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Leonardo da Vinci.

Um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Anchiano, 15 de Abril (Calendário Juliano) ou 25 de Abril (Calendário Gregoriano) de 1452 — Cloux, Amboise, 2 de Maio de 1519) foi um pintor, escultor, arquiteto, engenheiro, fisiólogo, químico, botânico, geólogo, cartógrafo, físico, mecânico, escritor, poeta e músico do Renascimento italiano, vale ressaltar também como o precursor da aviação e da balística [1][2] . É considerado um dos maiores gênios da história da Humanidade, embora não tivesse nenhuma formação na maioria dessas áreas, como na engenharia e na arquitetura. Não tinha propriamente um sobrenome, sendo "di ser Piero" uma relação ao seu pai, "Messer Piero" (algo como Sr. Pedro), e "da Vinci", uma relação ao lugar de origem de sua família, significando "vindo de Vinci" .

Nascido numa pequena localidade de Anchiano próximo do município toscano de Vinci, Leonardo era filho ilegítimo de Piero da Vinci, um jovem notário e de Caterina. A mãe de Leonardo era provavelmente uma camponesa, embora seja sugerido, com poucas evidências, que ela era uma escrava judia oriunda do Oriente Médio comprada por Piero. O próprio Leonardo da Vinci assinava seus trabalhos simplesmente como Leonardo ou Io Leonardo. A maioria das autoridades refere-se aos seus trabalhos como Leonardos e não da Vincis. Presume-se que ele não usou o nome do pai por causa do estado ilegítimo

Leonardo da Vinci é considerado por vários o maior gênio da história, devido à sua multiplicidade de talentos para ciências e artes, sua engenhosidade e criatividade, além de suas obras polêmicas. Num estudo realizado por Catherine Cox em 1926 seu QI foi estimado em cerca de 180. Outras fontes mais precisas mencionam valores entre 220 e 250.

Na adolescência, Leonardo foi fortemente influenciado por duas grandes personalidades da época, Lorenzo de Médici e o grande artista Andrea del Verrocchio . Leonardo viveu em plena Renascença, nos séculos XV e XVI, e expressa melhor do que qualquer outro o espírito daquele tempo. Ao contrário do homem medieval, que via em Deus a razão de todas as coisas, os renascentistas acreditavam no poder humano de julgar, de criar e construir. Por isso a Renascença também é conhecida como a época do Humanismo e se caracteriza por enormes progressos nas artes, nas leis e nas ciências.

Suas obras mais conhecidas são o afresco A Última Ceia, pintado diretamente no refeitório da Igreja Santa Maria delle Grazie, em Milão, e o Retrato de uma modelo desconhecida, a La Gioconda (mais conhecida como a Mona Lisa), que ele demorou provavelmente três anos para terminar.

Prestando atenção, pode-se perceber em várias imagens um efeito característico da pintura de Leonardo: a delicada passagem de luz para a sombra, quando um tom mais claro mergulha em outro mais escuro, como dois belos acordes musicais. Esse procedimento recebe o nome de sfumato (esfumado, em português).

Lorenzo de Médici, um grande humanista e comunicador, inspirou Leonardo na parte da comunicação, fazendo com que começasse a fazer seus quadros mais “parlanti”, com maior animação gestual, o que o levou a se tornar mestre nesta arte. Em toda sua obra pode-se notar a iconografia das figuras ou personagens de seus quadros.

Em 1466, com quatorze anos, Leonardo mudou-se para Florença, e iniciou seu aprendizado no ateliê de Verrocchio. O artista, de grande prestígio da época, ensinou-lhe toda a base que mais tarde o levaria a se tornar um grande pintor. Leonardo também aprendeu escultura, arquitetura, óptica, perspectiva, música e até botânica.

Em 1472, com vinte anos, já era membro do grêmio dos pintores florentinos (Corporação de São Lucas) e a sua carreira começa a ficar independente do mestre Verrocchio. As pessoas da corte fazem encomendas directamente a Leonardo.

Em 1476, Leonardo da Vinci juntamente com mais três alunos do ateliê de Andrea del Verrocchio foram acusados de sodomia, segundo a acusação referente a Leonardo, teria ele tido relações homossexuais com um modelo de Florença muito popular mas, faltaram provas concretas que confirmassem semelhante acusação; então Leonardo é absolvido de toda e qualquer acusação possível.

Em 1482, Leonardo da Vinci trabalhou para Ludovico Sforza, Duque de Milão e manteve o próprio seminário com aprendizes. Foram usadas setenta toneladas de bronze que tinha sido colocado à disposição de Da Vinci para o Grande Cavalo, estátua de um cavalo, em armas pelo duque em uma tentativa de salvar Milão de ser subjugada pelo francês Carlos VIII em 1495.

Em 1498, Milão caiu sem uma batalha para o francês Luís XII. Da Vinci ficou em Milão durante algum tempo até que viu arqueiros franceses usando seu modelo de cavalo de barro em tamanho natural para o Grande Cavalo como alvo para treinamento partindo logo com o amigo Luca Pacioli para Mântua, mudando depois de dois meses para Veneza e se mudando novamente então para Florença no final de Abril de 1500.

Em 1502, ele ficou a serviço de César Bórgia (também chamado de Duque de Valentino e filho do Papa Alexandre VI) como arquitecto militar e engenheiro, nesse mesmo ano ambos viajaram pelo norte da Itália, é nessa viagem que Leonardo conhece Nicolau Maquiavel; no final do mesmo ano retorna novamente a Florença, onde recebe a encomenda de um retrato: a Mona Lisa.

Em 1506, voltou a Milão, então nas mãos de Maximiliano Sforza depois de mercenários suíços expulsarem os franceses.

De 1513 a 1516 morou em Roma, onde os pintores Rafael e Michelangelo eram, na ocasião, muito requisitados; porém, Da Vinci não teve muito contacto com estes artistas.

Em 1515 Francisco I da França retorna a Milão, e Da Vinci foi designado para fazer a peça central de um leão mecânico para as negociações de paz em Bolonha entre o rei francês e o Papa Leão X, onde provavelmente conheceu o rei.

Em 1516 ficou a serviço de Francisco I como primeiro pintor, engenheiro e arquiteto do Rei. Foi dado a ele o uso do Castelo Clos Lucé, próximo ao Castelo de Amboise, residência do Rei, junto com uma pensão generosa. Da Vinci e o Rei ficaram bons amigos.

Morreu em Cloux, França, e de acordo com o seu desejo, sessenta mendigos seguiram seu caixão. Leonardo da Vinci foi enterrado na Capela de São Hubert no Castelo de Amboise.

 

"De tempos em tempos, o Céu nos envia alguém que não é apenas humano, mas também divino, de modo que através de seu espírito e da superioridade de sua inteligência, possamos atingir o Céu."

— Giorgio Vasari

 

Leonardo sempre foi tido como um ser misterioso, devido aos muitos talentos que possuía; a sua capacidade e conhecimento em muitas áreas proclamaram-no como um dos Maiores gênios da humanidade.

Leonardo sabia que se os seus manuscritos fossem descobertos pela igreja, haveria grandes possibilidades de ser considerado herege (devido a conteúdos científicos considerados como feitiçaria pela mesma), e assim teria como castigo um final terrível, daí a idéia de escrever da direita para a esquerda (inverso da escrita), de modo que, somente mediante um espelho, seus manuscritos fossem decifrados. Outro método de transmitir mensagens para gerações futuras, que acreditava ele que estariam muito desenvolvidas (devido ao progresso racional dos seres humanos), foi a pintura; através desta Arte com ajuda do simbolismo, deixava mensagens muito comprometedoras, de tal modo que, mudaria talvez a convicção de pensar do homem. Ao mesmo tempo em que uma obra por ele pintada esconde um segredo, o também revela (ou vice-versa), um bom exemplo, é a Madona das Rochas, citada no Livro O Código Da Vinci, de Dan Brown.

