Mali
Is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali is the seventh largest country in Africa, bordering Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population more than 14 million. Its capital is Bamako.
Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern region, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources include gold, uranium, and salt. Mali is considered to be one of the poorest nations in the world.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 1800s, Mali fell under French control, becoming part of French Sudan. Mali gained independence in 1959 with Senegal, as the Mali Federation. A year later, the Mali Federation became the independent nation of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
History
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali
Geography
Mali is a landlocked nation in West Africa, located southwest of Algeria. At 1,240,000 square kilometres (478,767 sq mi), Mali is the world's 24th-largest country and is comparable in size to South Africa or Angola. Most of the country lies in the southern Sahara, which produces a hot, dust-laden the Sudanian savanna zone. Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by sand. The Adrar des Ifoghas lies in the northeast.
The country's climate ranges from tropical in the south to arid in the north. Most of the country receives negligible rainfall; droughts are frequent. Late June to early December is the rainy season. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta. The nation has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone being most widely exploited. Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, and inadequate supplies of potable water.Martin, p. 134. Each region has a governor. Since Mali's regions are very large, the country is subdivided into 49 cercles, totaling 288 arrondissements. Mayors and elected members of the city councils officiate the arrondissements.
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Oficial Name:
Republique du Mali
Independence:
September 22, 1960
Area:
1.248.574km2
Inhabitants:
14.678.000
Languages:
Arabic, Hasanya [mey] 106,100 in Mali (1991). Nioro and Nara. Alternate names: Maure, Mauri, Moor, Suraka, Suraxxé, Hassaniyya, Hassani. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
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Bamako Sign Language [bog] Bamako school for deaf children, separated into 3 grade classes. It is not known if it is widely used elsewhere or not. Dialects: Not related to other sign languages. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Bamanankan [bam] 2,700,000 in Mali (1995). Population includes 75,000 Ganadugu (1991 Vanderaa), 41,200 Wasulu. Population total all countries: 2,786,385. Also spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal. Alternate names: Bambara, Bamanakan. Dialects: Standard Bambara, Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu, Wasulu (Wasuu, Wassulunka, Wassulunke), Sikasso. There are many local dialects. The main division is Standard Bambara, influenced heavily by Western Maninkakan, and rural dialects. Bamanankan dialects are spoken in varying degrees by 80% of the population. Wasulu is a dialect of Bamanankan in Mali and of Western Maninkakan in Guinea. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana
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Bankagooma [bxw] 5,085 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,085. North of Sikasso in Danderesso Administrative District, towns of Nougoussouala (Nonko), Fourouma, Mamarasso (Mora), Famsara, and Zantiguila. Alternate names: Banka, Bankagoma, Bankagoroma, Bankaje. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo
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Bobo Madaré, Northern [bbo] 18,400 in Mali (2000 WCD). An approximate rectangle in Mali around Bura and Mafune. Alternate names: Bobo Fing, Bobo Fign, Bobo Fi, Bobo, Black Bobo, Finng, Bobo Da. Dialects: Benge, Sogokiri, Sya (Sia), Vore. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo
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Bomu [bmq] 102,000 in Mali (1976 census). Population total all countries: 158,000. A triangle between San and Sofara on the Bani River in Mali, and Soumbara, west of Nouna, in Burkina Faso. The Mao subdialect is separate from the others and straddles the Mali-Burkina Faso border about 40 km east-west by 20 km north-south, and is on the main San to Bobo-Dioulasso road. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Boomu, Bore, Western Bobo Oule, Western Red Bobo, Western Bwamu, Bobo Wule. Dialects: Dwemu, Dahanmu. Dwemu subdialects are Terekongo (Terekoungo), Wahu (between Téné and the Bani River), Togo. Dahanmu subdialects are Koniko, Mandiakuy, Bomborokuy, and Mao (Mahou). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu
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Bozo, Hainyaxo [bzx] 117,696 (1987 census). From Miérou (near Ke-Maacina) to Tamani on the Niger River. They can be found working the major rivers in much of West Africa. Alternate names: Hainyaxo, Hanyaxo, Xanyaxo, Xan, Hain, Kelenga, Kélinga, Kéllingua, Boso. Dialects: Lexical similarity 48% with Tieyaxo Boso (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern
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Bozo, Jenaama [bze] 100,000 in Mali (1991 Vanderaa). Administrative circles of Djenné, Mopti, Youwarou, Tenenkou and Bandiagara. Between the Bani and Niger rivers (Pondori dialect), between the Diaka and Niger rivers (Kotya dialect), along the Niger River from Mopti to Lake Débo (Korondougou dialect), north of Kotya and around Lake Debo (Debo dialect). Some in Côte d'Ivoire around the Kosson and Ayamé dams. Also spoken in Nigeria. Alternate names: Sorogaama, Corogaama, Sarkanci, Sarkawa, Djenaama, Nononke, Boso. Dialects: Pondori, Kotya (Kotyaxo), Korondougou, Débo. Lexical similarity 53% with Tieyaxo Bozo (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama
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Bozo, Tièma Cièwè [boo] 2,500 (1991). Population includes 831 in Enguem, 1,315 in Aouré. Administrative circle of Youwarou, Arrondissement Guidio Saré; Enghem (Enguem), Aouré (Aoré), and Kamago Sébi villages, where the Niger River leaves Lake Debo. Alternate names: Tièma Cièwè, Tié, Boso. Dialects: Lexical similarity 60% with Tieyaxo Boso. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern
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Bozo, Tiéyaxo [boz] 117,696 (1987 census). From Koa to Miérou on the Niger River, and Diafarabié to Sendédaga on the Diaka River (a tributary). They work the major rivers in much of West Africa. Alternate names: Tieyaxo, Tigemaxo, Tiemaxo, Tyeyaxo, Tiéyakho, Tiguémakho, Tie, Tégué, Boso. Dialects: Lexical similarity 53% with Sorogama Boso (closest), 30% with Soninke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern
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Dogon, Bangeri Me [dba] 1,200 (1998 Durieux). Spoken in 7 villages in the extreme northwest of the plateau. Numadaw might relate to ethnonym 'Nononke'. Alternate names: Bangeri Me, Numadaw. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Bondum Dom [dbu] 24,700 (1998 Durieux). Along the northern border of the plateau, separated from the Tommo So area to its south by a mainly uninhabited plain east of Dia, and a deep ravine running westward from Dia to the cliff that ends the plateau. Borko village (14,57 N; 3,21 W) is about center of the language area. Alternate names: Bondum-Dom. Dialects: Kindjim, Nadjamba. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Dogul Dom [dbg] 15,700 (1998 Durieux). 14 villages about 20 km northeast of Bandiagara with Nandoli as center. Alternate names: Dogul-Dom. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Donno So [dds] 45,300 (1998 Durieux). Kamba So is spoken around Kamba, and Donno So around Bandiagara. Alternate names: Kamba So. Dialects: Kamma So, Donno So. Similar to Tommo So. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Jamsay [djm] 130,000 in Mali (1998 Durieux). Large but sparsely populated area east of the Dogon cliffs extending into Burkina Faso. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Dyamsay Tegu. Dialects: Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. Degree of comprehension between dialects uncertain. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Kolum So [dkl] 24,000 (1998 Durieux). Area between Sevare and Bandiagara, in Pinia administrative area. Alternate names: Edyenge Dom, Idyoli Donge, Piniari. Dialects: Mombo (Helabo, Miambo), Ambange (Ampari). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Tene Kan [dtk] 127,000 (1998 Durieux). From Bankass nearly to Koro. Alternate names: Tene Tingi, Tene Kan. Dialects: Tengu Tingi, Togo Kan, Sagara, Guimini Kan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Tomo Kan [dtm] 132,800 in Mali (1998 Durieux). Large area southwest of Bankass. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Tomo-Kan. Dialects: Distinct from Tommo So (Tombo). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Toro So [dts] 50,000 (1998 Durieux). Spoken along the cliff from Yendoumman to Idyeli. Alternate names: Dogoso, Bomu Tegu, Toro So. Dialects: Different from Dogoso and Dogosé in Burkina Faso. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Toro Tegu [dtt] 2,900 (1998 Durieux). About 80 km east of Douentza along a paved road. Approximately 15 villages. Alternate names: Tandam. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Duungooma [dux] 70,000 (1991 Vanderaa). 3rd Region (Sikasso), prefectures of Kadiolo and Sikasso. Kai is the largest town. Alternate names: Samogho, Samogo, Samoro, Du, Mali Duun, Duungo, Western Duun. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo
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French [fra] 9,000 in Mali (1993 Johnstone). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
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Fulfulde, Maasina [ffm] 911,200 in Mali (1991). Population total all countries: 919,700. Central Mali. The western dialect is spoken around Segou and Macina. The eastern dialect is spoken from north of Mopti to Boni in the east. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana. Alternate names: Peul, Macina. Dialects: Western Macina, Eastern Macina. There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible. Substantial Bambara influence. There is skewing between the ethnic and linguistic relationships. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, West Central
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Jahanka [jad] 500 in Mali (2001). Kotema and Niebore villages, near the Guinea border. Possibly more villages farther east. Alternate names: Jahanque, Jahonque, Diakkanke, Diakhanke, Dyakanke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding
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Jalunga [yal] 9,000 in Mali (2002 SIL). Extreme southwest corner along the Guinea border, Faleya Region, to where the Baafing River comes to the Mali-Guinea border. Alternate names: Yalunka, Djallonke, Dyalonke, Dialonke, Jalonke, Yalunke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka
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Jowulu [jow] 10,000 in Mali (2002). Population total all countries: 11,000. 3rd Region, Prefecture of Kadiolo, Subprefecture of Loulouni. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Jo, Samogho. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo
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Jula [dyu] 50,000 in Mali (1991). Alternate names: Dyoula, Diula, Dioula, Djula, Dyula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana
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Kagoro [xkg] 15,000 (1998 Valentin Vydrine). Ethnic population: 21,500 (1991 Vanderaa). Kaarta-Bine and Gumbu regions, about 70 ethnic Kagoro villages (Vydrine 1998). Alternate names: Kakolo. Dialects: Close to Khasonke. Bamanankan speakers have poor comprehension of Kagoro. Lexical similarity 86% with Kita Maninkakan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Koromfé [kfz] 100 in Mali. Near Burkina Faso border southeast of Dinangourou (east of Sangha) including Yoro, Kindi, Bougal, Nassouwele, Youmnetao, Ouri, Boutou, Lou, Tidore, Boulagadji, Kalalgaobe. Dialects: Eastern Koromfe, Western Koromfe. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Kurumfe
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Maninkakan, Kita [mwk] 600,000 (1991 Vanderaa). Population includes 50,000 Fulanke (based on 1991 Vanderaa). From Kita west to the Tambaoura cliff range. Alternate names: Malinke, Kita Maninka, Central Malinke. Dialects: Fulanke. Kita speakers have 64% intelligibility of Bambara. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Maninkakan, Western [mlq] 100,000 in Mali (based on Vanderaa 1991). West of Tambaoura cliff range at border of Mali and Guinea. Alternate names: Northwestern Maninka, Malinke, Malinka, Western Malinke. Dialects: Kenieba Maninka, Nyoxolonkan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Marka [rkm] 25,000 in Mali (1991). Around the villages of Koula, Diarani, Yelené, Kuna; Dialassagou, Ouenkoro, Bai. Alternate names: Marka-Dafin, Dafing, Meka. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Marka-Dafin
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Mòoré [mos] 17,000 in Mali (1980). Some villages in the Dogon area, near the Burkina Faso border, and elsewhere. Alternate names: More, Mole, Mossi, Moshi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest
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Pana [pnq] 2,800 in Mali (1982 SIL). South of Bandiagara, straddling the Mali-Burkina Faso border east of the Sourou River, due north of Kassoum in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Sama. Dialects: Pana North, Pana South. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern
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Pulaar [fuc] 175,000 in Mali (1995). Population includes 40,000 Fulbe Jeeri. Settled primarily in northwestern Mali around Nioro and Kayes. Pockets found in Segou and Bandiagara, which are remnants of Umar Tal's conquest in the middle 1800s. Alternate names: Pulaar Fulfulde, Peul, Peuhl. Dialects: Toucouleur (Tukolor, Tukulor, Pulaar, Halpulaar, Haalpulaar, Fulbe Jeeri). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, Western
