Boar stew / Jabalí estofado
Plaça del Milcentenari - Manresa, Barcelona (Spain).
ENGLISH
Medieval cuisine refers to the foods, eating habits, and cooking methods of various European cultures during the Middle Ages, a period roughly dating from the 5th to the 16th century. During this period, diets and cooking changed across Europe, and these changes helped lay the foundations for modern European cuisine.
Bread was the staple, followed by other foods made from cereals, such as porridge and pasta. Meat was more prestigious and more expensive than grain or vegetables. Common seasonings included verjuice, wine and vinegar. These, along with the widespread use of honey or sugar (among those who could afford it), gave many dishes a sweet-sour flavor. The most popular types of meat were pork and chicken, while beef, which required greater investment in land, was less common. Cod and herring were mainstays among the northern population, but a wide variety of other saltwater and freshwater fish were also eaten. Almonds, both sweet and bitter, were eaten whole as garnish, or more commonly ground up and used as a thickener in soups, stews, and sauces. Particularly popular was almond milk, which was a common substitute for animal milk as a cooking medium during Lent and fasts.
Slow transportation and inefficient food preservation techniques prevented long-distance trade of many foods. For the most part, only the wealthy, especially the nobility, could afford imported ingredients such as spices. Because of this, their cuisine was more prone to foreign influence than the cuisine of poorer people. As each level of society imitated the one above it, innovations from international trade and foreign wars gradually disseminated through the upper middle class of medieval cities.
There were typically two meals a day: dinner at mid-day and a lighter supper in the evening. Moralists frowned on breaking the overnight fast too early, and members of the church and cultivated gentry avoided it. For practical reasons, breakfast was still eaten by most working men, and was tolerated for young children, women, the elderly and the sick. Because the church preached against gluttony and other weaknesses of the flesh, men tended to be ashamed of the weak practicality of breakfast. Lavish dinner banquets and late-night reresopers (from Occitan rèire-sopar, "late supper") with considerable amounts of alcoholic beverage were considered immoral. The latter were especially associated with the vices of gambling, crude language, drunkenness, and lewd behavior. Minor meals and snacks were common (although also disliked by the church), and working men commonly received an allowance from their employers in order to buy nuncheons, small morsels to be eaten during breaks.
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_cuisine
------------------------------
CASTELLANO
La gastronomía medieval queda definida como el conjunto de las costumbres culinarias y de los alimentos relacionados con la época medieval típicos de la zona de Europa.
Muchos de los cambios y costumbres acaecidas durante este período pusieron lo que son hoy en día los fundamentos de las cocinas nacionales y regionales de la actual Europa, debe la exportación de muchos alimentos frescos, especialmente la fruta, el pescado y la carne, algo que sin embargo es en la actualidad muy corriente en todas las naciones industrializadas. No obstante, los alimentos altamente refinados y exclusivos elaborados para la nobleza acaudalada se consideraban como influencias extranjeras y eran más propensas a ser internacionalizadas que los comestibles de los estratos más bajos de la sociedad. Las tendencias fijadas por el consumo de los reyes y de su corte de nobles seguían siendo influyentes, desde el punto de vista culinario debido a que la población deseaba emularlas, especialmente la clase media superior de las ciudades medievales.
La sociedad medieval comía cerca de dos veces al día: Almuerzo (el equivalente medieval en la actualidad es la comida) cercana a la hora del mediodía y una merienda ligera. Los moralistas estaban en contra de romper la frontera entre la noche y el día con una comida tal y como el desayuno, y de esta forma los miembros de algunas comunidades religiosas lo evitaron. El desayuno era, por razones prácticas, elaborado para muchos trabajadores, niños, mujeres y enfermos, siempre a horas muy tempranas. La mayoría de las personas que sucumbían al desayuno, lo consideraban una práctica débil. Las cenas a altas horas de la noche y los banquetes en los que solía haber considerables cantidades de alcohol eran considerados inmorales. Se consideraban asociados con vicios tales como: apuesta, lenguaje soez, bebida y prostitución. Las comidas de rango menor y los aperitivos eran muy comunes (a pesar de no estar bien vistos por la Iglesia), de esta forma los trabajadores recibían el permiso de sus patronos para la compra de comida para ser ingerida durante las paradas de trabajo.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocina_medieval
Boar stew / Jabalí estofado
Plaça del Milcentenari - Manresa, Barcelona (Spain).