O impossível de se imaginar, é como um homem que viveu em cerca de quinhentos anos atrás, fosse desenvolver teorias e técnicas em tantas áreas, desde a pintura, até mesmo a ciências modernas. Provavelmente o seu perfeccionismo em cada pintura, é um dos motivos por este possuir autoria de tão poucas obras; outro possível motivo é que algumas de seus quadros se perderam com o tempo (sendo roubados ou até mesmo destruídos), devido a sua maneira polêmica de retratar, desde cenas religiosas, até mesmo retratos, sendo um deles a Mona Lisa.

Alguns historiadores e especialistas concluem que Leonardo gostava muito de distorcer coisas como em um quebra-cabeça. Muitos acham que sua escrita invertida era um código e protegia seus esboços contra espiões. Segundo Bruce Peterson, da RYP Australia Major Projects, Leonardo da Vinci escrevia assim porque era canhoto[3] e não queria borrar os textos que criava febrilmente. Já historiadores acreditam que esta escrita era um sinal de que Leonardo da Vinci tinha dislexia, pois escrevia de forma embaralhada e ás vezes gostava de formar anagramas.

Na sua pintura Ginevra de' Benci, a mulher está posada diante um junípero. Na época o junípero era símbolo de castidade. Leonardo acabou incluindo mais uma referência. Em italiano a palavra junípero significa ginevra.

Uma de suas pinturas faz um anagrama, Mona Lisa, que vira Amon L'Isa ou Man An Oil (Homem em Forma de Óleo), mas essa hipótese é improvável, já que como iria criar anagramas de línguas distante do alcance de Leonardo (e particularmente Leonardo não tinha interesse em línguas).

Durante seu período em Milão com Francesco Sforza, ele projetou vários prédios com armas de guerra e reforços. Ele tinha habilidade para arquitectura militar e por isso ficou famoso entre os Sforza.

Entre seus mais formidáveis projetos militares está uma escada para uso numa torre fortificada. O projeto incluía quatro rampas independentes de outras. Assim, os soldados podiam subir e descer de 4 andares sem esbarar em grupos de soldados que iam em direção contrária.

Em 1502, Leonardo projetou um fosso interessante. Ele escondeu uma torre cilíndrica debaixo d'água com um teto levemente inclinado que saía um pouco da superfície da água. Os defensores que estivessem dentro da torre poderiam disparar suas armas através da superfície da água. Feno molhado cobria o teto da torre contra os danos causados pelos disparos.

Leonardo projetou também um castelo com sistema triplo de segurança. Um dos cantos dessa construção tinha duas fortificações: a primeira estendia-se até o canto do forte e a outra estendia-se sobre parte da parede externa.

Veja muito mais no endereço pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci

 

This sculpture was fotographed at the street in front of the Ufizzi Museum in florence, Italy.

 

A text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (it-Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci.ogg pronunciation (help·info), April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention.[1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[2] Helen Gardner says "The scope and depth of his interests were without precedent...His mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote".

Born as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France, at the home awarded him by King François I.

Leonardo was and is renowned primarily as a painter. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelo's Creation of Adam. Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, being reproduced on everything from the Euro to text books to t-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.

Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics.

Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, "at the third hour of the night" in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the lower valley of the Arno River in the territory of Florence. He was the illegitimate son of Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine notary, and Caterina, a peasant who may have been a slave from the Middle East. Leonardo had no surname in the modern sense, "da Vinci" simply meaning "of Vinci": his full birth name was "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci", meaning "Leonardo, son of (Mes)ser Piero from Vinci".