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Pular [fuf] 50,000 in Mali (1991). Western Mali from Guinea up to about Keniéba, especially in the administrative districts of Faléa and Faraba. Alternate names: Fuuta Jalon, Futa Jallon, Fouta Dyalon, Fulfulde Jalon, Fullo Fuuta, Futa Fula, Foula Fouta. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, West Central
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Sàmòmá [knz] Lògrèmmá dialect spoken in at least six villages in Mali: Dian, Sougou, Zon, Ponghon, Gako, and Soyma. Alternate names: Kalamsé, Kalemsé, Kalenga, Sàmó. Dialects: Logremma (Logma, West Kalamsé). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern
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Senoufo, Mamara [myk] 737,802 (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Miniyanka, Minya, Mianka, Minianka, Mamara, Tupiire. Dialects: Sõghoo, Bàjii, Nafãã, Mìjuu, Kle Noehmõ, Nejuu, Koloo, Kujaa, Suõõ. Close to Supyire Senoufo, but intercomprehension is difficult. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara
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Sénoufo, Sìcìté [sep] Villages of Bakoronidougou, Gouaniéresso, Finkolo-Zanso, and Missidougou, east of Sikasso near the Burkina Faso border. Alternate names: Sìcìté, Sìpììté, Sìcìré, Sucite, Tagba. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara
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Senoufo, Supyire [spp] 364,000 (1991). At Sikasso. Alternate names: Supyire, Sup'ide, Suppire. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara
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Senoufo, Syenara [shz] 136,500 (1991 Vanderaa). South of the Duun language area around Kadiolo. Alternate names: Syenara, Shenara, Senare, Senari. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari
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Songhay, Humburi Senni [hmb] 15,000 in Mali (1999 Heath). Hombori area, halfway between Gao and Mopti. Alternate names: Songay Senni, Songoy, Songhoy, Songai, Songhai, Songay, Songoi, Songhay, Sonrai, Sonrhai, Central Songai, Hombori Songhay. Dialects: Djenne Chiini. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
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Songhay, Koyra Chiini [khq] 200,000 (1999 SIL). On the Niger River from Djenné to just east of Timbuktu. Alternate names: Songay, Songoy, Songhoy, Songai, Songhai, Songoi, Songhay, Sonrai, Sonrhai, West Songhoy, Timbuktu Songhoy. Dialects: Koyra Chiini, Djenné Chiini. The main dialect division is between Timbuktu and the upriver towns from Diré to Niafunké. A very distinct dialect is in Djenné city. Closely related languages: Koyraboro Senni Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, 50% lexical similarity with Tadaksahak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
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Songhay, Koyraboro Senni [ses] 400,000 (1999 Dan Stauffer). Southeast, along the Niger River from Gourma Rharous, just east of Timbuktu, through Bourem, Goa, and Ansongo on to the Mali-Niger border. Borders Kaado (Zarma) in Niger, but boundary zone not well studied. Alternate names: Koyra Senni, Koroboro Senni, Songay Senni, Songoy, Songai, Songhai, Songay, Songoi, Songhay, Sonrai, Sonrhai, East Songhay, Gao Songhay, Koyra Senni Songhay. Dialects: Intelligibility is good of all dialects on the Niger River. Fulan Kirya variety has more limited intelligibility because of heavy lexical borrowing from Fulfulde and Humburi Senni Songhay. Closely related languages: Koyra Chiini Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, lexical similarity 50% with Tadaksahak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
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Soninke [snk] 700,000 in Mali (1991). Population includes 125,000 Diawara (1991 Vanderaa), 374,042 first-language Marka speakers (1987 census). Population total all countries: 1,096,795. Nioro, Nara, Banamba, Yélémané, Kayes are principal towns in Mali. Also possibly Niger. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal. Alternate names: Marka, Maraka, Sarakole, Sarakule, Sarawule, Serahuli, Silabe, Toubakai, Wakore, Gadyaga, Aswanik, Diawara. Dialects: Azer (Adjer, Aser), Kinbakka, Xenqenna. Dialects in Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, and possibly Gambia are close enough to use the same literature. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke
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Tadaksahak [dsq] 30,000 in Mali (1995). Population total all countries: 31,800. 7th region, about 300 km east-west by 200 km north-south with Ménaka as geographic center. They travel into Niger and Algeria. Also spoken in Algeria. Alternate names: Dausahaq, Daoussak, Daoussahaq, Dawsahaq, Daosahaq. Dialects: Close to Tagdal (Niger), Tasawaq (Niger), Korandje (Algeria). Northern Songhay Languages share features from Songhay and Tamasheq. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Northern
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Tamajaq [ttq] 190,000 in Mali (1991). East Mali, Menaka, and Gao regions. Alternate names: Tamajeq, Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tamashekin, "Tuareg", "Tourage", Tahoua, Tajag. Dialects: Tawallammet Tan Dannag (Ioullemmeden), Tawallammat Tan Ataram. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern
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Tamasheq [taq] 250,000 in Mali (1991). Population total all countries: 281,169. Central, Timbuktu area, and northeast Mali. Also spoken in Algeria, Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Kidal Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tamashekin, "Tuareg", Timbuktu, Kidal. Dialects: Timbuktu (Tombouctou, Tanaslamt), Tadhaq (Kidal). It may be two separate languages. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern
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Xaasongaxango [kao] 120,000 in Mali (1991). Population total all countries: 128,170. Principal towns are Bafoulabé, Kayes. Also spoken in Gambia, Senegal. Alternate names: Xasonga, Kassonke, Khassonka, Khassonké, Khasonke, Kasonke, Kasson, Kasso, Xaasonga, Xasonke. Dialects: Highly intelligible with Western Maninkakan and a little less with Bambara, but for sociolinguistic reasons they are not considered dialects. 90% inherent intelligibility of Malinke in eastern Senegal. Lexical similarity 70% with Mandinka of Gambia and Senegal. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Zarmaci [dje] Tabankort and Akabar villages south of Menaka at Niger border. Alternate names: Zarma, Dyerma, Dyarma, Dyabarma, Adzerma, Djerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
Capital city:
Bamako
Meaning country name:
After the ancient West African kingdom of the same name, upon which a large part of the modern state lies. The word "Mali" came in turn from the Malinké people.
