Indonesia

Is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 230 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually adopted Indian cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.

Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest and most politically dominant ethnic group. Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism including rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread in contemporary Indonesia.

 

History

Please go to:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia

 

Geography

Indonesia is an archipelagic island country in Southeast Asia, lying between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It is in a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. The country's variations in culture have been shaped—although not specifically determined—by centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment. Although Indonesians are now less vulnerable to the of nature as a result of improved technology and social programs, to some extent their social diversity has emerged from traditionally different patterns of adjustment to their physical circumstances.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country extending 5,120 kilometers from east to west and 1,760 kilometers from north to south. It encompasses an estimated 17,508 islands, only 6,000 of which are inhabited. It comprises five main islands: Sumatra, Java, Borneo (known as "Kalimantan" in Indonesia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea; two major archipelagos (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands); and sixty smaller archipelagos. Four of the islands are shared with other nations: Borneo is shared with Malaysia and Brunei, Sebatik, located eastern coast of Kalimantan, shared with Malaysia, Timor is shared with East Timor, and the newly divided provinces of Papua and West Papua share the island of New Guinea with Papua New Guinea. Indonesia's total land area is 1,919,317 square kilometers. Included in Indonesia's total territory is another 93,000 square kilometers of inland seas (straits, bays, and other bodies of water). The additional surrounding sea areas bring Indonesia's generally recognized territory (land and sea) to about 5 million square kilometers. The government, however, also claims an exclusive economic zone, which brings the total to about 7.9 million square kilometers.

 

Geographers have conventionally grouped Sumatra, Java (and Madura), Kalimantan (in Borneo island), and Sulawesi in the Greater Sunda Islands. These islands, except for Sulawesi, lie on the Sunda Shelf—an extension of the Malay Peninsula and the Southeast Asian mainland. At Indonesia's eastern extremity is Papua, which takes up the western half of the world's second largest island--New Guinea--on the Sahul Shelf. Sea depths in the Sunda and Sahul shelves average 200 meters or less. Between these two shelves lie Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara (also known as the Lesser Sunda Islands), and the Maluku Islands (or the Moluccas), which form a second island group where the surrounding seas in some places reach 4,500 meters in depth. The term Outer Islands is used inconsistently by various writers but it is usually taken to mean those islands other than Java and Madura.

Tectonically, this region--especially Java--is highly unstable, and although the volcanic ash has resulted in fertile soils, it makes agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas. The country has numerous mountains and some 400 volcanoes, of which approximately 150 are active. Between 1972 and 1991 alone, twenty-nine volcanic eruptions were recorded, mostly on Java. The most violent volcanic eruptions in modern times occurred in Indonesia. In 1815 a volcano at Gunung Tambora on the north coast of Sumbawa, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, claimed 92,000 lives and created "the year without a summer" in various parts of the world. In 1883 Krakatau in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, erupted and some 36,000 West Javans died from the resulting tidal wave. The sound of the explosion was reported as far away as Turkey and Japan. For almost a century following that eruption, Krakatau was quiet, until the late 1970s, when it erupted twice.

Mountains ranging between 3,000 and 3,800 meters above sea level can be found on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi, and Seram. The country's tallest mountains are located in the Jayawijaya Mountains and the Sudirman Mountains in Papua. The highest peak, Puncak Jaya, also known as Mount Carstenz, which reaches 4,884 meters, is located in the Sudirman Mountains.

Nusa Tenggara consists of two strings of islands stretching eastward from Bali toward Papua. The inner arc of Nusa Tenggara is a continuation of the chain of mountains and volcanoes extending from Sumatra through Java, Bali, and Flores, and trailing off in the volcanic Banda Islands, which along with the Kai Islands and the Tanimbar Islands and other small islands in the Banda Sea are typical examples of the Wallacea mixture of Asian and Australasian plant and animal life. The outer arc of Nusa Tenggara is a geological extension of the chain of islands west of Sumatra that includes Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano. This chain resurfaces in Nusa Tenggara in the ruggedly mountainous islands of Sumba and Timor.

The Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) are geologically among the most complex of the Indonesian islands. They are located in the northeast sector of the archipelago, bounded by the Philippines to the north, Papua to the east, and Nusa Tenggara to the south. The largest of these islands include Halmahera, Seram and Buru, all of which rise steeply out of very deep seas and have unique Wallacea vegetation. This abrupt relief pattern from sea to high mountains means that there are very few level coastal plains. The islands of North Maluku are the original Spice Islands, a distinct rainforest ecoregion.

Geomorphologists believe that the island of New Guinea, of which Papua is a part, may once have been part of the Australian continent. The breakup and tectonic action created towering, snowcapped mountain peaks lining the island's central east-west spine and hot, humid alluvial plains along the coasts. The New Guinea Highlands range some 650 kilometers east to west along the island, forming a mountainous spine between the north and south coasts. A number of islands off the coast of New Guinea have their own distinctive habitats, including the limestone islands of Biak, in the entrance to the large Cenderawasih Bay at the northwest end of the island.

 

Other info

Oficial Name:

Republik Indonesia

 

Independence:

Declared 17 August 1945

- Recognized 27 December 1949

 

Area:

1.890.754km2

 

Inhabitants:

208.170.900

 

Capital

Jakarta

 

Language:

Badui Bali Bali Sign Language Betawi Chinese Indonesian Javanese Kangean Madura Malay Osing Petjo Sunda Tengger Ahe Ampanang Aoheng Bahau Bakumpai Banjar Basap Bekati' Benyadu' Biatah Bolongan Bukar Sadong Bukat Bukitan Burusu Dayak Djongkang Dohoi Dusun Embaloh Hovongan Iban Kahayan Katingan Kayan Mahakam Kayan Kelabit Kembayan Kendayan Keninjal Kenyah Kereho-Uheng Kohin Lara' Lawangan Lengilu Lundayeh Ma'anyan Malay Malayic Dayak Modang Mualang Ngaju Nyadu Okolod Paku Punan Putoh Ribun Sa'ban Sajau Sanggau Sara Seberuang Segai Selako Selungai Murut Semandang Sembakung Murut Siang Tagal Murut Taman

 

Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika

 

National Anthem

Indonesia Raya

 

Indonesia tanah airku,

Tanah tumpah darahku,

Di sanalah aku berdiri,

Jadi pandu ibuku.

 

Indonesia kebangsaanku,

Bangsa dan tanah airku,

Marilah kita berseru,

Indonesia bersatu.

Hiduplah tanahku,

Hiduplah neg'riku,

Bangsaku, Rakyatku, semuanya,

Bangunlah jiwanya,

Bangunlah badannya,

Untuk Indonesia Raya.

 

Refrain :

Indonesia Raya,

Merdeka, merdeka,

Tanahku, neg'riku yang kucinta!

Indonesia Raya,

Merdeka, merdeka,

Hiduplah Indonesia Raya.

II

Indonesia, tanah yang mulia,

Tanah kita yang kaya,

Di sanalah aku berdiri,

Untuk s'lama-lamanya.

 

Indonesia, tanah pusaka,

P'saka kita semuanya,

Marilah kita mendoa,

Indonesia bahagia.

Suburlah tanahnya,

Suburlah jiwanya,

Bangsanya, Rakyatnya, semuanya,

Sadarlah hatinya,

Sadarlah budinya,

Untuk Indonesia Raya.

 

Refrain

III

Indonesia, tanah yang suci,

Tanah kita yang sakti,

Di sanalah aku berdiri,

N'jaga ibu sejati.

 

Indonesia, tanah berseri,

Tanah yang aku sayangi,

Marilah kita berjanji,

Indonesia abadi.

S'lamatlah rakyatnya,

S'lamatlah putranya,

Pulaunya, lautnya, semuanya,

Majulah Neg'rinya,

Majulah pandunya,

Untuk Indonesia Raya.

 

Refrain

 

NEarst translantion to English

Indonesia, my native land

The land where I shed my blood

There, I stand

To be the guard of my motherland

 

Indonesia, my nationality

My nation and my homeland

Let us exclaim

"Indonesia unites!"

Long live my land, long live my state

My nation, my people, entirely

Build its soul, build its body

For the Great Indonesia

 

REFRAIN :

Great Indonesia, independent & sovereign!

My land, my country which I love

Great Indonesia, independent & sovereign!

Long live Great Indonesia!

Great Indonesia, independent & sovereign!

My land, my country which I love

Great Indonesia, independent & sovereign!

Long live Great Indonesia!

Indonesia, a noble country

Our wealthy land

There, I stand

Forever and ever

 

Indonesia, a hereditary land

A heritage of ours

Let us pray

"For Indonesians' happiness!"

Fertile may its soil, flourish may its soul

Its nation, its people, entirely

Aware may its heart, aware may its mind

For the Great Indonesia

 

REFRAIN

Indonesia, a sacred land

Our victorious country

There, I stand

To guard the pure motherland

 

Indonesia, a radiant land

A land which I adore

Let us pledge

"Indonesia is eternal!"

Safe may its people, safe may its children

Its islands, its seas, entirely

Progressive may the state, its scouts advance

For the Great Indonesia

 

REFRAIN

 

Indonesia in other names

eng | arg | ast | cym | eus | fao | fin | glg | grn | ina | ind | ita | lat | lld | nah | nor | nov | oci | roh | sme | spa | swa: Indonesia

bre | ron | rup | sqi: Indonezia

afr | lim | nld: Indonesië

ces | fra | nrm: Indonésie

crh | gag | kaa: İndoneziya / Индонезия

deu | ltz | nds: Indonesien / Indoneſien

hrv | lit | slv: Indonezija

hun | slk | tet: Indonézia

jav | por | srd: Indonésia

dan | swe: Indonesien

dsb | hsb: Indoneska

kin | run: Indoneziya

aze: İndoneziya / Индонезија

bam: Ɛndonezi

bos: Indonezija / Индонезија

cat: Indonèsia

cor: Indonesi

cos: Indunesia

csb: Jindonezjô

epo: Indonezio

est: Indoneesia

frp: Endonèsie

fry: Yndoneezje

fur: Indonesie

gla: An Innd-Innse; An Ind-innse; Indonìsia

gle: An Indinéis / An Indinéis

glv: Yn Indoneesh

hat: Endonezi

hau: Indonisiya; Indonesia

ibo: Indọnisia

isl: Indónesía

jnf: Îndonésie

kmr: Îndonêzî / Индонези / ئیندۆنێزی

kur: Endenozya / ئەندەنۆزیا ; Endenosya / ئەندەنۆسیا ; Indonêzya / ئندۆنێزیا ; Endonezya / ئەندۆنەزیا

lav: Indonēzija

lin: Indoneziá

mlg: Indônezia

mlt: Indoneżja; Indonesja

mol: Indonezia / Индонезия

mri: Initonīhia

msa: Indonesia / ايندونيسيا

pol: Indonezja

que: Indunisya

rmy: Indoneziya / इन्दोनेज़िया

scn: Indunesia

slo: Indonezia / Индонезиа

smg: Indonezėjė

smo: Initonesia

som: Indoneesiya; Indoniishiya

szl: Indůnezyjo

tgl: Indonesya

ton: ʻInitonisia

tuk: Indoneziýa / Индонезия

tur: Endonezya; İndonezya

uzb: Indoneziya / Индонезия / ئىندانېزىيە

vie: Nam Dương; In-đô-nê-xi-a

vol: Lindäna-Seänuäns

vor: Indoneesiä

wln: Indonezeye

wol: Endoneesi

zza: İndonezya

abq | alt | bul | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | sah | tyv | udm: Индонезия (Indonezija)

