Romania / Roménia

Is a country located in Southeastern and Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.

Romania emerged as a personal union of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia under prince Alexander John Cuza in 1859 and as the Kingdom of Romania under the Hohenzollern monarchy, it gained recognition of independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. In 1918, at the end of the World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. At the end of World War II, parts of its territories (roughly the present day Republic of Moldova) were occupied by the USSR and Romania became a socialist republic, member of the Warsaw Pact.

With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Romania started a series of political and economic reforms. After a decade of post-revolution economic problems, Romania made economic reforms such as low flat tax rates in 2005 and joined the European Union on January 1, 2007. While Romania's income level remains one of the lowest in the European Union, reforms have increased the growth speed. Romania is now an upper-middle income country economy with high human development.

Romania has the 9th largest territory and the 7th largest population (with 21.5 million people) among the European Union member states. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti , the 6th largest city in the EU with 1.9 million people. In 2007, Sibiu, a city in Transylvania, was chosen as a European Capital of Culture. Romania also joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and is also a member of the Latin Union, of the Francophonie, of the OSCE and of the United Nations, as well as an associate member of the CPLP. Romania is a semi-presidential unitary state.

 

History

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Romania

 

Geography

Please go to

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Romania

 

Other info

Oficial name:

România

 

Independence:

Declared 9 May 1877

Recognised 13 July 1878

 

Area:

238.391 km2

 

Inhabitants:

23.000.000

 

Languages:

Română (Romeno)

Bulgarian [bul] 6,747 in Romania (2002 census). Romanian Banat. The Palityan dialect is also in Bulgaria and Hungary. Dialects: Palityan (Palitiani, Bogomil). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern

More information.

 

Crimean Turkish [crh] 21,482 in Romania (2002 census). Eastern Romania. Alternate names: Crimean Tatar. Dialects: Northern Crimean (Crimean Nogai, Steppe Crimean), Central Crimean, Southern Crimean. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern

More information.

 

Gagauz [gag] Alternate names: Gagauzi. Dialects: Bulgar Gagauz, Maritime Gagauz. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish

More information.

 

German, Standard [deu] 45,129 in Romania (2002 census). Transylvania. Dialects: Transylvania. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

More information.

 

Greek [ell] 4,146 in Romania (2002 census). Classification: Indo-European, Greek, Attic

More information.

 

Hungarian [hun] 1,447,544 in Romania (2002 census). Trans-Carpathian provinces. Alternate names: Magyar. Classification: Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric, Hungarian

More information.

 

Polish [pol] 2,755 in Romania (2002 census). Alternate names: Polski. Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic

More information.

 

Romani, Balkan [rmn] Black sea region. Dialects: Ursári (Usari). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Balkan

More information.

 

Romani, Carpathian [rmc] One dialect is in Transylvania. Dialects: Galician, Transylvanian. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern

More information.

 

Romani, Vlax [rmy] 241,617 in Romania (2002 census). 6,000,000 to 11,000,000 all Gypsies in the world (1987 Ian Hancock). Population total all countries: 1,497,846. Also spoken in Albania, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Gypsy, Tsigene, Romanese, Vlax Romany, Danubian. Dialects: Sedentary Romania, Kalderash (Kelderashícko, Coppersmith), Ukraine-Moldavia, Eastern, Churari (Churarícko, Sievemakers), Lovari (Lovarícko), Machvano (Machvanmcko), North Albanian, South Albanian, Serbo-Bosnian, Zagundzi, Sedentary Bulgaria, Ghagar, Grekurja (Greco). Vlax developed from the Romani spoken when they were slaves in Romania for 500 years. There were migrations out of Romania from the mid-14th to mid-19th centuries. Those who left earlier have less Romanian influence in their dialects. Kalderash, Ursari, Churari are occupational ethnonyms; Machvano is a geographical one. Other names are Argintari 'silversmith' and Lingurari 'spoonmakers'. Machvano and Serbian Kalderash have a south Slavic superstratum; Russian Kalderash is influenced by east Slavic, mainly Russian; Lovari is influenced by Hungarian; Grekurja is probably Turkish influenced and is distinct from the Greek Romani dialect of Balkan Romani. All 20 or more Vlax dialects are inherently intelligible; the differences are mainly lexical and sociolinguistic (I. Hancock). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Vlax

More information.

