Basic food / Alimento básico
ENGLISH
Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods, dating back to the Neolithic era. The first breads produced were probably cooked versions of a grain-paste, made from ground cereal grains and water, and may have been developed by accidental cooking or deliberate experimentation with water and grain flour. Descendants of these early breads are still commonly made from various grains worldwide, including the Mexican tortilla, Indian chapatis, rotis and naans, Scottish oatcake, North American johnnycake, Middle Eastern Pita bread (Kmaj in Arabic and Pitot in Hebrew) and Ethiopian injera. The basic flat breads of this type also formed a staple in the diet of many early civilizations with the Sumerians eating a type of barley flat cake, and the 12th century BC Egyptians being able to purchase a flat bread called ta from stalls in the village streets.
The development of leavened bread can probably also be traced to prehistoric times. Yeast spores occur everywhere, including the surface of cereal grains, so any dough left to rest will become naturally leavened. Although leavening is likely of prehistoric origin, the earliest archaeological evidence is from ancient Egypt. Scanning electron microscopy has detected yeast cells in some ancient Egyptian loaves. However, ancient Egyptian bread was made from emmer wheat and has a dense crumb. In cases where yeast cells are not visible, it is difficult, by visual examination, to determine whether the bread was leavened. As a result, the extent to which bread was leavened in ancient Egypt remains uncertain.
There were multiple sources of leavening available for early bread. Airborne yeasts could be harnessed by leaving uncooked dough exposed to air for some time before cooking. Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce "a lighter kind of bread than other peoples." Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape juice and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast. The most common source of leavening however was to retain a piece of dough from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter.
Even within antiquity there was a wide variety of breads available. In the Deipnosophistae, the Greek author Athenaeus describes some of the breads, cakes, cookies, and pastries available in the Classical world. Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit. The type and quality of flour used to produce bread could also vary as noted by Diphilus when he declared "bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible, and in every way superior." In order of merit, the bread made from refined flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted."
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread
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CASTELLANO
El pan fue el alimento básico de la humanidad desde la Prehistoria. Probablemente, los primeros panes estarían hechos con harinas de bellotas o de hayucos. Los arqueólogos han desenterrado fragmentos de pan ácimo en las excavaciones de los poblados cercanos a los lagos suizos. Se sabe que los egipcios elaboraban pan desde hace mucho tiempo y de ellos datan también las primeras evidencias arqueológicas de la utilización de la levadura en el pan, se cree que descubrieron la fermentación por casualidad. El pan comido por los Hebreos no llevaba ningún tipo de levadura.
En Roma, en la República ya había hornos públicos. Para los legionarios romanos el pan era un alimento habitual y era corriente que su dieta fuese en gran medida aceitunas y pan. Se les entregaba tres libras de trigo al día, que trituraban en un molinillo de mano compartido por un grupo limitado de soldados. La harina se hacía bucellatum o se metía en el horno para hacer pan. En algunas regiones que no formaban parte del imperio como Alemania o Suecia, algunos habitantes que habían combatido en el ejercito romano adoptaban el consumo de pan, y de aquí se extendía a sectores de la población.
Este gran consumo de pan durante el imperio romano implicó la gran importancia que tuvo el cultivo y comercio del trigo.
Con la caída del imperio romano se produjo un desabastecimiento de trigo en casi toda Europa, que ya se había acostumbrado de manera masiva a su consumo. Las exportaciones hacia el norte desaparecieron por completo. Prueba de la amplia difusión del pan en esa época la palabra inglesa "lady" significa en inglés antiguo "la persona que amasa el pan".
En Escandinavia, la población, ante la escasez de trigo tuvo acostumbrarse a elaborar panes de centeno y cebada, siendo corriente que se le añadiese a la masa corteza de pino molida.