Little is known about Leonardo's early life. He spent his first five years in the hamlet of Anchiano, then lived in the household of his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci. His father had married a sixteen-year-old girl named Albiera, who loved Leonardo but died young. In later life, Leonardo only recorded two childhood incidents. One, which he regarded as an omen, was when a kite dropped from the sky and hovered over his cradle, its tail feathers brushing his face. The second occurred while exploring in the mountains. He discovered a cave and was both terrified that some great monster might lurk there, and driven by curiosity to find out what was inside.

Leonardo's early life has been the subject of historical conjecture. Vasari, the 16th century biographer of Renaissance painters tells of how a local peasant requested that Ser Piero ask his talented son to paint a picture on a round plaque. Leonardo responded with a painting of snakes spitting fire which was so terrifying that Ser Piero sold it to a Florentine art dealer, who sold it to the Duke of Milan. Meanwhile, having made a profit, Ser Piero bought a plaque decorated with a heart pierced by an arrow, which he gave to the peasant.

In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio's workshop was at the centre of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of an education in the humanities. Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi. Leonardo would have been exposed to a vast range of technical skills and had the opportunity to learn drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling.

Much of the painted production of Verrocchio's workshop was done by his employees. According to Vasari, Leonardo collaborated with Verrocchio on his Baptism of Christ, painting the young angel holding Jesus's robe in a manner that was so far superior to his master's that Verrocchio put down his brush and never painted again. This is probably an exaggeration. On close examination, the painting reveals much that has been painted or touched up over the tempera using the new technique of oil paint, the landscape, the rocks that can be seen through the brown mountain stream and much of the figure of Jesus bearing witness to the hand of Leonardo.

Leonardo himself may have been the model for two works by Verrocchio, including the bronze statue of David in the Bargello and the Archangel Michael in Tobias and the Angel.

By 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo qualified as a master in the Guild of St Luke, the guild of artists and doctors of medicine, but even after his father set him up in his own workshop, his attachment to Verrocchio was such that he continued to collaborate with him. Leonardo's earliest known dated work is a drawing in pen and ink of the Arno valley, drawn on August 5, 1473.

Court records of 1476 show that Leonardo and three other young men were charged with sodomy, and acquitted. From that date until 1478 there is no record of his work or even of his whereabouts, although it is assumed that Leonardo had his own workshop in Florence between 1476 and 1481. He was commissioned to paint an altarpiece in 1478 for the Chapel of St Bernard and The Adoration of the Magi in 1481 for the Monks of San Donato a Scopeto.

In 1482 Leonardo, who according to Vasari was a most talented musician, created a silver lyre in the shape of a horse's head. Lorenzo de’ Medici sent Leonardo, bearing the lyre as a gift, to Milan, to secure peace with Ludovico il Moro, Duke of Milan. At this time Leonardo wrote an often-quoted letter to Ludovico, describing the many marvellous and diverse things that he could achieve in the field of engineering and informing the Lord that he could also paint.

Leonardo continued work in Milan between 1482 and 1499. He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. While living in Milan between 1493 and 1495 Leonardo listed a woman called Caterina among his dependents in his taxation documents. When she died in 1495, the list of funeral expenditure suggests that she was his mother.

He worked on many different projects for Ludovico, including the preparation of floats and pageants for special occasions, designs for a dome for Milan Cathedral and a model for a huge equestrian monument to Francesco Sforza, Ludovico's predecessor. Seventy tons of bronze were set aside for casting it. The monument remained unfinished for several years, which was not unusual for Leonardo. In 1492 the clay model of the horse was completed. It surpassed in size the only two large equestrian statues of the Renaissance, Donatello's statue of Gattemelata in Padua and Verrocchio's Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice, and became known as the "Gran Cavallo". Leonardo began making detailed plans for its casting, however, Michelangelo rudely implied that Leonardo was unable to cast it. In November 1494 Ludovico gave the bronze to be used for cannons to defend the city from invasion by Charles VIII.