ENGLISH
Medieval cuisine refers to the foods, eating habits, and cooking methods of various European cultures during the Middle Ages, a period roughly dating from the 5th to the 16th century. During this period, diets and cooking changed across Europe, and these changes helped lay the foundations for modern European cuisine.
Bread was the staple, followed by other foods made from cereals, such as porridge and pasta. Meat was more prestigious and more expensive than grain or vegetables. Common seasonings included verjuice, wine and vinegar. These, along with the widespread use of honey or sugar (among those who could afford it), gave many dishes a sweet-sour flavor. The most popular types of meat were pork and chicken, while beef, which required greater investment in land, was less common. Cod and herring were mainstays among the northern population, but a wide variety of other saltwater and freshwater fish were also eaten. Almonds, both sweet and bitter, were eaten whole as garnish, or more commonly ground up and used as a thickener in soups, stews, and sauces. Particularly popular was almond milk, which was a common substitute for animal milk as a cooking medium during Lent and fasts.
Slow transportation and inefficient food preservation techniques prevented long-distance trade of many foods. For the most part, only the wealthy, especially the nobility, could afford imported ingredients such as spices. Because of this, their cuisine was more prone to foreign influence than the cuisine of poorer people. As each level of society imitated the one above it, innovations from international trade and foreign wars gradually disseminated through the upper middle class of medieval cities.
There were typically two meals a day: dinner at mid-day and a lighter supper in the evening. Moralists frowned on breaking the overnight fast too early, and members of the church and cultivated gentry avoided it. For practical reasons, breakfast was still eaten by most working men, and was tolerated for young children, women, the elderly and the sick. Because the church preached against gluttony and other weaknesses of the flesh, men tended to be ashamed of the weak practicality of breakfast. Lavish dinner banquets and late-night reresopers (from Occitan rèire-sopar, "late supper") with considerable amounts of alcoholic beverage were considered immoral. The latter were especially associated with the vices of gambling, crude language, drunkenness, and lewd behavior. Minor meals and snacks were common (although also disliked by the church), and working men commonly received an allowance from their employers in order to buy nuncheons, small morsels to be eaten during breaks.
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_cuisine
------------------------------
CASTELLANO
La gastronomía medieval queda definida como el conjunto de las costumbres culinarias y de los alimentos relacionados con la época medieval típicos de la zona de Europa.
Muchos de los cambios y costumbres acaecidas durante este período pusieron lo que son hoy en día los fundamentos de las cocinas nacionales y regionales de la actual Europa, debe la exportación de muchos alimentos frescos, especialmente la fruta, el pescado y la carne, algo que sin embargo es en la actualidad muy corriente en todas las naciones industrializadas. No obstante, los alimentos altamente refinados y exclusivos elaborados para la nobleza acaudalada se consideraban como influencias extranjeras y eran más propensas a ser internacionalizadas que los comestibles de los estratos más bajos de la sociedad. Las tendencias fijadas por el consumo de los reyes y de su corte de nobles seguían siendo influyentes, desde el punto de vista culinario debido a que la población deseaba emularlas, especialmente la clase media superior de las ciudades medievales.
La sociedad medieval comía cerca de dos veces al día: Almuerzo (el equivalente medieval en la actualidad es la comida) cercana a la hora del mediodía y una merienda ligera. Los moralistas estaban en contra de romper la frontera entre la noche y el día con una comida tal y como el desayuno, y de esta forma los miembros de algunas comunidades religiosas lo evitaron. El desayuno era, por razones prácticas, elaborado para muchos trabajadores, niños, mujeres y enfermos, siempre a horas muy tempranas. La mayoría de las personas que sucumbían al desayuno, lo consideraban una práctica débil. Las cenas a altas horas de la noche y los banquetes en los que solía haber considerables cantidades de alcohol eran considerados inmorales. Se consideraban asociados con vicios tales como: apuesta, lenguaje soez, bebida y prostitución. Las comidas de rango menor y los aperitivos eran muy comunes (a pesar de no estar bien vistos por la Iglesia), de esta forma los trabajadores recibían el permiso de sus patronos para la compra de comida para ser ingerida durante las paradas de trabajo.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocina_medieval