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LEAF FROM THOMAS AQUINAS "COMMENTARY ON THE SENTENCES OF PETER LOMBARD" Ref 434 recto
This is a leaf from a Thomas Aquinas "Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard" that was produced in Italy during the second half of the fifteenth century.
The text is from Book I, Distinctio XIX, from Question IV at the end of Articulus I, followed by the Solutio to that Articulus, Articulus II followed by its Solutio and Questio V “Circa secundam” followed by the beginning of its Articulus I.
The size of the leaf is 288mm x 212mm (11 3/10ins. x 8 3/10ins.).
PROVENANCE: -
From a manuscript that was number 12 in an American bookseller's catalogue at a time when it had 309 leaves. Single leaves emerged in Otto Ege “Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts …. Copiously Annotated”, Cleveland, mid 1940's, no. 26 at $4 each.
Gwara Handlist 40.
GENERAL COMMENTS: -
With the exception of two age related marks on the verso this is a superb, clean, leaf containing a superb script that was influenced by the model of Petrarch's handwriting. It is a handsome leaf from an important text of the Middle Ages crowning several centuries of study in Biblical exegesis, doctrine and Canon Law.
THOMAS AQUINAS: -
Born in Lombardy and educated by the Benedictines at Monte Casino, in about 1239 he went to the University of Naples where the Dominican Friars in whose Order he enrolled in 1244 impressed him. He was ordained in 1250 in Cologne.
After studying at Paris he became a teacher there and wrote various commentaries. He then went to teach in several Italian cities before returning to Paris but in 1272 Naples demanded him back. It was there on 6th. December 1273 that he experienced a devine revelation so wonderful that he left his great Summa Theologica incomplete, saying that all his writings were like so much straw compared to the glory which had been shown to him. He died on 7th. March 1274.
PETER LOMBARD AND HIS “SENTENCES”: -
Peter Lombard, a scholastic theologian of the twelfth century, was commonly known as "the Lombard" after his birthplace which actually was probably Novara. It is expected that he then moved to Lombardy approximately after his birth in 1105-1110 CE He died in Paris, France about 1160 (1164). Although his family was poor, he found powerful patrons such as St. Bernard, that enabled him to gain a higher education at Bologna, then at Reims in France, and finally in Paris. In Paris, Peter taught theology in the cathedral school of Notre Dame, and it was there he found the time to produce the works discussed later in this article. Their dates can be only approximately fixed. The most famous of them, the Libri quatuor sententiarum , was probably composed between 1147 and 1150, although it may be placed as late as 1155. Nothing is certainly known of his later life except that be became bishop of Paris in 1159. According to Walter of St. Victor, a hostile witness, Peter obtained the office by simony; the more usual story is that Philip, younger brother of Louis VII, and archdeacon of Paris, was elected but declined in favour of Peter, his teacher. The date of his death can not be determined with certainty. The ancient epitaph in the church of St. Marcel at Paris assigns it to 1164, but the figures seem to be a later addition. The demonstrable fact that Maurice of Sully was bishop before the end of 1160 seems conclusive against it, although it is possible that in that year he resigned his see and lived three or four years longer.
The historic importance of Peter Lombard rests on his Sentences and the position taken by them in medieval philosophy. The earlier dogmatic theologians, such as Isidore of Seville, Alcuin, and Paschasius Radbert, had attempted to establish the doctrine of the Church from Bible texts and quotations from the Fathers. In the eleventh century this method gave place to dialectical and speculative working over of the traditional dogmas. Peter Lombard came into the field at a time when the new methods and their dialectical artifices were still exposed to wide-spread objection, but when the thirst for knowledge was exceedingly keen. One text-book after another was being published, the majority of them either issuing from the school of Abelard, or in some degree inspired by him. Of these works the greatest influence was attained by that of Peter, which was, for the time, an admirable compendium of theological knowledge. It is written under the influence pre-eminently of Abelard, Hugo of St. Victor, and the Decretum of Gratian. Whether Peter had himself seen the early writers whom he cites is frequently uncertain. As to his contemporaries, whom he knew thoroughly, he shows the influence of Abelard in his whole method and in countless details, while preserving a critical attitude toward his most pronounced peculiarities. On the other hand, he follows Hugo very closely and often textually, though here also with a tendency to avoid the purely speculative elements. For his sacramental doctrine, Gratian is very useful, especially through the quotations adduced by him and his legal attitude toward these questions.
