Baby Left Me (“)

334.Baby Let’s Play House (“)

335.Blue Moon Of Kentucky (“)

336.Rave On (Buddy Holly)

337.Learning The Game (“)

338.Not Fade Away (“)

339.Can’t Help Myself (Bonnie Raitt)

340.Everybody’s Crying Mercy (“)

341.Wah She Go Do(“)

342.Bluebird (“)

343.Green Lights (NRBQ)

344.Just Ain’t Fair (“)

345.Me And The Boys (“)

346.Crazy Like A Fox (“)

347.You Can’t Hide (“)

348.Still In School (“)

349.Hobbies (“)

350.Definition Of Love (“)

351.That’s All (Sarah Vaughn)

352.Tanglewood ’63 (Gary Burton Quartet)

353.Treasure Island (Keith Jarrett)

354.Rita San (Art Pepper)

355.Mr. Knight (John Coltrane)

356.My Shining Hour (“)

357.Nigerian Marketplace (Oscar Peterson)

358.Uptown Dance (Stephanne Grappelli)

359.Love For Sale (“)

360.81 (Miles Davis)

361.All Blues (“)

362.So What (“)

363.Sarara (Flora Purim)

364.Riffin’ The Scotch (Billie Holiday)

365.Let’s Do It (“)

366.On The Road Again (Canned Heat)

367.Riki Tikki Tavi (Donovan)

368.Frankenstein (New York Dolls)

369.Bad Girl (“)

370.Trash (")

371.30 Days In The Hole (Humble Pie)

372.One Eyed Trouser Snake Rhumba (“)

373.I Don’t Need No Doctor (“)

374.Four Day Creep (“)

375.All Right Now (Free)

376.Oh I Wept (“)

377.I’ll Be Creepin’ (“)

378.A Little Bit Of Love (“)

379.The Highway Song (“)

380.Mr. Big (Live) (“)

381.You’re Pretty Good Looking (The White Stripes)

382.Little Bird (“)

383.Leave Your Hat On (Randy Newman)

384.Political Science (“)

385.Crazy Country Hop (Eric Clapton)

386.Let It Rain (“)

387.Mainline Florida (“)

388.Black Cow (Steely Dan)

389.Bodhisattva (“)

390.Rikki Don’t Lose That Number (“)

391.My Old School (“)

392.It’s A Plain Shame (Studio) (Peter Frampton)

393.Catherine Parr (Rick Wakeman)

394.Tin Soldier (Small Faces)

395.Don’t Burst My Bubble (“)

396.Wham Bam Thank You Mam (“)

397.Rolling Over (“)

398.Mad John (“)

399.Western Lullaby (Wendy Waldman)

400.I Was Made To Love Her (Beach Boys)

401.Let The Wind Blow (“)

402.Darling (“)

403.Do It Again (“)

404.Pure And Easy (Pete Townshend)

405.Under The Falling Sky (Jackson Browne)

406.Jamaica Say You Will (“)

407.Something Fine (“)

408.Late For The Sky (“)

409.Weasel And The White Boy’s Cool (Rickie Lee Jones)

410.My Wave (Soundgarden)

411.Rusty Cage (“)

412.Fell On Black Days (“)

413.She Moves Me (Muddy Waters)

414.I Just Want To Make Love To You (“)

415.Rolling Stone (“)

416.The Stuff You Gotta Watch (“)

417.Cross Eyed Cat (“)

418.I’m Ready (“)

419.Dichoso (Willie Bobo)

420.I Can’t Stand The Rain (Ann Peebles)

421.I Pity The Fool (“)

422.It’s Your Thing (Isley Brothers)

423.End Of A Perfect Day (Kirstie MacColl)

424.Dancing In Limbo (“)

425.Le Foret De Mimosa (“)

426.Complainte Pour Ste. Catherine (“)

427.Us Amazonians (“)

428.El Paso (“)

429.Headache (Liz Phair)

430.Uncle Alvarez (“)

431.The Dogs Of LA (“)

432.Alice Springs (“)

433.I Don’t Want To Talk About It (Crazy Horse)

434.#9 Dream (John Lennon)

435.Going Down On Love (“)

436.Jealous Guy (“)

437.Hot Burrito #2 (Flying Burrito Brothers)

438.Day The World Turned Day-Glo (X-Ray Spex)

439.Search And Destroy (The Stooges)

440.I Wanna Be Your Dog (“)

441.Jessica (Allman Brothers Band)

442.Come And Go Blues (“)

443.Pony Boy (“)

444.Honey Don’t (Carl Perkins)

445.Write Me A Letter (Aerosmith)

446.Seasons Of Wither (“)

447.Back In The Saddle (“)

448.Last Child (“)

449.Driving On 9 (The Breeders)

450.Saints (“)

451.Blessed (Simon & Garfunkel)

452.Love Me Tomorrow (Boz Scaggs)

453.Hey Miss Sun (“)

454.I Ain’t Got You (The Yardbirds)

455.Down On Me (Live) (Janis Joplin)

456.Piece Of My Heart (“)

457.Move Over (“)

458.Half Moon (“)

459.The Giving Tree (Los Lobos)

460.Be Still (“)

461.Done Gone Blue (“)

462.Victoria (The Kinks)

463.Australia (“)

464.King Kong (“)

465.Apeman (“)

466.Sunny Afternoon (“)

467.Animal Farm (“)

468.Sitting In My Hotel (“)

469.See My Friends (“)

470.So You Want To Be A Rock & Roll Star (The Byrds)

471.Rosalyn (David Bowie)

472.Movin’ On (Bad Company)

473.Silver, Blue And Gold (“)

474.Call On Me (“)

475.Roadrunner (Jonathan Richman)

476.Emerald (Thin Lizzy)

477.Man Of The World (Robin Trower)

478.Hand Me Down World (The Guess Who)

479.Manic Depression (Jimi Hendrix)

480.Wait Until Tomorrow (“)

481.Water Song (Hot Tuna)

482.I Know You Rider (“)

483.Don’t You Leave Me Here (“)

484.Mister Skin (Spirit)

485.Ladybird (XTC)

486.Generals And Majors (“)

487.Respectable Street (“)

488.You And The Clouds Would Still Be Beautiful (“)

489.It’s Nearly Africa (“)

490.Bird Song (Grateful Dead)

491.Live (The Bangles)

492.Going Down To Liverpool (“)

493.Mexico (James Taylor)

494.Lo And Behold (“)

495.Anywhere Like Heaven (“)

496.Sunny Skies (“)

497.Chili Dog (“)

498.Don’t Let Me Be Lonely Tonight (“)

499.Save Me (Aretha Franklin)

500.Rock Steady (“)

 

And while I'm on the subject...

 

501.Obviously Five Believers (Bob Dylan)

502.Hole In My Life (Police)

503.Walking In Your Footsteps (")

504.Invisible Sun (")

505.Who Do You Love (Bo Diddley)

506.Look Ka Py-Py (Meters)

507.Ride Your Pony (")

508.First Time I Met The Blues (Buddy Guy)

509.Goin' Hone (")

510.Peachy Tree (Sonny Boy Williamson)

511.Bring It On Home (")

512.Water Of Love (Dire Straits)

513.Setting Me Up (")

514.Save Her Doctor (Eddie Boyd)

515.Blue Coat Man (")

516.Insane Asylum (Willie Dixon)

517.Banquet (Joni Mitchell)

518.Gallows Pole (Leadbelly)

519.One Day I'll Walk (New Grass Revival)

520.Summer Of The Silver Comet (Tracy Nelson)

521.Pretty Girls Make Graves (Smiths)

522.How Soon Is Now (")

523.Hand In Glove (")

524.What Difference Does It Make (")

525.Last Night (Strokes)

526.Manhattan Island Serenade (Leon Russell)

527.Of Thee I Sing (")

528.Home Sweet Oklahoma (")

529.Out In The Woods (")

530.Funky Kingston (Toots & The Maytals)

531.54-46 Was My Number (")

532.Tupelo (John Lee Hooker)

533.Boom Boom (")

534.Welcome To The Club (Joe Walsh)

535.Ain't That A Lot Of Love (Taj Mahal)

536.Space Captain (Joe Cocker)

537.Day After Day (Badfinger)

538.No Matter What (")

539.Baby Blue (")

540.Surely (Carole King)

541.That's What You Get For Loving Me (Gordon Lightfoot)

542.Seven Chinese Brothers (REM)

543.Driver 8 (")

544.Radio Free Europe (")

545.Stumble (")

546.Ain't No Use (Moby Grape)

547.Fall On You (")

548.Someday (")

549.8:05 (")

550.Indifference (")

551.Poinciana (Ahmad Jamal)

552.Grandma's Hands (Bill Withers)

553.Is That Jazz? (Gil-Scott Heron)

554.I Hear Music (Chaka Kahn)

555.Let's Call The Whole Thing Off (Billie Holiday)

556.Angel From The Coast (Thin Lizzy)

557.Eight Miles High (Byrds)

558.Chestnut Mare (")

559.Everybody's Been Burned (")

560.Triad (")

561.Reputation (")

562.Come Down In Time (Elton John)

563.Twisted (Lambert, Hendricks & Ross)

564.Cottontail (")

565.Moanin' (")

566.Harpo's Blues (Phoebe Snow)

567.Poetry Man (")

568.Two Fisted Love (")

569.Teach Me Tonight (")

570.Jackie Wilson Said (Van Morrison)

571.Into The Mystic (")

572.And It Stoned Me (")

573.Come Running (")

574.I Will Be There (")

575.B-A-B-Y (Carla Thomas)

576.I Ain't Never (Blue Ridge Rangers)

577.You're The Reason (")

578.Amanda Ruth (Rank & File)

579.Blue Spark (X)

580.The Hungry Wolf (")

581.Because I Do (")

582.We Gotta Get Out Of This Place (Animals)

583.Don't Bring Me Down (")

584.The Wold Is A Ghetto (War)

585.Cisco Kid (")

586.I'll Go Crazy (James Brown)

586.Papa Don't Take No Mess (")

587.Stay In School (")

588.It's A Man's World (")

589.Thoughts About Roxanne (John Mayall)

590.Me And My Woman (")

591.Your Funeral, My Trial (")

592.Alabama March (Peter Green)

593.In The Skies (")

594.Isrealites (Desmond Dekker)

595.Intensified (")

596.It Mek (")

597.Too Much Of Nothing (Peter, Paul & Mary)

598.Shackles And Chains (Arlo Guthrie)

599.Somebody Turned On The Light (")

600.I Know (Barbara George)

 

Just when you thought Dracula wouldn't rise again...

 

601. Everybody’s Got Something To Hide Except For Me and My Monkey (Beatles)

602. America (Simon and Garfunkel)

603. Night Shift (Bob Marley)

604. The Door Into Summer (The Monkees)

605. Top Of The Pops (The Kinks)

606. Skin And Bone (“)

607. Been Caught Stealing (Jane’s Addiction)

608. 8 A.M. (The Movies)

609. I Won’t Close My Eyes (UB40)

610. Rooster Funeral (Ron Wood & Ronnie Lane)

611. Sorrow, Tears And Blood (Fela Kuti)

612. How D’Ya Do (Gabby Pahinui)

613. Spirit In The Night (Manfred Mann’s Earth Band)

614. Leave It (Mike McGear)

615. It Doesn’t Matter Anymore (Linda Rondstadt)

616. Luxury Liner (Emmylou Harris)

617. Cross Your Heart (The Red Devils)

618. Too Many Cooks (Mick Jagger)

619. Let Me Roll It (Paul McCartney)

620. A Day In The Life (Wes Montgomery)

621. Waitin’ On You (Dave Mason)

622. Hungry Country Girl (Otis Spann w/Fleetwood Mac)

623. Dire Wolf (Grateful Dead)

624. Chains (Beatles)

625. Boys (“)

626. You Got Me Hummin’ (Live) (Sam & Dave)

627. Let Me Be Good To You (Live) (Carla Thomas)

628. Ring Of Fire (Johnny Cash)

628. I’m The Man (Joe Jackson)

629. Cancer (“)

630. Work (Chris Spedding & Peter Frampton)

631. Country Bumpkin (Dave Spinozza)

632. Light Flight (Pentangle)

634. Turn On Your Lovelight (Bobby Blue Bland)

635. Cat Fight (Dance Hall Crashers)

636. Over, Under, Sideways Down (Yardbirds)

637. Twenty Flight Rock (Eddie Cochran)

638. The First Time (Roberta Flack)

639. Marie, Marie (The Blasters)

640. Along Comes Mary (The Association)

641. You And Me (The Moody Blues)

642. Laughing (David Crosby)

643. Traction In The Rain (“)

644. Police And Thieves (Junior Murvin)

645. Neon Knights (Black Sabbath)

646. Rope Ladder To The Moon (Jack Bruce)

647. Theme From An Imaginary Western (“)

648. Never Tell Your Mother She’s Out Of Tune (Ellen McIllwaine)

649. Ain’t Nothing To Me (The Coasters)

650. How High The Moon (Les Paul & Mary Ford)

651. Dark Star (Live) (The Grateful Dead)

652. I Got You (Split Enz)

653. Let It Roll (UFO)

654. Don’t Be Denied (Neil Young)

655. Young Man’s Blues (The Who)

656. The Warmth Of The Sun (The Beach Boys)

657. You’re Gonna Need Me (Albert King)

658. Don’t Burn Down The Bridge (“)

659. Night Rider (Electric Light Orchestra)

660. Lucille (Little Richard)

661. Fodderstompf (Public Image Ltd.)

662. This Could Be The Last Time (Staple Singers)

663. World Weary (Noel Coward)

664. One More For My Baby (Frank Sinatra)

665. Teenage Riot (Sonic Youth)

666. TV (Rose Tattoo)

667. The Way Of The World (Flipper)

668. Up On The Sun (Meat Puppets)

669. Station (“)

670. Born On The Bayou (Credence Clearwater Revival)

671. Fortunate Son (“)

672. Pagan Baby (“)

673. Quit And Split (Shakin’ Pyramids)

674. Havana Moon (Chuck Berry)

675. Sweet Little Sixteen (“)

676. Around And Around (“)

677. Living In The USA (“)

678. Honey What’s Wrong (Jimmy Reed)

679. You Got Me Crying (“)

680. I Only Have Eyes For You (The Tokens)

681. Alberta (Leadbelly)

682. Fortress Around Your Heart (Sting)

683. My Baby Just Cares For Me (Nina Simone)

684. The Thrill Of It All (Roxy Music)

685. Virginia Plain (“)

686. Do The Strand (“)

687. I Talk To The Wind (King Crimson)

678. Lark’s Tongues In Aspic (Live) (“)

679. Choo Choo Mama (Ten Years After)

680. Goodbye T’ Jane (Slade)

681. Ride A White Swan (T. Rex)

682. The Heartbreak (Frankie Miller)

683. Company (Rickie Lee Jones)

684. Human Music (The Soft Boys)

685. The Devil’s Right Hand (Steve Earle)

686. In God’s Country (U2)

687. An Cat Dubh (“)

680. Who Does Lisa Like? (Rachel Sweet)

681. Rock And Roll (The Runaways)

682. I’m So Cool (Carlene Carter)

683. Appalachian Eyes (“)

684. Girl Don’t Tell Me (Beach Boys)

685. Show Me (Joe Tex)

686. Love Street (The Doors)

687. Yes, The River Knows (“)

688. I Can’t Give You Anything But Love (Red & Ruby)

689. Fox On The Run (Bluegrass Parkway)

690. Ride On A Rainbow (Olomana)

691. Open Up (Michael Hurley)

692. Honolulu (Michel Murphy)

693. Drinking Champagne (Myra English)

694. Mama’s Little Jewel (Mott The Hoople)

695. All The Way From Memphis (“)

696. One Of The Boys (“)

697. Don’t Let Go (Jerry Garcia)

698. A Hard Rain’s A Gonna Fall (Bob Dylan)

699. Ballad Of Hollis Brown (“)

700. The Lonesome Death Of Hattie Carroll (“)

701. Honey Pie (Beatles)

702. Carry On (Live) (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young

703. Find The Cost Of Freedom (")

704. Dark Hollow (Grateful Dead)

705. Come Down In Time (Elton John) (yeah, I missed it initially...)

706. Lenny (Stevie Ray Vaughn)

707. Mary Had A Little Lam (")

708. Look At Little Sister (")

709. Hard To Be (Vaughn Brothers)

710. Flood In Houston (Savoy Brown)

711. Stay With Me Baby (")

712. Give Me A Penny (")

713. Made Up My Mind (")

714. Stay While The Night Is Young (")

715. White Line Fever (Flying Burrito Brothers)

716. Honey Bee (Muddy Waters)

717. I Am A Pilgrim (Byrds)

718. Reputation (")

719. Triad (")

720. Ret Hot (Billy Lee Riley)

721. Stella (Robert Palmer)

722. Dr. Zhivago's Train (")

723. The Best Of Both Worlds (")

724. If You Could Read My Mind (Gordon Lightfoot)

725. Did She Mention My Name (")

726. Teenage Kicks (The Undertones)

727. Turning Japanese (The Vapors)

728. High Cost Of Low Living (Allman Brothers)

729. Dreams (")

730. Like A Lover (Sergio Mendes & Brazil '66)

731. So Many Starts (")

732. Something So Right (Paul Simon)

733. American Tune(")

734. Misty Rains And Lehua (Na Leo O Pilimehana)

735. Peaches En Regalia (Frank Zappa)

736. Haven't We Met (Kenny Rankin)

737. Marie (")

738, Ain't No Free (NRBQ)

739. Good Shepherd (Jefferson Airplane)

740. Bear Melt (")

741, Wichita Lineman (Glen Campbell)

742. People Say (The Meters)

743. Girl From The North Country (Bob Dylan)

744. Be Thankful For What You Got (William DeVaughn)

745. Saturday In The Park (Chicago)

746. Fresh As A Sweet Sunday Morning (Bert Jansch)

747. Kiss From A Rose (Seal)

748. Because (Beatles)

749. Trouble (Little Feat)

750. Good Morning (Beatles)

751. Lucielle (Everly Brothers)

752. Jolene (Dolly Parton)

751. Tiger Rag (Jeff Beck w/Imelda May)

752. Please Mister Jailer (Jeff Beck w/Imelda May)

753. You Inspire Me (Nick Lowe)

754. The Spy (The Doors)

755. Wedding Dress (Pentangle)

756. Rosemary Lane (Bert Jansch)

757. One World (Dire Straits)

758. Why Worry (")

759. The Range War (live)(Todd Rundgren)

760. In A Silent Way (Miles Davis)

761. Song For My Father (Horace Silver)

762. Bright Sized Life (Pat Metheny)

763. What Do I Get? (Buzzcocks)

764. Brilliant Mistake (Elvis Costello)

765. True Love (Carl Perkins)

766. Sweetheart's A Stranger (")

767. September Gurls (Big Star)

768. California Man (The Move)

769. World Where You Live (Crowded House)

770. Eternity (Imedla May)

771. Rockin Around In NYC (Marshall Crenshaw)

772. Shattered (Rolling Stones)

773. A Dream Goes On Forever (Todd Rundgren)

774. Stuck In The Middle (Replacements) (NOTE: This is NOT the song "Stuck In The Middle With You" by Stealers Wheel, OR "Stuck In The Middle Of You" by...never mind.)

