Peru / Piruw

is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

 

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

 

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 36%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

 

The Peruvian population, estimated at 29 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

 

History

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Peru

 

Geography

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Oficial name:

República del Perú

+ aym: Piruw Suyu

que: Piruw Mama Llaqta

 

Independence:

28 July 1821

 

Area:

1.285.216 km2

 

Inhabitants:

28.600.000

 

Languages:

SpanisAchuar-Shiwiar [acu] 3,000 in Peru. Population total all countries: 5,000. Morona, Macusari, Tigre, Huasaga, and Corrientes rivers. Also spoken in Ecuador. Alternate names: Achuar, Achual, Achuara, Achuale, Jivaro, Maina. Dialects: Different from Shuar (Jivaro) of Ecuador. Classification: Jivaroan

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Aguaruna [agr] 38,290 (2000 WCD). Almost no monolinguals. Western upper Marañon River area, Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. Alternate names: Aguajun, Ahuajun. Dialects: Close to Huambisa, Achuar-Shiwiar. Classification: Jivaroan

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Ajyíninka Apurucayali [cpc] 4,000 (2000 SIL). Apurucayali tributary of the Pachitea River. Alternate names: Ashaninca, Ashéninca Apurucayali, "Apurucayali Campa", Ajyéninka, "Campa", "Axininka Campa". Dialects: Not intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Amahuaca [amc] 90 to 130 in Peru (2000 SIL). 20 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 310. Ethnic population: 500 (300 in Peru and 200 in Brazil). Perhaps 50 in the border areas have not been contacted. Widely scattered in the southeastern Amazon Basin in Ucayali and Madre de Dios states on the following rivers: Sepahua, Curiuja, Curanja, Upper Ucayali, Inuya, Mapuya, Purus, Aguaytía, Yuruá, and Las Piedras. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Amawaka, Amaguaco, Ameuhaque, Ipitineri, Sayaco. Dialects: Closest to Cashinahua and Shipibo. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Amahuaca

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Amarakaeri [amr] 500 (1987 SIL). Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. Alternate names: Amarakaire, Amaracaire, "Mashco". Dialects: Kisambaeri. The Harakmbet languages are not Arawakan. Classification: Harakmbet

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Arabela [arl] 50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2002 SIL). Arabela River, tributary of Napo, two villages. Alternate names: Chiripuno, Chiripunu. Classification: Zaparoan

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Asháninka [cni] 23,750 to 28,500 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 25,000 to 30,000 (2000 SIL). Apurimac, Ene, Perene, Tambo rivers and tributaries. Alternate names: Asháninca, "Campa". Dialects: Close to Ashéninka, Caquinte, Machiguenga. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Ashéninka Pajonal [cjo] 12,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2002 SIL). Central Gran Pajonal area. Alternate names: Ashéninca, Atsiri, Pajonal, "Campa". Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Ashéninka Perené [prq] 5,500 (2001 SIL). Upper Perené River (tributary of the Pachitea River). Alternate names: "Perené Campa", Ashéninca Perené. Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Ashéninka, Pichis [cpu] 12,000 (2001 SIL). Pichis and its tributaries except Apurucayali. Alternate names: Pichis Ashéninca, "Pichis Campa". Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Ashéninka, South Ucayali [cpy] 13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 14,000 (2002 SIL). Upper Ucayali River and tributaries (Southernmost part of Ucayali Department). Dialects: Most closely related to Pajanol Ashéninka. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa [cpb] 7,000 in Peru (2001 SIL). Population total all countries: 7,212. Tributaries of the Ucayali River (Pachitea, Arruya, Shahuaya, Sheshea, Cohengua, Inuya) and Yurúa River. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Ucayali Ashéninca. Dialects: Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Aymara, Central [ayr] 441,743 in Peru (2000 WCD). Lake Titicaca area, Puno. Classification: Aymaran

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Aymara, Southern [ayc] From Lake Titicaca toward ocean. Dialects: Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1984). Classification: Aymaran

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Bora [boa] 2,328 in Peru (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 2,828. Northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo, Ampiyacu River area, five villages in Peru. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Dialects: Miraña. A distinct language from Bora Muinane but related. 94% intelligibility of Miraña. Classification: Witotoan, Boran

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Cahuarano [cah] 5 (1976 SIL). Nanay River. Classification: Zaparoan Nearly extinct.

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Candoshi-Shapra [cbu] 3,000 (1981 SIL). Morona, Pastaza, Huitoyacu, and Chapuli rivers. Alternate names: Kandoshi, Candoshi, Candoxi, Murato. Dialects: Chapara (Shapra), Kandoashi. May be distantly related to Arawakan; probably not Jivaroan. Classification: Language Isolate

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Capanahua [kaq] 387 (2000 WCD). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 400 (2000 W. Adelaar). Tapiche-Buncuya rivers area. Alternate names: Kapanawa. Dialects: Pahenbaquebo. Closest language is Shipibo. Lexical similarity 50% to 60% with Shipibo. Classification: Panoan, North-Central

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Caquinte [cot] 300 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 300. Poyeni, Mayapo, and Picha rivers. Along the upper Poyeni River, which flows into the Tambo; along the Yori and Agueni rivers which become the Mipaya River flowing into the Urubamba. A few speakers also live on the Sensa and Vitiricaya rivers, affluents of the Urubamba. Alternate names: Caquinte Campa, Poyenisati, "Cachomashiri". Dialects: Closest to Asháninka. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Cashibo-Cacataibo [cbr] 5,000 (1999). Some women over 50 are monolingual. Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers. Alternate names: Caxibo, Cacibo, Cachibo, Cahivo, Managua, Hagueti. Dialects: Cacataibo de Mariscal, Cacataibo de Sinchi Roca, Cashibo. Classification: Panoan, Western