che | chv | mon | oss: Индонези (Indonezi)

bak: Индонезия / İndoneziya

bel: Інданезія / Indaniezija; Інданэзія / Indanezija

kaz: Индонезия / Ïndonezïya / يندونەزيا

kbd: Индонезие (Indonezie)

kir: Индонезия (Indonezija) / ئندونەزىيا (İndoneziya)

mhr: Индонезий (Indonezij)

mkd: Индонезија (Indonezija)

srp: Индонезија / Indonezija

tat: Индонезия / İndoneziä

tgk: Индонезия / اندانیزیه / Indonezija

ukr: Індонезія (Indonezija)

ara: إندونيسيا (Indūnīsiyā); إندونسيا (Indūnisiyā)

ckb: ئەندەنوسیا / Endenusya; ئیندۆنستان / Îndonistan

fas: اندونزی / Andonezi

prs: اندونیزیا (Endōnēziyā)

pus: انډونېشيا (Inḋonešiyā); اندونېزيا (Indoneziyā)

snd: انڊونيشيا (Inḍonešiyā)

uig: ھىندونېزىيە / Hindonéziye / Һиндонезия

urd: انڈونیشیا (Inḋonešiyā)

div: އިންޑޮނީށިއާ (Inḋonīŝiā); އިންޑޮނޭޝިޔާ (Inḋonēšiyā)

heb: אינדונזיה (Îndônezyah)

lad: אינדוניסיה / Indonesia

yid: אינדאָנעזיע (Indonezye)

amh: ኢንዶኔዢያ (Indonežiya); ኢንዶኔዝያ (Indonezya)

ell-dhi: Ινδονησία (Indonīsía)

ell-kat: Ἰνδονησία (Indonīsía)

hye: Ինդոնեզիա (Indonezia)

kat | lzz | xmf: ინდონეზია (Indonezia)

hin: इंडोनेशिया (Iṃḍonešiyā); हिंदेशिया (Hiṃdešiya); हिंदैशिया (Hiṃdæšiya)

nep: इण्डोनीश्या (Iṇḍonīšyā); हिंदेशिया (Hiṃdešiya)

ben: ইন্দোনেশিয়া (Indonešiyā)

guj: ઇન્ડોનેશિયા (Inḍonešiyā)

ori: ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆ (Iṇḍonesiā)

pan: ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ (Ĩḍonešīā)

sin: ඉන්දුනීසියාව (Indunīsiyāva)

kan: ಇಂಡೊನೇಷ್ಯ (Iṃḍonēṣya)

mal: ഇന്തോനേഷ്യ (Intōnēṣya); ഇന്ഡോനേഷ്യ (Inḍōnēṣya)

tam: இந்தோனேசியா (Intōṉēciyā); இந்தோனீசியா (Intōṉīciyā); இந்தோனேஷியா (Intōṉēšiyā)

tel: ఇండొనీషియా (Iṃḍonīṣiyā)

zho: 印度尼西亞/印度尼西亚 (Yīndùníxīyà)

yue: 印度尼西亞/印度尼西亚 (Yàndouhnàihsàinga)

jpn: インドネシア (Indoneshia)

kor: 인도네시아 (Indonesia)

bod: ཧིན་དུ་ཉི་ཞི་ཡ། (Hin.du.ñi.ži.ya); ཨིན་རྡུ་ནི་ཤིས་ཡ། (In.rdu.ni.šis.ya)

mya: အင္ဒုိနီးရ္ဟား (Ĩdonìšà)

tha: อินโดนีเซีย (Indōnīsiya)

lao: ອິນໂດເນເຊຍ (Indōnēsiya)

khm: ឥណ្ឌូនេស៊ី (Iṇdūnesī); ឥណ្ឌុណេស៊ី (Iṇdunesī)

 

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