775. Where Can It Go? (Robert Plant)

776. Take A Giant Step (Taj Mahal)

777. Just For You (Peter Green)

778. The Story In Your Eyes (Moody Blues)

779. Hide Your Colors (Jayhawks)

780. Find A River (Lowell George)

781. He Was The King (Neil Young)

782. Train In The Distance (Paul Simon)

783. Night In The City (Joni Mitchell)

784. Homeward Bound (Simon & Garfunkel)

785. I Used To Be A King (Graham Nash)

786. Since I Held You (The Cars)

787. I Won't Close My Eyes (UB40)

788. Space Zydeco (Buckwheat Zydeco)

789. Tears Tears Tears (T-Bone Burnett)

790. Barracuda (Heart)

781. The Kind Of Love That Shows (The Movies)

782. Martha My Dear (Beatles)

783. Over My Head (Fleetwood Mac)

784. I Trip Through Your Wires (U2)

785. Has My Fire Really Gone Out? (Paul Weller)

786. Angel (Footsteps) (Jeff Beck)

787. From Four Until Late (Robert Johnson)

788. Ruby Tuesday (Rolling Stones)

789. Never Tell Your Mother She's Out Of Tune (Ellen McIllwaine)

790. Restless In Mind (Wendy Waldman)

791. World's Worst Loser (George Jones)

792. I Am In Love (Crowded House)

793. Fuji-san (Patti Smith)

794. Close Up The Honky Tonks (Chris Hillman and Herb Pedersen)

795. World Turning (Fleetwood Mac)

796. Ain't Gonna Give Up On Love (Stevie Ray Vaughn)

797. Day After Day (Pretenders)

798. Rattlesnake (Replacements)

799. Throw Your Arms Around Me (Crowded House)

800. Listen To Her Heart (Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers)

801. Don't Worry About The Government (Talking Heads)

802. Sulphur To Sugarcane (Elvis Costello)

803. Kinder Murder (")

804. Moon Over Bourbon Street (Sting)

805. Consider Me Gone (")

806. Find Him (Cassandra Wilson)

807. If You Don't Want My Love (Bobby Womack)

808. Reconsider Baby (Eric Clapton)

809. Lay Down Sally (")

810. Two Fingers (Jake Bugg)

811. (Be Yourself) Be Real (Al Kooper)

812. I Fall In Love Too Easily (Linda Ronstadt)

813. Cars And Girls (Prefab Sprout)

814. Car Wheels On A Gravel Road (Lucinda Williams)

815. Changed The Locks (")

816. Some Kinda Love (Velvet Underground)

817. Get Some (KD Lang)

818. Gloria (U2)

819. Blue Eyes (Elton John)

820. Long Cool Woman In A Black Dress (The Hollies)

821. Bus Stop (")

823. Trial By Fire (Hot Tuna)

824. Easy Now (")

825. You Can Touch (Crowded House)

826. The Moon Is Made Of Gold (Rickie Lee Jones)

827. Lapdog (")

828. Soon Forgotten (Muddy Waters)

829. Beside You (Van Morrison)

 

That's the imaginary playlist for the imaginary radio station KJIM, broadcasting nothing but songs I approve of 24/7 through your imagination. While only 800 may seem restrictive, allow me to inquire whether your own (real) local oldies station actually plays 800 different songs? Or is their playlist actually a lot more narrow? Anyhow, don't be surprised if I add more to this list only sparingly. For now I feel like giving this a break because it's gotten to the point where every time I think of a song I have to check this whole list to make sure it isn't already here.

 

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076

 

08.03 2011, Piatra Neamt.

 

The daily shunting duties, of course, back then :)

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... Hors power

Colosseum

Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]

The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.

The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]

The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.

In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]

The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Exterior

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]

The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.

Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.

he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.

It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.

Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.

At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.

 

Coliseu (Colosseo)

A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

 

O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.

O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.

Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.

O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.

Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.

Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.

Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.

Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.

O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".

A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.

Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.

O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.

 

Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.

O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.

Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.

seascape, no people, kamakura 1/9

26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69, SHICHIFUKU-JIN 70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,

87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623SHICHIFUKUJIN24,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802SHICHIFUKUJIN,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097

 

♛ ♛ Shichifuku Jin ♛ ♛

+ + + + www.flickr.com/1one + + + +

 

1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101,2102,2103,2104,2105,2106,,…

  

nakanojo / 中之条ビエンナーレは２０２３年９月９日（土曜日）スタート、鎌倉やさいはレンバイ、湘南クッキーは湘南ビーチdeコーヒールンバ、下仁田町のカツ丼スタンプラリーは２０２２年１１月３０日まで、コクリコのクレープはシュガーレモン、ビッくらポンの打率は現在３割最新獲得はラッキー・ルウのマグネット、静岡県の海鮮丼は沼津港か清水港、新潟県六日町のお六と桂姫の銅像、江ノ電 鵠沼駅、横浜の「シドモアさんのさくら」の夏の風景、京極スタンドの生ビール　

NME (New Musical Express) published its list of the 500 all time greatest albums this week, based on its poll of roughly 80 critics who work for it. I saw a listing on the internet of the NME top 500 and it's set out below. The stars indicate the albums that would probably make my personal top 500 and the check marks indicate albums I've listened to that don't make my personal top 500.

 

This is in my sweet spot. When a bunch of highly knowledgeable critics decide on the "best ever' I'm going to seek that music out. They've heard more music than I ever have (there are 188 records on the list that I've never listened to).

 

Still, I have some quibbles about the list. The Smiths at #1? I've never understood the appeal of the Smiths. I went back and listened again to "The Queen Is Dead" and found it just as unbearable as ever. Maybe it's a British thing.

 

Second, no Robert Johnson or Hank Williams? I'm betting this is because the list seems to ban compilation albums and Johnson and Williams recorded exclusively as singles artists. But it just seems wrong to claim that the 500 best all time records don't include Hank Williams or Robert Johnson.

 

Third, where are the great British folkies? How can there be no Richard Thompson, no Fairport Convention, and no Pentangle? [Update: I see I'm wrong and that Fairport Convention is at #110. Still, why no Richard Thompson?]

 

Fourth, the list seems to ignore most of the world (maybe there's a rule saying English language only). But you can't have a list of the 500 best of all time with no Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and not a single album from Brazil.

 

Fifth, where's WIllie Nelson?

 

-----------------------------

★ - Would be on my personal Top 500

✓ - Have listened to album and would not be in my personal Top 500

? - Have listened to album and still undecided about it

~ - Have listened to album and it stinks

  

~1. The Smiths - The Queen Is Dead (1986)

★ 2. The Beatles - Revolver (1966)

★ 3. David Bowie - Hunky Dory (1972)

★4. The Strokes - Is This It (2001)

★5. The Velvet Underground - The Velvet Underground & Nico (1966)

★ 6. Pulp - Different Class (1995)

★7. The Stone Roses - The Stone Roses (1989)

★8. Pixies - Doolittle (1989)

★9. The Beatles - The Beatles (1968)

✓ 10. Oasis - Definitely Maybe (1994)

★11. Nirvana - Nevermind (1991)

✓ 12. Patti Smith - Horses (1975)

✓ 13. Arcade Fire - Funeral (2004)

★14. David Bowie - Low (1977)

✓ 15. PJ Harvey - Let England Shake (2011)

✓ 16. Joy Division - Closer (1980)

✓ 17. Public Enemy - It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back (1988)

✓ 18. My Bloody Valentine - Loveless (1991)

✓ 19. Arctic Monkeys - Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006)

✓ 20. Radiohead - OK Computer (1997)

✓ 21. Kanye West - My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010)

✓ 22. Blur - Parklife (1994)

★23. David Bowie - The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars (1972)

✓ 24. The Rolling Stones - Exile On Main St. Street (1972)

★25. Marvin Gaye - What's Going On (1971)

✓ 26. The Beach Boys - Pet Sounds (1966)

✓ 27. Primal Scream - Screamadelica (1991)

✓ 28. Amy Winehouse - Back To Black (2006)

★29. Television - Marquee Moon (1977)

✓ 30. Wu-Tang Clan - Enter The Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (1993)

✓ 31. Suede - Dog Man Star (1994)

✓ 32. Beastie Boys - Paul's Boutique (1989)

✓ 33. Blur - Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993)

★34. The Beatles - Abbey Road (1969)

★35. Nirvana - In Utero (1993)

★36. Bob Dylan - Blood On The Tracks (1975)

✓ 37. Love - Forever Changes (1967)

★38. Sex Pistols - Never Mind The Bollocks... Here's The Sex Pistols (1977)

✓ 39. The Clash - London Calling (1979)

★40. Joy Division - Unknown Pleasure (1979)

★41. Sonic Youth - Daydream Nation (1988)

~ 42. Stevie Wonder - Innervisions (1973)

★43. The Beatles - Rubber Soul (1965)

44. Manic Street Preachers - The Holy Bible (1994)

✓ 45. Blondie - Parallel Lines (1978)

~ 46. Björk - Debut (1993)

47. The Smiths - Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)

48. Kate Bush - Hounds Of Love (1985)

✓ 49. LCD Soundsystem - Sound Of Silver (2007)

★50. Dusty Springfield - Dusty In Memphis (1969)

 

✓ 51. Fleetwood Mac - Rumours (1977)

✓ 52. The Rolling Stones - Let It Bleed (1969)

✓ 53. David Bowie - Station To Station (1976)

★54. Talking Heads - Remain In Light (1980)

✓ 55. The Rolling Stones - Sticky Fingers (1971)

✓ 56. Neil Young - After The Gold Rush (1970)

57. Kraftwerk - The Man Machine (1978)

★58. Pixies - Surfer Rosa (1988)

59. Radiohead - In Rainbows (2007)

✓ 60. Massive Attack - Blue Lines (1991)

✓ 61. The Clash - The Clash (1977)

★62. Bob Dylan - Blonde On Blonde (1966)

✓ 63. Joni Mitchell - Blue (1971)

★64. Bob Dylan - Highway 61 Revisited (1965)

✓ 65. REM - Automatic For The People (1992)

66. Radiohead - The Bends (1995)

✓ 67. Oasis - (What's The Story) Morning Glory (1995)

★ 68. Van Morrison - Astral Weeks (1968)

✓ 69. REM - Murmur (1983)

70. The Libertines - Up The Bracket (2002)

✓ 71. Neil Young - Harvest (1972)

★ 72. Lou Reed - Transformer (1972)

★ 73. Bob Dylan - Bringing It All Back Home (1965)

74. Nas - IIImatic (1994)

✓ 75. Green Day - Dookie (1994)

76. Daft Punk - Discovery (2001)

★ 77. The White Stripes - White Blood Cells (2001)

✓ 78. Suede - Suede (1993)

✓ 79. Miles Davis - Kind Of Blue (1959)

★ 80. Iggy And The Stooges - Raw Power (1973)

✓ 81. Kraftwerk - Trans-Europe Express (1977)

✓ 82. Carole King - Tapestry (1971)

★ 83. The Band - The Band (1969)

✓ 84. Hole - Live Through This (1994)

✓ 85. Bruce Springsteen - Born To Run (1975)

✓ 86. Jeff Buckley - Grace (1994)

★ 87. The Beatles - Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967)

★ 88. Roxy Music - For Your Pleasure (1973)

✓ 89. Lauryn Hill - The Miseducation Of Lauryn Hill (1998)

90. The Streets - A Grand Don't Come For Free (2004)

✓ 91. Prince And The Revolution - Purple Rain (1984)

? 92. Super Furry Animals - Radiator (1997)

93. Queens Of The Stone Age - Songs For The Deaf (2002)

★ 94. The Rolling Stone - Beggars Banquet (1968)

95. Talk Talk - Spirit Of Eden (1988)

✓ 96. Public Enemy - Fear Of A Black Planet (1990)

✓ 97. The Smiths - The Smiths (1984)

✓ 98. Neutral Milk Hotel - In The Aeroplane Over The Sea (1998)

99. The Libertines - The Libertines (2004)

100. The Smiths - Hatful Of Hollow (1984)

  

✓ 101. Kraftwerk - Computer World

102. The Flaming Lips - The Soft Bulletin

★ 103. The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Electric Ladyland

★ 104. The Stooges - Funhouse

★ 105. Tom Waits - Rain Dogs

★ 106. Led Zeppelin - IV

107. Rage Against the Machine - Rage Against the Machine

108. Weezer - Pinkerton

✓ 109. Bruce Springsteen - Darkness on the Edge of Town

✓ 110. Fairport Convention - Liege and Lief

111. The Human League - Dare

112. GZA - Liquid Swords

★ 113. Belle and Sebastian - If You're Feeling Sinister

✓ 114. Radiohead - Kid A

✓ 115. Teenage Fanclub - Bandwagonesque

★ 116. The White Stripes - Elephant

✓ 117. ABC - The Lexicon of Love

✓ 118. Dexys Midnight Runners - Searching or the Young Soul Rebels

119. Pulp - His 'N' Hers

★ 120. De La Soul - 3 Feet High and Rising

121. Aphex Twin - Selected Ambient Works 85-92

122. New Order - Technique

★ 123. Blur - 13

★ 124. Paul Simon - Graceland

✓ 125. James Brown - Live at the Apollo

✓ 126. Beastie Boys - Ill Communication

✓ 127. Ramones - Ramones

✓ 128. The Verve - Urban Hymns

✓ 129. Neil Young - On the Beach

130. Interpol - Turn on the Bright Lights

✓ 131. Michael Jackson - Thriller

✓ 132. Pink Floyd - Dark Side of the Moon

★ 133. John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band - John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band

★ 134. PJ Harvey - Stories From the City, Stories From the Sea

★ 135. Eminem - The Marshall Mathers LP

✓ 136. Yeah Yeah Yeahs - Fever to Tell

✓ 137. Blur - Blur

~ 138. Sufjan Stevens - Illinois

139. The Cure - Disintegration

✓ 140. Nick Drake - Bryter Layter

★ 141. Bob Marley and the Wailers - Natty Dread

✓ 142. Serge Gainsbourg - Histoire De Melody Nelson

✓ 143. Bob Dylan - Desire

★ 144. The Jimi Hendrix Experience - Are You Experienced

★ 145. The Zombies - Odessey and Oracle

✓ 146. At the Drive-In - Relationship of Command

✓ 147. Frank Ocean - Channel Orange

~ 148. Bruce Springsteen - Nebraska

149. Elliot Smith - Either/Or

✓ 150. The Streets - Original Pirate Material

  

★ 151. PJ Harvey - Dry

152. Mercury Rev - Deserter's Songs

✓ 153. The La's - The La's

★ 154. PJ Harvey - To Bring You My Love

155. The Prodigy - Music For the Jilted Generation

★ 156. Spiritualized - Ladies and Gentlemen We're Floating In Space

★ 157. The Jesus and Mary Chain - Psychocandy

158. Wild Beasts - Two Dancers

★ 159. Gang of Four - Entertainment!

160. Primal Scream - XTRMTR

✓ 161. Arcade Fire - The Suburbs

✓ 162. The National - The Boxer

163. Neu - Neu '75!

✓ 164. Johnny Cash - At Folsom Prison

165. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - Let Love In

★ 166. Pulp - This is Hardcore

★ 167. Aretha Franklin - Lady Soul

168. Portishead - Dummy

169. Dexys Midnight Runners - Don't Stand Me Down

170. Smashing Pumpkins - Siamese Dream

★ 171. Talking Heads - Fear of Music

~172. Stevie Wonder - Songs in the Key of Life

★ 173. Led Zeppelin - III

174. Bright Eyes - I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning

★ 175. David Bowie - Young Americans

~176. Rufus Wainwright - Want One

177. Mogwai - Young Team

178. The Coral - The Coral

✓ 179. Missy Elliott - Miss E…So Addictive

★ 180. X-Ray Spex - Germ Free Adolescents

181. Boards of Canada - Music Has the Right to Children

182. Manic Street Preachers - Everything Must Go

✓ 183. OutKast - Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

✓ 184. MIA - Kala

✓ 185. Eric B and Rakim - Paid in Full

? 186. Jay-Z - The Blueprint

187. My Bloody Valentine - Isn't Anything

188. John Coltrane - A Love Supreme

✓ 189. Todd Rungren - A Wizard, A True Star

190. Pink Floyd - Piper At the Gates of Dawn

★ 191. Elastica - Elastica

✓ 192. Franz Ferdinand - Franz Ferdinand

193. Ryan Adams - Gold

✓ 194. Guns N' Roses - Appetite For Destruction

★ 195. The Beatles - A Hard Day's Night

✓ 196. The Stranglers - Rattus Norvegicus

✓ 197. AC/DC - Back in Black

✓ 198. Prince - Sign O' The Times

199. The Boo Radleys - Giant Steps

✓ 200. The Breeders - Last Splash

 

201. The Fall - Hex Enduction Hour

✓ 202. Tricky - Maxinquaye

? 203. Beach House - Teen Dream

✓ 204. Michael Jackson - Bad

✓ 205. NWA - Straight Outta Compton

★ 206. Pavement - Slanted and Enchanted

★ 207. Janis Joplin - Pearl

✓ 208. Chic - Risque

209. Kate Bush - The Kick Inside

★ 210. The Magnetic Fields - 69 Love Songs

✓ 211. Grace Jones - Nightclubbing

212. Kings of Leon - Youth and Young Manhood

✓ 213. Funkadelic - One Nation Under a Groove

✓ 214. Air - Moon Safari

215. Massive Attack - Mezzanine

✓ 216. New Order - Power, Lies and Corrruption

✓ 217. Iggy Pop - Lust for Life

218. The Horrors - Primary Colours

✓ 219. The Jam - All Mod Cons

220. The National - Alligator

✓ 221. Marianne Faithful - Broken English

222. Fever Ray - Fever Ray

✓ 223. Arcade Fire - Neon Bible

224. Echo and the Bunnymen - Heaven Up Here

★ 225. T Rex - Electric Warrior

★ 226. The Doors - The Doors

★ 227. John Lennon - Imagine

✓ 228. Pavement - Brighten the Corners

✓ 229. Public Image Ltd - Metal Box

★ 230. David Bowie - Aladdin Sane

✓ 231. Dr. Dre - The Chronic

★ 232. Leonard Cohen - The Songs of Leonard Cohen

233. Babyshambles - Down In Albion

234. Pet Shop Boys - Behaviour

235. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - Murder Ballads

★ 236. Suicide - Suicide

237. The xx - The xx

238. Yeah Yeah Yeahs - Show Your Bones

239. Dizzee Rascal - Boy In Da Corner

✓ 240. Ian Dury - New Boots and Panties!!

241. Madonna - Ray of Light

✓ 242. Michael Jackson - Off the Wall

✓ 243. Joni Mitchell - The Hissing of Summer Lawns

244. Wild Beasts - Smother

245. Super Furry Animals - Fuzzy Logic

★ 246. Nirvana - MTV Unplugged In New York

247. Glasvegas - Glasvegas

★ 248. Eminem - The Slim Shady LP

✓ 249. Prodigy - The Fat of the Land

250. Weezer - Weezer

 

✓ 251. The Beach Boys - Surf's Up

252. Grimes - Visions

253. Pussy Galore - Exile on Main St

✓ 254. The Smiths - Meat is Murder

255. Metronomy - The English Riviera

★ 256. Elvis Costello and the Attractions - This Year's Model

257. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - The Boatman's Call

✓ 258. Nick Drake - Five Leaves Left

✓ 259. Public Enemy - Yo! Bum Rush the Stage

★ 260. The Specials - The Specials

★ 261. Bob Marley and the Wailers - Live!

✓ 262. Boogie Down Productions - Criminal Minded

263. Laura Marling - I Speak Because I Can

★ 264. The Beatles - Please Please Me

265. Hole - Celebrity Skin

266. Coldplay - A Rush of Blood to the Head

267. Dr. Feelgood - Stupidity

268. Todd Rungren - Todd

269. The Horrors - Skying

✓ 270. The Kinks - The Village Green Preservation Society

✓ 271. The Velvet Underground - Loaded

272. Coldplay - Parachutes

✓ 273. Kanye West - The College Dropout

✓ 274. R.E.M. - Green

✓ 275. The Who - Quadrophenia

276. Echo and the Bunnymen - Ocean Rain

277. The Sunday - Reading, Writing and Arithmetic

✓ 278. The Slits - Cut

★ 279. Captain Beefhart and his Magical Band - Trout Mask Replica

280. Aphex Twin - Drukqs

★ 281. Elvis Costello - My Aim is True

282. Teenage Fanclub - Grand Prix

★ 283. Roxy Music - Roxy Music

★ 284. Fugazi - 13 Songs

285. Marvin Gaye - Midnight Love

286. Screaming Trees - Dust

✓ 287. Slayer - Reign In Blood

288. Stevie Wonder - Music of My Mind

★ 289. The Modern Lovers - The Modern Lovers

290. The Bluetones - Expecting to Fly

★ 291. The Byrds - Younger than Yesterday

292. The Cribs - The New Fellas

✓ 293. Aztec Camera - High Land Hard Rain

294. Klaxons - Myths of the Near Future

✓ 295. Snoop Doggy Dogg - Doggystyle

✓ 296. David Bowie - Let's Dance

297. Can - Ege Bamyasi

298. Malcolm McLaren -

✓ 299. The Go-Betweens - 16 Lovers Lane

✓ 300. The Who - The Who By Numbers

 

301. Arthur Russell - World of Echo

302. Daft Punk - Homework

303. Charles Mingus - Mingus Ah Um

304. The Orb - UFOrb

★ 305. Rod Stewart - Every Picture Tells a Story

★ 306. Bob Dyan - The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan

✓ 307. Beck - Midnight Vultures

308. Lemonheads - It's a Shame About Ray

309. Metallica - Metallica

✓ 310. Steely Dan - Countdown to Ecstacy

311. Super Furry Animals - Guerilla

312. Cocteau Twins - Treasure

★ 313. Tom Waits - Frank's Wild Years

✓ 314. Slint - Spiderland

★ 315. Big Brother and the Holding Company - Cheap Thrills

✓ 316. Elvis Costello and the Attractions - Imperial Bedroom

★ 317. Gram Parsons - Grievous Angel

✓ 318. Ice-T - OG Original Gangster

✓ 319. The Who - Who's Next

★ 320. Tom Waits - Swordfishtrombones

321. Doves - Lost Souls

322. LCD - This is Happening

✓ 323. Miles Davis - Bitches Brew

✓ 324. R.E.M. - Life's Rich Pageant

325. Beck - Sea Change

★ 326. Yo La Tengo - I Can Hear the Heart Beating As One

✓ 327. Beck - Mutations

✓ 328. The Flaming Lips - Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots

★ 329. David Bowie - "Heroes"

330. Portishead - Third

✓ 331. MC5 - Kick out the Jams

332. Shack - HMS Fable

~ 333. Paul McCartney and Wings - Band on the Run

334. The Avalanches - Since I Left You

335. Queens of the Stoneage - …Like Clockwork

✓ 336. Neneh Cherry - Raw Like Sushi

337. Danger Mouse - The Grey Album

✓ 338. Notorious BIG - Ready to Die

339. Pearl Jam - Ten

✓ 340. Sister Sledge - We Are Family

★ 341. Tom Waits - Closing Time

★ 342. Spritualized - Lazer Guided Melodies

★ 343. Bob Dylan - John Wesley Harding

✓ 344. Eels - Beautiful Freak

✓ 345. Elvis Costello - Punch the Clock

✓ 346. New Order - Low Life

★ 347. Sonic Youth - Dirty

348. Whitney Houston - Whitney

349. Alt-J - An Awesome Wave

350. Black Rebel Motorcycle Club - BRMC

  

★ 351. The Byrds - Sweetheart of the Rodeo

★ 352. The Velvet Underground - White Light/White Heat

353. Mclusky - Mclusky Do Dallas

354. Isaac Hayes - Hot Buttered Soul

★ 355. New York Dolls - New York Dolls

★ 356. Pixies - Bossanova

✓ 357. Sugar - Copper Blue

358. Robert Wyatt - Rock Bottom

✓ 359. The Mothers of Invention - We're Only In it for the Money

360. The Strokes - Room on Fire

✓ 361. The Faces - A Nod is as Good as a Wink…the a Bliind Horse

✓ 362. Beastie Boys - Hello Nasty

✓ 363. Black Flag - Damaged

✓ 364. Bon Iver - For Emma, Forever Ago

✓ 365. Dead Kennedys - Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegatables

366. Leonard Cohen - Songs of Love and Hate

367. Metronomy - Nights Out

368. Radiohead - Hail to the Thief

369. St Vincent - Strange Mercy

✓ 370. The Cribs - Men's Needs, Women's Needs, Whatever

★ 371. Beck - Odelay

★ 372. Big Black - Atomizer

373. Curtis Mayfield - There's No Place Like America Today

★ 374. Frank Sinatra - In the Wee Small Hours

375. Morrissey - Vauxhall and I

376. Sam Cooke - Live At The Harlem Square Club

377. Roy Harper - Stormcock

★ 378. Wire - Pink Flag

✓ 379. Belle & Sebastian - The Boy With The Arab Strap

380. Bloc Party - Silent Alarm

✓ 381. David Bowie - Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)

✓ 382. Simon and Garfunkel - Bridge Over Troubled Water

383. The Long Blondes - Someone To Drive You Home

★ 384. Elvis Presley - Elvis Presley

★ 385. The White Stripes - Get Behind Me Satan

★ 386. Gillian Wellch - Revival

✓ 387. The Clash - Combat Rock

388. Tim Buckley - Happy Sad

★ 389. Le Tigre - Le Tigre

390. The Verve - A Northern Soul

391. Burial - Burial

392. Edan - Beauty and the Beat

★ 393. Prince - Dirty Mind

★ 394. Wire - Chairs Missing

★ 395. The White Stripes - De Stijl

✓ 396. Heartbreakers - L.A.M.F.

397. Jay-Z - Reasonable Doubt

★ 398. Neil Young - Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere

399. Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds - The Lyre of Orpheus/Abattoir Blues

★ 400. The Fall - This Nation's Saving Grace

  

✓ 401. 20 Jazz Funk Greats - Throbbing Gristle

402. Twenty One - Mystery Jets

403. Vespertine - Bjork

404. No Other - Gene Clark

★ 405. Otis Blue - Otis Redding

✓ 406. Rated R - Queens of the Stone Age

407. Going Blank Again - Ride

★ 408. Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain - Pavement

409. Tago Mago - Can

410. Antics - Interpol

411. Madvillainy - Madvillain

✓ 412. Entroducing... - DJ Shadow

413. Pills N Thrills and Bellyaches - Happy Mondays

✓ 414. Dig Your Own Hole - The Chemical Brothers

✓ 415. Chet Baker Sings - Chet Baker

✓ 416. Merriweather Post Pavillion - Animal Collective

417. 1977 - Ash

✓ 418. Electro-Shock Blues - Eels

419. Let It Come Down - Spiritualized

420. People's Instinctive Travels... - A Tribe Called Quest

★ 421. Radio City - Big Star

422. Too-Rye-Ay - Dexys Midnight Runners

✓ 423. Live at Leeds - The Who

424. The Joshua Tree - U2

425. Nancy and Lee - Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazelwood

★ 426. Goo - Sonic Youth

★ 427. Here Comes the Warm Jets - Brian Eno

✓ 428. Born in the USA - Bruce Springsteen

429. Bleed America - Jimmy Eat World

430. Scott 4 - Scott Walker

431. Badmotorfinger - Soundgarden

★ 432. Tindersticks - Tindersticks

433. 2001 - Dr. Dre

434. Steve McQueen - Prefab Sprout

✓ 435. Easter - Patti Smith

436. Mirrored - Battles

★ 437. Dear Science - TV on the Radio

438. Aha Shake Heartbreak - Kings of Leon

439. The Futureheads - The Futureheads

✓ 440. Life's a Riot with Spy vs. Spy - Billy Bragg

441. Arrival - ABBA

✓ 442. Al Green is Love - Al Green

✓ 443. Sometimes I Wish We Were an Eagle - Bill Callahan

444. Violator - Depeche Mode

✓ 445. Tusk - Fleetwood Mac

446. The Warning - Hot Chip

✓ 447. Diamond Dogs - David Bowie

448. Sci-Fi Lullabies - Suede

449. AM - Arctic Monkeys

★ 450. Rid of Me - PJ Harvey

  

★ 451. Third/Sister Lovers- Big Star

★ 452. The B-52's- The B-52's

453. The House of Love- The House of Love

454. The Writing on the Wall- Destiny's Child

✓ 455. Vampire Weekend- Vampire Weekend

456. September of My Years- Frank Sinatra

✓ 457. Black Cherry- Goldfrapp

✓ 458. Yankee Hotel Foxtrot- Wilco

★ 459. The Black Album- Jay-Z

★ 460. Bleach- Nirvana

461. Generation Terrorists- Manic Street Preachers

462. Master of Puppets- Metallica

✓ 463. Pod- The Breeders

464. Because of the Times- Kings of Leon

465. High Violet- The National

✓ 466. The W- Wu-Tang Clan

✓ 467. The Idiot- Iggy Pop

468. Chutes Too Narrow- The Shins

469. Holland- The Beach Boys

470. Graduation- Kanye West

471. Oracular Spectacular- MGMT

✓ 472. Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness- Smashing Pumpkins

473. A Storm in Heaven- The Verve

474. Tarot Sport- f**k Buttons

475. Smoke Ring for My Halo- Kurt Vile

476. Foo Fighters- Foo Fighters

477. Crystal Castles- Crystal Castles

478. Trouble Will Find Me- The National

479. The Real Ramona- Throwing Muses

★ 480. I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You- Aretha Franklin

✓ 481. Smile- Brian Wilson

482. Lady in Satin- Billie Holiday

✓ 483. Blood and Chocolate- Elvis Costello & The Attractions

✓ 484. The River- Bruce Springsteen

★ 485. Good Kid, M.A.A.D City- Kendrick Lamar

✓ 486. Homogenic- Bjork

✓ 487. Sound Affects- The Jam

488. I'm Your Man- Leonard Cohen

489. George Best- The Wedding Present

★ 490. Back in the USA- MC5

✓ 491. Actually- Pet Shop Boys

492. Hidden- These New Puritans

493. Blood- This Mortal Coil

494. The Head on the Door- The Cure

★ 495. Hot Fuss- The Killers

496. Album- Girls

497. Random Access Memories- Daft Punk

★ 498. Berlin- Lou Reed

✓ 499. Star- Belly

✓ 500. Stankonia- OutKast

 

A Haiku Note:

=====================

Why all the numbers?

Running an experiment;

only time will tell.

=====================

Views = 33,099 & 10 Faves on 11/23/2022

Views = 40,018 & 10 Faves on 05/02/2023

Views = 41,949 & 10 Faves on 06/18/2023

Views = 44,454 & 10 Faves on 08/08/2023

V=48,967 + F=10 + C=89 @ 11/23/2023

======================================

5,739 days as of 06/18/2023

5,465 days as of 06/18/2023P

=====================================================

-:- (1) ::: (2) ::: (3) ::: (4) ::: (2X5) ::: (6) ::: (7) ::: (8) ::: (9) ::: (3X10) -:-

=====================================================

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077

 

======================================================

 

3. 14 15 92 65 35 89 79 32 38 46 26 43 38 32 79 50 28 84 19 71 69 39 93 75 10 58 20 97 49 44 59 23 07 81 64 06 28 62 08 99 86 28 03 48 25 34 21 17 06 79 82 14 80 86 51 32 82 30 66 47 09 38 44 60 95 50 58 22 31 72 53 59 40 81 28 48 11 17 45 02 84 10 27 01 93 85 21 10 55 59 64 46 22 94 89 54 93 03 81 96 44 28 81 09 75 66 59 33 44 61 28 47 56 48 23 37 86 78 31 65 27 12 01 90 91 45 64 85 66 92 34 60 34 86 10 45 43 26 64 82 13 39 36 07 26 02 49 14 12 73 72 45 87 00 66 06 31 55 88 17 48 81 52 09 20 96 28 29 25 40 91 71 53 64 36 78 92 59 03 60 01 13 30 53 05 48 82 04 66 52 13 84 14 69 51 94 15 11 60 94 33 05 72 70 36 57 59 59 19 53 09 21 86 11 73 81 93 26 11 79 31 05 11 85 48 07 44 62 37 99 62 74 95 67 35 18 85 75 27 24 89 12 27 93 81 83 01 19 49 12 98 33 67 33 62 44 06 56 64 30 86 02 13 94 94 63 95 22 47 37 19 07 02 17 98 60 94 37 02 77 05 39 21 71 76 29 31 76 75 23 84 67 48 18 46 76 69 40 51 32 00 05 68 12 71 45 26 35 60 82 77 85 77 13 42 75 77 89 60 91 73 63 71 78 72 14 68 44 09 01 22 49 53 43 01 46 54 95 85 37 10 50 79 22 79 68 92 58 92 35 42 01 99 56 11 21 29 02 19 60 86 40 34 41 81 59 81 36 29 77 47 71 30 99 60 51 87 07 21 13 49 99 99 98 37 29 78 04 99 51 05 97 31 73 28 16 09 63 18 59 50 24 45 94 55 34 69 08 30 26 42 52 23 08 25 33 44 68 50 35 26 19 31 18 81 71 01 00 03 13 78 38 75 28 86 58 75 33 20 83 81 42 06 17 17 76 69 14 73 03 59 82 53 49 04 28 75 54 68 73 11 59 56 28 63 88 23 53 78 75 93 75 19 57 78 18 57 78 05 32 17 12 26 80 66 13 00 19 27 87 66 11 19 59 09 21 64 20 19 89 38 09 52 57 20 10 65 48 58 63 27 88 65 93 61 53 38 18 27 96 82 30 30 19 52 03 53 01 85 29 68 99 57 73 62 25 99 41 38 91 24 97 21 77 52 83 47 91 31 51 55 74 85 72 42 45 41 50 69 59 50 82 95 33 11 68 61 72 78 55 88 90 75 09 83 81 75 46 37 46 49 39 31 92 55 06 04 00 92 77 01 67 11 39 00 98 48 82 40 12 85 83 61 60 35 63 70 76 60 10 47 10 18 19 42 95 55 96 19 89 46 76 78 37 44 94 48 25 53 79 77 47 26 84 71 04 04 75 34 64 62 08 04 66 84 25 90 69 49 12 93 31 36 77 02 89 89 15 21 04 75 21 62 05 69 66 02 40 58 03 81 50 19 35 11 25 33 82 43 00 35 58 76 40 24 74 96 47 32 63 91 41 99 27 26 04 26 99 22 79 67 82 35 47 81 63 60 09 34 17 21 64 12 19 92 45 86 31 50 30 28 61 82 97 45 55 70 67 49 83 85 05 49 45 88 58 69 26 99 56 90 92 72 10 79 75 09 30 29 55 32 11 65 34 49 87 20 27 55 96 02 36 48 06 65 49 91 19 88 18 34 79 77 53 56 63 69 80 74 26 54 25 27 86 25 51 81 84 17 57 46 72 89 09 77 77 27