 

Romanian [ron] 19,741,356 in Romania (2002 census). Population total all countries: 23,498,367. Moldavian is in Moldova to the northeast, and Muntenian in Muntenia, or Wallachia in the southeast, other dialects in the north and west, including much of Transylvania. Also spoken in Australia, Azerbaijan, Canada, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia (Europe), Serbia and Montenegro, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Rumanian, Moldavian, Daco-Rumanian. Dialects: Moldavian, Muntenian (Walachian), Transylvanian, Banat, Bayash. Little dialect variation. The Bayash are Gypsies who speak a dialect based on Banat, but influenced by Romani and Hungarian. Romanian has 77% lexical similarity with Italian, 75% with French, 74% with Sardinian, 73% with Catalan, 72% with Portuguese and Rheto-Romance, 71% with Spanish. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern

More information.

 

Romanian Sign Language [rms] Classification: Deaf sign language

More information.

 

Romanian, Macedo [rup] 28,000 in Romania (official). Southeastern Romania, especially Dobrudja (75%), but also in major cities such as Bucharest and Constanta, and other places. Alternate names: Aromanian. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Eastern

More information.

 

Serbian [srp] 27,001 in Romania (2002 census). Classification: Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western

More information.

 

Turkish [tur] 28,714 in Romania (2002 census). Along the Danube in southeast Romania. Alternate names: Osmanli. Dialects: Danubian. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish

 

Capital city:

Bucaresti

 

Meaning country name:

"Roman Realm". The Roman Empire conquered a large part of the territory of the country, and the inhabitants became Romanized (Romanians). Older variants of the name include "Rumania" and (in a French-influenced spelling) "Roumania".

Dacia, older name and Latin variant: named after the ancient people the Dacians.

Wallachia, Slavic name for the country, from the Gothic word for Celts (walh), later also used for the Romanized tribes. This Germanic form derives from the name of the Celtic tribe of Volcae

 

Description Flag:

The national flag of Romania is a vertical tricolor of blue, yellow, and red. The colors stand for the three historical provinces of Romania. The current design was officially adopted in 1994 but has been in use since 1989. The first flag dates from 1834 but the colours by themselves have held special significance ever since the sixth century.

During the reign of the Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the first years of the reign of Carol I the colours were displayed horizontally, in the following order, from top to bottom: blue, yellow, red. Also it bore the coat of arms in use at that time in the center of the flag

The three colours stand for the three historical provinces of Romania, as a symbol of unity: Transylvania, Ţara Românească(also called Muntenia) and Moldova.

Each colour, by itself, held important significance throughout history in one of the provinces. Their eventual unification within the national flag was a natural development.

The shape of the flag, similar to that of the French and Italian flags, may refelect - though this was never officially stated - the strong pro-French tradition in Romania, and the tendency of Romanian Nationalism to emphasize the country's Latin culture, setting it apart from its East European environment and creating a link with other countries of Latin-derived languages.

 

Coat of arms:

The Coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania. It is based on the Lesser Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Romania (used between 1922 and 1947). As a central element it shows a golden eagle holding a cross in its beak and a mace and a sword in its claws. It also consists of the three colors: red, yellow, and blue, which represent the colors of the National Flag.

The shield surmounting the eagle is divided in five fields, one for each historical province of Romania with its traditional symbol:

golden eagle - Wallachia

aurochs - Moldavia

dolphins - Dobrogea

a black eagle, seven castles, a sun and a moon - Transylvania

lion and a bridge - Oltenia and Banat

Romania’s coat of arms has as a central element the golden eagle holding an Orthodox cross. Traditionally, this eagle appears in the arms of the Argeş county, the town of Piteşti and the town of Curtea de Argeş. It stands for the “nest of the Basarabs”, the nucleus around which Wallachia was organised.