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Cashinahua [cbs] 1,600 in Peru (2003). Population total all countries: 2,000. Ethnic population: 5,000. Curanja and Purus rivers. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa, Caxinawa, Caxinawá. Dialects: It may be closest to Sharanahua. Classification: Panoan, Southeastern

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Chamicuro [ccc] 2 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 10 to 20 (2000 Adelaar). Pampa Hermosa on a tributary of Huallaga. Alternate names: Chamicura, Chamicolo. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Western Maipuran Nearly extinct.

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Chayahuita [cbt] 11,384 (2000 WCD). Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers. Alternate names: Chayawita, Chawi, Tshaahui, Chayhuita, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino, Paranapura, Cahuapa. Dialects: Chayahuita, Cahuapana. Not intelligible with Jebero. Classification: Cahuapanan

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Cocama-Cocamilla [cod] 2,000 in Peru (2000 W. Adelaar). Few monolinguals. Population total all countries: 2,050. Ethnic population: 15,000 in Peru (2000 W. Adelaar). Northeastern lower Ucayali, lower Marañon, and Huallaga rivers area. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Alternate names: Cocama, Kokama, Ucayali, Xibitaoan, Huallaga, Pampadeque, Pandequebo. Dialects: Cocamilla, Cocama. Closest to Omagua. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III

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Culina [cul] 400 in Peru (2002 Boyer). Primarily monolingual. Ethnic population: 400. Southeast, near Brazilian border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers. Alternate names: Kulina, Kulino, Kulyna, Kurina, Kollina, Madija, Madihá. Classification: Arauan

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Ese Ejja [ese] 472 in Peru (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 400 to 500 in Peru (2000 SIL). Tambopata and Heath rivers around Maldonado. Alternate names: Ese Exa, Ese Eja, Ese'ejja, Tiatinagua, Tambopata-Guarayo, Huarayo, "Chama". Classification: Tacanan, Tiatinagua

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Huachipaeri [hug] 311 (2000 WCD). Population includes 12 Sapiteri, 10 Toyeri, 20 Arasairi, 50 Manuquiari, 36 to 50 Pukirieri (Puncuri). Upper Madre de Dios and Keros rivers. Alternate names: Huachipaire, Wacipaire, "Mashco". Dialects: Huachipaire, Sapiteri, Toyeri (Toyoeri, Tuyuneri), Arasairi. Close to Amarakaeri but they probably cannot use the same literature. The Sapiteri are integrating with the Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) have integrated with the Toyeri and others with the Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri; similar to Sapiteri. Classification: Harakmbet

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Huambisa [hub] 9,333 (2000 WCD). Morona and Santiago rivers. Alternate names: Huambiza, Wambisa. Dialects: Close to Aguaruna and Achuar-Shiwiar. Classification: Jivaroan

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Huitoto, Minica [hto] 5 in Peru (1995 SIL). Alternate names: Minica Huitoto. Classification: Witotoan, Witoto, Witoto Proper, Minica-Murui

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Huitoto, Murui [huu] 1,000 in Peru (1995 SIL). Very few monolinguals. Population total all countries: 2,900. Ampiyacu, Putumayo, and Napo rivers. None left in Brazil. Northeastern Peru, southwestern Colombia. Generally north of Amazon River between Iquitos, Peru and Leticia, Colombia on the south, to the Caquetá River on the north. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Bue, Witoto. Dialects: Mica. Classification: Witotoan, Witoto, Witoto Proper, Minica-Murui

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Huitoto, Nüpode [hux] 100 (1991 SIL). Alternate names: Nipode Witoto, Muinane Huitoto. Classification: Witotoan, Witoto, Witoto Proper, Nipode

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Iñapari [inp] 4 (1999 SIL). Piedras River, at the mouth of Sabaluyo, near Puerto Maldonado. Extinct in Bolivia. Alternate names: Inamari. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus Nearly extinct.

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Iquito [iqu] 35 (2002 SIL). 1 monolingual. Ethnic population: 500. Loreto Province, Pintoyacu, Nanay, and Chambira rivers, villages of San Antonia and Atalaya. Alternate names: Iquita, Ikito, Amacacore, Hamacore, Quiturran, Puca-Uma. Dialects: Pintuyacu. Was close to Cahuarano. Classification: Zaparoan Nearly extinct.

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Isconahua [isc] 82 (2000 WCD). Callaria River. Alternate names: Iscobaquebu. Dialects: Most closely related to Shipibo. Classification: Panoan, North-Central Nearly extinct.

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Jaqaru [jqr] 736 (2000 W. Adelaar). Population includes 725 Jaqaru, 11 Kawki. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Lima Department, Yauyos Province, Tupe village (Jaqaru) and Cachuy village (Cauqui). Alternate names: Haqearu, Haqaru, Haq'aru, Aru. Dialects: Cauqui (Kawki, Cachuy). Lexical similarity 73% with Aymara, 79% between Kawki and Aymara. Classification: Aymaran

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Jebero [jeb] Ethnic population: 2,000 to 3,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). District of Jebero. Alternate names: Xebero, Chebero, Xihuila. Classification: Cahuapanan Nearly extinct.