 

======================================================

 

0100 0001 -:- 0100 0010 -:- 0100 0011 -:- 0100 0100

 

0100 0101 -:- 0100 0110 -:- 0100 0111 -:- 0100 1000

 

0100 1001 -:- 0100 1010 -:- 0100 1011 -:- 0100 1100

 

0100 1101 -:- 0100 1110 -:- 0100 1111 -:- 0101 0000

 

0101 0001 -:- 0101 0010 -:- 0101 0011 -:- 0101 0100

 

0101 0101 -:- 0101 0110 -:- 0101 0111 -:- 0101 1000

 

0101 1001 -:- 0101 1010

 

======================================================

41 -:- 42 -:- 43 -:- 44 -:- 45 -:- 46 -:- 47 -:- 48

 

49 -:- 4A -:- 4B -:- 4C -:- 4D -:- 4E -:- 4F -:- 50

 

51 -:- 52 -:- 53 -:- 54 -:- 55 -:- 56 -:- 57 -:- 58

 

59 -:- 5A

======================================================

3. 0E 0F 5C 65 35 89 4F 32 38 46 26 43 38 32 4F 50 28 84 19 71 69 39 93 75 10 3A 20 97 49 2C 3B 23 07 81 64 06 28 62 08 99 86 28 03 48 25 34 21 17 06 4F 82 0E 80 86 51 32 82 1E 66 47 09 38 2C 60 5F 50 3A 22 31 72 53 59 40 81 28 48 11 17 45 02 84 10 1B 01 93 85 21 10 55 3B 64 46 22 94 89 54 93 03 81 96 2C 28 81 09 75 66 3B 33 44 61 28 47 56 48 23 37 86 78 31 65 1B 12 01 5A 91 45 64 85 66 5C 34 60 34 86 10 45 43 26 64 82 13 39 36 07 26 02 49 0E 12 73 72 45 87 00 66 06 31 55 88 17 48 81 52 09 20 96 28 29 25 40 91 71 53 64 36 78 92 3B 03 60 01 13 1E 53 05 48 82 04 66 52 13 84 0E 69 51 94 0F 11 60 94 33 05 72 70 36 57 3B 3B 19 53 09 21 86 11 73 81 93 26 11 4F 31 05 11 85 48 07 2C 62 37 99 62 4A 5F 67 35 18 85 75 1B 24 89 12 1B 93 81 83 01 19 49 12 98 33 67 33 62 2C 06 56 64 1E 86 02 13 94 94 3F 5F 22 47 37 19 07 02 17 98 60 94 37 02 4D 05 39 21 71 76 29 31 76 75 23 84 67 48 18 46 76 69 40 51 32 00 05 68 12 71 45 26 35 60 82 4D 85 4D 13 42 75 4D 89 60 91 73 3F 71 78 72 0E 68 2C 09 01 22 49 53 43 01 46 54 5F 85 37 10 50 4F 22 4F 68 5C 3A 5C 35 42 01 99 56 11 21 29 02 19 60 86 40 34 41 81 3B 81 36 29 4D 47 71 1E 99 60 51 87 07 21 13 49 99 99 98 37 29 78 04 99 51 05 97 31 73 28 16 09 63 18 3B 50 24 45 94 55 34 69 08 1E 26 42 52 23 08 25 33 2C 68 50 35 26 19 31 18 81 71 01 00 03 13 78 38 75 28 86 3A 75 33 20 83 81 42 06 17 17 76 69 0E 73 03 3B 82 53 49 04 28 75 54 68 73 11 3B 56 28 3F 88 23 53 78 75 93 75 19 57 78 18 57 78 05 32 17 12 26 80 66 13 00 19 1B 87 66 11 19 3B 09 21 64 20 19 89 38 09 52 57 20 10 65 48 3A 63 1B 88 65 93 61 53 38 18 1B 96 82 1E 1E 19 52 03 53 01 85 29 68 99 57 73 62 25 99 41 38 91 24 97 21 4D 52 83 47 91 31 51 55 4A 85 72 42 45 41 50 69 3B 50 82 5F 33 11 68 61 72 78 55 88 5A 75 09 83 81 75 46 37 46 49 39 31 5C 55 06 04 00 5C 4D 01 67 11 39 00 98 48 82 40 12 85 83 61 60 35 3F 70 76 60 10 47 10 18 19 42 95 55 96 19 89 46 76 78 37 2C 94 48 25 53 4F 4D 47 26 84 71 04 04 75 34 64 62 08 04 66 84 25 90 69 49 12 93 31 36 4D 02 89 89 0F 21 04 75 21 62 05 69 66 02 40 3A 03 81 50 19 35 11 25 33 82 43 00 35 3A 76 40 24 4A 96 47 32 3F 91 41 99 1B 26 04 26 99 22 4F 67 82 35 47 81 3F 60 09 34 17 21 64 12 19 5C 45 86 31 50 1E 28 61 82 97 45 55 70 67 49 83 85 05 49 45 88 3A 69 26 99 56 5A 5C 72 10 4F 75 09 1E 29 55 32 11 65 34 49 87 20 1B 55 96 02 36 48 06 65 49 91 19 88 18 34 4F 4D 53 56 3F 69 80 4A 26 54 25 1B 86 25 51 81 84 17 57 46 72 89 09 4D 4D 1B

 

======================================================

0 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584

4181 6765 10946 17711 28657 46368 75025 121393 196418

======================================================

1 - 2 - 4 - 8 - 16 - 32 - 64 - 128 - 256 - 512 - 1,024 - 2,048 - 4,096 - 8,192 - 16,384 - 32,768 - 65,536 - 131,072 - 262,144 - 524,288 - 1,048,576 - 2,097,152 - 4,194,304 - 8,388,608 - 16,777,216 - 33,554,432 - 67,108,864 - 134,217,728 - 268,435,456 536,870,912 - 1,073,741,824 - 2,147,483,648 - 4,294,967,296 -

8,589,934,592 - 17,179,869,184 - 34,359,738,368 - 68,719,476,736 - 137,438,953,472 - 274,877,906,944 -

549,755,813,888 - 1,099,511,627,776

======================================================

1 x 8 + 1 = 9

12 x 8 + 2 = 98

123 x 8 + 3 = 987

1234 x 8 + 4 = 9876

12345 x 8 + 5 = 98765

123456 x 8 + 6 = 987654

1234567 x 8 + 7 = 9876543

12345678 x 8 + 8 = 98765432

123456789 x 8 + 9 = 987654321

======================================================

04 ::: 09 ::: 02

03 ::: 05 ::: 07

08 ::: 01 ::: 06

==============

 

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100 ... Hors power

beura-cardezza (VB) - martedi 21 agosto 2018, h 14.58

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100 ... Hors power

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100 ... Hors power

  

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100 ... Hors power

  

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100,2101, 2002,2020, 2021, 2022,

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,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... Hors power

  

s0701 6004 MeyA4B14 Schweden und Norwegen 1:7000.000. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

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Schweden (Sverige, hierzu Karte "Schweden und Norwegen"), Königreich, welches die größere Osthälfte der Skandinavischen Halbinsel umfaßt, liegt zwischen 55° 20'-69° 3' nördl. Br. und 11° 8'-24° 9' östl. L. v. Gr., wird westlich von Norwegen (die Grenze ist durch einen Vertrag von 1751 bestimmt), dem Skagerrak, Kattegat und Öresund, südlich und östlich von der Ostsee, dem Bottnischen Meerbusen und Finnland begrenzt, von dem letztern durch die Torneå- und die Muonioelf geschieden.

 

Physische Verhältnisse.

 

[Bodengestaltung.] Während Norwegen, welches die westliche Hälfte der Skandinavischen Halbinsel einnimmt, durchaus ein schroffes Gebirgsland ist, bildet S. (mit seinen drei großen historischen Landschaften: Gotland im Süden, Svealand in der Mitte und Norrland im N.) im großen und ganzen eine Ebene, die meistens nur unbedeutend über das Meer erhöht ist. Etwa 150,000 qkm haben eine Höhe von weniger als 89 m, 128,000 qkm zwischen 89 u. 238 m, 134,000 qkm zwischen 238 und 594 m und 38,000 qkm über 594, im Durchschnitt 650 m. Nur der mittlere und nördliche Teil des Reichs längs der norwegischen Grenze ist Gebirgsland. So tritt unter 61½° beim Hemfjäll zwischen der Westerdalelf und der Klarelf ein von dem norwegischen Gebirgssystem nördlich geschiedener Höhenzug ganz in S. ein und erfüllt, reich an Eisenerz, die Gegenden von Dalarne, Wermland und Westmanland mit seinen bewaldeten Höhen, die jedoch kaum irgendwo auf 450 m ansteigen. Derselbe tritt als Querrücken von W. nach O. zwischen den beiden Seen Wener und Wetter als Tiveden, östlicher (im N. des Meerbusens Bråviken) als Kolmården auf, während der Hauptzug weiter gegen Süden längs des Wetter hinreicht, das über 260 m hohe Bergplateau von Småland bildet, woselbst sich im Süden des Wettersees der Eisenberg Taberg bis 336 m erhebt, und sich endlich in Schonen, der südlichsten Provinz Schwedens, verflacht. Nördlicher erheben sich aus der Ebene noch einzelne ziemlich ansehnliche Berge, z. B. der Kinnekulle am Wenersee (279 m), weiter östlich der Billingen (275 m), der Mösseberg (323 m) und im O. des Wettersees der Omberg (263 m). Überall in den Ebenen (welche die Landseen Mälar, Wener und Wetter umgeben sowie auch längs der ganzen Küste einen ziemlich breiten Gürtel bilden) liegen, mit Ausnahme des südlichen Schonen, erratische Felstrümmer zerstreut. Die zu S. gehörige große Insel Gotland erreicht nur 60 m Höhe. In den Lappmarken erheben sich die höchsten Gebirgsspitzen Schwedens, vor allen der Sulitelma (1875 m), weiter südlich der Areskutan (1472 m) in Jemtland und der Städjan (1176 m) in Dalarne. Alpenlandschaften finden sich nur in den Lappmarken, und nur hier kann man von einer die beiden Königreiche der Skandinavischen Halbinsel scheidenden Gebirgskette sprechen, wie sie in den ältern Landesbeschreibungen eine große Rolle spielt. Westwärts, wo die Thäler zu Norwegen gehören, tritt diese Kette bis ans Meer hinan; ostwärts sinkt sie nach und nach zur Ebene ab, die von den großen auf ihr entspringenden Flüssen durchströmt wird.

 

Die Küstenbildung Schwedens ist viel einfacher als die von Norwegen. Die Fjorde, welche dort der Landschaft ein besonderes Gepräge verleihen, kommen in S. nur spärlich vor. Von den Busen und Buchten am Kattegat sind nur die kleinen Gullmars- und Kongsbackafjorde sowie die Laholmsbucht und der Skeldervik, an der Ostsee die Meerbusen Slätbaken und Bråviken sowie die sehr buchtenreiche, von vielen vorgelagerten Inseln erfüllte Einfahrt in den Mälar (bei Stockholm) anzuführen. Dagegen besitzt S. vielleicht einen mehr ausgebildeten Skärgård als Norwegen, der in S. nur selten gänzlich fehlt und an einigen Stellen sehr breit ist. Diese zahllosen kleinen Inseln sind für die Küstenfahrt von äußerster Wichtigkeit, da sie gegen offene Stürme und Wellen Schutz verleihen. Im Skagerrak und Kattegat bemerken wir unter den größern Inseln des Skärgård die beiden Inseln Oroust und Tjörn, im Öresund die Insel Hven und in der Ostsee außer Gotland und Öland die zu den Stockholmer Schären gehörenden Inseln Utö (Eisengruben), Muskö, Ornö, Wermdö (die größte derselben), Ljusterö, Gräsö u. a. Am Eingang des Bottnischen Meerbusens sind die (russischen) Alandsinseln, und wo der Bottnische Meerbusen am schmalsten ist (Ovarken), erstreckt sich zwischen Umeå und Wasa eine Gruppe kleiner Inseln über denselben.

 

[Gewässer.] Wie Norwegen, ist auch S. ein ungemein wasserreiches Land, welches Abdachung nach der Ostsee, dem Kattegat und Skagerrak hat. Ein großer Fluß heißt im Schwedischen Elf (Plural Elfvar), ein kleiner Å (Plural Åar). In die Ostsee ergießen sich: die Torneå- (mit Muonio-), Kalix-, Råneå-, Luleå-, Piteå-, Skellefteå-, Umeå- (mit Vindels-), Ångermanna-, Indals-, Ljusne- und Motalaelf; in das Kattegat: die Götaelf, der 82 km lange Abfluß des Wenersees, in welchen die Klarelf, das Philipstadsche und das Dalslandsche Wassersystem einmünden. Nur einige dieser Flüsse sind auf einen größern Teil ihres Laufs von Natur schiffbar, mehrere sind aber durch Kanalanlagen schiffbar gemacht. Von den Wasserfällen, welche mehrere dieser Flüsse haben, sind die bemerkenswertesten: der Niaumelsaska ("Hasensprung") in der Luleelf, 85 m, der Tännfors in Jemtland, 26 m, der Elfkarlebyfall in der Dalelf, 32 m, der Trollhätta in der Götaelf, 33 m hoch. Die wichtigsten Kanäle sind: 2 kurze Kanäle in der Luleelf, wodurch diese 150 km hinauf schiffbar wird (unvollendet), der Wäddökanal, der Strömsholms-, Hjelmar-, Eskilstuna-, Södertelge-, Kindakanal (in Ostgotland zur Verbindung mehrerer Landseen mit dem Roxen, durch welchen der Götakanal geht), der Götakanal (der bedeutendste von allen), 4 kurze Kanäle an der Götaelf, unter denen der Trollhättakanal der wichtigste ist, 5 Kanäle im Philipstadschen Wassersystem, der Seflekanal zwischen dem Wener und dem Glafsfjord (Arvika), ein Kanalsystem zur Verbindung der Seen in Dalsland untereinander und mit dem Wenersee. Ein besonderer Zug der schwedischen Landschaften ist die Menge der großen und kleinen Binnenseen, mit denen das ganze Land erfüllt ist. Sie nehmen im ganzen ein Areal von 37,370 qkm (678,6 QM.) ein, d. h. 8,3 Proz. des ganzen Areals. Nächst den russischen Landseen Ladoga und Onega ist der Wener in S. der größte See Europas (44 m ü. M., 5975 qkm); ihm zunächst folgen der Wetter (88 m ü. M.), der Mälar, welcher sich bei Stockholm fast unmittelbar mit dem Meer vereinigt, und der Hjelmar (23 m ü. M.). Diese großen, nur unbedeutend über das Meer erhöhten Seen haben für S. dieselbe Bedeutung wie die Fjorde für Norwegen und bieten auch jetzt noch trotz der großen Ausdehnung des Eisenbahnnetzes gute Kommunikationsmittel dar, indem sie von vielen Dampfschiffen befahren werden. Unter den übrigen Seen nennen wir: Siljan in Dalarne, Storsjön in Jemtland (291 m ü. M.), Dellen in Helsingland, Hornafvan, Storafvan, Lulejavr, Torneträsk in Lappland etc.

 

[Klima.] Infolge der nördlichen Lage hat die ganze Skandinavische Halbinsel ein rauhes Klima; doch ist dieses gesund und dabei milder als in irgend einem Land unter gleicher Breite. Der südlichste Teil gleicht in klimatischer Hinsicht ganz dem nördlichen Deutschland, während natürlich der höhere Norden ein strengeres Klima hat; auch bewirken die westliche Begrenzung durch den Ozean, die östliche durch das osteuropäische Flachland, die verschiedene absolute Höhe und andre lokale Ursachen eine bedeutende Verschiedenheit in der Witterung der einzelnen Teile. Die mittlere Temperatur beträgt zu Enontekis (68° 30') -3,2 C., Umeå (63° 50') +1,80°, Hernösand (62° 28') +2,34°, Stockholm (59° 20') +6,96°, Gotenburg (57° 42') +7,97°, Wexiö (56° 53°^[richtig: 53']) +6,96°, Lund (55° 42') +7,25° C. Das westliche S. ist reicher an Niederschlägen als das östliche; es beträgt nämlich die jährliche Regenhöhe in Lund 54,8 cm, Kalmar 32,4, Wisby 44,8, Jönköping 53,7, Stockholm 40,2, Örebro 53,2, Westerås 40,7, Upsala 59,1, Gefle 52,5, Falun 51,8, Hernösand 53,7, Umeå 60,0, Piteå 41,2, Haparanda 41,5 cm, dagegen in Halmstad 71,8, Gotenburg 82,7, Wenersborg 77,0 cm.