The eagle, being the symbol of Latinity and a heraldic bird of the first order, symbolises courage, determination, the soaring toward great heights, power, grandeur. It is to be found also in Transylvania’s coat of arms.

The shield on which it is placed is azure, symbolising the sky. The eagle holds in its talons the insignia of sovereignty: a mace and a sword, the latter reminding of Moldavia’s ruler, Stephen the Great whereas the mace reminds of Michael the Brave, the first unifier of the Romanian Countries. On the bird’s chest there is a quartered escutcheon with the symbols of the historical Romanian provinces (Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia) as well as two dolphins reminding of the country’s Black Sea Coast.

In the first quarter, Wallachia’s coat of arms, an eagle or holding in its beak a golden Orthodox cross, accompanied by a golden sun on the right and a golden new moon on the left, is displayed against an azure background.

In the second quarter, Moldavia’s traditional coat of arms is shown, gules: an auroch head sable with a mullet of or between its horns, a cinquefoil rose on the dexter and a waning crescent on the sinister, both argent.

The third quarter features the traditional coat of arms of Banat and Oltenia, gules: over waves, a golden bridge with two arched openings (symbolising Roman emperor Trajan’s bridge over the Danube), wherefrom comes a golden lion holding a broadsword in its right forepaw.

The fourth quarter shows the coat of arms of Transylvania with Maramureş and Crişana: a shield parted by a narrow fesse, gules; in the chief, on azure, there is an eagle sable with golden beak coming out of the fesse, accompanied by a golden sun on the dexter and a crescent argent on the sinister; on the base, on or, there are seven crenellated towers, placed four and three.

Also represented are the lands adjacent to the Black Sea, on azure: two dolphins affronts, head down

 

Motto:

"Nihil Sine Deo"

 

National Anthem: Deşteaptă-te, române!

 

1

Deşteaptă-te, române, din somnul cel de moarte,

În care te-adânciră barbarii de tirani

Acum ori niciodată croieşte-ţi altă soartă,

La care să se-nchine şi cruzii tăi duşmani.

2

Acum ori niciodată să dăm dovezi în lume

Că-n aste mâni mai curge un sânge de roman,

Şi că-n a noastre piepturi păstrăm cu fală-un nume

Triumfător în lupte, un nume de Traian.

3

Înalţă-ţi lata frunte şi caută-n giur de tine,

Cum stau ca brazi în munte voinici sute de mii;

Un glas ei mai aşteaptă şi sar ca lupi în stâne,

Bătrâni, bărbaţi, juni, tineri, din munţi şi din câmpii.

4

Priviţi, măreţe umbre, Mihai, Ştefan, Corvine,

Româna naţiune, ai voştri strănepoţi,

Cu braţele armate, cu focul vostru-n vine,

"Viaţa-n libertate ori moarte" strigă toţi.

5

Pre voi vă nimiciră a pizmei răutate

Şi oarba neunire la Milcov şi Carpaţi

Dar noi, pătrunşi la suflet de sfânta libertate,

Jurăm că vom da mâna, să fim pururea fraţi.

6

O mamă văduvită de la Mihai cel Mare

Pretinde de la fii-şi azi mână d-ajutori,

Şi blastămă cu lacrămi în ochi pe orişicare,

În astfel de pericul s-ar face vânzători.

7

De fulgere să piară, de trăsnet şi pucioasă,

Oricare s-ar retrage din gloriosul loc,

Când patria sau mama, cu inima duioasă,

Va cere ca să trecem prin sabie şi foc.

8

N-ajunge iataganul barbarei semilune,

A cărui plăgi fatale şi azi le mai simţim;

Acum se vâră cnuta în vetrele străbune,

Dar martor ne e Domnul că vii nu o primim.

9

N-ajunge despotismul cu-ntreaga lui orbie,

Al cărui jug de seculi ca vitele-l purtăm;

Acum se-ncearcă cruzii, cu oarba lor trufie,

Să ne răpească limba, dar morţi numai o dăm.

10

Români din patru unghiuri, acum ori niciodată

Uniţi-vă în cuget, uniţi-vă-n simţiri.