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Machiguenga [mcb] 10,149 (2000 WCD). Urubamba, Camisea, Picha, Manu, Timpia, Tigompinia, Kompiroshiato, and Mishagua rivers. Alternate names: Matsiganga, Matsigenka, Mañaries. Dialects: Closest to Nomatsiguenga. There are minor dialects. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Mashco Piro [cuj] 20 to 100 (1976 SIL). All are completely monolingual. Manu Park, Dept. of Madre de Dios. Cujar, Purus, Tahuamanu, Mishagua, and Piedras rivers. Extinct in Bolivia. Alternate names: Cujareno, Cujareño, "Mashco". Dialects: About 60% inherent intelligibility of Yine. "Mashco" is a derogatory name. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus Nearly extinct.

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Matsés [mcf] 2,000 in Peru (2003 SIL). Population total all countries: 3,000 to 3,500. Yaquerana. Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Mayoruna, Maxuruna, Majuruna, Mayiruna, Maxirona, Magirona, Mayuzuna. Dialects: Different from Mayo, or Maya and Marubo of Brazil. Classification: Panoan, Northern

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Muniche [myr] 3 (1988 SIL). Town of Muniches on the Paranapura River. Alternate names: Otanave, Otanabe, Munichino, Munichi. Classification: Language Isolate Nearly extinct.

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Nanti [cox] 350 to 600 (2002 Michael). Headwaters of the Camisea and Timpia rivers. Alternate names: "Cogapacori", "Kogapakori". Dialects: Language is most closely related to Machiguenga, but they have remained separate. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Nomatsiguenga [not] 6,500 (2003 SIL). 5,500 to 6,000 monolinguals. Departamento de Junín, between the rivers Ene and Perene, and Anapati River system in the foothills. Alternate names: "Nomatsiguenga Campa", Atiri. Dialects: Closest to Machiguenga. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Pre-Andine

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Ocaina [oca] 54 in Peru (2000). Population total all countries: 66. Ethnic population: 150 in Peru (2000 W. Adelaar). Yaguasyacu, Ampuyacu, and Putumayo rivers, northeastern Peru. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Okaina. Dialects: Dukaiya, Ibo'tsa. Classification: Witotoan, Witoto, Ocaina

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Omagua [omg] 10 to 100 in Peru (1976 SIL). Population total all countries: 10 to 100. Ethnic population: 627 (1976). Omaguas near Iquitos. There may be none left in Brazil (1995). Also spoken in Brazil. Alternate names: Omagua-Yete, Ariana, Pariana, Anapia, Macanipa, Kambeba, Yhuata, Umaua, Cambeba, Campeba, Cambela, Cambeeba, Compeva, Canga-Peba, Agua. Dialects: Closest to Cocama. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III Nearly extinct.

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Orejón [ore] 190 (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 405 (2000 WCD). Yanayacu, Sucusari, Algodon, and Putumayo rivers. Alternate names: Coto, Koto, Payagua, Mai Ja, Oregon, Orechon, Tutapi. Dialects: Nebaji. Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Southern

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Peruvian Sign Language [prl] Classification: Deaf sign language

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Pisabo [pig] 513 (2000 WCD). Between the Tapíche and Blanco rivers. Alternate names: Pisagua, Pisahua. Classification: Panoan, Northern

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Quechua, Ambo-Pasco [qva] 90,000 (1998 SIL). 20% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 90,000. In province of Ambo (department of Huánuco), districts of Huacar, San Francisco de Mosca, and San Rafael. In province of Pasco (department of Pasco), districts of Chaupimarca, Huachón, Huariaca, Ninacaca, Pallanchacra, San Francisco de Asís de Yarusyacán, Simón Bolívar, Ticlacayán, Tinyahuarca, Vicco, and Yanacancha. Alternate names: San Rafael-Huariaca Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión [qxu] 18,628 (2000 WCD). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 32,000. Arequipa Department, La Unión Province, Cotahuasi District; Apurímac Department, Antabamba Province. Alternate names: Arequipa Quechua, Cotahuasi Quechua. Dialects: Cotahuasi, Northern Arequipa, Highland Arequipa, Antabamba (Apurimac). Closer linguistically to Cuzco than to Ayacucho. Very close to eastern Apurímac. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C

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Quechua, Ayacucho [quy] 900,000 (2000 SIL). 300,000 monolinguals. Southwestern Ayacucho Region and Lima. Alternate names: Runasimi, Chanka. Dialects: Andahuaylas, Huancavelica. Lexical similarity 96% with Surcubamba, Puquio, and Cuzco. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C

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Quechua, Cajamarca [qvc] 30,000 (2000 D. Coombs). Cajamarca, Chetilla, and Los Baños districts. The western dialect in the district of Chetilla. The eastern variety in Porcon and in several areas around the valley of Cajamarca. Dialects: Western Cajamarca, Eastern Cajamarca. Dialect differences are relatively minor. Lexical similarity 94% with Lambayeque (closest), 92% with Pacaraos. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, A