LEAF FROM THOMAS AQUINAS "COMMENTARY ON THE SENTENCES OF PETER LOMBARD" Ref 434 recto
This is a leaf from a Thomas Aquinas "Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard" that was produced in Italy during the second half of the fifteenth century.
The text is from Book I, Distinctio XIX, from Question IV at the end of Articulus I, followed by the Solutio to that Articulus, Articulus II followed by its Solutio and Questio V “Circa secundam” followed by the beginning of its Articulus I.
The size of the leaf is 288mm x 212mm (11 3/10ins. x 8 3/10ins.).
PROVENANCE: -
From a manuscript that was number 12 in an American bookseller's catalogue at a time when it had 309 leaves. Single leaves emerged in Otto Ege “Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts …. Copiously Annotated”, Cleveland, mid 1940's, no. 26 at $4 each.
Gwara Handlist 40.
GENERAL COMMENTS: -
With the exception of two age related marks on the verso this is a superb, clean, leaf containing a superb script that was influenced by the model of Petrarch's handwriting. It is a handsome leaf from an important text of the Middle Ages crowning several centuries of study in Biblical exegesis, doctrine and Canon Law.
THOMAS AQUINAS: -
Born in Lombardy and educated by the Benedictines at Monte Casino, in about 1239 he went to the University of Naples where the Dominican Friars in whose Order he enrolled in 1244 impressed him. He was ordained in 1250 in Cologne.
After studying at Paris he became a teacher there and wrote various commentaries. He then went to teach in several Italian cities before returning to Paris but in 1272 Naples demanded him back. It was there on 6th. December 1273 that he experienced a devine revelation so wonderful that he left his great Summa Theologica incomplete, saying that all his writings were like so much straw compared to the glory which had been shown to him. He died on 7th. March 1274.
PETER LOMBARD AND HIS “SENTENCES”: -
Peter Lombard, a scholastic theologian of the twelfth century, was commonly known as "the Lombard" after his birthplace which actually was probably Novara. It is expected that he then moved to Lombardy approximately after his birth in 1105-1110 CE He died in Paris, France about 1160 (1164). Although his family was poor, he found powerful patrons such as St. Bernard, that enabled him to gain a higher education at Bologna, then at Reims in France, and finally in Paris. In Paris, Peter taught theology in the cathedral school of Notre Dame, and it was there he found the time to produce the works discussed later in this article. Their dates can be only approximately fixed. The most famous of them, the Libri quatuor sententiarum , was probably composed between 1147 and 1150, although it may be placed as late as 1155. Nothing is certainly known of his later life except that be became bishop of Paris in 1159. According to Walter of St. Victor, a hostile witness, Peter obtained the office by simony; the more usual story is that Philip, younger brother of Louis VII, and archdeacon of Paris, was elected but declined in favour of Peter, his teacher. The date of his death can not be determined with certainty. The ancient epitaph in the church of St. Marcel at Paris assigns it to 1164, but the figures seem to be a later addition. The demonstrable fact that Maurice of Sully was bishop before the end of 1160 seems conclusive against it, although it is possible that in that year he resigned his see and lived three or four years longer.
The historic importance of Peter Lombard rests on his Sentences and the position taken by them in medieval philosophy. The earlier dogmatic theologians, such as Isidore of Seville, Alcuin, and Paschasius Radbert, had attempted to establish the doctrine of the Church from Bible texts and quotations from the Fathers. In the eleventh century this method gave place to dialectical and speculative working over of the traditional dogmas. Peter Lombard came into the field at a time when the new methods and their dialectical artifices were still exposed to wide-spread objection, but when the thirst for knowledge was exceedingly keen. One text-book after another was being published, the majority of them either issuing from the school of Abelard, or in some degree inspired by him. Of these works the greatest influence was attained by that of Peter, which was, for the time, an admirable compendium of theological knowledge. It is written under the influence pre-eminently of Abelard, Hugo of St. Victor, and the Decretum of Gratian. Whether Peter had himself seen the early writers whom he cites is frequently uncertain. As to his contemporaries, whom he knew thoroughly, he shows the influence of Abelard in his whole method and in countless details, while preserving a critical attitude toward his most pronounced peculiarities. On the other hand, he follows Hugo very closely and often textually, though here also with a tendency to avoid the purely speculative elements. For his sacramental doctrine, Gratian is very useful, especially through the quotations adduced by him and his legal attitude toward these questions.