 

Areal und Bevölkerung.

 

Der Flächeninhalt Schwedens beläuft sich nach Strelbitskys Berechnung auf 450,574,3 qkm (8183 QM.); die Bevölkerung betrug nach der Volkszählung von 1880: 4,565,668 Seelen und wurde für Ende 1887 auf 4,734,901 Seelen berechnet. Areal und Bevölkerung der einzelnen Läns betragen:

 

LänsQKilometerQMeilenEinw. 1887Einw. auf 1 QKil.

 

A. Svearike.

 

Stockholm (Stadt)\\227964\

 

1) Stockholm7643,7138,8215216050

 

2) Upsala5313,896,5012008422

 

3) Södermanland6841,4124,2415229622

 

4) Westmanland6814,5123,7613462520

 

5) Örebro9118,0165,5918289520

 

6) Wermland19314,4350,7725684213

 

7) Kopparberg30010,8545,571956676

 

- Mälarsee1168,521,22--

 

- Hjelmarsee511,29,28--

 

B. Götarike.

 

8) Malmöhus4795,487,0936454376

 

9) Christianstad6511,5118,2522607034

 

10) Blekinge3010,754,6814167747

 

11) Halland4913,289,2313739828

 

12) Kronoberg9997,1181,5616500916

 

13) Jönköping11574,6210,2119307117

 

14) Kalmar11493,3208,7323633320

 

15) Gotland3152,557,255206517

 

16) Gotenburg u. Bohus5101,392,6428995756

 

17) Elfsborg12825,3232,9227921721

 

18) Skaraborg8561,0155,4825193929

 

19) Ostgotland10977,3199,3626608424

 

- Wenersee5974,9108,51--

 

- Wettersee1922,234,91--

 

C. Norrland.

 

20) Gefleborg19815,7359,871990449

 

21) Westernorrland25046,6454,831938687

 

22) Jemtland52218,7948,34974741,8

 

23) Westerbotten59098,31073,281169101,9

 

24) Norrbotten106818,41939,93987090,9

 

Zusammen:450574,38182,82473490110

 

Die Bevölkerung, welche 1830 erst 2,888,082 Seelen betrug, hat sich bis 1887 etwa verdoppelt; die Zunahme belief sich im Zeitraum 1870-80 auf 9,5 Proz., 1880-87 auf 3,7 Proz. (169,233 Seelen). Die Auswanderung war nach einer plötzlichen Steigerung zu Ende der 60er Jahre (1869: 39,064 Personen) bis 1877 allmählich auf 7610 Personen gesunken, erreichte dann schnell wachsend 1882 die höchste Ziffer mit 50,178 Personen und hat seitdem wieder bedeutend abgenommen (1886: 32,889 Personen). Dem gegenüber ist die Einwanderung unbedeutend, obwohl sie sich im Jahrzehnt 1876-85 von 3212 auf 5792 Personen gehoben hat. Das Ziel der Auswanderer war überwiegend Amerika; Dänemark und Norwegen kommen erst in zweiter Reihe in Betracht. In betreff der Dichtigkeit der Bevölkerung nimmt S. mit 10 Einw. auf 1 qkm unter den Staaten Europas den vorletzten Platz ein. Die größte Dichtigkeit weisen die südlichen und südöstlichen Läns: Malmöhus, Gotenburg-Bohus, Stockholm und Blekinge, die niedrigste die nördlichen Läns: Jemtland, Westerbotten und Norrbotten auf. Nach dem Geschlecht unterschied man 1887: 2,296,311 männliche u. 2,438,590 weibliche Personen, so daß auf 1000 Männer etwa 1062 Frauen (1870 noch 1000: 1067) kamen. Die Zahl der Eheschließungen betrug 1886: 30,133 und ist erheblich geringer als in den Jahren 1873-76. Lebend geboren wurden 1885: 137,308 Kinder, davon 14,294 uneheliche (10,1 Proz.); es starben, abgesehen von 4008 totgebornen Kindern, 82,781 Personen (17,8 auf 1000 Einw.); die Sterblichkeitsziffer ist seit 1875 fast ohne Unterbrechung zurückgegangen. Die große Mehrzahl der Bevölkerung wohnt auf dem Land, nur 17,2 Proz. in Städten, von denen nur eine (Stockholm) mehr als 200,000 Einw., 5 zwischen 20,000 und 100,000 und 11 zwischen 10,000 und 20,000 Einw. haben. S. zählt jetzt 92 Städte außer 20 Flecken (Köpingar). Auf dem Land bildet jedes Härad und jeder Gerichtssprengel, ja jedes Pastorat oder sogar Kirchspiel eine eigne Gemeinde.

 

Nach ihrer Nationalität sind die Einwohner mit wenigen Ausnahmen Schweden (in der Landessprache Svenskar, vormals Svear), die mit den Dänen und Norwegern (Isländern) einen Zweig des germanischen Volksstammes bilden. Die Sprache bietet auch mit denen der angrenzenden Völker so große Ähnlichkeiten, daß sie sich ohne Schwierigkeiten verstehen. Der Schwede hat in der Regel eine hohe, schlanke Gestalt, eine weiße Haut, braunes oder blondes Haar, ausdrucksvolle Gesichtszüge und blaue Augen. Beide Geschlechter zeichnet eine gewisse Leichtigkeit und Grazie in der Bewegung des Körpers aus, und man pflegt die Schweden deshalb wohl die "Franzosen des Nordens" zu nennen. Die Grundzüge des schwedischen Charakters sind nordischer Ernst, Liebe zu Religion, Vaterland, Gesetz und Freiheit, Ehrlichkeit und Uneigennützigkeit, Selbstgefühl, Gastfreundschaft, Mildthätigkeit, schnelle Fassungsgabe und scharfe Urteilskraft. Naturfehler sind Phlegma und Langsamkeit, Neigung zum Genuß geistiger Getränke und Hang zu äußerlichem Prunk. Manches Eigentümliche haben die Dalekarlier (s. Dalarne) bewahrt. Die Wohnungen sind in den verschiedenen Teilen des Landes verschieden, nur in den größten Städten, Stockholm und Gotenburg, fast durchweg von Stein, in den kleinern aber größtenteils von Holz, daher die Feuersbrünste so verheerend wirken; doch sind die Häuser geräumig und bequem. Besonders zeichnen sich die Bauernhöfe in den Landschaften Ångermanland, Medelpad und Helsingland aus, die fast sämtlich großen Herrensitzen gleichen. - Außer den Schweden wohnen auch Finnen an der Grenze von Finnland in Norrbottenlän sowie in einigen innern waldigen Gebirgsgegenden des mittlern S. (1880 im ganzen 16,976). Die Lappen wohnen jetzt eigentlich nur in Lappland und vereinzelt in den übrigen Teilen von Norrland (1880: 6404). Die Anzahl der in S. befindlichen Israeliten ist sehr gering (1880: 2993). Auch haben sich eingewanderte Fremde im Land niedergelassen, doch sie verschmelzen meist bald mit den Schweden. 1880 zählte man 18,587 Personen, die im Ausland geboren waren, vornehmlich Dänen, Norweger, Finnen und Deutsche.

 

Die herrschende und Staatsreligion ist die evangelisch-lutherische; doch besteht jetzt völlige Religionsfreiheit, und jedem ist die freie Ausübung seines Religionsbekenntnisses gestattet. Außer den schon erwähnten Israeliten waren indessen 1880 nur wenig Bekenner fremder christlicher Konfessionen vorhanden, nämlich 245 Reformierte, 810 Römisch-, 17 Griechisch-katholische, 14,627 Baptisten, 1591 Methodisten und 414 Mormonen. Die Landeskirche hat Bischöfe, an deren Spitze der Erzbischof von Upsala als Primas des Reichs steht. Die zwölf Bischofsprengel oder Stifter sind: Upsala, Linköping, Skara, Strengnäs, Westerås, Wexiö, Lund, Gotenburg, Kalmar, Karlstad, Hernösand und Wisby. Jedes Stift hat einen Bischof und ein geistliches Konsistorium oder Domkapitel (außerdem sind in Stockholm noch ein Hof- u. ein Stadtkonsistorium, beide unter dem Erzbischof zu Upsala stehend). Mehrere Pastorate bilden eine Propstei, deren es 180 gibt.

 

[Unterricht.] Das schwedische Volk ist ein sehr gebildetes und nimmt in dieser Beziehung einen hohen Rang ein. In allen Fächern des Wissens haben Schweden sich ausgezeichnet, und selbst in den menschenärmsten Gegenden des Landes gibt es unter 100 kaum einen, der nicht lesen und schreiben kann. Im allgemeinen ist für den höhern und niedern Unterricht sehr gut gesorgt. Für den Volksunterricht sowohl in den Städten als auch auf dem Land sorgen die Volksschulen, deren jedes Kirchspiel nach dem Gesetz vom 13. Juni 1842 wenigstens eine, womöglich feste Volksschule haben soll. In den Gegenden mit besonders dünner und armer Bevölkerung ist es gestattet, statt der festen eine fliegende (flyttande) Schule zu errichten. 1885 gab es 12 höhere, 3455 feste und 831 fliegende Volksschulen, 1103 Notschulen (mindre skolor) und 4626 Kleinschulen (småskolor), welch letztere zur Volksschule vorbereiten; ferner zählte man 25 Volkshochschulen (Fortbildungsschulen). Für die Bildung der Volksschullehrer bestehen 7, für Lehrerinnen 5 Seminare. Die höhern Lehranstalten (gemeinhin Elementarschulen genannt) sind eine Vereinigung von Gymnasium und Realschule und zerfallen meist in eine klassische und eine realistische Abteilung; neuerdings sucht man jedoch die höhern Schulen nach deutschem Muster zu reorganisieren. Unter den 78 höhern Schulen sind 34 vollständig (mit 7 Klassen und neunjährigem Kursus), 24 haben 5 Klassen und 20 drei Klassen; außerdem bestehen noch 18 Pädagogien mit 1-2 Klassen. Es gibt zwei Universitäten: Upsala (seit 1477) und Lund (seit 1668), außerdem in Stockholm das Karolinische Institut (für höhere medizinische Bildung). Es gibt ferner: 9 Navigationsschulen, eine Kriegsakademie und eine höhere Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule, eine Kriegs- und eine Marineschule, eine höhere Bergschule in Philipstad, ein Forstinstitut, eine landwirtschaftliche Akademie, 2 höhere landwirtschaftliche Institute, landwirtschaftliche Schulen (je eine in jedem Län), 2 Tierarzneischulen, eine technische Hochschule (in Stockholm), die Chalmersche Gewerbeschule in Gotenburg sowie technische und Gewerbeschulen (in mehreren Städten). Bibliotheken finden sich bei den beiden Universitäten, in Stockholm und bei den höhern Schulen; jetzt gibt es auch überall Kirchspielsbibliotheken. Für Taubstumme und Blinde gibt es je ein Institut und 13 Erziehungsanstalten, ferner 3 Lehranstalten für Taubstumme.

 

Ackerbau und Viehzucht.

 

Die Hauptnahrungsquelle der Bevölkerung bildet der Ackerbau, mit welchem sich drei Viertel derselben beschäftigen. Doch nur die milden Thon- und Kalkschiefer der Silurformation bieten eine ausreichende Erdkrume, um die Beackerung zu lohnen, während die schwer verwitternden Granitflächen, aus denen der größte Teil Schwedens besteht, mit Wald bedeckt sind. 1884 entfielen 7,4 Proz. des Areals auf Ackerland und Gärten, 4,8 Proz. auf natürliche Wiesen und 43,6 Proz. auf die Waldungen. Das Waldland überwiegt weitaus in den nördlich vom 61. Breitengrad liegenden Läns, von denen Westernorrland neben 73,9 Proz. Wald nur 7,4 Proz. Kulturland zählt, und selbst im fruchtbarsten Teil von Swealand, im Län Upsala, finden sich neben 55,5 Proz. Wald nur 35,4 Proz. Acker und Wiesen. Im südlichen S. erscheinen nur die Läns Skaraborg und Christianstad mit 39,4, resp. 39,6 Proz. Kulturland für die Landwirtschaft günstiger, während das Län Malmöhus, dessen Kulturland man auf 72 Proz. des Areals schätzt, völlig isoliert dasteht. Die Größe der Güter wird in S. nach Hufen (mantal, hemman) bestimmt; doch ist dieser Ausdruck ein sehr ungenauer, indem das Areal einer Hufe sowohl in den verschiedenen Teilen des Landes als auch in einem und demselben Län außerordentlich verschieden ist. Die Gesamtzahl der Hufen betrug 1884: 67,659. Diese Hufen haben nach den darauf lastenden Abgaben eine verschiedene Natur und demnach auch verschiedenen Wert. Die kleinere Zahl, aber die größten Güter, nämlich die ursprünglich adligen (frälsehemman), umfassend, ist von vielen Lasten befreit, die auf den übrigen ruhen, welche man unter den Benennungen "Steuerhufen" (skattehemman) und "Kronenhufen" (kronohemman) zusammenfaßt, obgleich noch viele andre Benennungen und Unterabteilungen vorkommen. 1884 gab es 5597 Kronohemman, 39,467 Skattehemman und 21,695 Frälsehemman. 1880 zählte man in S. 163 Fideikommisse mit einem Areal von 3099 Mantals zu einem Taxwert von 103½ Mill. Kronen (die wertvollsten in den Läns Malmöhus, Södermanland und Christianstad). Der Ackerbau hat im Lauf des 19. Jahrh. so große Fortschritte gemacht, daß S., welches 1764 nicht weniger als 660,000 Ton. Getreide einführte, seit 1820 keiner Getreideeinfuhr bedurfte, ja seit dieser Zeit in einer steigenden Progression Getreide ausgeführt hat (seit 1854 jährlich über 1½ Mill. Ton. nach Abzug des Getreideimports), und jetzt ist Getreide der wichtigste und wertvollste von allen schwedischen Ausfuhrartikeln. In Götarike (mit alleiniger Ausnahme des Elfsborgläns) erzeugen die sämtlichen Läns wenigstens das zum eignen Bedarf erforderliche Getreide, die meisten aber noch zur Ausfuhr; ebenso bedürfen in Svearike nur Dalarne und Wermland der Zufuhr; die übrigen fünf Läns haben Überfluß, ja sogar in Norrland erntet man in guten Jahren seinen Bedarf selbst. Was den Umfang der zur Landwirtschaft benutzten Oberfläche des Landes betrifft, so ward das Areal 1884 auf 6,077,086 Tonnenland Acker, 66,820 Tonnenland Gärten und 3,937,982 Tonnenland natürliche Wiesen angegeben. Der Wert des sämtlichen Landbesitzes ward 1886 auf 2241 Mill. Kr., der des übrigen versteuerten liegenden Besitzes auf 1233 Mill. Kr., der aller steuerfreien, dem Staate, den Kommunen etc. gehörenden Besitzungen auf 323 Mill. Kr. berechnet. Am weitesten nach N. verbreitet ist die Kultur der Gerste, welche noch jenseit des 70.° in vertikaler Höhe bis 800 m unterhalb der Schneegrenze stattfindet und in den fünf nördlichen Läns das Hauptprodukt des Landbaues ist. Hafer wird in den drei nördlichsten Läns nur sehr wenig angebaut; die größten Quantitäten liefern Skaraborg-, Wermland-, Elfsborg- und Malmöhuslän. Hafer ist Hauptexportartikel und geht besonders nach England. Roggen, das Brotkorn des Volkes und daher in geringerm Maß Gegenstand des Exports, wird in allen Läns angebaut, doch weniger stark in den 5 nördlichen und im Län Gotenburg als in den übrigen 18; die größten Quantitäten liefern die Läns Ostgotland, Malmöhus, Kalmar, Skaraborg, Christianstad, Upsala, Södermanland und Westmanland. Weizen wird in den Läns Norrbotten und Jemtland fast gar nicht, in den vier übrigen nördlichsten Läns sowie in Kronoberg-, Jönköping-, Blekinge-, Halland- und Elfsborglän nur wenig, in den übrigen aber ziemlich stark angebaut. Beinahe ebenso verhält es sich mit Erbsen und Bohnen, von denen Malmöhuslän und demnächst Gotenburglän die größten Quantitäten erzeugen. Überall gedeiht die Kartoffel, und die allgemein gewordene Kultur dieses Knollengewächses läßt so leicht keine Hungersnot mehr eintreten. Der Ertrag der Ernte für 1887 wurde folgendermaßen angegeben: 1,423,853 hl Weizen, 7,894,495 hl Roggen, 5,342,553 hl Gerste, 19,912,779 hl Hafer, 2,856,351 hl Mengkorn, 612,247 hl Erbsen, 77,228 hl Bohnen, 253,535 hl Wicken, 21,507,134 hl Kartoffeln. Gesamtgewicht und Wert der Halm- und Hülsenfrüchte wurden 1887 auf 2293 Mill. kg und 195 Mill. Mk. geschätzt. Fast überall, jedoch weniger im N., werden auch noch andre Wurzelgewächse (Runkelrüben, Rüben etc.) angebaut, deren Ertrag auf mehr als 1 Mill. Ton. angegeben wird. In einigen Läns, besonders Gefleborg, Kronoberg und Jönköping, baut man auch ziemlich viel Flachs und Hanf; doch reichen die Ernten ebensowenig wie die des Tabaks, Hopfens, Kümmels etc. zur Befriedigung des Bedürfnisses hin. Die Wiesenkultur hat erst in der neuern Zeit angefangen sich zu heben, ist aber immer noch zurück, obgleich wenigstens in der südlichen Hälfte des Landes der Erzeugung guter Futterkräuter große Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Am meisten vernachlässigt ist der Obstbau und die Kultur der Gartengewächse, obgleich im südlichen S., ja an günstigen Örtlichkeiten bis über den 64.° hinaus, vortreffliches Obst, besonders Äpfel sowie auch Stachel- und Johannisbeeren, und feinere Gemüse gut gedeihen und auch in den Gärten der Städte und der Herrensitze erzielt werden. Erheblicher für den Haushalt sind die reichen Ernten an wilden Beeren (Erd-, Heidel-, Preißel-, Multe-, Himbeeren u. a.), welche die Wälder und Gebirge selbst in den nördlichsten Gegenden im größten Überfluß erzeugen.

 

Die Viehzucht ist lange vernachlässigt worden und hat nicht den Ertrag geliefert, den sie bei der relativ großen Zahl der Haustiere im Vergleich zu andern Ländern hätte liefern können. Doch hat ein großer Fortschritt stattgefunden, obschon S. noch fortwährend alljährlich bedeutende Quantitäten dahin gehöriger Produkte aus dem Ausland bezieht. Die Viehzucht wird jetzt durchgängig nach rationellern Grundsätzen betrieben durch bessere Pflege und Veredelung der Rassen, durch zweckmäßigere Benutzung der Produkte (z. B. bessere Bereitung der Butter und des Käses), wozu die Regierung die Hand bietet, indem 3 Stutereien, 2 Meiereischulen, Stammholländereien und Stammschäfereien eingerichtet sind und Meieristen im Land umherreisen, um den nötigen Unterricht zu erteilen, etc. Die schwedischen Pferde- und Rinderrassen sind klein, aber kräftig, die Schafe liefern im allgemeinen nur grobe Wolle; doch gibt es auch schon veredelte Schafe, obgleich die klimatischen Verhältnisse der Schafveredelung große Schwierigkeiten in den Weg legen. Federvieh wird nicht viel gehalten; die Bienenzucht ist erst in neuerer Zeit in den südlichern Landschaften ein Gegenstand der Aufmerksamkeit geworden. Für die Lappen im N. bieten die Renntiere (vielleicht gegen 100,000 Stück) den ganzen Reichtum; bei ihnen werden außer diesen keine andern Haustiere unterhalten als die zur Bewachung der Herden notwendigen Hunde. 1884 zählte man im ganzen: 476,008 Pferde, 2,347,003 Stück Hornvieh, 1,410,177 Schafe, 101,496 Ziegen und 476,889 Schweine.

 

Forstwirtschaft, Jagd, Fischerei.

 

Von ganz besonderer Wichtigkeit sind die Waldungen, welche 181,000 qkm des Landes bedecken; davon liegen 104,000 qkm in Norrland. Aber auch in den Läns des mittlern S. nimmt das Waldland, außer in Kopparberg und Södermanland, mehr als die Hälfte des Areals ein, während im Süden nur die Läns Ostgotland und Kalmar dies Verhältnis zeigen. Ungefähr 20 Proz. sind Kronparke oder gehören den Kommunen etc., während 80 Proz. in Privatbesitz sind. Doch ist seit alter Zeit die Krone im ausschließlichen Besitz der Eichenwaldungen, wenn sie auch auf privatem Boden gewachsen sind. Die Bewirtschaftung der Privatwälder ist bis jetzt gänzlich frei, während die übrigen unter der Aufsicht der Forstdirektion (skogsstyrelsen) stehen. Fichten, Tannen und Birken, untermischt mit Erlen und Eschen, sind die am meisten und überall vorkommenden Waldbäume; in der südlichen Hälfte, doch wenig über den 60.° hinaus, sind auch Eichen sowie in Schonen und Blekinge Buchen allgemein. Was die vertikale Grenze der Bäume betrifft, so verschwindet die Tanne 1040 m, die Fichte 910 m, die Birke 594 m unterhalb der Grenze des ewigen Schnees; noch 130 m höher hinauf gehen einige Büsche (darunter die Zwergbirke), Moose und Flechten (Renntiermoos). Die Wälder liefern den größten Teil des den Berg- und Hüttenwerken nötigen Brennmaterials. Die Abtreibung der schwedischen Wälder kann alljährlich auf 30 Mill. cbm angeschlagen werden, wovon ca. 2½ Mill. cbm exportiert werden. Über die Hälfte der von S. ausgeführten Holzwaren geht nach England, das übrige nach Frankreich, Belgien, Spanien, Dänemark und Deutschland. Die "Pitprops" (Stützen, welche in den Gruben angewandt werden) gehen fast ausschließlich nach England, nur ausnahmsweise nach Frankreich. Für den Transport des Holzes vom Innern des Landes nach der Küste zu werden noch vorzugsweise die Flüsse benutzt, insbesondere die, welche nach dem Bottnischen Busen strömen, an dem auch die wichtigsten Exporthäfen gelegen sind. Daneben werden jedoch auch die Eisenbahnen benutzt. 1887 betrug die Ausfuhr 260,000 cbm Balken und Sparren, 47,082 Standards (à 120 Stück) holländische Balken, 128,085 Standards Grubenstützen, 492,866 Standards Planken und Latten, 209,196 Standards Bretter, 35,379 Standards gehobelte Bretter, 250,000 cbm Holzenden. Die Wälder haben erst in der neuesten Zeit durch die hohen Preise ihrer Produkte Wert erhalten, doch sind große Strecken, besonders in den westlichen Läns des südlichen S., entwaldet, und an neuen Anpflanzungen fehlt es vollständig. Selbst in Gegenden, wo das Waldland den größten Teil des Bodens bedeckt, nimmt der Holzreichtum von Jahr zu Jahr ab, und die Holzausfuhr mindert sich in erschrecklicher Weise.

 

Die Jagd, überall frei und früher ergiebig, ist jetzt von sehr untergeordneter Bedeutung; doch werden in den waldreichern Gegenden des Innern, besonders im N., immer noch Auer-, Birk-, Hasel- und Schneehühner sowie auch Hasen (die im Winter weiß sind) in ziemlicher Anzahl erlegt. An den Küsten lohnt sich die Jagd auf Seevögel sowie der Robbenschlag. Die Raubtiere sind durch die unablässige Verfolgung in bedeutender Abnahme begriffen; doch wurden 1886 noch für 31 als erlegt angemeldete Bären, 23 Wölfe, 16 Luchse und 85 Vielfraße Prämien ausgezahlt. Ferner wurden 16,415 Füchse und 18,641 Raubvögel (Adler, Uhus, Habichte) erlegt. Auch Biber sind noch vorhanden, aber sehr in Abnahme. Das Hochwild (Hirsche, Rehe und Elentiere) ist sehr selten. Von Vögeln sind beinahe alle Arten vorhanden, die in Deutschland vorkommen; doch ist die Zahl der Individuen bei weitem geringer, und die schwedischen Wälder sind daher weniger belebt. Nur im äußersten Süden läßt die Nachtigall ihre Stimme hören; weiter nördlich ist die Singdrossel (Turdus musicus) und in Lappland die nordische Nachtigall (Motacilla suecica) der vornehmste Singvogel. In neuerer Zeit, da S. mehr Kulturland darbietet, verbreiten sich auch Vögel, welche früher nicht vorhanden waren, weiter gegen N.; so z. B. geht jetzt die Wachtel bis zur Südgrenze von Norrland hinauf.

 

Ein wichtiger Erwerbszweig ist die Fischerei, vornehmlich in den Landschaften Blekinge und Schonen und auf der Insel Gotland. Hier gibt es ganze Dörfer, welche ausschließlich von Seefischerei leben, während an den Küsten des mittlern und nördlichen S. die Fischerei nur von Bauern und den Bewohnern der Küstenstädte betrieben wird. An der Ostseeküste, von Kalmar bis Haparanda, beschäftigen sich 3275 Fahrzeuge mit dem Heringsfang, welcher hier jährlich 66,500 Ton. gesalzene Fische abwirft; in den südlichen Läns ist der Ertrag noch größer (insgesamt 150,000 T.), zumal sich seit 1877 der gemeine Hering und die Sprotte auch an den Küsten von Westschweden wieder gezeigt haben. Außerdem sind von Bedeutung der Lachsfang auf offener See, an den südlichen Küsten und in den Flüssen. Von geringerer Ausdehnung ist die Fischerei auf Dorsche, Flundern, Aale und Makrelen. Von Bohuslän aus wird im Kattegat und an der Westküste Norwegens eine bedeutende Fischerei auf Kabeljaus und Frischfische betrieben, dagegen hat der Hummerfang dort sehr abgenommen. Wegen ihres geringen Salzgehalts haben die Küstengewässer eine Menge der sonst nur in Landseen heimischen Fische. Vgl. Yhlen, Die Seefischerei an der Westküste Schwedens (Gotenb. 1880); Smitt, The Swedish Fisheries (Lond. 1883).

 

Bergbau und Industrie.

 

Der Bergbau, besonders auf Eisen, demnächst auf Kupfer und auch andre Produkte des Mineralreichs, gehört zu den wichtigsten Nahrungsquellen in S. Vortreffliches Eisenerz wird mit wenigen Ausnahmen überall von Lappland bis Schonen angetroffen. Durch Wermland, Dalarne, Nerike, Westmanland und Upland breiten sich die vornehmsten Eisenerzlager aus, von denen sich die vorzüglichsten, z. B. Dannemora, Bispberget u. a., in dem im Gebiet der Gneisformation vorkommenden Hornstein finden. Außerdem erheben sich in S. ganze Berge von Eisenerz, z. B. der Taberg am Südende des Wettersees, eine von magnetischem Eisenerz geschwängerte Serpentinmasse, und in den Lappmarken (wo überhaupt eine große Menge noch gar nicht genau erforschter reicher Lager von Eisen-, Kupfer-, Silbererz etc. vorhanden ist) unter 67° nördl. Br. der Gellivara (s. d.), 5 km lang, 4 km breit, 580 m hoch, durchweg aus reinem magnetischen Eisenstein von 60-75 Proz. Metallgehalt von vorzüglicher Güte bestehend. Das Erz aus andern lappländischen Gruben läßt sich leichter über Norwegen an die See schaffen. Sogar die schwedischen Gewässer sind mit Eisen imprägniert, und es werden besonders in Småland, Dalarne, Helsingland, Wermland und Herjeådalen ansehnliche Quantitäten von Sumpfeisen gewonnen (21,900 Doppelztr.). 1885 wurden in ganz S. in 966 Gruben 871,000 Ton. Eisenerze gebrochen. In 179 Hochöfen gewann man 460,000 T. Roheisen sowie 41,820 Doppelztr. Gußeisen und in 62 Gießereien außerdem 173,150 Doppelztr. Gußeisen. In 226 Werken wurden 266,500 T. Stabeisen bereitet; an Stahl, Platten, Nägeln und verschiedenem Manufaktureisen wurden in 146 Werken 427,000 Doppelztr. produziert. Eisen und Stahl bilden auch einen der wertvollsten Ausfuhrartikel. Vgl. Ehrenwerth, Das Eisenhüttenwesen Schwedens (Leipz. 1885). Von Kupfer wurden in 8 Werken 6267 Doppelztr. Garkupfer gewonnen (davon das meiste bei Atvidaberg in Ostgotland, weniger in Falun). Die Silberproduktion ist jetzt nur unbedeutend (1885: 2326 kg), sie findet meistens bei Sala statt. Außerdem wurden 1885 gewonnen: 328 kg gereinigtes Kobalterz, 3356 Doppelztr. Messing, 558 Doppelztr. Nickelstein, 116 Doppelztr. Nickelkupfer, 4373 Doppelztr. Eisenvitriol und 486,000 Doppelztr. Zinkerz, endlich Marmor (besonders auf Kolmården) im Wert von 11,766 Kr. Steinkohlen werden in Schonen (bei Höganäs seit 1794) gewonnen und finden sich da in großer Ausdehnung; 1885 betrug die gesamte Ausbeute 2,162,000 hl. Die in vielen Gegenden über 9 Proz. des Areals bedeckenden Torfmoore werden erst neuerdings in Schonen, um das immer seltener werdende Holz zu ersetzen, in größerm Umfang ausgebeutet.

 

Die schwedische Industrie hat sich in den letzten Dezennien außerordentlich kräftig entwickelt. 1884 betrug die Zahl der Fabriken aller Art 2924, der Gesamtwert ihrer Produktion 191 1/3 Mill. Kr. Davon kamen auf Stockholm 20 Proz., auf Gotenburg (Stadt und Län) 20 Proz., auf Norrköping und Ostgotland 16,3 Proz. Früher waren die Wollfabriken und demnächst die Seidenfabriken die wichtigsten; späterhin schlossen sich ihnen die Baumwollfabriken (nebst Spinnereien) und die Kattundruckereien an, von denen erstere sich dermaßen entwickelt haben, daß sie 1860-62 jährlich Fabrikate zu einem Wert von über 19 Mill. Kr. lieferten. Doch schon 1863 sank der Wert derselben auf 5½ Mill. herab, hob sich dann 1864 wieder auf 7 Mill. und betrug 1884: 12,2 Mill. für die Spinnereien und 12,7 Mill. Kr. für die Baumwollfabriken. Hinsichtlich des Wertes ihrer Fabrikate gehörten 1884 zu den wichtigsten Industrieetablissements: 9 Zuckerraffinerien (19,3 Mill. Kr.), 46 Tuchfabriken (besonders in Norrköping), deren Produktion 11,1 Mill. Kr. betrug, 222 Gießereien und mechanische Werkstätten (30,8 Mill. Kr.), 104 Tabaksfabriken (10,9 Mill. Kr.), 657 Lederfabriken (5,2 Mill. Kr.), 36 Papierfabriken (8 Mill. Kr.), 34 Zündhölzerfabriken (9 Mill. Kr.). S. hat ferner 2 Porzellanfabriken (2,5 Mill. Kr.) und 2 Seidenfabriken (693,000 Kr.). Noch sind die Branntweinbrennereien hervorzuheben, deren Zahl 1885/86: 197 betrug, und die seit der durchgreifenden Veränderung in der Besteuerung des Branntweins 1855 nächst den Zöllen die reichste Einkünftequelle für den Staat geworden sind, indem sie einen Reinertrag von 13 Mill. Kr. geben. Die jährliche Produktion beträgt ungefähr 40 Mill. Lit. Der Branntwein wird vorzugsweise aus Korn und Kartoffeln zubereitet. Die Zahl der Besitzer sämtlicher Fabriken (mit Einschluß der Aktiengesellschaften) betrug 1884: 2796, die Zahl der Fabrikarbeiter 71,317 (darunter 18,631 Frauenzimmer). Der Hausfleiß ist im ganzen nicht unbedeutend, und besonders thun sich gewisse Gegenden in dieser Hinsicht vor andern vorteilhaft hervor, so z. B. die Landschaft Angermanland durch ihre weiße Leinwand, deren Fabrikation vom Staate durch Prämien ermuntert wird. Gröbere Leinwand wird in andern angrenzenden norrländischen Landschaften verfertigt. Im ganzen ist jedoch diese häusliche Industrie im Abnehmen begriffen. In Elfsborglän wird großartige Baumwollweberei als Hausindustrie betrieben, deren Ertragswert man zu 6-8 Mill. Kronen veranschlagt.

 

Handel und Verkehr.