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Quechua, Cajatambo North Lima [qvl] 7,000 (2000 SIL). 2,800 monolinguals. Northeast Lima Department: districts of Copa, Cajatambo, Huancapón, northern Manas, and northeastern Gogor and Southeast Ancash Department: districts of Pacllón, La Primavera, and Mangas (south of the Llamac River and east of the Pativilca River). Dialects: 74% intelligibility of Huamalíes Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Chachapoyas [quk] 7,000 (2003 SIL). 100 to 300 monolinguals (2003). Ethnic population: 7,000. Chachapoyas and Luya provinces, Amazonas Department. Alternate names: Amazonas. Dialects: Lamud (West Chachapoyas), Grenada-Mendoza (East Chachapoyas), La Jalca (South Chachapoyas), Llakwash Chachapoyas. Closest to San Martín Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, B

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Quechua, Chincha [qxc] 6,000 (2000 SIL). Northeastern Chincha Province, Ica; northwestern Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica; southeastern Yauyos Province, Lima. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, A

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Quechua, Chiquián Ancash [qxa] 10,000 (2000 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals. Southeast Ancash Department, Bolognesi Province, Chiquián District, Western Bolognesi west of the Pativilca River and north of the Llamac River, and eastern Ocros, those areas that border the Corpanqui Valley. Western Ocros may be included, but the dialect is somewhat different. Dialects: Possibly intelligible with Cajatambo Quechua. Some contact with Cajatambo and very little with Huamalíes. 73% intelligibility of Huamalíes. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Corongo Ancash [qwa] 4,000 (2000 SIL). 1,700 monolinguals (2000 SIL). Northern Ancash Department, Corongo Province, Aco, Corongo, Cusca, La Pampa, and Yanac districts. Most prevalent in Aco and Cusca. Dialects: Most closely related to Huaylas and Sihuas Quechua. Some contact with Sihuas, Northern Conchucos, and Huaylas by road. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Cusco [quz] 1,500,000 (1989 UBS). 300,000 to 500,000 monolinguals. Total Quechua speakers in Peru 3,500,000 to 4,400,000 including Quechua I 750,000, Quechua II 2,675,000 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 1,500,000. Departments of Cusco, half of Puno, and northeast Arequipa. Alternate names: Cuzco Quechua, Quechua Qosqo-Qollaw, Runasimi Qusqu Qullaw, Quechua de Cusco-Collao, Qheswa, Quechua Cusco, Quechua de Cuzco. Dialects: Caylloma Quechua, Eastern Apurímac Quechua, Puno Quechua. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C

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Quechua, Eastern Apurímac [qve] 200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals (30% in towns, 60% to 70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes). Ethnic population: 200,000. Abancay, Grau, Cotabambas, Aymaraes and Antabamba Ayamaraes, Chuquibambilla, and Anda provinces of the department of Apurímac. The province of La Unión, Arequipa. Alternate names: Quechua del Este de Apurímac, Apurímac Quechua. Dialects: Abancay, Antabamba, Cotabambas. La Unión Quechua (Arequipa) is very similar to Antabamba. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C

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Quechua, Huallaga Huánuco [qub] 40,000 (1993 SIL). 66% monolingual. Northeast Huánuco Department, including the city of Huánuco. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco [qvh] 72,440 (2000 WCD). 20,000 to 30,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 80,000 to 110,000. Northwest Huánuco Department. Dialects: Monzón, Huamalíes, Northern Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity 96% with Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Huaylas Ancash [qwh] 336,332 (2000 WCD). Less than 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300,000. Central Ancash Department, provinces of Huaraz, Carhuaz, Caraz; in the Callejón de Huaylas. Alternate names: Huaraz Quechua. Dialects: Huaraz, Yungay, Huailas (Huaylas). Parker says it is not intelligible with Cuzco, Ayacucho, Southern Junín (Huanca), Cajamarca, Amazonas (Chachapoyas), or San Martín Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Huaylla Wanca [qvw] 250,000 (2002 SIL). Southern Junín Department, Huancayo and Concepción provinces. Alternate names: Southern Huancayo Quechua, Huanca Huaylla Quechua. Dialects: Waycha (Huaycha, Central Huancayo), East Waylla, West Waylla. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Jauja Wanca [qxw] 14,550 to 31,500 (1962 census). Ethnic population: 77,727 (2000 WCD). Central Junín Department, Jauja Province. Alternate names: Shausha Wanka Quechua, Huanca Jauja Quechua. Dialects: Considerable phonological differences with Tarma. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Lambayeque [quf] 20,000 (1998 SIL). Lambayeque Region, Inkawasi, Kañaris, and Miracosta districts, and the communities of Penachí and Santa Lucía, and in adjacent areas of other departments (Cajamarca, Piura). Alternate names: Ferreñafe. Dialects: Incahuasi, Cañaris. Lexical similarity 94% with Cajamarca Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, A

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Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha [qvm] 83,395 (1993 census). 14,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 114,000 (1993 census). Southwest and south central Huánuco Department, districts of Obas, Aparicio Pomares, Cahuac, Chavinillo, Chacabamba, Jacas Chico, Rondos, San Francisco de Asis, Jivia, Baños, Queropalca, Jesús, San Miguel de Cauri, Yarumayo, Margos, and Chaulán. Dialects: Literature can be adapted from Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity 90% with Panao, 85% with Corongo (Ancash), Sihuas, Monzón, Tarma, Ulcumayo Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Napo Lowland [qvo] 8,000 in Peru. Population total all countries: 12,000. Napo River Region. Also communities on the Putumayo. Some were moved to Madre de Dios. Also spoken in Colombia, Ecuador. Alternate names: Runa Shimi, Santa Rosa Quechua, Santarrosino, Quixo, Kicho, Quijo, Napo, Yumbo, Lowland Napo Quichua, Napo Kichua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, B