At the start of the Second Italian War in 1499, the invading French troops used the life-size clay model for the "Gran Cavallo" for target practice. With Ludovico Sforza overthrown, Leonardo, with his assistant Salai and friend, the mathematician Luca Pacioli, fled Milan for Venice, where he was employed as a military architect and engineer, devising methods to defend the city from naval attack.

On his return to Florence in 1500, he and his household were guests of the Servite monks at the monastery of Santissima Annunziata and were provided with a workshop where, according to Vasari, Leonardo created the cartoon of The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and St. John the Baptist, a work that won such admiration that "men and women, young and old" flocked to see it "as if they were attending a great festival". In 1502 Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, acting as a military architect and engineer and travelling throughout Italy with his patron. He returned to Florence where he rejoined the Guild of St Luke on October 18, 1503, and spent two years designing and painting a great mural of The Battle of Anghiari for the Signoria, with Michelangelo designing its companion piece, The Battle of Cascina. In Florence in 1504, he was part of a committee formed to relocate, against the artist's will, Michelangelo's statue of David.

In 1506 he returned to Milan. Many of Leonardo's most prominent pupils or followers in painting either knew or worked with him in Milan, including Bernardino Luini, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio and Marco D'Oggione. However, he did not stay in Milan for long because his father had died in 1504, and in 1507 he was back in Florence trying to sort out problems with his brothers over his father's estate. By 1508 he was back in Milan, living in his own house in Porta Orientale in the parish of Santa Babila.

From September 1513 to 1516, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.[8] In October 1515, François I of France recaptured Milan. On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francois I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna. It was for Francois that Leonardo was commissioned to make a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies. In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé[nb 14] near the king's residence at the royal Chateau Amboise. It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.

Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, France, on May 2, 1519. François I had become a close friend. Vasari records that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, may be legend rather than fact. Vasari also tells us that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament. In accordance to his will, sixty beggars followed his casket. He was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in the castle of Amboise. Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects. Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak of good stuff with a fur edge.

Some twenty years after Leonardo's death, François was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: "There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.

Leonardo commenced his apprenticeship with Verrocchio in 1466, the year that Verrocchio's master, the great sculptor Donatello, died. The painter Uccello whose early experiments with perspective were to influence the development of landscape painting, was a very old man. The painters Piero della Francesca and Fra Filippo Lippi, sculptor Luca della Robbia, and architect and writer Alberti were in their sixties. The successful artists of the next generation were Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio, Antonio Pollaiuolo and the portrait sculptor, Mino da Fiesole whose lifelike busts give the most reliable likenesses of Lorenzo Medici's father Piero and uncle Giovanni.

Leonardo's youth was spent in a Florence that was ornamented by the works of these artists and by Donatello's contemporaries, Masaccio whose figurative frescoes were imbued with realism and emotion and Ghiberti whose Gates of Paradise, gleaming with gold leaf, displayed the art of combining complex figure compositions with detailed architectural backgrounds. Piero della Francesca had made a detailed study of perspective, and was the first painter to make a scientific study of light. These studies and Alberti's Treatise were to have a profound effect on younger artists and in particular on Leonardo's own observations and artworks.

Massaccio's depiction of the naked and distraught Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden created a powerfully expressive image of the human form, cast into three dimensions by the use of light and shade which was to be developed in the works of Leonardo in a way that was to be influential in the course of painting. The Humanist influence of Donatello's David can be seen in Leonardo's late paintings, particularly John the Baptist.

A prevalent tradition in Florence was the small altarpiece of the Virgin and Child. Many of these were created in tempera or glazed terracotta by the workshops of Filippo Lippi, Verrocchio and the prolific della Robbia family. Leonardo's early Madonnas such as the The Madonna with a carnation and The Benois Madonna followed this tradition while showing indiosyncratic departures, particularly in the case of the Benois Madonna in which the Virgin is set at an oblique angle to the picture space with the Christ Child at the opposite angle. This compositional theme was to emerge in Leonardo's later paintings such as The Virgin and Child with St. Anne.