 

Von sehr großer Wichtigkeit ist der Handel, welcher 1850 von 11,000, 1864 von 15,528, 1884 von 20,954 Personen betrieben wurde. Der Handel zerfällt in den inländischen und den ausländischen, da der Transithandel wegen der Lage des Landes nicht bedeutend sein kann. Der innere Verkehr wird befördert durch eine lange Küste, schiffbare Landseen, Flüsse, Kanäle, Landstraßen und Eisenbahnen. Die Küste bietet überall in den Schären die vortrefflichsten Häfen dar. Von den Landseen des Innern werden viele mit Dampfschiffen befahren, stehen auch mit Landstraßen und Eisenbahnen in Verbindung. Die Landstraßen sind chausseeartig angelegt und werden auch gut unterhalten; die Gesamtlänge derselben betrug 1880: 60,630 km. An denselben waren 1488 Stationen, in denen Reisende Bewirtung, Obdach und Pferde erhalten können; jährlich werden auch bei denselben ungefähr 1,9 Mill. Pferde geliefert, denn das Reisen mit Skjuts (spr. schuß), wie man diese Einrichtung nennt, ist bequem und nicht teuer. Die Eisenbahnen bilden im südlichen Teil bereits ein zusammenhängendes Netz und teilen sich in Stammbahnen und Privatbahnen, jene vom Staate, diese von Privatpersonen oder Kommunen, großenteils aber mit Unterstützung des Staats, angelegt und unterhalten. 1887 standen im Betrieb 7388 km Eisenbahnen (davon 4892 km Privatbahnen). Die größten Staatsbahnlinien sind: die Westbahn (Stockholm-Gotenburg, 456 km), die Nordbahn (Stockholm-Ange, 484 km), die Südbahn (Falköping-Malmö, 380 km), die Nordwestbahn (Laxå bis zur norwegischen Grenze in der Richtung auf Kongsvinger, 210 km), die Ostbahn (Katrineholm-Nässjö, 216 km) und die Linie Sundsvall-Torpshammar-Storlien (363 km). Unter den Privatbahnen ist am ausgedehntesten die Linie Falun-Kil-Gotenburg (486 km). Die Länge der Staatstelegraphenlinien betrug 1887: 8345 km (davon 100 km unterseeische Kabel), die der Drähte 21,304 km. Der Handel mit dem Ausland wird, außer zu Land mit Norwegen und Finnland, vorzugsweise von den 37 Stapelstädten betrieben, welche außer Jönköping (am Wettersee), Karlstad, Karlshamm und Wenersborg (am Wenersee) am Meer liegen, und in denen es Zollstationen gibt; doch besitzen auch andre See- und Landstädte, Flecken, ja das platte Land Schiffe, die daran teilnehmen. Die schwedische Kauffahrteiflotte zählte 1887: 3967 Schiffe mit 507,573 Ton. Gehalt (darunter 2128 Küstenfahrer mit 101,510 T.). Die Zahl der Dampfer ist seit 1871-87 von 419 auf 922 von 117,732 T. gestiegen. Der ausländische Handel erstreckt sich über die ganze Erde und hat sich besonders in der neuesten Zeit sehr gehoben, wozu die ermäßigten Zollsätze nicht wenig beigetragen haben. Die Haupteinfuhrartikel sind: Manufakturwaren von Gespinsten (1886: 50 Mill. Kr.), Gespinste (19,9 Mill.), Kolonialwaren (45,7 Mill.), Getreide und Mehl (30,8 Mill.), Mineralien (24,2 Mill.), verarbeitete Metalle (13,3 Mill.), Haare und Häute (12,3 Mill.), Fahrzeuge und Maschinen (11,9 Mill.), Pflanzenstoffe (7,5 Mill. Kr.). Zur Ausfuhr gelangen vornehmlich Holz und Holzwaren (92,1 Mill. Kr.), unverarbeitete Metalle (32,1 Mill.), Getreide und Mehl (30 Mill.), tierische Nahrungsmittel (27,4 Mill.), Papier (12,3 Mill.), lebende Tiere (6,6 Mill. Kr.). Der Wert der Einfuhr betrug 1886: 301,37 Mill., der der Ausfuhr 228,4 Mill. Kr. Aus- und Einfuhr verteilte sich auf die Hauptverkehrsländer wie folgt (in Tausenden Kronen):

 

StaatenEinfuhrAusfuhr

 

1885188618851886

 

Großbritannien8465077281121796110934

 

Dänemark50470444923085625743

 

Deutsches Reich100718922861912220797

 

Rußland und Finnland377132643473867686

 

Frankreich815667612447920857

 

Norwegen23736228231031111461

 

Belgien9964908789187330

 

Niederlande6748607290049260

 

Vereinigte Staaten864486828222634

 

Der Rest kam auf Spanien und Portugal, Brasilien, die Argentinische Republik, Westindien etc. Die Zahl der in die schwedischen Häfen vom Ausland eingelaufenen beladenen Fahrzeuge betrug 1886: 10,783 mit 2,184,814 Ton. (darunter 6222 schwedische mit 1,118,377 T.), die der ausgelaufenen 15,769 mit 3,304,751 T. (darunter 8351 schwedische mit 1,289,886 T.). Die wichtigste Handelsstadt ist seit langer Zeit Stockholm, die zweite Gotenburg. An Bankinstituten bestehen die Reichsbank in Stockholm, 27 andre Notenbanken und 16 Kreditaktiengesellschaften, ferner eine allgemeine Hypothekenbank und mehrere städtische und ländliche Hypothekenvereine. Die Zahl der Sparkassen betrug 1884: 383 mit 209¼ Mill. Kr. Einlagen. 1884 empfingen 4,8 Proz. der Bevölkerung Armenunterstützung. Im Münzwesen ist seit 1858 in S. das Dezimalsystem eingeführt. Man rechnet nach Kronen, die in 100 Öre geteilt werden; 1 Krone = 1 Mark 12½ Pfennig. Die Krone entspricht dem frühern Riksdaler. Seit 1873 hat S. den Goldfuß angenommen. Auch in Beziehung auf Maß und Gewicht steht die Einführung des französischen metrischen Systems bevor. Bis jetzt ist Längeneinheit der Fuß (fot), geteilt in 10 Zoll (tum) und 100 Linien = 0,2969 m. 10 Fuß = 1 Stång (Rute), 10 Stånger = 1 Ref (Schnur). Alte Maße sind die Elle (aln) à 2 Fuß, der Faden (famn) à 6 Fuß. Als Wegmaß ist die Meile à 360 Ref beibehalten worden; davon gehen 10,378 auf einen Grad des Äquators, folglich 1 schwedische Meile = 10,6886 km. Flächenmaß ist der Quadratfuß, für Güter Quadratref à 10,000 QFuß = 8,815 Ar, und Tonnenland (tunland) à 14,000 QEllen, eingeteilt in 32 Kappland = 49,366 Ar. Im großen rechnet man nach QMeilen, 1 schwedische QMeile = 114,247 qkm. Die Einheit des Hohlmaßes ist der Kubikfuß, geteilt in 10 Kannen à 100 Kubikzoll; 1 Kubikfuß = 26,172 Lit. = 0,02617 cbm, nasse Waren maß man längst nach Kannen, ganz gleich den jetzigen an Inhalt, eingeteilt in 2 Stop, 8 Quarter und 32 Jumfrur; 15 Kannen = 1 Anker, 60 = 1 Am, 90 = 1 Oxhufvud. Einheit des Gewichts ist das Pfund (skålpund), geteilt in 100 Ort à 100 Korn; 100 Pfd. - 1 Ztr. und 100 Ztr. = 1 Nyläst; 1 Pfd. = 0,425 kg. Die frühern Benennungen: Lispund (20 Pfd.), Skeppund (20 Lispund) und Skeppläst (à 14 Skeppund 8 Lispund) kommen im gemeinen Leben auch noch vor.

 

Staatsverfassung und -Verwaltung.

 

S. ist eine durch den Reichstag beschränkte selbständige Erbmonarchie, welche von einem König nach den Reichsgrundgesetzen regiert wird. Diese Grundgesetze sind: 1) die Regierungsform vom 6. Juni 1809; 2) die Reichstagsordnung vom 22. Juni 1866 (abgeändert 20. März 1876); 3) das Erbfolgegesetz vom 26. Sept. 1810 (nach welchem den männlichen Deszendenten Karls XIV. Johann die Thronfolge zugesichert ist; nach dem Aussterben seines Hauses tritt das Wahlrecht der Volksrepräsentation wieder ein) und 4) die Preßfreiheitsordnung vom 6. Juni 1812. Hierzu kann noch 5) die Reichsakte von 1815 gezählt werden, welche die unionellen Verhältnisse zwischen S. und Norwegen bestimmt. Die Volljährigkeit des Königs tritt mit dem zurückgelegten 18. Jahr ein. Der König, jetzt Oskar II. Frederik (geb. 21. Jan. 1829, seit 18. Sept. 1872 Regent), muß sich zur lutherischen Religion bekennen, befehligt Land- und Seemacht, schließt Bündnisse und Frieden und übt das Begnadigungsrecht aus. Die von ihm ausgehenden Befehle müssen von dem vortragenden Mitglied des Staatsrats mit unterzeichnet sein. Die Zivilliste des Königs (1888: 1,338,000 Kr.) sowie die der übrigen zum königlichen Haus gehörenden Personen wird von dem Reichstag bestimmt. Der König residiert in dem Residenzschloß zu Stockholm. Lustschlösser sind: Drottningholm, Svartsjö, Ulriksdal, Haga, Rosersberg, Strömsholm, Gripsholm, Tullgarn, Bäckaskog und im Tiergarten bei Stockholm Rosendal. Die Volksrepräsentation bildet der Reichstag. Derselbe besteht aus zwei Kammern mit gleicher Machtvollkommenheit in allen Fragen. Der ordentliche Reichstag tritt alljährlich 15. Jan. zusammen und dauert je vier Monate. Die Mitglieder der Ersten Kammer, welche keine Diäten erhalten, werden gewählt von den Landstingen und den Bevollmächtigten der größern Städte (je ein Mitglied auf 30,000 Seelen). Zu dieser Kammer, deren Mitglieder auf neun Jahre gewählt werden, ist nur wählbar, wer 35 Jahre alt ist und seit wenigstens drei Jahren Grundstücke besessen hat, deren Taxwert mindestens 80,000 Kr. beträgt, oder während dieser Zeit für ein jährliches Einkommen von wenigstens 4000 Kr. an den Staat gesteuert hat. Die Anzahl der Mitglieder ist jetzt 139. Zur Zweiten Kammer wird für jeden Gerichtssprengel ein Bevollmächtigter gewählt; hat der Sprengel aber 40,000 Einw. oder darüber, so wird er in zwei Wahlkreise geteilt, von denen jeder einen Bevollmächtigten wählt; jede Stadt, die 10,000 Einw. oder darüber hat, wählt für jede 10,000 einen Bevollmächtigten; die übrigen Städte aber werden in besondere Wahlkreise von 6-12,000 Einw. geordnet. Die Zahl der Mitglieder beträgt jetzt 206. Aktives Wahlrecht kommt in der Kommune jedem Mann zu, der in den allgemeinen Angelegenheiten der Kommune stimmberechtigt ist und Grundstücke zu einem Taxwert von wenigstens 1000 Kr. besitzt, oder der für seine Lebenszeit oder wenigstens auf fünf Jahre ein Grundstück pachtet, dessen Taxwert nicht unter 6000 Kr. ist, oder der für ein jährliches Einkommen von wenigstens 800 Kr. an den Staat steuert. Die Wahlen, welche im September jedes dritten Jahrs vollständig erneuert werden, geschehen auf dem Lande durch Elektoren, von denen 1000 einen wählen, in den Städten aber, die einen Bevollmächtigten oder mehrere zu dieser Kammer zu wählen haben, unmittelbar durch die Wahlberechtigten; doch dürfen auch die Kommunen, welche gemeinschaftlich einen Bevollmächtigten zu wählen haben, die unmittelbare Wahlart anwenden, wenn sie solches mit Stimmenmehrheit beschließen. Wählbar ist jeder unbescholtene Mann, der wenigstens 25 Jahre alt ist und ein Jahr in der Kommune Stimmrecht besessen hat und noch besitzt. Jedes Mitglied dieser Zweiten Kammer erhält für jeden Reichstag (von vier Monaten) 1200 Kr. Diäten. Was beide Kammern übereinstimmend beschließen, wird als Reichstagsbeschluß dem König zur Sanktion vorgelegt und erhält Gesetzeskraft, wenn der König es annimmt. Jede Frage, über welche beide Kammern sich nicht einigen, fällt für den bestehenden Reichstag aus, mit Ausnahme solcher, welche Staatsausgaben oder Bewilligungen oder die Verwaltung, die Einnahmen und Ausgaben der Bank und des Reichsschuldenkontors betreffen. In diesen Fällen stimmt jede Kammer über die gefaßten verschiedenen Beschlüsse ab, und die Meinung, welche dann die meisten der in beiden Kammern zusammengezählten Stimmen enthält, gilt als Reichstagsbeschluß. Ohne Bewilligung des Reichstags kann von dem König keine Abgabe erhöht, keine Staatsanleihe gemacht, kein Kronbenefizium veräußert, kein Gebietsteil abgetreten werden. Der Reichstag hat gemeinschaftlich mit dem König die Macht, Gesetze zu geben, zu verändern, aufzuheben und zu interpretieren. Der Reichstag verwaltet allein die Reichsbank und das Reichsschuldenkontor; er ernennt in jedem dritten Jahr einen Ausschuß von 48 Mitgliedern, welcher prüft, ob alle Mitglieder des höchsten Tribunals ihre Pflicht erfüllt haben; auch kann er die Ratgeber des Königs in den Anklagestand vor dem Reichsgericht versetzen. Er ernennt einen Justizsachwalter (justitie-ombudsman), welcher in den Zeiten, wo der Reichstag nicht versammelt ist, die Richter und Beamten überwacht und die Freiheit des Einzelnen schützt, sowie er neben diesem Justizsachwalter ein Komitee von sechs Personen zum Schutz der Preßfreiheit ernennt. Außer dieser Repräsentation wird jede Stadt durch eine Kommunalregierung sowie das Land jedes Läns laut Gesetz vom 21. März 1862 durch ein Landsting repräsentiert, zusammengesetzt aus den Städten von weniger als 25,000 Einw. und den Häradern oder Gerichtssprengeln des Läns. Das Landsting hat zu beraten und zu beschließen über Angelegenheiten des Läns, welche die allgemeine Haushaltung, die Entwickelung des Landbaues und der Gewerbe, die Anstalten zur Beförderung des Kommunikationswesens, Gesundheitspflege, Unterricht, allgemeine Sicherheit etc. betreffen. Das Landsting tritt alljährlich im September in der Hauptstadt des Läns zusammen und kann sechs Wochentage versammelt sein. Den Sprecher ernennt jedesmal der König.

 

Die Staatsverwaltung hat ihren Mittelpunkt in dem nur aus Schweden lutherischen Glaubens gebildeten Staatsrat, der aus zehn Mitgliedern (sieben mit Portefeuilles für Justiz, Auswärtiges, Inneres, Finanzen, Krieg, Marine, kirchliche Angelegenheiten und drei konsultative Staatsräte) besteht. Die alte Einteilung in Götarike (Gotland), Svearike und Norrland sowie in Landschaften oder Provinzen ist zwar jetzt amtlich nicht mehr im Gebrauch, wird aber in Schriften und im Munde des Volkes beibehalten (s. jene Art.). In administrativer Hinsicht verfällt S. in eine Oberstatthalterschaft (Stockholm) und 24 Läns (Regierungsbezirke), an deren Spitze je ein Landeshauptmann (landshofding) steht. Jedes Län zerfällt wieder in Vogteien (fögderier, im ganzen 117) und Härader, die an der östlichen Küste Skeppslag (Schiffsgenossenschaften) genannt werden, während in den sechs nördlichsten Läns die Tingslag (Gerichtsgenossenschaften) an die Stelle der Härader treten. Die Verwaltung führt in den Städten der Magistrat, an dessen Spitze ein Bürgermeister steht, in den ländlichen Ortschaften der Gemeindevorstand (kommunalnämnd). Oberste Justizbehörde ist das Tribunal des Königs (konungens högsta domstol), welches aus 16 vom König ernannten Gerichtsräten besteht. Appellationsgerichte sind drei Hofgerichte: 1) Svea-Hofgericht in Stockholm für Svearike, Norrland und Gotland, 2) Göta-Hofgericht in Jönköping und 3) das Hofgericht für Schonen und Blekinge in Christianstad. In erster Instanz entscheiden in den Städten (mit Ausnahme von Trelleborg, Borgholm, Skellefteå und Haparanda, die noch unter dem Landgericht stehen) die Rathausgerichte, auf dem Land aber die (116) Häradsgerichte, von denen jeder Gerichtssprengel (domsaga) eins hat, das aus einem von dem König ernannten Richter (häradshöfding) und zwölf von den landbesitzenden Bauern aus ihrer Mitte gewählten Beisitzern (nämndemän) besteht. Geschwornengerichte urteilen nur in Preßangelegenheiten.

 

Was die Finanzen Schwedens anlangt, so betragen nach dem Budget für 1889 (laut Angabe des Gothaischen "Jahrbuchs") die ordentlichen Einnahmen 18,929,000 Kr. (darunter Eisenbahnen [netto] 6 Mill., Grundsteuern 4,43 Mill., Kopfgeld 2/3 Mill., Staatsländereien 2,7 Mill. Kr.), die außerordentlichen Einnahmen 65,280,000 Kr. (darunter Zölle 36 Mill., Branntweinsteuer 15 Mill., Einkommensteuer 3,6 Mill.), die Stempelsteuer 3,5 Mill. Kr., in Summa, mit Einschluß eines Überschusses aus den Vorjahren im Betrag von 3,5 Mill. Kr.: 87,681,000 Kr. Dem gegenüber betragen die ordentlichen Ausgaben 65,493,411 Kr. (Armee 19,9 Mill., Marine 6 Mill., Kultus und Unterricht 11,5 Mill.), die außerordentlichen Ausgaben 9,368,589 Kr., die Ausgaben des Reichsschuldenkontors 10,955,000 Kr., in Summa: 87,681,000 Kr. Die Staatsschulden, erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten besonders für den Bau der Eisenbahnen kontrahiert, beliefen sich 1. Jan. 1888 auf 21,23 Mill. Kr. inländische und 224,74 Mill. Kr. ausländische Schuld, in Summa: 246 Mill. Kr. Dieser Schuld steht ein bedeutendes Aktivvermögen (Fonds, Domänen, Forsten, Eisenbahnen) des Staats gegenüber, dessen Überschuß Ende 1885: 127 Mill. Kr. betrug. Ungünstiger sind die Finanzverhältnisse der Kommunen, zumal der Städte. 1884 beliefen sich die Einnahmen auf 52,8 Mill. Kr. (in den Städten 29,4 Mill.), die Ausgaben auf 59,7 Mill. Kr. (in den Städten 36 Mill.); den Schulden im Betrag von 119,8 Mill. Kr. (in den Städten 106,7 Mill.) standen an Aktiven 198,8 Mill. Kr. (in den Städten 140,7 Mill.) gegenüber.

 

Heer und Flotte, Wappen etc.

