1685 (ca.), [Indian, Punjab Hills, Bilaspur], Panchama Ragaputra [watercolor] -- Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (Richmond)

From the museum label:

 

Like the three pictures to the left, this ragamala page was painted in the Punjab Hills kingdom of Kahlur--more often known by the name of its capital, Bilaspur. It was, however, made about half a century earlier than that trio, and its coloration and composition are far bolder. In the more prevalent Painters System, Panchama appears as a ragini in the Sri Raga family, but in Kshemankara's expanded scheme, he is one of eight sons of Bhairava Raga. And unlike his iconography in the former--a noble with musicians or dancers--Panchama is imagined as an ash- smeared ascetic seated on a hill. The tranquility of his meditation draws predators and their prey to his sides, and the fantastic tree behind him gives form to his extraordinary yogic power. From a trunk that seems almost an extension of his spine split five limbs, each supporting a starburst of foliage.

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