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2K22 Tunguska-M1
Russia had used (despite some teething problems) with a great level of success the Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft vehicle family ZSU-23, however it lacked the teeth to penetrate the newer generation of aircraft the West was introducing.
Anti-Aircraft missile systems are successful in their role, however it can have draw backs, such as a slower engagement time, engaging lower flying aircraft and inability to be used in other roles (during the Chechen War’s the high elevation of the SP-AA vehicles meant they could attack embedded enemy troops in high level buildings in built up area’s that other vehicles couldn’t).
Developed in the 1970’s by the Russian KBP Instrument Design Bureau, the system was designated Tunguska and equipped with both dual 2A38 twin 30mm auto-cannons and 8 × 9M311 missile launchers, making the vehicle the most capable SPG-AA vehicle in the world.
It was officially accepted into service on 8 September 1982 and the initial version designated 2K22/2S6, with four missiles in the ready to fire position (two on each side). The Tunguska entered into limited service from 1984 when the first batteries were delivered to the army.
2K22M1 (1988): Improved version with the 2S6M1 combat vehicle on a GM-5975 chassis, using the 9M311-M1 missile (range: 10 km) and with an improved fire control system. Passed state trials in April 2003 and entered service with the Russian armed forces a year later
The two 30mm auto cannons fire either HE-T (High Explosive Tracer) and HE-I (High Explosive Incendiary) rounds at a combined rate of 3900 to 5000 rounds per minute. The cannons are fired alternatively, achieving bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds depending on the target. Their effective range is 0.2 to 4km, at an altitude of 4km. The cannons can be elevated and depressed to +87 to -10 degrees and as such can be used to engage ground as well as aerial targets.
The 2K22 can fire its cannons in two primary modes of operation, radar and optical, in radar mode the target tracking is fully automatic, with the guns aimed using data from the radar. In optical mode the gunner tracks the target through the 1A29 stabilized sight.
Four launchers are mounted on either side of the turret and fire the 9M311 missile family, which can engage targets at ranges of 2.4 to 8km at an altitude of 3.5km. The Tunguska-M1 uses the improved 9M311-M1 missile with an increased range of 10km. The complete missile is around 2.56m long with a weight of 57kg.
The gunner guides the missile on to its target via a ×8 magnification 1A29 stabilized sight. The tracking radar is used to send radio commands to the missile, making Tunguska a semi-automatic, radio command, with optical line of sight (SACLOS) system.
Once the missile is guided to within 5m of the target, an active laser or radio fuse is triggered blowing the rods in the warhead of the missile into fragments, which shred the skin of the enemy aircraft and hopefully strike an explosive element, which cooks off and destroys the aircraft.
2K22 Tunguska-M1
Russia had used (despite some teething problems) with a great level of success the Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft vehicle family ZSU-23, however it lacked the teeth to penetrate the newer generation of aircraft the West was introducing.
Anti-Aircraft missile systems are successful in their role, however it can have draw backs, such as a slower engagement time, engaging lower flying aircraft and inability to be used in other roles (during the Chechen War’s the high elevation of the SP-AA vehicles meant they could attack embedded enemy troops in high level buildings in built up area’s that other vehicles couldn’t).
Developed in the 1970’s by the Russian KBP Instrument Design Bureau, the system was designated Tunguska and equipped with both dual 2A38 twin 30mm auto-cannons and 8 × 9M311 missile launchers, making the vehicle the most capable SPG-AA vehicle in the world.
It was officially accepted into service on 8 September 1982 and the initial version designated 2K22/2S6, with four missiles in the ready to fire position (two on each side). The Tunguska entered into limited service from 1984 when the first batteries were delivered to the army.
2K22M1 (1988): Improved version with the 2S6M1 combat vehicle on a GM-5975 chassis, using the 9M311-M1 missile (range: 10 km) and with an improved fire control system. Passed state trials in April 2003 and entered service with the Russian armed forces a year later
The two 30mm auto cannons fire either HE-T (High Explosive Tracer) and HE-I (High Explosive Incendiary) rounds at a combined rate of 3900 to 5000 rounds per minute. The cannons are fired alternatively, achieving bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds depending on the target. Their effective range is 0.2 to 4km, at an altitude of 4km. The cannons can be elevated and depressed to +87 to -10 degrees and as such can be used to engage ground as well as aerial targets.
The 2K22 can fire its cannons in two primary modes of operation, radar and optical, in radar mode the target tracking is fully automatic, with the guns aimed using data from the radar. In optical mode the gunner tracks the target through the 1A29 stabilized sight.
Four launchers are mounted on either side of the turret and fire the 9M311 missile family, which can engage targets at ranges of 2.4 to 8km at an altitude of 3.5km. The Tunguska-M1 uses the improved 9M311-M1 missile with an increased range of 10km. The complete missile is around 2.56m long with a weight of 57kg.
The gunner guides the missile on to its target via a ×8 magnification 1A29 stabilized sight. The tracking radar is used to send radio commands to the missile, making Tunguska a semi-automatic, radio command, with optical line of sight (SACLOS) system.
Once the missile is guided to within 5m of the target, an active laser or radio fuse is triggered blowing the rods in the warhead of the missile into fragments, which shred the skin of the enemy aircraft and hopefully strike an explosive element, which cooks off and destroys the aircraft.