kazakhstan / قازاقستان رهسپۋبلٸكاسى / Қазақстан/ Казахстан / Qazaqstan / Cazaquistão

Kazakhstan (also spelled Kazakstan, Kazakh: Қазақстан Qazaqstan,قازاقستان, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country in Eurasia ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also the world's largest landlocked country. Its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. The capital moved in 1997 to Astana from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city.

Vast in size, the terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.0 million people (2009 census), Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.).

For most of its history the territory of modern-day Kazakhstan has been inhabited by nomadic tribes. By the 16th century the Kazakhs emerged as a distinct group, divided into three hordes. The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century all of Kazakhstan was part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times before becoming the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936, a part of the USSR. During the 20th century, Kazakhstan was the site of major Soviet projects, including Khrushchev's Virgin Lands campaign, the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and the Semipalatinsk "Polygon", the USSR's primary nuclear weapon testing site.

Kazakhstan declared itself an independent country on December 16, 1991, the last Soviet republic to do so. Its communist-era leader, Nursultan Nazarbayev, became the country's new president. Since independence, Kazakhstan has pursued a balanced foreign policy and worked to develop its economy, especially its hydrocarbon industry. While the country's economic outlook is improving, President Nazarbayev maintains strict control over the country's politics. Nevertheless, Kazakhstan's international prestige is building. It is now considered to be the dominant state in Central Asia. The country is a member of many international organizations, including the United Nations, NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In 2010, Kazakhstan is chairing the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Kazakhstan is ethnically and culturally diverse, in part due to mass deportations of many ethnic groups to the country during Stalin's rule. Kazakhs are the largest group. Kazakhstan has 131 nationalities including Kazakh, Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek and Tatar. It has a population of 16.0 million, of whom around 63% percent are Kazakhs

Kazakhstan allows freedom of religion, and many different beliefs are represented in the country. Islam is the primary religion. The Kazakh language is the state language, while Russian is also officially used as an "equal" language (to Kazakh) in Kazakhstan's institutions.

 

History

Kazakh Khanate

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Stone Age: the region's climate and terrain are best suited for nomads practicing pastoralism. Historians believe that humans first domesticated the horse in the region's vast steppes. While ancient cities Taraz (Aulie-Ata) and Hazrat-e Turkestan had long served as important way-stations along the Silk Road connecting East and West, real political consolidation only began with the Mongol invasion of the early 13th century. Under the Mongol Empire, administrative districts were established, and these eventually came under the emergent Kazakh Khanate.

Throughout this period traditionally nomadic life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe. In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes, a process which was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of a distinctive Kazakh language, culture, and economy.

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which has effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) Hordes (jüz). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the Kazakh Khanate.

During the 17th century Kazakhs fought Oirats, a federation of western Mongol tribes, among which the Dzungars were particularly aggressive. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungars, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territories. Under leadership Abul Khair Khan the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River, in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729. Ablai Khan participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungars from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "batyr" ("hero") by the people. Kazakhs were also a victims of constant raids carried out by the Volga Kalmyks.

 

Russian Empire

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand, and spread into Central Asia. The "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. The tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" between it and the British Empire. The first Russian outpost, Orsk, was built in 1735. Russia enforced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations. Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the extreme resentment by the Kazakh people, and by the 1860s, most Kazakhs resisted Russia's annexation largely because of the disruption it wrought upon the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and the associated hunger which was rapidly wiping out some Kazakh tribes. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 1800s, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them.

From the 1890s onwards ever-larger numbers of settlers from Russian Empire began colonising the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of Semirechye. The number of settlers rose still further once the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was completed in 1906, and the movement was overseen and encouraged by a specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in St. Petersburg. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.

The competition for land and water which ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of Tsarist Russia, with the most serious uprising, the Central Asian Revolt, occurring in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. The Russians' revenge was merciless. A military force drove 300,000 Kazakhs to flee into the mountains or to China. When approximately 80,000 of them returned the next year, many of them were slaughtered by Tsarist forces. During the 1921–22 famine, another million Kazakhs died from starvation.

 

Kazakh SSR

Although there was a brief period of autonomy (Alash Autonomy) during the tumultuous period following the collapse of the Russian Empire, many uprisings were brutally suppressed, and the Kazakhs eventually succumbed to Soviet rule. In 1920, the area of present-day Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic within the Soviet Union.