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Quechua, North Junín [qvn] 60,000 (1998). 7,000 monolinguals (1972 census). Northern Junín Department, districts of Junín, Carhuamayo, Ondores, San Pedro de Cajas, southeast of Pasco. Alternate names: Tarma-Junín Quechua, Junín Quechua. Dialects: There are two dialects in Tarma Province which differ from the town of Junín. Lexical similarity 97% with Cajatambo, 96% with La Unión Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

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Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash [qxn] 250,000 (2002 SIL). 65,000 monolinguals (1994 census). East Ancash Department, Pomabamba to San Luis, and Huacrachuco in northwest Huánuco Department. May include a small part of the northern Marañon area. Alternate names: Conchucos Quechua, Northern Conchucos Quechua. Dialects: Related to Southern Conchucos, Huamalíes, Sihuas. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

More information.

 

Quechua, Pacaraos [qvp] 250 (1984 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 900. East central Lima Department, Pacaraos village. Dialects: Divergent lexically, morphologically, and phonologically from other Quechua. By its archaic features it occupies an important position relative to the reconstruction of Proto-Quechua. Lexical similarity 94% with Huarí, Cajatambo, Tarma, and Carás Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, A

More information.

 

Quechua, Panao Huánuco [qxh] 50,000 (2002 SIL). 10,000 monolinguals. East central Huánuco Department. Alternate names: Pachitea Quechua. Dialects: Lexical similarity 98% with La Unión, 96% with Cajatambo Quechua. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

More information.

 

Quechua, Puno [qxp] 500,000. 100,000 monolinguals (2002). Puno Department and adjacent areas: northeast Arequipa, highland area of Moquegua. Alternate names: Quechua Qollaw, Quechua Collao. Dialects: North Bolivian Quechua, Cailloma Quechua. Mutually intelligible with Cusco Quechua and North Bolivian Quechua: possibly sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C

More information.

 

Quechua, San Martín [qvs] 15,000 (2000 SIL). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 43,982 (2000 WCD). Loreto Department, San Martín Region, Sisa, Lamas, and other districts, and along parts of the Ucayali River. Lamas town is "the cradle of the culture" and 22 km from Tarapota. Alternate names: Ucayali, Lamista, Lamisto, Lama, Lamano, Motilón. Dialects: Several minor dialects. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, B

More information.

 

Quechua, Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco [qxt] 10,000 (1993 SIL). Pasco Department, southeastern part of District Daniel Carrion. Dialects: Probably a dialect of Chaupihuaranga Quecha. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

More information.

 

Quechua, Sihuas Ancash [qws] 6,500 (2002 SIL). 3,000 monolinguals. Ancash Department, Sihuas Province, districts west of Sihuas River and north of Rupac River: southern Quiches, Alfonso Ugarte, Huayllabamba, Sihuas, and western Ragash. Dialects: Most closely related to Northern Conchucos and Corongo Quechuas. Intelligibility testing has been conducted with these two language groups and initial results show intelligibility of Corongo Quechua to be on the high end of marginal. Intelligibility of Northern Conchucos appears to be lower. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

More information.

 

Quechua, Southern Conchucos Ancash [qxo] 250,000 (1994 census). 80,000 monolinguals. East Ancash Department, Chavín to San Luis to Llamellín in East Ancash Department, and Huacaybamba, Huacrachuco, San Buenaventura, and Pinra in northwest Huánuco Department. Includes much of southern Marañon. Alternate names: Conchucos Quechua, Southern Conchucos Quechua. Dialects: Related to Northern Conchucos, Huamalíes, Huaylas. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

More information.

 

Quechua, Southern Pastaza [qup] 1,553 (2000 WCD). 20% monolinguals. Northern jungle, Anatico Lake, Pastaza and Huasaga rivers, along the Ñucuray River and Manchari. Alternate names: Inga. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, B

More information.

 

Quechua, Yanahuanca Pasco [qur] 20,500 (1972 census). 8,200 monolinguals. Western Pasco Department, sparsely populated high country, and more densely populated valleys, districts of Yanahuanca, Villcabamba, Tapoc, Chacayan, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Goyllarisquizqa, Chinche. Alternate names: Daniel Carrion. Dialects: Many related Quechua dialects intersect here: Junín, Ambo-Pasco, Santa Ana de Tusi, Cajatambo, Dos de Mayo. Further intelligibility studies may be needed. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua I

More information.

 

Quechua, Yauyos [qux] 6,500 (2003 SIL). Lima Department, Yauyos Province; Ica Department, northern section of Chincha Province; Huancavelica Department, northeastern corner of Castrovirreyna Province. Dialects: San Pedro de Huacarpana, Apurí, Madean-Viñac (Madeán), Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos (Huangáscar), Cacra-Hongos, Tana-Lincha (Lincha), Tomás-Alis (Alis), Huancaya-Vitis, Laraos. Not a single language, but a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many one-village varieties. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, A

More information.

 

Quichua, Northern Pastaza [qvz] 2,000 in Peru. Alamos, Tigre River. Alternate names: Tigre Quechua, Alama, Bobonaza. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, B

More information.

 

Resígaro [rgr] 14 (1976 SIL). Northeastern Peru, Loreto Department, in Bora and Ocaina villages. Alternate names: Resígero. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Northern Maipuran, Inland Nearly extinct.