Description Flag:
The flag of Mali is a tricolor with three equal vertical stripes. From the hoist, the colours are green, gold, and red, the pan-African colors.
The current flag was adopted on March 1, 1961. The original flag was adopted on April 4, 1959, when Mali joined the Mali Federation. This flag was the same, except the golden stripe had a human stick figure, a kanaga, in black, with arms raised to the sky. The figure was removed because of Islamic aniconism, the belief against making pictures of the human figure. (Mali is about 90% Muslim.)
Coat of arms:
The motto of the Republic of Mali is "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (One People, One Goal, One Faith), as prescribed by article 25 of the Constitution.
The coat of arms of the Republic of Mali has a circular shape. It shows on a light blue background:
in the middle, the mosque of Djenné, in gold colour
above the mosque, a vulture in gliding flight, in gold colour
below, the rising sun, in gold colour
in front of the sun, two opposed bows bent by their arrow, in white colour
in the surround, the writings "République du Mali" above and "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" below, in black capital letters.
Motto:
"Un peuple, un but, une foi"
National Anthem: Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali
Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali,
Notre drapeau sera liberté.
Pour l'Afrique et pour toi Mali
Notre combat sera unité.
Ô Mali d'aujourd'hui
Ô Mali de demain
Les champs fleurissent d'espérance
Les cœurs vibrent de confiance
English
For Africa and for you, Mali,
Our banner shall be liberty.
For Africa and for you, Mali,
Our fight shall be for unity.
Oh, Mali of today,
Oh, Mali of tomorrow,
The fields are flowering with hope
And hearts are thrilling with confidence.
Internet Page: www.officetourisme-mali.com
Mali in diferent languages
eng | afr | bam | bre | cat | ces | cor | cym | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fra | frp | fur | hat | hau | hrv | hsb | hun | ibo | ina | ita | jav | jnf | kin | lav | lim | lin | lld | mlg | mlt | nld | nor | nrm | oci | pol | por | que | roh | ron | run | rup | scn | slk | slv | sme | smo | sqi | swa | swe | szl | tgl | tur | vor | wln | wol | zza: Mali
aze | bos | crh | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Mali / Мали
ast | glg | isl | spa | tet: Malí
deu | ltz | nds: Mali / Mali
ind | msa: Mali / مالي
lit | smg: Malis
xho | zul: iMali
arg: Mali; Malí
epo: Malio
fry: Maly
gla: Màili; Mailidh
gle: Mailí / Mailí
glv: Malee
kmr: Malî / Мали / مالی
kur: Malî / مالی
lat: Malia; Malium
rmy: Mali / माली
som: Maali
srd: Malì
vie: Ma-li
vol: Maliyän
alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Мали (Mali)
bak | srp | tat: Мали / Mali
abq: Мали (Małi)
bel: Малі / Mali
kaz: Мали / Malï / مالي
tgk: Малӣ / ملی / Malī
ukr: Малі (Mali)
ara: مالي (Mālī)
ckb: مالی / Malî
fas: مالی / Mâli
prs: مالی (Mālī)
pus: مالي (Mālī)
uig: مالى / Mali / Мали
urd: مالی (Mālī)
div: މާލީ (Mālī)
syr: ܡܠܝ (Malī)
heb: מלי (Malî); מאלי (Mâlî)
lad: מאלי / Mali
yid: מאַלי (Mali)
amh: ማሊ (Mali)
ell: Μάλι (Máli); Μαλί (Malí)
hye: Մալի (Mali)
kat: მალი (Mali)
hin: माली (Mālī)
ben: মালি (Māli); মালী (Mālī)
pan: ਮਾਲੀ (Mālī)
kan: ಮಾಲಿ (Māli)
mal: മാലി (Māli)
tam: மாலி (Māli)
tel: మాలి (Māli)
zho: 馬里/马里 (Mǎlǐ)
jpn: マリ (Mari)
kor: 말리 (Malli)
mya: မာလီ (Mali)
tha: มาลี (Mālī)
khm: ម៉ាលី (Mālī)
Mali
Is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali is the seventh largest country in Africa, bordering Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population more than 14 million. Its capital is Bamako.
Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern region, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources include gold, uranium, and salt. Mali is considered to be one of the poorest nations in the world.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 1800s, Mali fell under French control, becoming part of French Sudan. Mali gained independence in 1959 with Senegal, as the Mali Federation. A year later, the Mali Federation became the independent nation of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
History
Please go to
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali
Geography
Mali is a landlocked nation in West Africa, located southwest of Algeria. At 1,240,000 square kilometres (478,767 sq mi), Mali is the world's 24th-largest country and is comparable in size to South Africa or Angola. Most of the country lies in the southern Sahara, which produces a hot, dust-laden the Sudanian savanna zone. Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by sand. The Adrar des Ifoghas lies in the northeast.
The country's climate ranges from tropical in the south to arid in the north. Most of the country receives negligible rainfall; droughts are frequent. Late June to early December is the rainy season. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta. The nation has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone being most widely exploited. Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, and inadequate supplies of potable water.Martin, p. 134. Each region has a governor. Since Mali's regions are very large, the country is subdivided into 49 cercles, totaling 288 arrondissements. Mayors and elected members of the city councils officiate the arrondissements.
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Oficial Name:
Republique du Mali
Independence:
September 22, 1960
Area:
1.248.574km2
Inhabitants:
14.678.000
Languages:
Arabic, Hasanya [mey] 106,100 in Mali (1991). Nioro and Nara. Alternate names: Maure, Mauri, Moor, Suraka, Suraxxé, Hassaniyya, Hassani. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South, Arabic
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Bamako Sign Language [bog] Bamako school for deaf children, separated into 3 grade classes. It is not known if it is widely used elsewhere or not. Dialects: Not related to other sign languages. Classification: Deaf sign language
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Bamanankan [bam] 2,700,000 in Mali (1995). Population includes 75,000 Ganadugu (1991 Vanderaa), 41,200 Wasulu. Population total all countries: 2,786,385. Also spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, Senegal. Alternate names: Bambara, Bamanakan. Dialects: Standard Bambara, Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu, Wasulu (Wasuu, Wassulunka, Wassulunke), Sikasso. There are many local dialects. The main division is Standard Bambara, influenced heavily by Western Maninkakan, and rural dialects. Bamanankan dialects are spoken in varying degrees by 80% of the population. Wasulu is a dialect of Bamanankan in Mali and of Western Maninkakan in Guinea. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana
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Bankagooma [bxw] 5,085 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,085. North of Sikasso in Danderesso Administrative District, towns of Nougoussouala (Nonko), Fourouma, Mamarasso (Mora), Famsara, and Zantiguila. Alternate names: Banka, Bankagoma, Bankagoroma, Bankaje. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo
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Bobo Madaré, Northern [bbo] 18,400 in Mali (2000 WCD). An approximate rectangle in Mali around Bura and Mafune. Alternate names: Bobo Fing, Bobo Fign, Bobo Fi, Bobo, Black Bobo, Finng, Bobo Da. Dialects: Benge, Sogokiri, Sya (Sia), Vore. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Bobo
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Bomu [bmq] 102,000 in Mali (1976 census). Population total all countries: 158,000. A triangle between San and Sofara on the Bani River in Mali, and Soumbara, west of Nouna, in Burkina Faso. The Mao subdialect is separate from the others and straddles the Mali-Burkina Faso border about 40 km east-west by 20 km north-south, and is on the main San to Bobo-Dioulasso road. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Boomu, Bore, Western Bobo Oule, Western Red Bobo, Western Bwamu, Bobo Wule. Dialects: Dwemu, Dahanmu. Dwemu subdialects are Terekongo (Terekoungo), Wahu (between Téné and the Bani River), Togo. Dahanmu subdialects are Koniko, Mandiakuy, Bomborokuy, and Mao (Mahou). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Bwamu
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Bozo, Hainyaxo [bzx] 117,696 (1987 census). From Miérou (near Ke-Maacina) to Tamani on the Niger River. They can be found working the major rivers in much of West Africa. Alternate names: Hainyaxo, Hanyaxo, Xanyaxo, Xan, Hain, Kelenga, Kélinga, Kéllingua, Boso. Dialects: Lexical similarity 48% with Tieyaxo Boso (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern
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Bozo, Jenaama [bze] 100,000 in Mali (1991 Vanderaa). Administrative circles of Djenné, Mopti, Youwarou, Tenenkou and Bandiagara. Between the Bani and Niger rivers (Pondori dialect), between the Diaka and Niger rivers (Kotya dialect), along the Niger River from Mopti to Lake Débo (Korondougou dialect), north of Kotya and around Lake Debo (Debo dialect). Some in Côte d'Ivoire around the Kosson and Ayamé dams. Also spoken in Nigeria. Alternate names: Sorogaama, Corogaama, Sarkanci, Sarkawa, Djenaama, Nononke, Boso. Dialects: Pondori, Kotya (Kotyaxo), Korondougou, Débo. Lexical similarity 53% with Tieyaxo Bozo (closest). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama
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Bozo, Tièma Cièwè [boo] 2,500 (1991). Population includes 831 in Enguem, 1,315 in Aouré. Administrative circle of Youwarou, Arrondissement Guidio Saré; Enghem (Enguem), Aouré (Aoré), and Kamago Sébi villages, where the Niger River leaves Lake Debo. Alternate names: Tièma Cièwè, Tié, Boso. Dialects: Lexical similarity 60% with Tieyaxo Boso. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern
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Bozo, Tiéyaxo [boz] 117,696 (1987 census). From Koa to Miérou on the Niger River, and Diafarabié to Sendédaga on the Diaka River (a tributary). They work the major rivers in much of West Africa. Alternate names: Tieyaxo, Tigemaxo, Tiemaxo, Tyeyaxo, Tiéyakho, Tiguémakho, Tie, Tégué, Boso. Dialects: Lexical similarity 53% with Sorogama Boso (closest), 30% with Soninke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Eastern