Leonardo was a contemporary of Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino, who were all slightly older than he was. He would have met them at the workshop of Verrocchio, with whom they had associations, and at the Academy of the Medici.Botticelli was a particular favourite of the Medici family and thus his success as a painter was assured. Ghirlandaio and Perugino were both prolific and ran large workshops. They competently delivered commissions to well-satisfied patrons who appreciated Ghirlandaio's ability to portray the wealthy citizens of Florence within large religious frescoes, and Perugino's ability to deliver a multitude of saints and angels of unfailing sweetness and innocence.

These three were among those commissioned to paint the walls of the Sistine Chapel, the work commencing with Perugino's employment in 1479. Leonardo was not part of this prestigious commission. His first significant commission, The Adoration of the Magi for the Monks of Scopeto, was never completed.

In 1476, during the time of Leonardo's association with Verrocchio's workshop, Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence, bringing the Portinari Altarpiece and the new painterly techniques from Northern Europe which were to profoundly effect Leonardo, Ghirlandaio, Perugino and others. In 1479, the Sicilian painter Antonello da Messina, who worked exclusively in oils, travelled north on his way to Venice, where the leading painter, Giovanni Bellini adopted the technique of oil painting, quickly making it the preferred method in Venice. Leonardo was also later to visit Venice.

Like the two contemporary architects, Bramante and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Leonardo experimented with designs for centrally planned churches, a number of which appear in his journals, as both plans and views, although none was ever realised.

Leonardo's political contemporaries were Lorenzo Medici (il Magnifico), who was three years older, and his popular younger brother Giuliano who was slain in the Pazzi Conspiracy in 1478. Ludovico il Moro who ruled Milan between 1479–1499 and to whom Leonardo was sent as ambassador from the Medici court, was also of Leonardo's age.

With Alberti, Leonardo visited the home of the Medici and through them came to know the older Humanist philosophers of whom Marsiglio Ficino, proponent of Neo Platonism, Cristoforo Landino, writer of commentaries on Classical writings, and John Argyropoulos, teacher of Greek and translator of Aristotle were foremost. Also associated with the Academy of the Medici was Leonardo's contemporary, the brilliant young poet and philosopher Pico della Mirandola. Leonardo later wrote in the margin of a journal "The Medici made me and the Medici destroyed me." While it was through the action of Lorenzo that Leonardo was to receive his important Milanese commissions, it is not known exactly what Leonardo meant by this cryptic comment.

Although usually named together as the three giants of the High Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael were not of the same generation. Leonardo was twenty-three when Michelangelo was born and thirty-one when Raphael was born. The short-lived Raphael died in 1520, the year after Leonardo, but Michelangelo went on creating for another 45 years.

Within Leonardo's lifetime, his extraordinary powers of invention, his "outstanding physical beauty", "infinite grace", "great strength and generosity", "regal spirit and tremendous breadth of mind" as described by Vasari attracted the curiosity of others. Many authors have speculated on various aspects of Leonardo's personality. One such aspect is his respect for life evidenced by his vegetarianism and his habit, described by Vasari, of purchasing caged birds and releasing them.

Leonardo had many friends who are now renowned either in their fields or for their historical significance. They included the mathematician Luca Pacioli, with whom he collaborated on a book in the 1490s, as well as Franchinus Gaffurius and Isabella d'Este. Leonardo appears to have had no close relationships with women except for Isabella d'Este. He drew a portrait of her while on a journey which took him through Mantua, and which appears to have been used to create a painted portrait now lost.

Beyond friendship, Leonardo kept his private life secret. His sexuality has often been the subject of study, analysis and speculation. This trend began in the mid-16th century and was revived in the 19th and 20th centuries, most notably by Sigmund Freud.

See more of Leonardo da Vinci at the address en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci

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