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced collectivization in late 1920s–1930s, brought mass hunger and led to unrest (See also: Soviet famine of 1932–1933). Between 1926 and 1939, the Kazakh population declined by 22%, due to starvation, violence and mass emigration. Today, the estimates suggest that the population of Kazakhstan would be closer to 20 million if there had been no starvation or massacre of Kazakhs. During the 1930s, many renowned Kazakh writers, thinkers, poets, politicians and historians were slaughtered on Stalin's orders, both as part of the repression and as a methodical pattern of suppressing Kazakh identity and culture. Soviet rule took hold, and a Communist apparatus steadily worked to fully integrate Kazakhstan into the Soviet system. In 1936 Kazakhstan became a Soviet republic. Kazakhstan experienced population inflows of millions exiled from other parts of the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s; many of the deportation victims were deported to Siberia or Kazakhstan merely due to their ethnic heritage or beliefs, and were in many cases interned in some of the biggest Soviet labour camps, including ALZHIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". (See also: Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union.)

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic contributed five national divisions to the Soviet Union's World War II effort. In 1947, two years after the end of the war, the Semipalatinsk Test Site, the USSR's main nuclear weapon test site was founded near the city of Semey.

The period of World War II marked an increase in industrialisation and increased mineral extraction in support of the war effort. At the time of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's death, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural-based economy. In 1953, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev initiated the ambitious "Virgin Lands" programme to turn the traditional pasture lands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernizations under Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. By 1959, Kazakhs made up 30% of the population. Ethnic Russians accounted for 43%.

Growing tensions within Soviet society led to a demand for political and economic reforms, which came to a head in the 1980s. A factor that has contributed to this immensely was Lavrentii Beria's decision to test a nuclear bomb on the territory of Kazakh SSR in Semey in 1949. This had a catastrophic ecological and biological effect which was felt generations later, and Kazakh anger toward the Soviet system has escalated.

In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called Jeltoqsan riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Dinmukhamed Konayev with Gennady Kolbin from the Russian SFSR. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and find expression under Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost

 

Independence

Caught up in the groundswell of Soviet republics seeking greater autonomy, Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty as a republic within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in October 1990. Following the August 1991 aborted coup attempt in Moscow and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan declared independence on December 16, 1991. It was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence.

The years following independence have been marked by significant reforms to the Soviet-style economy and political monopoly on power. Under Nursultan Nazarbayev, who initially came to power in 1989 as the head of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and was eventually elected President in 1991, Kazakhstan has made significant progress toward developing a market economy. The country has enjoyed significant economic growth since 2000, partly due to its large oil, gas, and mineral reserves.

Democracy, however, has not gained much ground since 1991. In 2007, Kazakhstan's parliament passed a law granting President Nursultan Nazarbayev lifetime powers and privileges, immunity from criminal prosecution, and influence over domestic and foreign policy. Critics say he has become a de facto "president for life."

Over the course of his ten years in power, Nazarbayev has repeatedly censored the press through arbitrary use of "privacy" laws, and refused demands that the governors of Kazakhstan's 14 provinces be elected, rather than appointed by the president.

 

Geography

With an area of 2.7 million square kilometers (1.05 million sq. mi), Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and the largest landlocked country in the world. It is equivalent to the size of Western Europe. It shares borders of 6,846 kilometers (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometers (1,369 mi) with Uzbekistan, 1,533 kilometers (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometers (653 mi) with Kyrgyzstan, and 379 kilometers (235 mi) with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent, Atyrau and Oskemen. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.

The terrain extends west to east from the Caspian Sea to the Altay Mountains and north to south from the plains of Western Siberia to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. The Kazakh Steppe (plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq. mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry steppe region. The steppe is characterized by large areas of grasslands and sandy regions. Important rivers and lakes include: the Aral Sea, Ili River, Irtysh River, Ishim River, Ural River, Syr Darya, Charyn River and gorge, Lake Balkhash and Lake Zaysan.

The climate is continental, with warm summers and colder winters. Precipitation varies between arid and semi-arid conditions.

 

Other info

 

Oficial names:

 

Republic of Kazakhstan

Қазақстан Республикасы

Qazaqstan Respwblïkası

قازاقستان رهسپۋبلٸكاسى

Республика Казахстан

Respublika Kazakhstan

 

 

Independence:

1st Khanate 1361 as White Horde

- 2nd Khanate 1428 as Uzbek Horde

- 3rd Khanate 1465 as Kazakh Khanate

- Declared December 16, 1991

- Finalized December 25, 1991

 

Area:

2.726.908

 

Inhabitants:

17.456.400

 

Language:

Dungan [dng] Dialects: Shaanxi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Chinese

More information.

 

German, Standard [deu] 958,000 in Kazakhstan. Population excludes Plautdietsch. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, East Middle German

More information.

 

Ili Turki [ili] Ili Valley near Kuldja, Xinjiang, China. There may be none in Kazakhstan. Alternate names: T'urk, Tuerke. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern

More information.

 

Kazakh [kaz] 5,293,400 in Kazakhstan (1979 census). Population total all countries: 8,178,879. Kazakhstan, northern Soviet Middle Asia and into western Siberia. Also spoken in Afghanistan, China, Germany, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Kazak, Kaisak, Kosach, Qazaq. Dialects: Northeastern Kazakh, Southern Kazakh, Western Kazakh. Minor dialect differences. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian

More information.

 

Plautdietsch [pdt] 100,000 in Russia and Kazakhstan (1986). Various locations including Alma Ata near the China border, beyond Tashkent, and Kazakhstan. Alternate names: Low German. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Saxon-Low Franconian, Low Saxon

More information.

 

Romani, Sinte [rmo] Kazakhstan (formerly Volga area until 1941). Alternate names: Sinti, Tsigane, Manuche, Manouche. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Romani, Northern

More information.

 

Uyghur [uig] 300,000 in Kazakhstan (1993). Taranchi dialect in Kazakhstan, Kashgar-Yarkand dialect in Uzbekistan. Alternate names: Uighur, Uiguir, Uygur, Novouygur. Dialects: Taranchi (Kulja), Kashgar-Yarkand. Classification: Altaic, Turkic, Eastern

 

Capital city:

Astana

 

Meaning of the country name:

Means "land of the Kazakhs". The word "Kazakh" does not have a straightforward exact English translation, but it means something along the lines of "independent/rebellious/wanderer/brave/free". The Russian term kazak (казак) - "cossack" in English - offers a cognate word. -stan as a Persian suffix means "land".

 

Description Flag:

The current flag of Kazakhstan was adopted on June 4, 1992, replacing the flag of the Kazakh SSR.It consists of a sky-blue background, with a steppe eagle beneath a golden sun with 32 rays in the centre, and a web-like pattern running down the left-hand side

The pattern represents the art and cultural traditions of the old khanate and the Kazakh people. The light blue background stands for the various Turkic peoples that make up the present-day population of the country, including the Tatars, Mongols, Uyghurs and others. Among these peoples blue has a religious significance, representing the sky God Gök-Tanry, "the eternal wide blue sky"; a more modern interpretation is that the sky blue background stands for Kazakhstan's broad skies, and for freedom.

The golden eagle is associated with the empire of Genghis Khan, who ruled Kazakhstan under a blue banner with such an eagle on it; thus, it is a reminder of the proud history of the people who form the modern nation of Kazakhstan

 

Coat of arms:

The coat of arms of Kazakhstan was adopted following the dissolving of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.

The coat of arms has a circular form and carries the colors blue and yellow. Blue represents the blue sky and yellow is the symbol of the agriculture which blossomed in the Soviet era. To the left and right of the coat of arms, two unicorns with wings look away from each other.

Like other post-Soviet republics whose arms do not predate the October Revolution, the current arms retains some components of the Soviet one. In the upper part of the coat of arms, there is a star; the rays behind the yurt smokehole also bespeak the Soviet arms.

The name of the country in Kazakh is in the lower part of the coat of arms is stated: "ҚA3AҚCTAH."

In the middle there is a shangrak (Kazakh: Шаңырақ, shangyraq; Russian: Шанырак, shanyrak), the crown of the Kazakh yurt. The shangrak symbolizes both wealth of heritage and a hopeful future.

 

National Anthem: My Kazakhstan , Kazakh: Менің Қазақстаным

 

Kazakh

 

Алтын күн аспаны,

Алтын дән даласы,

Ерліктің дастаны -

Еліме қарашы!

 

Ежелден ер деген,

Даңқымыз шықты ғой,

Намысын бермеген,

Қазағым мықты ғой!

 

Қайырмасы:

Менің елім, менің елім,

Гүлің болып егілемін,

Жырың болып төгілемін, елім!

Туған жерім менің — Қазақстаным!

 

Ұрпаққа жол ашқан,

Кең байтақ жерім бар.

Бірлігі жарасқан,

Тәуелсіз елім бар.

 

Қарсы алған уақытты,

Мәңгілік досындай.

Біздің ел бақытты,

Біздің ел осындай!

Қайырмасы:

 

Transliteration

 

Altın kün aspanı,

Altın dän dalası,

Erliktiñ dastanı -

Elime qaraşı!

Ejelden er degen,

Dañqımız şıqtı ğoy,

Namısın bermegen,

Qazağım mıqtı ğoy!

Chorus:

Meniñ elim, meniñ elim,

Güliñ bolıp egilemin,

Jırıñ bolıp tögilemin, elim!

Twğan jerim meniñ — Qazaqstanım!

 

Urpaqqa jol aşqan,

Keñ baytaq jerim bar.

Birligi jarasqan,

Täwelsiz elim bar.

Qarsı alğan waqıttı,

Mäñgilik dosınday.

Bizdiñ el baqıttı,

Bizdiñ el osınday!

 

Chorus

 

English

Sky of golden sun,

Steppe of golden seed,

Legend of courage -

Take a look at my country.

From the antiquity

Our heroic glory emerged,

They did not give up their pride

My Kazakh people are strong!

Chorus:

My country, my country,

As your flower I will be planted,

As your song I will stream, my country!

My native land — My Kazakhstan!

The way was opened to the posterity

I have a vast land.

It's unity is proper,

I have an independent country.

It welcomed the time

Like an eternal friend,

Our country is happy,

Such is our country.

Chorus

 

Internet Page: www.government.kz

www.akorda.kz

www.aboutkazakhstan.com

www.tourkz.com

 

Kazakhstan in diferent laguages

 

eng | cat | dan | eus | fra | jav | jnf | swa: Kazakhstan

csb | dsb | hsb | lim | nld | pol | slk | szl: Kazachstan

fin | fry | hat | ibo | swe: Kazakstan

deu | ltz | nds: Kasachstan / Kaſachſtan

fao | isl | sme: Kasakstan

hrv | ron | slv: Kazahstan

bos | gag: Kazahstan / Казахстан

cym | roh: Casachstan

ind | msa: Kazakhstan / كازاخستان

ita | lld: Kazakistan

kin | run: Kazakstani

afr: Kasakstan; Kazakstan

arg: Kasajstán; Kasajistán; Kazajstán

ast: Kazahistán; Kazakhistán

aze: Qazaxıstan / Газахыстан

bam: Kazakisitan

bre: Kazac’hstan

ces: Kazachstán

cor: Pow Kasagh

crh: Qazahistan / Къазахистан

epo: Kazaĥstano; Kazaĥio

est: Kasahstan

frp: Kazacstan

fur: Cosachistan

gla: Casachstan; Casagstan

gle: An Chasacstáin / An Ċasacstáin

glg: Casaquistán

glv: Yn Chassaghstaan

hun: Kazahsztán

ina: Kazakhstan; Kazakstan

kaa: Qazaqstan / Қазақстан

kal: Kasakhstani

kmr: Qazaẍistan / Qазаг’ьстан / قازاغستان

kur: Qazaxistan / قازاخستان

lat: Cazastania; Kazakistania; Casachia

lav: Kazahstāna

lin: Kazakstáni

lit: Kazachstanas

mlg: Kazakistana

mlt: Każakstan; Każakistan

mol: Kazahstan / Казахстан

nor: Kasakhstan

nrm: Cazaqùie

oci: Cazacstan

por: Cazaquistão; Casaquistão

que: Qasaqsuyu

rmy: Kazaxstan / काज़ाख़्स्तान

rup: Cazahstan

scn: Kazakstàn

slo: Kazahia / Казахиа; Kazahzem / Казахзем

smg: Kazakstans

smo: Kasakisitani

som: Kasaakhistaan

spa: Kazajstán; Kazajistán

sqi: Kazakistani

srd: Kazakhstàn

tet: Kazakistaun

tgl: Kasakstan; Kasahstan

ton: Kasākisitani

tuk: Gazagystan / Газагыстан

tur: Kazakistan; Kazakeli

uzb: Qozogʻiston / Қозоғистон

vie: Ka-dắc-xtan

vol: Kasakän

vor: Kasakstan; Kasastan

wln: Kazaxhtan

wol: Kaasakestaan

zza: Qazaxıstan

abq | alt | bul | chm | chv | kbd | kjh | kom | rus | tyv | udm | ukr | xal: Казахстан (Kazaĥstan)

krc | kum: Къазахстан (Qazaĥstan)

lbe | lez: Къазахсттан (Q̱azaḫsttan)

bak: Ҡаҙағстан / Ķaźağstan

bel: Казахстан / Kazachstan

che: Казахстан (Kazaḫstan)

kaz: Қазақстан / Qazaqstan / قازاقستان

kir: Казакстан (Kazakstan)

mkd: Казахстан (Kazahstan)

mon: Казакстан (Kazakstan); Казахстан (Kazaĥstan)

oss: Хъазахстан (Qazaĥstan)

srp: Казахстан / Kazahstan; Казакстан / Kazakstan

tab: Къазакъистан (Q̱azaq̄istan)

tat: Казакстан / Qazaqstan

tgk: Қазоқистон / قزاقستان / Qazoqiston

ara: كازاخستان (Kāzāḫistān); قازاقستان (Qāzāqistān); كازخستان (Kāzaḫistān)

fas: قزاقستان / Qazâqestân; کازاخستان / Kâzâxestân

prs: قزاقستان (Qazāqestān)

pus: قزاقستان (Qazāqistān); قازاقستان (Qāzāqistān)

uig: قازاقىستان / Qazaqistan / Қазақистан

urd: قزاقستان (Qazāqistān); قازقستان (Qāzaqistān)

div: ކަޒަކިސްތާން (Każakistān)

heb: קזחסטן (Qazaḥsṭan); קזחסטאן (Qazaḥsṭân); קאזאחסטאן (Qâzâḥsṭân)

lad: קאזאכסטאן / Kazaxstan

yid: קאַזאַכסטאַן (Kazaḫstan); קאַזאַקסטאַן (Kazakstan)

amh: ካዛክስታን (Kazakstan); ካዛኽስታን (Kazaĥstan)

ell: Καζακστάν (Kazakstán); Καζαχστάν (Kazaĥstán)

hye: Ղազախստան (Ġazaĥstan)

kat: ყაზახეთი (Qazaĥeṭi)

hin: कज़ाख़स्तान (Kazāĥstān); कज़ाख़िस्तान (Kazāĥistān); कज़ाकिस्तान (Kazākistān)

ben: কাজাখস্তান (Kājākʰstān); কাজাকস্তান (Kājākstān); কাজাকিস্তান (Kājākistān)

pan: ਕਜ਼ਾਕਸਤਾਨ (Kazākstān)

kan: ಕಜಾಕಸ್ತಾನ್ (Kajākastān)

mal: കസാഖ്സ്ഥാന് (Kasākʰstʰān); കസാഖിസ്ഥാന് (Kasākʰistʰān)

tam: கஸாக்ஸ்தான் (Kasākstāṉ); கஜகஸ்தான் (Kajakastāṉ)

tel: కజకిస్తాన్ (Kajakistān); కజకస్తాన్ (Kajakastān)

zho: 哈薩克斯坦/哈萨克斯坦 (Hāsàkèsītǎn)

jpn: カザフスタン (Kazafusutan)

kor: 카자흐스탄 (Kajaheuseutan)

mya: ကာဇက္စတန္ (Kazeʿsátã)

tha: คาซัคสถาน (Kʰāsâksatʰān)

lao: ກາຊ້ກສະຖານ (Kāsáksatʰān)

khm: កាហ្សាក់ស្តង់ (Kāhsakstăṅ)

 

The Charyn Canyon is 150–300 metres deep and 80 kilometres long, cutting through the red sandstone plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern Tian Shan ("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km east of Almaty) at 43°21′1.16″N 79°4′49.28″E / 43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E / 43.3503222; 79.0803556. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of 150–300 m. The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare ash tree that survived the Ice Age and is now also grown in some other areas. Bigach crater is a Pliocene or Miocene asteroid impact crater, 8 kilometres (5 mi) in diameter and estimated at 5 ±3 million years old at 48°30′N 82°00′E / 48.5°N 82°E / 48.5; 82.

 

Done