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Dogon, Bangeri Me [dba] 1,200 (1998 Durieux). Spoken in 7 villages in the extreme northwest of the plateau. Numadaw might relate to ethnonym 'Nononke'. Alternate names: Bangeri Me, Numadaw. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Bondum Dom [dbu] 24,700 (1998 Durieux). Along the northern border of the plateau, separated from the Tommo So area to its south by a mainly uninhabited plain east of Dia, and a deep ravine running westward from Dia to the cliff that ends the plateau. Borko village (14,57 N; 3,21 W) is about center of the language area. Alternate names: Bondum-Dom. Dialects: Kindjim, Nadjamba. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Dogul Dom [dbg] 15,700 (1998 Durieux). 14 villages about 20 km northeast of Bandiagara with Nandoli as center. Alternate names: Dogul-Dom. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Donno So [dds] 45,300 (1998 Durieux). Kamba So is spoken around Kamba, and Donno So around Bandiagara. Alternate names: Kamba So. Dialects: Kamma So, Donno So. Similar to Tommo So. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Jamsay [djm] 130,000 in Mali (1998 Durieux). Large but sparsely populated area east of the Dogon cliffs extending into Burkina Faso. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Dyamsay Tegu. Dialects: Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. Degree of comprehension between dialects uncertain. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Kolum So [dkl] 24,000 (1998 Durieux). Area between Sevare and Bandiagara, in Pinia administrative area. Alternate names: Edyenge Dom, Idyoli Donge, Piniari. Dialects: Mombo (Helabo, Miambo), Ambange (Ampari). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Tene Kan [dtk] 127,000 (1998 Durieux). From Bankass nearly to Koro. Alternate names: Tene Tingi, Tene Kan. Dialects: Tengu Tingi, Togo Kan, Sagara, Guimini Kan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Tomo Kan [dtm] 132,800 in Mali (1998 Durieux). Large area southwest of Bankass. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Tomo-Kan. Dialects: Distinct from Tommo So (Tombo). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Toro So [dts] 50,000 (1998 Durieux). Spoken along the cliff from Yendoumman to Idyeli. Alternate names: Dogoso, Bomu Tegu, Toro So. Dialects: Different from Dogoso and Dogosé in Burkina Faso. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Dogon, Toro Tegu [dtt] 2,900 (1998 Durieux). About 80 km east of Douentza along a paved road. Approximately 15 villages. Alternate names: Tandam. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Dogon
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Duungooma [dux] 70,000 (1991 Vanderaa). 3rd Region (Sikasso), prefectures of Kadiolo and Sikasso. Kai is the largest town. Alternate names: Samogho, Samogo, Samoro, Du, Mali Duun, Duungo, Western Duun. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo
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French [fra] 9,000 in Mali (1993 Johnstone). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Gallo-Romance, Gallo-Rhaetian, Oïl, French
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Fulfulde, Maasina [ffm] 911,200 in Mali (1991). Population total all countries: 919,700. Central Mali. The western dialect is spoken around Segou and Macina. The eastern dialect is spoken from north of Mopti to Boni in the east. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana. Alternate names: Peul, Macina. Dialects: Western Macina, Eastern Macina. There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible. Substantial Bambara influence. There is skewing between the ethnic and linguistic relationships. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, West Central
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Jahanka [jad] 500 in Mali (2001). Kotema and Niebore villages, near the Guinea border. Possibly more villages farther east. Alternate names: Jahanque, Jahonque, Diakkanke, Diakhanke, Dyakanke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding
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Jalunga [yal] 9,000 in Mali (2002 SIL). Extreme southwest corner along the Guinea border, Faleya Region, to where the Baafing River comes to the Mali-Guinea border. Alternate names: Yalunka, Djallonke, Dyalonke, Dialonke, Jalonke, Yalunke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka
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Jowulu [jow] 10,000 in Mali (2002). Population total all countries: 11,000. 3rd Region, Prefecture of Kadiolo, Subprefecture of Loulouni. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Jo, Samogho. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Samogo
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Jula [dyu] 50,000 in Mali (1991). Alternate names: Dyoula, Diula, Dioula, Djula, Dyula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Northeastern Manding, Bamana
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Kagoro [xkg] 15,000 (1998 Valentin Vydrine). Ethnic population: 21,500 (1991 Vanderaa). Kaarta-Bine and Gumbu regions, about 70 ethnic Kagoro villages (Vydrine 1998). Alternate names: Kakolo. Dialects: Close to Khasonke. Bamanankan speakers have poor comprehension of Kagoro. Lexical similarity 86% with Kita Maninkakan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Koromfé [kfz] 100 in Mali. Near Burkina Faso border southeast of Dinangourou (east of Sangha) including Yoro, Kindi, Bougal, Nassouwele, Youmnetao, Ouri, Boutou, Lou, Tidore, Boulagadji, Kalalgaobe. Dialects: Eastern Koromfe, Western Koromfe. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Kurumfe
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Maninkakan, Kita [mwk] 600,000 (1991 Vanderaa). Population includes 50,000 Fulanke (based on 1991 Vanderaa). From Kita west to the Tambaoura cliff range. Alternate names: Malinke, Kita Maninka, Central Malinke. Dialects: Fulanke. Kita speakers have 64% intelligibility of Bambara. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Maninkakan, Western [mlq] 100,000 in Mali (based on Vanderaa 1991). West of Tambaoura cliff range at border of Mali and Guinea. Alternate names: Northwestern Maninka, Malinke, Malinka, Western Malinke. Dialects: Kenieba Maninka, Nyoxolonkan. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Marka [rkm] 25,000 in Mali (1991). Around the villages of Koula, Diarani, Yelené, Kuna; Dialassagou, Ouenkoro, Bai. Alternate names: Marka-Dafin, Dafing, Meka. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Marka-Dafin
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Mòoré [mos] 17,000 in Mali (1980). Some villages in the Dogon area, near the Burkina Faso border, and elsewhere. Alternate names: More, Mole, Mossi, Moshi. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest
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Pana [pnq] 2,800 in Mali (1982 SIL). South of Bandiagara, straddling the Mali-Burkina Faso border east of the Sourou River, due north of Kassoum in Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Sama. Dialects: Pana North, Pana South. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern
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Pulaar [fuc] 175,000 in Mali (1995). Population includes 40,000 Fulbe Jeeri. Settled primarily in northwestern Mali around Nioro and Kayes. Pockets found in Segou and Bandiagara, which are remnants of Umar Tal's conquest in the middle 1800s. Alternate names: Pulaar Fulfulde, Peul, Peuhl. Dialects: Toucouleur (Tukolor, Tukulor, Pulaar, Halpulaar, Haalpulaar, Fulbe Jeeri). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, Western
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Pular [fuf] 50,000 in Mali (1991). Western Mali from Guinea up to about Keniéba, especially in the administrative districts of Faléa and Faraba. Alternate names: Fuuta Jalon, Futa Jallon, Fouta Dyalon, Fulfulde Jalon, Fullo Fuuta, Futa Fula, Foula Fouta. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fulani-Wolof, Fula, West Central
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Sàmòmá [knz] Lògrèmmá dialect spoken in at least six villages in Mali: Dian, Sougou, Zon, Ponghon, Gako, and Soyma. Alternate names: Kalamsé, Kalemsé, Kalenga, Sàmó. Dialects: Logremma (Logma, West Kalamsé). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Southern, Grusi, Northern
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Senoufo, Mamara [myk] 737,802 (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Miniyanka, Minya, Mianka, Minianka, Mamara, Tupiire. Dialects: Sõghoo, Bàjii, Nafãã, Mìjuu, Kle Noehmõ, Nejuu, Koloo, Kujaa, Suõõ. Close to Supyire Senoufo, but intercomprehension is difficult. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara
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Sénoufo, Sìcìté [sep] Villages of Bakoronidougou, Gouaniéresso, Finkolo-Zanso, and Missidougou, east of Sikasso near the Burkina Faso border. Alternate names: Sìcìté, Sìpììté, Sìcìré, Sucite, Tagba. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara
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Senoufo, Supyire [spp] 364,000 (1991). At Sikasso. Alternate names: Supyire, Sup'ide, Suppire. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Suppire-Mamara
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Senoufo, Syenara [shz] 136,500 (1991 Vanderaa). South of the Duun language area around Kadiolo. Alternate names: Syenara, Shenara, Senare, Senari. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Senufo, Senari
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Songhay, Humburi Senni [hmb] 15,000 in Mali (1999 Heath). Hombori area, halfway between Gao and Mopti. Alternate names: Songay Senni, Songoy, Songhoy, Songai, Songhai, Songay, Songoi, Songhay, Sonrai, Sonrhai, Central Songai, Hombori Songhay. Dialects: Djenne Chiini. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
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Songhay, Koyra Chiini [khq] 200,000 (1999 SIL). On the Niger River from Djenné to just east of Timbuktu. Alternate names: Songay, Songoy, Songhoy, Songai, Songhai, Songoi, Songhay, Sonrai, Sonrhai, West Songhoy, Timbuktu Songhoy. Dialects: Koyra Chiini, Djenné Chiini. The main dialect division is between Timbuktu and the upriver towns from Diré to Niafunké. A very distinct dialect is in Djenné city. Closely related languages: Koyraboro Senni Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, 50% lexical similarity with Tadaksahak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
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Songhay, Koyraboro Senni [ses] 400,000 (1999 Dan Stauffer). Southeast, along the Niger River from Gourma Rharous, just east of Timbuktu, through Bourem, Goa, and Ansongo on to the Mali-Niger border. Borders Kaado (Zarma) in Niger, but boundary zone not well studied. Alternate names: Koyra Senni, Koroboro Senni, Songay Senni, Songoy, Songai, Songhai, Songay, Songoi, Songhay, Sonrai, Sonrhai, East Songhay, Gao Songhay, Koyra Senni Songhay. Dialects: Intelligibility is good of all dialects on the Niger River. Fulan Kirya variety has more limited intelligibility because of heavy lexical borrowing from Fulfulde and Humburi Senni Songhay. Closely related languages: Koyra Chiini Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, lexical similarity 50% with Tadaksahak. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
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Soninke [snk] 700,000 in Mali (1991). Population includes 125,000 Diawara (1991 Vanderaa), 374,042 first-language Marka speakers (1987 census). Population total all countries: 1,096,795. Nioro, Nara, Banamba, Yélémané, Kayes are principal towns in Mali. Also possibly Niger. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal. Alternate names: Marka, Maraka, Sarakole, Sarakule, Sarawule, Serahuli, Silabe, Toubakai, Wakore, Gadyaga, Aswanik, Diawara. Dialects: Azer (Adjer, Aser), Kinbakka, Xenqenna. Dialects in Mali, Senegal, Mauritania, and possibly Gambia are close enough to use the same literature. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Soninke
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Tadaksahak [dsq] 30,000 in Mali (1995). Population total all countries: 31,800. 7th region, about 300 km east-west by 200 km north-south with Ménaka as geographic center. They travel into Niger and Algeria. Also spoken in Algeria. Alternate names: Dausahaq, Daoussak, Daoussahaq, Dawsahaq, Daosahaq. Dialects: Close to Tagdal (Niger), Tasawaq (Niger), Korandje (Algeria). Northern Songhay Languages share features from Songhay and Tamasheq. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Northern
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Tamajaq [ttq] 190,000 in Mali (1991). East Mali, Menaka, and Gao regions. Alternate names: Tamajeq, Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tamashekin, "Tuareg", "Tourage", Tahoua, Tajag. Dialects: Tawallammet Tan Dannag (Ioullemmeden), Tawallammat Tan Ataram. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern
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Tamasheq [taq] 250,000 in Mali (1991). Population total all countries: 281,169. Central, Timbuktu area, and northeast Mali. Also spoken in Algeria, Burkina Faso. Alternate names: Kidal Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tamashekin, "Tuareg", Timbuktu, Kidal. Dialects: Timbuktu (Tombouctou, Tanaslamt), Tadhaq (Kidal). It may be two separate languages. Classification: Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern
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Xaasongaxango [kao] 120,000 in Mali (1991). Population total all countries: 128,170. Principal towns are Bafoulabé, Kayes. Also spoken in Gambia, Senegal. Alternate names: Xasonga, Kassonke, Khassonka, Khassonké, Khasonke, Kasonke, Kasson, Kasso, Xaasonga, Xasonke. Dialects: Highly intelligible with Western Maninkakan and a little less with Bambara, but for sociolinguistic reasons they are not considered dialects. 90% inherent intelligibility of Malinke in eastern Senegal. Lexical similarity 70% with Mandinka of Gambia and Senegal. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-West
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Zarmaci [dje] Tabankort and Akabar villages south of Menaka at Niger border. Alternate names: Zarma, Dyerma, Dyarma, Dyabarma, Adzerma, Djerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma. Classification: Nilo-Saharan, Songhai, Southern
Capital city:
Bamako
Meaning country name:
After the ancient West African kingdom of the same name, upon which a large part of the modern state lies. The word "Mali" came in turn from the Malinké people.