More information.

 

Secoya [sey] 144 in Peru. Northern Peru, Boca de Angusilla and Santa Marta, a small river off the Napo River near the Ecuador border. Alternate names: Angotero, Encabellao. Dialects: Angotero, Piojé. Classification: Tucanoan, Western Tucanoan, Northern, Siona-Secoya

More information.

 

Sharanahua [mcd] 450 in Peru (2000 SIL). 70% monolinguals. Population includes 200 to 300 Mastanahua. Population total all countries: 950. Upper Purus River area. Also spoken in Brazil. Dialects: Marinahua (Marinawa), Chandinahua, Mastanahua. Close to Yaminahua, Chitonahua, Yora. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

More information.

 

Shipibo-Conibo [shp] 26,000 (2003 SIL). Northeastern middle Ucayali River area, Painaco, Requena, Sur Bolognesi, Pisqui (on the other side of Contamana). Dialects: Shipibo (Alto Ucayali), Conibo (Coniba), Pisquibo, Shetebo (Setebo, Setibo, Xitibo, Manoita), Shipibo del Madre de Dios. Classification: Panoan, North-Central

More information.

 

Spanish [spa] 20,000,000 in Peru (1995). Alternate names: Español, Castellano. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

More information.

 

Spanish, Loreto-Ucayali [spq] Loreto and Ucayali river areas. Alternate names: Jungle Spanish. Dialects: Some other speakers have limited comprehension of colloquial standard Spanish. Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian

More information.

 

Taushiro [trr] 1 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 20. Off the Tigre River, Aucayacu River, tributary of the Ahuaruna River. Alternate names: Pinchi, Pinche. Dialects: Possibly Zaparoan. Ruhlen says it is related to Candoshi. Classification: Language Isolate Nearly extinct.

More information.

 

Ticuna [tca] 8,000 in Peru (2000 SIL). Northeastern Amazon River Region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Iça in Brazil. Alternate names: Tikuna, Tukuna. Classification: Language Isolate

More information.

 

Urarina [ura] 3,000 (2002 SIL). Urarinas District, Pucayacu, Chambira, and Urituyacu rivers. Alternate names: Shimacu, Simacu, Itucali. Dialects: There are several dialects with minor differences. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean. Classification: Language Isolate

More information.

 

Yagua [yad] 5,692 in Peru (2000 WCD). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,000. Loreto, northeastern Amazon River Region, from Iquitos to the Brazil border. Some go to urban centers like Iquitos for economic reasons. Some occasionally go into Brazil. Also spoken in Colombia. Alternate names: Nijyamïï Nikyejaada, Yahua, Llagua, Yava, Yegua. Dialects: 2 dialects. Classification: Peba-Yaguan

More information.

 

Yaminahua [yaa] 750 in Peru (2003 SIL). Population includes 400 Yaminahua (1998 SIL), 200 Mastanahua (1981 SIL), 150 Chitonahua. Population total all countries: 1,244. Huacapishtea and Mapuya. Chitonahua at the headwaters of the Embira River. Also spoken in Bolivia, Brazil. Alternate names: Yaminawa, Jaminawá, Yuminahua, Yamanawa. Dialects: Yaminahua, Chitonahua (Morunahua, Moronahua, Foredafa, Horudahua, Horunahua). Closest to Sharanahua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yaminahua-Sharanahua

More information.

 

Yanesha' [ame] 9,831 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). Central and eastern Pasco Region and Junín, western jungle, headwaters of the Pachitea and Perene rivers. Alternate names: Amuesha, Amuese, Amueixa, Amoishe, Amagues, Amage, Omage, Amajo, Lorenzo, Amuetamo, Amaje. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Western Maipuran

More information.

 

Yine [pib] 4,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000 to 5,000. Departments of Ucayali and Cusco, east central Urubamba River area; Department of Ucayali and Loreto, along the Ucayali River (Conatmana and Pucallpa); Department of Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios River. Alternate names: "Piro", Pirro, Pira, "Simirinche", Simiranch, Contaquiro. Dialects: Machinere in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature. Classification: Arawakan, Maipuran, Southern Maipuran, Purus

More information.

 

Yora [mts] 350 to 400 (1998 SIL). Manu Park, Panagua River. Some are outside of the Park on the Mishagua River. There may be more in Brazil. Alternate names: Yura, Yoranahua, Manu Park Panoan, Parquenahua, Nahua. Dialects: Close to Yaminahua and Sharanahua. Classification: Panoan, South-Central, Yora

More information.

 

 

Extinct languages

Abishira [ash] Extinct. Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on the Napo River. Alternate names: Abiquira, Auishiri, Agouisiri, Avirxiri, Abigira, Ixignor, Vacacocha, Tequraca. Classification: Unclassified

More information.

 

Aguano [aga] Extinct. Ethnic population: 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga who did not use Aguano but were members of the ethnic group (1959). Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, the right bank tributary of the Marañon River. Alternate names: Uguano, Aguanu, Awano, Santa Crucino. Classification: Unclassified

More information.

 

Andoa [anb] Extinct. Pastaza River. None in Ecuador. Alternate names: Shimigae, Semigae, Gae, Gaye. Dialects: A distinct language from Záparo (Kayapwe) of Ecuador, which is now extinct in Peru. Classification: Zaparoan

More information.