En la Edad Media empiezan a elaborarse distintos tipos de pan ante la escasez de trigo, y como consecuencia de ello comienza su comercio; el pan blanco era un privilegio de los ricos y el pan negro de cebada, centeno o avena era para el resto de la población. Se hacía a mano, en el propio hogar o en hornos públicos.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan
Basic food / Alimento básico
ENGLISH
Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods, dating back to the Neolithic era. The first breads produced were probably cooked versions of a grain-paste, made from ground cereal grains and water, and may have been developed by accidental cooking or deliberate experimentation with water and grain flour. Descendants of these early breads are still commonly made from various grains worldwide, including the Mexican tortilla, Indian chapatis, rotis and naans, Scottish oatcake, North American johnnycake, Middle Eastern Pita bread (Kmaj in Arabic and Pitot in Hebrew) and Ethiopian injera. The basic flat breads of this type also formed a staple in the diet of many early civilizations with the Sumerians eating a type of barley flat cake, and the 12th century BC Egyptians being able to purchase a flat bread called ta from stalls in the village streets.
The development of leavened bread can probably also be traced to prehistoric times. Yeast spores occur everywhere, including the surface of cereal grains, so any dough left to rest will become naturally leavened. Although leavening is likely of prehistoric origin, the earliest archaeological evidence is from ancient Egypt. Scanning electron microscopy has detected yeast cells in some ancient Egyptian loaves. However, ancient Egyptian bread was made from emmer wheat and has a dense crumb. In cases where yeast cells are not visible, it is difficult, by visual examination, to determine whether the bread was leavened. As a result, the extent to which bread was leavened in ancient Egypt remains uncertain.
There were multiple sources of leavening available for early bread. Airborne yeasts could be harnessed by leaving uncooked dough exposed to air for some time before cooking. Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce "a lighter kind of bread than other peoples." Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape juice and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast. The most common source of leavening however was to retain a piece of dough from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter.
Even within antiquity there was a wide variety of breads available. In the Deipnosophistae, the Greek author Athenaeus describes some of the breads, cakes, cookies, and pastries available in the Classical world. Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit. The type and quality of flour used to produce bread could also vary as noted by Diphilus when he declared "bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible, and in every way superior." In order of merit, the bread made from refined flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted."
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread
------------------------------
CASTELLANO
El pan fue el alimento básico de la humanidad desde la Prehistoria. Probablemente, los primeros panes estarían hechos con harinas de bellotas o de hayucos. Los arqueólogos han desenterrado fragmentos de pan ácimo en las excavaciones de los poblados cercanos a los lagos suizos. Se sabe que los egipcios elaboraban pan desde hace mucho tiempo y de ellos datan también las primeras evidencias arqueológicas de la utilización de la levadura en el pan, se cree que descubrieron la fermentación por casualidad. El pan comido por los Hebreos no llevaba ningún tipo de levadura.
En Roma, en la República ya había hornos públicos. Para los legionarios romanos el pan era un alimento habitual y era corriente que su dieta fuese en gran medida aceitunas y pan. Se les entregaba tres libras de trigo al día, que trituraban en un molinillo de mano compartido por un grupo limitado de soldados. La harina se hacía bucellatum o se metía en el horno para hacer pan. En algunas regiones que no formaban parte del imperio como Alemania o Suecia, algunos habitantes que habían combatido en el ejercito romano adoptaban el consumo de pan, y de aquí se extendía a sectores de la población.
Este gran consumo de pan durante el imperio romano implicó la gran importancia que tuvo el cultivo y comercio del trigo.
Con la caída del imperio romano se produjo un desabastecimiento de trigo en casi toda Europa, que ya se había acostumbrado de manera masiva a su consumo. Las exportaciones hacia el norte desaparecieron por completo. Prueba de la amplia difusión del pan en esa época la palabra inglesa "lady" significa en inglés antiguo "la persona que amasa el pan".
En Escandinavia, la población, ante la escasez de trigo tuvo acostumbrarse a elaborar panes de centeno y cebada, siendo corriente que se le añadiese a la masa corteza de pino molida.
En la Edad Media empiezan a elaborarse distintos tipos de pan ante la escasez de trigo, y como consecuencia de ello comienza su comercio; el pan blanco era un privilegio de los ricos y el pan negro de cebada, centeno o avena era para el resto de la población. Se hacía a mano, en el propio hogar o en hornos públicos.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan