HansHolt
Armillaria ostoyae = honey mushroom = sombere honingzwam (3)
view this photo large on black
see more interesting photo's from me here:
flickeflu.com/photos/77411963@N07/interesting
Armillaria solidipes (formerly Armillaria ostoyae), the honey mushroom, is the most common variant in the western U.S. of the group of species that all used to share the name Armillaria mellea. Armillaria solidipes is quite common on both hardwood and conifer wood in forests west of the Cascade crest. The mycelium attacks the sapwood and is able to travel great distances under the bark or between trees in the form of black rhizomorphs ("shoestrings").
In most areas of North America, Armillaria solidipes can be separated from other species by its physical features. Its brown colors, fairly prominent scales featured on its cap, and the well-developed ring on its stem sets it apart from any Armillaria.
It is known to be one of the largest living organisms, where scientists have estimated a single specimen found in Malheur National Forest in Oregon to have been growing for some 2,400 years, covering 3.4 square miles (8.4 km^2) and colloquially named the "Humongous Fungus." Armillaria solidipes grows and spreads primarily underground and the bulk of the organism lies in the ground, out of sight. Therefore, the organism is not visible to anyone viewing from the surface. It is only in the autumn when this organism will bloom “honey mushrooms”, visible evidence of the organism lying beneath. Low competition for land and nutrients have allowed this organism to grow so huge; it possibly covers more geographical area than any other living organism.
This fungus, like most parasitic fungi, reproduces sexually. The fungi begin their life as spores, released into the environment by a mature mushroom. Armillaria solidipes has a white spore print. There are two types of mating types for spores (not male and female but similar in effect). The spores can be dispersed by environment factors such as wind or they can be redeposited by an animal. Once the spores are in a resting state, the single spore must come in contact with a spore of an opposite mating type and of the same species. If the single spore isolates are from different species, the colonies will not fuse together and they will remain separate. When two isolates of the same species but different mating types fuse together, they soon form coalesced colonies which become dark brown and flat. With this particular fungus it will produce mycelial cords also known as rhizomorphs. These rhizomorphs allow the fungus to obtain nutrients from long distances away. These are also the main factors to its pathogenicity. As the fruiting body continues to grow and obtaining nutrients, it forms into a mature mushroom. Armillaria solidipes in particular grows a wide and thin sheet-like plates radiating from the stem which is known as its gills. The gills hold the spores of a mature mushroom. This is stained white when seen as a spore print. Once spore formation is complete, this signifies a mature mushroom and now is able to spread its spores to start a new generation.
The disease is of particular interest to forest managers, as the species is highly pathogenic to a number of commercial softwoods, notably Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), true firs (Abies spp.) and Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). A commonly prescribed treatment is the clear cutting of an infected stand followed by planting with more resistant species such as Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) or deciduous seedlings. Armillaria can remain viable in stumps for 50 years.
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Armillaria ostoyae, Sombere honingzwam.
Middelbruine tot geelbruine, vleeskleurige hoed en iets lichtere steel. Hoed met donkerder, afwisbare schubjes. De steel heeft een forse ring, met beneden de ring ook schubjes op de steel. De rand van de hoed is in vochtige toestand doorschijnend gestreept. Groeit meestal in bundels. Kleur van de sporen: wit tot crème. Hoogte: 6-15 cm, breedte: 3-10 cm.
Kan van september tot november gevonden worden op de stam, de basis en de wortels van bomen en op stronken van bomen. Meestal op min of meer zure zandgronden, komt algemeen voor.
Honingzwammen verspreiden zich niet alleen via hun sporen, maar ook via lange zwarte draden, rhizomorfen. Deze op veters lijkende zwarte draden kunnen onder de bast van aangetaste bomen gevonden worden. Voor de honingzwammen in het algemeen geldt, dat het parasieten zijn, die een sterke vorm van witrot veroorzaken, die uiteindelijk leidt tot het afsterven van de gastheer.
In april 2003 werd in het Malheur National Forest in de Amerikaanse staat Oregon een sombere honingzwam ontdekt van naar schatting 2400 jaar oud met een ondergrondse mycelium omvang van 8,9 km². Daarmee is deze schimmel het grootste organisme ter wereld. Ook in Zwitserland in het Nationaal Park in de streek Engadin komt deze schimmel met een grote omvang voor. Hier is de schimmel ongeveer duizend jaar oud en ongeveer 800 meter lang en 500 meter breed.
Armillaria ostoyae = honey mushroom = sombere honingzwam (3)
view this photo large on black
see more interesting photo's from me here:
flickeflu.com/photos/77411963@N07/interesting
Armillaria solidipes (formerly Armillaria ostoyae), the honey mushroom, is the most common variant in the western U.S. of the group of species that all used to share the name Armillaria mellea. Armillaria solidipes is quite common on both hardwood and conifer wood in forests west of the Cascade crest. The mycelium attacks the sapwood and is able to travel great distances under the bark or between trees in the form of black rhizomorphs ("shoestrings").
In most areas of North America, Armillaria solidipes can be separated from other species by its physical features. Its brown colors, fairly prominent scales featured on its cap, and the well-developed ring on its stem sets it apart from any Armillaria.
It is known to be one of the largest living organisms, where scientists have estimated a single specimen found in Malheur National Forest in Oregon to have been growing for some 2,400 years, covering 3.4 square miles (8.4 km^2) and colloquially named the "Humongous Fungus." Armillaria solidipes grows and spreads primarily underground and the bulk of the organism lies in the ground, out of sight. Therefore, the organism is not visible to anyone viewing from the surface. It is only in the autumn when this organism will bloom “honey mushrooms”, visible evidence of the organism lying beneath. Low competition for land and nutrients have allowed this organism to grow so huge; it possibly covers more geographical area than any other living organism.
This fungus, like most parasitic fungi, reproduces sexually. The fungi begin their life as spores, released into the environment by a mature mushroom. Armillaria solidipes has a white spore print. There are two types of mating types for spores (not male and female but similar in effect). The spores can be dispersed by environment factors such as wind or they can be redeposited by an animal. Once the spores are in a resting state, the single spore must come in contact with a spore of an opposite mating type and of the same species. If the single spore isolates are from different species, the colonies will not fuse together and they will remain separate. When two isolates of the same species but different mating types fuse together, they soon form coalesced colonies which become dark brown and flat. With this particular fungus it will produce mycelial cords also known as rhizomorphs. These rhizomorphs allow the fungus to obtain nutrients from long distances away. These are also the main factors to its pathogenicity. As the fruiting body continues to grow and obtaining nutrients, it forms into a mature mushroom. Armillaria solidipes in particular grows a wide and thin sheet-like plates radiating from the stem which is known as its gills. The gills hold the spores of a mature mushroom. This is stained white when seen as a spore print. Once spore formation is complete, this signifies a mature mushroom and now is able to spread its spores to start a new generation.
The disease is of particular interest to forest managers, as the species is highly pathogenic to a number of commercial softwoods, notably Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), true firs (Abies spp.) and Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). A commonly prescribed treatment is the clear cutting of an infected stand followed by planting with more resistant species such as Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) or deciduous seedlings. Armillaria can remain viable in stumps for 50 years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Armillaria ostoyae, Sombere honingzwam.
Middelbruine tot geelbruine, vleeskleurige hoed en iets lichtere steel. Hoed met donkerder, afwisbare schubjes. De steel heeft een forse ring, met beneden de ring ook schubjes op de steel. De rand van de hoed is in vochtige toestand doorschijnend gestreept. Groeit meestal in bundels. Kleur van de sporen: wit tot crème. Hoogte: 6-15 cm, breedte: 3-10 cm.
Kan van september tot november gevonden worden op de stam, de basis en de wortels van bomen en op stronken van bomen. Meestal op min of meer zure zandgronden, komt algemeen voor.
Honingzwammen verspreiden zich niet alleen via hun sporen, maar ook via lange zwarte draden, rhizomorfen. Deze op veters lijkende zwarte draden kunnen onder de bast van aangetaste bomen gevonden worden. Voor de honingzwammen in het algemeen geldt, dat het parasieten zijn, die een sterke vorm van witrot veroorzaken, die uiteindelijk leidt tot het afsterven van de gastheer.
In april 2003 werd in het Malheur National Forest in de Amerikaanse staat Oregon een sombere honingzwam ontdekt van naar schatting 2400 jaar oud met een ondergrondse mycelium omvang van 8,9 km². Daarmee is deze schimmel het grootste organisme ter wereld. Ook in Zwitserland in het Nationaal Park in de streek Engadin komt deze schimmel met een grote omvang voor. Hier is de schimmel ongeveer duizend jaar oud en ongeveer 800 meter lang en 500 meter breed.