 

Atsahuaca [atc] Extinct. Carama River, tributary of Tambopata, and Chaspa River, tributary of Inambari. Alternate names: Yamiaca. Classification: Panoan, North-Central

More information.

 

Aushiri [avs] Extinct. Tributaries of the right bank of the Napo River, Escuelacocha. Alternate names: Auxira. Classification: Zaparoan

More information.

 

Cholón [cht] Extinct. Valley of the Huallaga River from Tingo María to Valle. Alternate names: Tinganeses, Seeptsa. Dialects: Ruhlen says it is Andean. Adelaar says it is in the Hibito-Cholon family. Classification: Hibito-Cholon

More information.

 

Hibito [hib] Extinct. Bobonaje River, tributary of Jelache, tributary of Huayabamba, coming into Huallaga on the west side. Alternate names: Jibito, Chibito, Zibito, Ibito, Xibita. Classification: Hibito-Cholon

More information.

 

Nocamán [nom] Extinct. Headwaters of the Inuya River, Amueya River, Tamaya River. Alternate names: Nocomán. Dialects: May have been a dialect of Cashibo. Classification: Panoan, Western

More information.

 

Omurano [omu] Extinct. Alternate names: Humurana, Roamaina, Numurana, Umurano, Mayna. Classification: Zaparoan

More information.

 

Panobo [pno] Extinct. Along the Ucayali River and mixed with the Shetebo. Alternate names: Manoa, Pano, Pana, Pelado, Wariapano, Huariapano. Classification: Panoan, Unclassified

More information.

 

Puquina [puq] Extinct. South shore of Lake Titicaca, town of Puquina. Classification: Unclassified

More information.

 

Quechua, Classical [qwc] Extinct. Central Peru. Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C

More information.

 

Remo [rem] Extinct. Between the Tapiche and Calleria rivers. If they exist, they are in Brazil at the headwaters of the Moa River; but there is no evidence of their existence in Brazil. Alternate names: Rheno. Classification: Panoan, North-Central

More information.

 

Sensi [sni] Extinct. Right bank of the Ucayali River. Alternate names: Senti, Tenti, Mananahua. Classification: Panoan, North-Central

More information.

 

Yameo [yme] Extinct. Marañon and Amazon rivers from the mouth of the Tigre to the Nanay River. Classification: Peba-Yagu

 

Capital city:

Lima

 

Meaning country name:

The exact meaning behind the word "Peru" remains obscure: the most popular theory derives it from the native word biru meaning "river" (compare with the River Biru in modern Ecuador). Another explanation claims that it comes from the name of the Indian chieftain Beru. Spanish explorers asked him the name of the land, but not understanding their language, he assumed they wanted his own name, which he gave them. Another possibility explanation traces the name to pelu, presumptively an old native name of the region.

 

Description Flag:

The flag of Peru was created by José de San Martín and adopted by the government of Peru in 1825. It is a vertical triband with red outer bands and a single white middle band. Depending on its use, it may be defaced with different emblems, and has different names.

 

Coat of arms:

The Coat of Arms of Peru is a national symbolic emblem of Peru. Four variants are used: the Coat of Arms per se (Escudo de Armas), the National Coat of Arms or National Shield (Escudo Nacional), the Great Seal of the State (Gran Sello del Estado) and the Naval Coat of Arms (Escudo de la Marina de Guerra).

All four share the same escutcheon or shield, consisting of three elements: the top left section shows the vicuña, the national animal, on a light-blue field, representing the fauna of Peru; the tree in the top right section is the cinchona tree (the source of quinine, a powerful anti-malarial drug and the key flavorant in "tonic water," used in making gin-and-tonics), on a white background, representing the national flora; and the bottom cornucopia with coins spilling from it, on a red field, represents the mineral resources of the country.

 

Motto:

"Happy and strong for the union"

 

National Anthem: National Anthem from peru

 

Somos libres, seámoslo siempre,

y antes niegue sus luces el sol

que faltemos al voto solemne

que la patria al Eterno elevó.

I

Largo tiempo el peruano oprimido

la ominosa cadena arrastró;

condenado a cruel servidumbre

largo tiempo en silencio gimió.

Mas apenas el grito sagrado

¡Libertad! en sus costas se oyó,

la indolencia de esclavo sacude,

la humillada cerviz levantó.

II

Ya el estruendo de broncas cadenas

que escuchamos tres siglos de horror,

de los libres al grito sagrado

que oyó atónito el mundo, cesó.

Por doquier San Martín inflamado,

libertad, libertad, pronunció,

y meciendo su base los Andes

la anunciaron, también, a una voz.

III

Con su influjo los pueblos despiertan

y cual rayo corrió la opinión;

desde el istmo a las tierras del fuego,

desde el fuego a la helada región.

Todos juran romper el enlace

que Natura a ambos mundos negó,

y quebrar ese cetro que España

reclinaba orgullosa en los dos.

IV

Lima, cumple ese voto solemne,

y, severa, su enojo mostró,

al tirano impotente lanzando,

que intentaba alargar su opresión.

A su esfuerzo saltaron los grillos

y los surcos que en sí reparó,

le atizaron el odio y venganza

que heredara de su Inca y Señor.

V

Compatriotas, no más verla esclava

si humillada tres siglos gimió,

para siempre jurémosla libre

manteniendo su propio esplendor.

Nuestros brazos, hasta hoy desarmados

estén siempre cebando el cañón,

que algún día las playas de Iberia

sentirán de su estruendo el terror.