Strigaţi în lumea largă că Dunărea-i furată

Prin intrigă şi silă, viclene uneltiri.

11

Preoţi, cu crucea-n frunte căci oastea e creştină,

Deviza-i libertate şi scopul ei preasfânt.

Murim mai bine-n luptă, cu glorie deplină,

Decât să fim sclavi iarăşi în vechiul nost'pământ.

 

Translation

 

1

Wake up, O Romanian, from your deadly sleep

Into which you've been sunk by the barbaric tyrants

Now, as at no other time, your fate renew,

To which your cruel enemies will bow too.

2

Now or never let's give proof to the world

That in these veins still flows a Roman blood,

That in our chests we still maintain our pride in a name

The victor in his battles, the name of Trajan!

3

Raise your broad forehead and look around you

Like fir trees, hundreds of thousands of heroes are standing firm;

A voice they still wait to jump like wolves among the sheep,

Elders, men, youths, boys, from mountains to the plains.

4

Watch on, shadows of highnesses, Mihai, Stefan, Corvinus,

The Romanian Nation, your great grandchildren,

With weapons in their arms, with your fire in their veins,

"Life in freedom or death!" shout all.

5

You were vanquished by the evils of your envy

And by your blind disunity, at Milcov and the Carpathians

But we, whose souls were pierced by holy liberty,

Swear that for ever in brotherhood will join.

6

A widowed mother from the time of Michael the Great

Claims from her sons today a helping hand,

Casting curses, with tears in her eyes, on whosoever,

In such great peril, a traitor would become.

7

Of thunder and of brimstone should they perish

Those who flee our glorious endeavor

When our land, our mother with tears in her heart,

Will ask us to cross through swords and blazing fire.

8

Didn't we have enough of the yatagan of the barbaric crescent

Whose fatal wounds even today we still feel?

Now the knout is intruding our ancestral homes,

But we give witness before the Lord that alive, we do not accept it

9

Didn't we have enough of the blinded despotism

Whose yoke, like cattle, for centuries we've carried?

Now let the cruel ones try, in their blind arrogance,

T o take away our language, but give it we will only in our death!

10

Romanians from the four corners, now or never

Unite in thought, unite in feeling

Proclaim to the wide world that the Danube is stolen

Through intrigue and force, sly machinations.

11

Priests, lead with your crucifixes! Because our army is Christian,

The motto is Liberty and its goal is holy,

Better to die in battle, in full glory,

Than to once again be slaves upon our ancient ground!

 

Internet Page: www.gov.ro

www.romania.org

www.romaniatourism.com

www.turism.ro

www.romaniantourism.com

 

Romania in diferent languages

 