 

Das schwedische Militär umfaßt fünf verschiedene Klassen von Wehrleuten, von denen die beiden ersten das stehende Heer bilden: 1) angeworbene Truppen (värfvade), aus Freiwilligen mit zwei- bis sechsjähriger Dienstzeit bestehend; 2) "eingeteilte" Truppen (indelta), welche teils von Grundbesitzern des Landes, teils aus den Krongütern außer ihrem "Torp" (Wohnhaus mit Acker etc.) einen jährlichen Lohn an Geld oder Produkten und, wenn zum Dienst berufen, von der Krone ihren Sold erhalten. Nach ihrer Ausbildung als Rekruten werden diese Truppen jährlich einmal zusammenberufen und 30-36 Tage hindurch geübt; außerdem nehmen abwechselnd alle Truppen an den großen, seit 1873 stattfindenden Herbstmanövern teil. Der Soldat dient so lange, als er tüchtig ist. Neben diesem stehenden Heer gibt es 3) eine Landwehr (beväring), in der jeder Schwede vom 21. Lebensjahr ab auf die Dauer von 12 Jahren (6 in der aktiven Armee, 6 in der Reserve) dienen muß; im Frieden werden die beiden jüngsten Jahrgänge der Infanterie innerhalb zwei Jahren auf zusammen 42 Tage einberufen; 4) die Miliz von Gotland, die aber nicht außerhalb der Insel zu dienen braucht, und 5) die seit 1861 bestehenden freiwilligen Schützenvereine (1886: 8618 Mann stark). Der Formation nach besteht die Infanterie aus 2 Leibgarderegimentern, 2 Leibgrenadierregimentern, 2 Leibgrenadierbataillonen, 17 Infanterieregimentern und 4 Jägerbataillonen (jedes Regiment im Frieden zu 2 Bataillonen à 4 Kompanien, im Krieg zu 3 Bataillonen); die Kavallerie aus 1 Regiment berittener Leibgarde, 4 Husaren- und 2 Dragonerregimentern, 1 Jägerkorps zu Pferde, zusammen 47 Eskadrons. Die Artillerie umfaßt 3 Regimenter von zusammen 30 Batterien (22 fahrende, 6 reitende, 2 Fußbatterien), dazu 6 Festungskompanien, eine Reserveartillerie von 9 Batterien, 1 Feuerwerkerkorps und 3 Batterien in Gotland. Ein Artillerieregiment wird in 5 Divisionen à 2 Batterien, eine Batterie in 3 Abteilungen zu je 2 Kanonen geteilt. Die Genietruppen bestehen aus 1 Pontonierbataillon, 1 Sappeurbataillon und 1 Feldtelegraphenkompanie. Endlich besteht 1 Trainbataillon. Von diesen Truppen gehören die 3 Leibgarderegimenter (darunter das zu Pferde), 1 Jägerbataillon, 1 Husarenregiment, die 3 Artillerieregimenter, die Genie- und Traintruppen zu den angeworbenen, die übrigen zu den "eingeteilten" Truppen. Der Bestand der schwedischen Landmacht war 1888 an Linientruppen: 1732 Offiziere, 477 Beamte, 1510 Unteroffiziere, 1550 Spielleute, 33,020 Soldaten, zusammen 38,289 Mann mit 246 Kanonen und 6178 Pferden; ferner an Reservetruppen (beväring): 156,288 Mann, in Summa 194,577 Mann. Was die Seemacht betrifft, so geht damit seit 1860 eine zeitgemäße Reorganisation vor. Die Stärke derselben war 1888: 64 Dampfer von 27,350 Pferdekräften und 6 Segelschiffe mit zusammen 150 Kanonen und 4109 Mann. Darunter waren 5 Korvetten (61 Kanonen), 1 Fregatte (16 Kanonen), 15 Panzerkanonenboote, 16 Kanonenschaluppen und 18 Torpedofahrzeuge. Das Personal der schwedischen Flotte besteht seit der Reorganisation vom 27. Aug. 1875 aus der "königlichen Flotte", der "Reserve" und der "Seewehr" (sjöbeväring). Die königliche Flotte umfaßt 176 Offiziere (darunter 1 Vizeadmiral, 3 Konteradmirale, 6 Kommandeure). Die Reserve besteht zur Zeit aus 77 Offizieren, 81 Unteroffizieren und 9 Ingenieuren. Die Seewehr umfaßt ca. 50,000 Mann.

 

Seit dem Verkauf von St.-Barthélemy an Frankreich (1877) besitzt S. keine Kolonien.

 

[Wappen, Orden etc.] Das Unionswappen ist ein vertikal in zwei Hälften geteilter Schild, von denen die linke, horizontal in zwei Teile geteilte Hälfte auf blauem Grunde die beiden schwedischen Wappen (s. unten), die rechte Hälfte aber auf rotem Grunde das norwegische Wappen, einen aufrecht stehenden, gekrönten goldenen Löwen, der mit den Vordertatzen die Hellebarde oder Streitaxt des heil. Olaf trägt, mit der goldenen Krone darüber, enthält. Der Schild wird gehalten von zwei aufrecht stehenden, gekrönten, züngelnden Löwen mit doppelten Schwänzen. Das schwedische Reichswappen (s. Tafel "Wappen") ist ein blauer, ebenfalls von zwei Löwen gehaltener Schild, quadriert durch ein schmales gelbes Kreuz; in den Feldern oben zur Linken und unten zur Rechten ist das schwedische Wappen (drei Kronen) und in den beiden andern das gotische (ein über drei weiße Ströme springender Löwe) angebracht; der Herzschild hat die Wappen der Häuser Wasa und Pontecorvo. Die Landesfarben sind Blau und Gelb. Die Flagge (s. Tafel "Flaggen") ist blau, durch ein stehendes gelbes Kreuz in vier Quadrate geteilt; auf dem obern innern Quadrat aber befindet sich seit der Vereinigung mit Norwegen das Unionszeichen, bis 1844 aus einem schiefen weißen Kreuz in rotem Feld bestehend, seitdem aber aus einem rechtwinkeligen Kreuz, dessen senkrechter Strich blau mit weißen Rändern, der horizontale aber gelb ist; die vier dadurch gebildeten Felder werden durch diagonale Linien in acht abwechselnd blaue und rote Dreiecke geteilt. S. hat fünf Ritterorden: den Seraphinen- (gestiftet 1285, erneuert 1748), Schwert-, Nordstern- (beide 1748 gestiftet), Wasaorden (seit 1772, s. Tafel "Orden", Fig. 17) und den Orden Karls XIII. (seit 1811); letzterer wird nur dem höchsten Grade des Freimaurerordens erteilt.

 

[Geographische Litteratur.] Tuneld, Geographie öfver konungariket Sverige (Stockh. 1827-33, 5 Bde.); Dahlmann, Inledning till Sveriges physikalska geographie (das. 1857); Hofberg, Illustrerad Sverige (das. 1875); Agardh und Ljungberg, Statsökonomisk statistik öfver Sverige (Karlstad 1852-62, 4 Bde.); Thomée, Statistik (Stockh. 1859-61); Törnebohm, Geognosie der schwedischen Hochgebirge (das. 1873); Almquist, La Suède, ses progrès sociaux etc. (das. 1879); Jonas, S. und seine Entwickelung (Berl. 1875); Sidenbladh, Royaume de Suède, exposé statistique (Stockh. 1878); Rosenberg, Geografiskt-statistiskt handlexicon öfver Sverige (das. 1882-1883, 2 Bde.); Aschehoug, Staatsrecht der vereinigten Königreiche S. und Norwegen (Freiburg 1887); Dahl, Der Handelsverkehr Schwedens mit dem Ausland 1829-79 (Stockh. 1884). Eine Hauptquelle für die Kenntnis Schwedens ist die vom statistischen Zentralbüreau seit 1862 herausgegebene Zeitschrift "Statistisk Tidsskrift"; als besonderes Heft erscheint "Sveriges officiela statistik i sammandrag"; deutsche Reisehandbücher von Nielsen (5. Aufl., Leipz. 1887), Bädeker (3. Aufl., das. 1885). Kartenwerke: Eine topographische Karte in 1:100,000 wird seit 1859 publiziert, für die Läns teilweise auch in 1:200,000 (seit 1874), doch beziehen sich dieselben nur auf Südschweden; ferner M. Roth, Geografisk Atlas öfver Sverige (1:400,000, seit 1878); "Generalkarta öfver Sverige" (1:1,000,000, 3 Blatt, seit 1870); "Geologische Übersichtskarten" von Angelin (über Schonen, 1861-68) und Olbers (über Westschweden, 1858-67); Forsell, Geognostisk karta öfver södra Sverige (1863, 18 Blatt).

 

Geschichte.

 

Schweden unter einheimischen Königen im Mittelalter.

 

Die älteste Geschichte Schwedens ist dunkel und sagenhaft. Die Urbevölkerung, finnische Stämme, wurde von kriegerischen germanischen Stämmen nach und nach in die unwirtbaren Gegenden des Nordens verdrängt. Die Einwanderer im Süden, in Schonen und Gotland, gehörten dem gotischen Volk an, während die am Mälarsee seßhaften und von da über das nördliche und südliche Küstenland verbreiteten Svea (Schweden) hießen. Beide Stämme hatten als Mittelpunkt ihres Königtums und ihrer Religion ein gemeinsames Heiligtum in Sigtuna am Mälarsee, dann in Upsala. Unter dem Oberkönig, aus dem Geschlecht der Ynglinger, der zugleich Oberpriester war und in der Volksgemeinde (alljärharthing) zu Upsala den Vorsitz hatte, standen Gaukönige an der Spitze der Fylken (Stämme), welche die Macht desselben immer mehr einschränkten. Wilde Kämpfe erfüllten daher die ersten Jahrhunderte der schwedischen Geschichte. Um 600 n. Chr. versuchte Ingiald Ildrade, sich zum alleinigen König über das ganze Land zu erheben; doch fanden er und sein ganzes Geschlecht dabei den Untergang. Hierauf war Ivar Widfadme zum König erwählt; sein Geschlecht erlosch schon mit seinem Tochtersohn, dem gewaltigen Krieger Harald Hildetand, der in der berühmten Schlacht auf der Heide von Bråvalla in Ostgotland (um 740) gegen seinen Brudersohn Sigurd Ring fiel. Sigurd gründete eine neue Dynastie, welche nach und nach zur Alleinherrschaft über ganz S. gelangte, und unter welcher die Schweden ebenso wie die Dänen und Norweger Eroberungszüge in die Nachbarlande unternahmen; Sigurds Nachfolger, Ragnar Lodbrok und Björn Jernsida (Eisenseite), waren berühmte Wikinger. Anderseits faßte seit dem 9. Jahrh. das Christentum in S. Fuß. König Björn der Alte (gestorben um 935) und sein Sohn Erich der Siegreiche hielten zwar noch fest am alten Glauben. Aber der Sohn Erichs (der um 1000 starb), Olaf Schoßkönig, trat zum Christentum über, das jedoch nur im Süden, in Gotland, zur Herrschaft gelangte, während Svealand dem Heidentum treu blieb. Als daher mit Olafs zweitem Sohn, Edmund Gammal (dem Alten), 1061 das Königsgeschlecht ausstarb, brach zwischen Goten und Schweden ein Krieg aus, der sowohl unter dem Geschlecht Stenkils (1061-1129) als auch besonders unter den beiden nun auftretenden feindlichen Dynastien, der gotischen Sverkers und der schwedischen Erichs des Heiligen (1133 bis 1250), 200 Jahre dauerte, und in dem nicht nur die Kriegsgeschlechter sich aufrieben, sondern auch der Wohlstand des Volkes zerrüttet wurde. Ein kriegerischer Adel kam empor, der, steuerfrei und im Besitz eignen Gerichtsstandes und andrer Vorrechte, sich der obersten Gewalt bemächtigte, die er später nur mit dem Klerus teilte, und die königliche Gewalt zu einem Schatten herabminderte.

 

Nachdem Stenkil das Christentum begünstigt und sein Sohn Inge den Göttertempel zu Upsala hatte verbrennen lassen, verhalf Erich IX. oder der Heilige dem Christentum in S. zum Sieg; derselbe unterwarf und bekehrte auch einen Teil Finnlands, wurde aber 18. Mai 1160 von einem Kronprätendenten, dem dänischen Prinzen Magnus Henrikson, gefangen und enthauptet. Unter seinem Nachfolger Karl VII., dem Sohn Sverkers, welcher den Titel "König der Schweden und Goten" annahm, ward 1163 das Erzbistum Upsala errichtet. 1167 kehrte Knut, Erichs des Heiligen Sohn, aus Norwegen, wohin er sich geflüchtet hatte, mit Heeresmacht zurück, besiegte und tötete mit Hilfe der Upländer 1168 auf Wisingsö den König Karl und regierte bis an seinen Tod 1195, worauf Sverker II., Karls Sohn, zur Herrschaft gelangte. Derselbe ward jedoch von Knuts Sohn Erich X. 1208 bei Leva besiegt und in der zweiten Schlacht bei Gestilren 1210 getötet. Erich ließ sich darauf vom Erzbischof krönen, wodurch die Macht und das Ansehen der Geistlichkeit zu einer Höhe stiegen, die nachher den Königen äußerst gefährlich wurde, besonders nachdem auf der Kirchenversammlung zu Skenninge (1248) das Cölibat eingeführt und den Geistlichen verboten worden war, dem König den Eid der Treue zu schwören, wodurch sie allein vom Papst abhängig wurden.

 

Das Geschlecht Sverkers war schon 1222 mit Johann ausgestorben, der letzte König aus dem Erichschen Stamm war Erich XI. Unter ihm war Birger, "Jarl der Schweden und Goten", aus dem Geschlecht der Folkunger, der eigentliche Regent Schwedens und blieb es als Dux Sueciae auch nach Erichs Tod (1250), als die schwedischen Großen seinen noch unmündigen Sohn Waldemar, den ersten Folkunger, zum König wählten, bis zu seinem Tod 1266. Er besiegte die aufrührerischen Folkunger, seine eignen Verwandten, durch Verrat und ließ eine große Anzahl derselben hinrichten, stiftete einen allgemeinen Land- und Kirchenfrieden, hob durch Handelsverbindungen mit der Hansa den Wohlstand in S. und gründete 1255 Stockholm, fügte aber dem Land großen Schaden zu, indem er seinen drei jüngern Söhnen Herzogtümer verlieh und dadurch den Grund zur Uneinigkeit unter den Brüdern legte. 1275 empörte sich einer derselben, Herzog Magnus von Södermanland, gegen Waldemar, der besiegt und bis an seinen Tod (1302) auf dem Schloß zu Nyköping gefangen gehalten wurde. Magnus I. wurde 1249 zu Upsala gekrönt und erwarb sich durch eine gute Regierung große Verdienste um das Land. Er schützte die Bauern vor dem gewaltsamen "Gasten" der Edelleute, weshalb er den Ehrennamen Ladulas, d. h. Scheunenschloß, erhielt, unterdrückte 1280 die Folkunger, worunter man alle Adelsverbindungen zu gegenseitiger Waffenhilfe verstand, suchte aber auch den Adel durch Erteilung von Vorrechten und Erweckung des ritterlichen Ehrgefühls an den königlichen Dienst zu knüpfen und begünstigte die Kirche. Bei seinem Tod (18. Dez. 1290) teilte er seinen jüngern Söhnen Erich und Waldemar Herzogtümer zu, während er dem ältesten, aber noch unmündigen Sohn, König Birger II., den Marschall Torkel Knutsson als Vormund bestellte. Derselbe regierte vortrefflich und blieb auch, als Birger 1303 selbst die Herrschaft antrat, sein Ratgeber, wurde aber, als die Brüder des Königs einen Aufruhr anstifteten, diesen als Preis der Versöhnung geopfert und 6. Febr. 1306 zu Stockholm hingerichtet. Dennoch wurde Birger acht Monate später von seinen Brüdern bei Håtuna am Mälar verräterisch überfallen, gefangen und 1310 zur Teilung des Reichs gezwungen. Er rächte sich, indem er seine Brüder, die Weihnachten 1317 im Schloß zu Nyköping bei ihm zu Gaste waren, verhaften und in einem unterirdischen Gefängnis in Eisen schmieden ließ, wo sie den Hungertod starben. Unter Führung des tapfern Mats Kettilmundsson empörte sich das ganze Volk, vertrieb Birger, der 1321 in Dänemark starb, und dessen Sohn Magnus 1320 hingerichtet wurde, und r

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... Hors power

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076

 

24.01.2012 Cluj Napoca, Cluj

 

What's better than to find this awesomeness hanging out at the railway station ? Just a rhetorical question, I guess, for most cases. :D It was waiting to depart to Alesd, to the cement plant.

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040,2041,2042,2043,2044,2045,2046,2047,2048,2049,2050,2051,2052,2053,2054,2055,2056,2057,2058,2059,2060,2061,2062,2063,2064,2065,2066,2067,2068,2069,2070,2071,2072,2073,2074,2075,2076,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,2082,2083,2084,2085,2086,2087,2088,2089,2090,2091,2092,2093,2094,2095,2096,2097,2098,2099,2100 ... Hors power

  

beura-cardezza (VB) - martedi 21 agosto 2018, h 14.14

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319,320,321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340,341,342,343,344,345,346,347,348,349,350,351,352,353,354,355,356,357,358,359,360,361,362,363,364,365,366,367,368,369,370,371,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,381,382,383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429,430,431,432,433,434,435,436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444,445,446,447,448,449,450,451,452,453,454,455,456,457,458,459,460,461,462,463,464,465,466,467,468,469,470,471,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,482,483,484,485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639,640,641,642,643,644,645,646,647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,661,662,663,664,665,666,667,668,669,670,671,672,673,674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730,731,732,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743,744,745,746,747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797,798,799,800,801,802,803,804,805,806,807,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822,823,824,825,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840,841,842,843,844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927,928,929,930,931,932,933,934,935,936,937,938,939,940,941,942,943,944,945,946,947,948,949,950,951,952,953,954,955,956,957,958,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,986,987,988,989,990,991,992,993,994,995,996,997,998,999,1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023,1024,1025,1026,1027,1028,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037,1038,1039,1040,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045,1046,1047,1048,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056,1057,1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1069,1070,1071,1072,1073,1074,1075,1076,1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084,1085,1086,1087,1088,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1095,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109,1110,1111,1112,1113,1114,1115,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134,1135,1136,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150,1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164,1165,1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182,1183,1184,1185,1186,1187,1188,1189,1190,1191,1192,1193,1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,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... Hors power