Description Flag:
The flag of Mali is a tricolor with three equal vertical stripes. From the hoist, the colours are green, gold, and red, the pan-African colors.
The current flag was adopted on March 1, 1961. The original flag was adopted on April 4, 1959, when Mali joined the Mali Federation. This flag was the same, except the golden stripe had a human stick figure, a kanaga, in black, with arms raised to the sky. The figure was removed because of Islamic aniconism, the belief against making pictures of the human figure. (Mali is about 90% Muslim.)
Coat of arms:
The motto of the Republic of Mali is "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (One People, One Goal, One Faith), as prescribed by article 25 of the Constitution.
The coat of arms of the Republic of Mali has a circular shape. It shows on a light blue background:
in the middle, the mosque of Djenné, in gold colour
above the mosque, a vulture in gliding flight, in gold colour
below, the rising sun, in gold colour
in front of the sun, two opposed bows bent by their arrow, in white colour
in the surround, the writings "République du Mali" above and "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" below, in black capital letters.
Motto:
"Un peuple, un but, une foi"
National Anthem: Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali
Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali,
Notre drapeau sera liberté.
Pour l'Afrique et pour toi Mali
Notre combat sera unité.
Ô Mali d'aujourd'hui
Ô Mali de demain
Les champs fleurissent d'espérance
Les cœurs vibrent de confiance
English
For Africa and for you, Mali,
Our banner shall be liberty.
For Africa and for you, Mali,
Our fight shall be for unity.
Oh, Mali of today,
Oh, Mali of tomorrow,
The fields are flowering with hope
And hearts are thrilling with confidence.
Internet Page: www.officetourisme-mali.com
Mali in diferent languages
eng | afr | bam | bre | cat | ces | cor | cym | dan | dsb | est | eus | fao | fin | fra | frp | fur | hat | hau | hrv | hsb | hun | ibo | ina | ita | jav | jnf | kin | lav | lim | lin | lld | mlg | mlt | nld | nor | nrm | oci | pol | por | que | roh | ron | run | rup | scn | slk | slv | sme | smo | sqi | swa | swe | szl | tgl | tur | vor | wln | wol | zza: Mali
aze | bos | crh | kaa | mol | slo | tuk | uzb: Mali / Мали
ast | glg | isl | spa | tet: Malí
deu | ltz | nds: Mali / Mali
ind | msa: Mali / مالي
lit | smg: Malis
xho | zul: iMali
arg: Mali; Malí
epo: Malio
fry: Maly
gla: Màili; Mailidh
gle: Mailí / Mailí
glv: Malee
kmr: Malî / Мали / مالی
kur: Malî / مالی
lat: Malia; Malium
rmy: Mali / माली
som: Maali
srd: Malì
vie: Ma-li
vol: Maliyän
alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Мали (Mali)
bak | srp | tat: Мали / Mali
abq: Мали (Małi)
bel: Малі / Mali
kaz: Мали / Malï / مالي
tgk: Малӣ / ملی / Malī
ukr: Малі (Mali)
ara: مالي (Mālī)
ckb: مالی / Malî
fas: مالی / Mâli
prs: مالی (Mālī)
pus: مالي (Mālī)
uig: مالى / Mali / Мали
urd: مالی (Mālī)
div: މާލީ (Mālī)
syr: ܡܠܝ (Malī)
heb: מלי (Malî); מאלי (Mâlî)
lad: מאלי / Mali
yid: מאַלי (Mali)
amh: ማሊ (Mali)
ell: Μάλι (Máli); Μαλί (Malí)
hye: Մալի (Mali)
kat: მალი (Mali)
hin: माली (Mālī)
ben: মালি (Māli); মালী (Mālī)
pan: ਮਾਲੀ (Mālī)
kan: ಮಾಲಿ (Māli)
mal: മാലി (Māli)
tam: மாலி (Māli)
tel: మాలి (Māli)
zho: 馬里/马里 (Mǎlǐ)
jpn: マリ (Mari)
kor: 말리 (Malli)
mya: မာလီ (Mali)
tha: มาลี (Mālī)
khm: ម៉ាលី (Mālī)