eng | fin | ina | ita | jav | lld | mlg | nor | oci | smo | srd | swa: Romania

cos | fao | roh-enb | roh-eno | roh-gri: Rumenia

lin | scn | spa | sqi: Rumania

afr | lim | nld: Roemenië

fra | frp | jnf: Roumanie

hau | kin | run: Rumaniya

arg | ast: Rumanía

ces | slk: Rumunsko

deu | ltz: Rumänien / Rumänien

gag | kaa: Rumıniya / Румыния

hun | sme: Románia

ind | msa: Romania / رومانيا

tur | zza: Romanya

aze: Rumıniya / Румынија

bam: Urumani

bos: Rumunija / Румунија

bre: Roumania

cat: Romania; Rumània

cor: Roumani

crh: Romaniya / Романия

csb: Rumùńskô

cym: Rwmania

dan: Rumænien

dsb: Rumuńska

epo: Rumanujo; Rumanio

est: Rumeenia

eus: Errumania

fry: Roemeenje

fur: Romanie

gla: Romàinia; An Romàinia

gle: An Rómáin / An Rómáin; An Rúmáin / An Rúmáin

glg: Romanía

glv: Yn Romaain

hat: Woumani

hrv: Rumunjska

hsb: Rumunska

ibo: Rọmenia

isl: Rúmenía

kal: Rumaenia

kmr: Rûmînîstan / Р’уминистан / ڕوومینیستان; Rûmînî / Р’умини / ڕوومینی

kur: Romanya / رۆمانیا

lat: Romania; Rumania; Rumaenia; Dacoromania; Dacia

lav: Rumānija

lit: Rumunija

liv: Rumāņmō

mlt: Rumanija

mol: România / Ромыния

mri: Romeinia

nds: Romeenien / Romeenien

nrm: Roumanîn

pol: Rumunia

por: Roménia / Romênia

que: Rumanya

rmy: Rumuniya / रुमुनिया

roh-srs: Rumenia; Rumania

ron: România

rup: Romãnia

slo: Rumania / Руманиа

slv: Romunija

smg: Romonėjė

som: Rumaaniya

swe: Rumänien

szl: Růmůńja

tet: Roménia

tgl: Rumanya; Rumaniya

ton: Lumeinia

tuk: Rumyniýa / Румыния

uzb: Ruminiya / Руминия

vie: Lỗ Má Ni; Ru-ma-ni

vol: Rumän

vor: Romaania

wln: Roumaneye

wol: Romaani

zul: iRumaniya

alt | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Румыния (Rumynija)

che | chv | oss: Румыни (Rumyni)

mon | xal: Румын (Rumyn)

abq: Румыния (Rumənija)

bak: Румыния / Rumıniya

bel: Румынія / Rumynija

bul: Румъния (Rumǎnija)

chm: Румыний (Rumynij)

kaz: Румыния / Rwmınïya / رۋمىنيا

kbd: Румыние (Rumənie)

mkd: Романија (Romanija)

srp: Румунија / Rumunija

tat: Румыния / Rumıniä

tgk: Руминия / رومینیه / Ruminija

ukr: Румунія (Rumunija)

ara: رومانيا (Rūmāniyā)

fas: رومانی / Rumâni / Români; رومانیا / Rumâniyâ

prs: رومانیا (Rōmāniyā)

pus: رومانيا (Romāniyā)

uig: رۇمىنىيە / Ruminiye / Румыния

urd: رومانیا (Romāniyā / Rūmāniyā); رومانیہ (Romāniyâ / Rūmāniyâ)

div: ރުމޭނިއާ (Rumēni'ā)

syr: ܪܘܡܢܝܐ (Rūmaniyā)

heb: רומניה (Rûmenyah)

lad: רומאניה / Rumania

yid: רומעניע (Rumenye)

amh: ሮሜኒያ (Romeniya); ሩማንያ (Rumanya); ሮማንያ (Romanya)

ell: Ρουμανία (Roymanía)

hye: Ռումինիա (Ṙouminia)

kat: რუმინეთი (Rumineṭi)

hin: रोमानिया (Romāniyā); रूमानिया (Rūmāniyā)

ben: রোমানিয়া (Romāniyā); রুমানিয়া (Rumāniyā)

pan: ਰੁਮਾਨੀਆ (Rumānīā)

kan: ರೊಮಾನಿಯ (Romāniya)

mal: റൊമാനിയ (Ṟomāniya)

tam: ருமேனியா (Rumēṉiyā); ருமானியா (Rumāṉiyā)

tel: రొమేనియా (Romēniyā)

zho: 羅馬尼亞/罗马尼亚 (Luōmǎníyà)

yue: 羅馬尼亞/罗马尼亚 (Lòhmáhnàihnga)

jpn: ルーマニア (Rūmania)

kor: 루마니아 (Rumania)

bod: རོ་མ་ཉི་ཡ་ (Ro.ma.ñi.ya.); རུ་མེན་ཉི་ཡ་ (Ru.men.ñi.ya.); རོ་མན་ནི་ཡ་ (Ro.man.ni.ya.); ལུའོ་མ་ཉི་ཡ་ (Lu'o.ma.ñi.ya.); ལོ་མ་ཉི་ཡ་ (Lo.ma.ñi.ya.)

mya: ရုိမေးနီးယား (Ẏomènìyà)

tha: โรมาเนีย (Rōmāniya)

lao: ຣູມານີ (Lūmānī)

khm: រូម៉ានី (Rūmānī)

chr: ᎶᎹᏂᏯ / Lomaniya

 

Done