VI

Excitemos los celos de España

pues presiente con mengua y furor

que en concurso de grandes naciones

nuestra patria entrará en parangón.

En la lista que de éstas se forme

llenaremos primero el reglón

que el tirano ambicioso Iberino,

que la América toda asoló.

VII

En su cima los Andes sostengan

la bandera o pendón bicolor,

que a los siglos anuncie el esfuerzo

que ser libres, por siempre nos dio.

A su sombra vivamos tranquilos,

y al nacer por sus cumbres el sol,

renovemos el gran juramento

que rendimos al Dios de Jacob.

 

English

 

We are free, may we always be so,

and let the sun rather deny its light

Than that we should fail the solemn vow

that the motherland to the Eternal elevated.

I

For a long time the oppressed Peruvian

the ominous chain dragged;

sentenced to cruel servitude

for a long time in silence he moaned.

But as soon as the sacred yell

Liberty! on its coasts was heard,

the indolence of a slave he shakes off,

the humiliated neck he raised.

II

Now the roar of rough chains

that we heard for three centuries of horror,

from the freed to the sacred yell,

that astonished the world heard, stopped.

Everywhere San Martín inflamed,

liberty, liberty, pronounced,

and rocking their base the Andes

they announced it, as well, in unison.

III

With its influx the peoples wake up

and like lighting ran the opinion;

from the isthmus to the lands of fire,

from fire to the icy region.

Everyone swears to break the link

that Nature denied to both worlds,

and break that sceptre that Spain

reclined proud on both.

IV

Lima, fulfill this solemn vow,

and, severe, its anger showed,

to the impotent tyrant throwing,

who tried to extend his oppression.

At his effort the grasshoppers jumped

and the furrows that he repaired,

stirred up his hate and vengeance

inherited from his Inca and Lord.

V

Countrymen, may we no more see her a slave

if humiliated for three centuries she moaned,

forever may we swear it free

maintaining her own splendor.

Our arms, until today unarmed

be always feeding the cannon,

that some day the beaches of Iberia

will feel horror from its roar.

VI

May we excite the jealously of Spain

since it has a feeling with shortage and furor

that in contest of great nations

our country will enter in comparison.

On the list formed by these

we shall fill first the line

than the ambitious Iberian tyrant,

who all of America knocked down.

VII

On its summit may the Andes sustain

the two-color flag or banner,

may it to the centuries announce the effort

that being free, forever gave us.

Under its shadow may we live calm,

and at the sun's birth by its summits,

may we renew the great oath

we rendered to the God of Jacob.

 

Internet Page: www.peru.gob.pe

www.peru.info

www.peru.com

 

Peru in diferent languages

 

eng | afr | bam | ces | dan | dsb | eus | fin | hau | hrv | hsb | hun | ibo | jav | kin | lav | lin | lit | mlt | nld | nor | pol | por | roh | ron | run | rup | slk | slv | sme | smo | sqi | swa | swe | szl | tgl | tur | wol | zza: Peru

arg | ast | cat | fao | glg | isl | scn | spa | tet: Perú

aze | bos | crh | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Peru / Перу

cos | fur | ita | lld | srd: Perù

bre | cor | wln: Perou

deu | ltz | nds: Peru / Peru

aym | que: Piruw

est | vor: Peruu

fra | jnf: Pérou

ind | msa: Peru / ڤيرو

cym: Periw

epo: Peruo

frp: Pèrou

fry: Perû

gla: Pearu; Peru; Perù

gle: Peiriú / Peiriú

glv: Yn Pheroo

hat: Pewou

ina: Peru; Peruvia

kmr: Pêrû / Перу / پێروو

kur: Perû / پەروو

lat: Peruvia

mlg: Peroa

nrm: Pérouo

oci: Peró

rmy: Peru / पेरु

smg: Perū

vie: Pê-ru

vol: Peruvän

abq | alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm | ukr: Перу (Peru)

bak | srp | tat: Перу / Peru

bel: Перу / Pieru; Пэру / Peru

kaz: Перу / Perw / پەرۋ

tgk: Перу / پرو / Peru

ara: البيرو (al-Bīrū); بيرو (Bīrū)

fas: پرو / Peru

prs: پیرو (Pērū)

pus: پېرو (Perū)

uig: پېرۇ / Péru / Перу

urd: پیرو (Perū)

div: ޕެރޫ (Perū)

heb: פרו (Perû)

lad: פירו / Peru

yid: פּערו (Peru)

amh: ፔሩ (Peru)

ell-dhi: Περού (Peroý)

ell-kat: Περοῦ (Peroỹ); Περουβία (Peroyvía)

hye: Պերու (Perou)

kat: პერუ (Peru)

hin: पेरू (Perū); पीरू (Pīrū)

ben: পেরু (Peru); পিরু (Piru)

pan: ਪੇਰੂ (Perū)

kan: ಪೆರು (Peru)

mal: പെറു (Peṟu)

tam: பெரு (Peru)

tel: పెరూ (Perū)

zho: 祕魯/秘鲁 (Bìlǔ)

yue: 祕魯/秘鲁 (Beilóuh)

jpn: ペルー (Perū); ペル (Peru)

kor: 페루 (Peru)

mya: ပီရူး (Piẏù)

tha: เปรู (Pērū)

lao: ເປຣູ (Pēlū)

khm: ប៉េរ៉ូ (Berū); ប៉េរូ (Berū)

 

Done