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catedral-2.LA BELLESA DE LA CREATIVITAT ARQUITECTONICA THE BEAUTY OF ARCHITECTURAL CREATIVITY (CATEDRAL DE BARCELONA)
La catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia és una basílica gòtica seu de l'arquebisbat de Barcelona, declarada bé cultural d'interès nacional.[1] Es va construir durant els segles xiii al xv, al mateix lloc on hi havia hagut una catedral romànica, i encara abans una de paleocristiana. La façana i el cimbori, d'estil neogòtic, són moderns (segles xix-xx).
La dedicació del temple a la Santa Creu, molt poc habitual, és una de les més antigues del món cristià i probablement es remunta a mitjan segle vii.[2] La dedicació a Santa Eulàlia de Barcelona (copatrona de la ciutat), una jove màrtir durant l'Imperi Romà, es coneix des del 877,[3] quan el bisbe Frodoí va trobar-ne les restes prop de Santa Maria de les Arenes i les va traslladar solemnement a la catedral.[4]
Història
Basílica paleocristiana
Entrant pel soterrani del Museu d'Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona, es poden visitar restes del baptisteri de la basílica paleocristiana (situat sota el rerecor de la catedral actual), amb una piscina octogonal.[2] El baptisteri fou excavat per l'arqueòleg Frederic-Pau Verrié el 1965.[5]
La basílica paleocristiana està documentada des del segle iv, ja que l'existència de bisbes de Barcelona es coneix des de mitjan segle iv.[6] De fet, el document existent més antic és de l'any 343 i correspon al Concili de Sàrdica, al qual consta l'assistència del bisbe de Barcelona, Pretextat.[7] A part, a partir del 599, al segon concili Tarraconensis de Barcelona, el cronista Joan de Bíclar va escriure les actes del concili, en què consta que la catedral paleocristiana està sota l'advocació de la Sanctae Crucis.[2]
Les restes trobades de l'aula, que són bàsicament el paviment i l'arrencada de les columnes, van fer pensar que corresponien a la primitiva catedral, de tres naus (la planta típica de les basíliques romanes) disposades transversalment a l'actual,[6] amb la capçalera al nord-est i els peus situats sota les capelles del costat de l'Evangeli (nord) de la catedral actual,[2] però actualment se sap que aquesta aula basilical en realitat era una sala de recepció del palau episcopal, mentre que la catedral devia estar a sota de la catedral actual, i si no se n'han trobat restes, és perquè aquesta zona no ha estat excavada.[8] Aquesta catedral va ser remodelada completament abans del segle ix[2] i fou destruïda el 985 per la ràtzia d'Al-Mansur.[6]
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia (Catalan: Catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia), also known as Barcelona Cathedral, is the seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. The cathedral was constructed from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, with the principal work done in the fourteenth century. The cloister, which encloses the Well of the Geese (Font de les Oques), was completed in 1448.[2] In the late nineteenth century, the neo-Gothic façade was constructed over the nondescript exterior that was common to Catalan churches.[3]
Its form is a pseudo-basilica, vaulted over five aisles, the outer two divided into chapels. The transept is truncated. The east end is a chevet of nine radiating chapels connected by an ambulatory. The high altar is raised, allowing a clear view into the crypt.
The cathedral is dedicated to the Holy Cross and Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona, a young virgin martyr who, according to Catholic tradition, suffered martyrdom during Roman times in the city. One story says that she was exposed naked in the public square and a miraculous snowfall in mid-spring covered her nudity. The enraged Romans put her into a barrel with knives stuck into it and rolled it down a street (according to tradition, the one now called Baixada de Santa Eulàlia). The relics of Saint Eulalia are entombed in the cathedral's crypt.
The choir stalls retain the coats-of-arms of the knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece. In his first trip into Spain, Charles V, selected Barcelona as the site of a chapter of his order. The king had arrived for his investiture as Count of Barcelona, and the city, as a Mediterranean port, offered the closest communication with other far-flung Habsburg dominions, while the large proportions of the cathedral would accommodate required grand ceremonies. In 1518 the Order's herald, Thomas Isaac, and its treasurer, Jean Micault, were commissioned to prepare the sanctuary for the first sitting of the chapter in 1519. Juan de Borgonya executed the painted decoration of the sanctuary.
The side Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto contains a cross said to date from the time of the Battle of Lepanto (1571).[4]
In addition to Saints Eulalia and Olegarius, the cathedral contains the tombs of Saint Raymond of Penyafort, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his third wife Almodis de la Marche, and bishops Berenguer de Palou II, Salvador Casañas y Pagés, and Arnau de Gurb, who is buried in the Chapel of Santa Llúcia, which he had constructed.
The cathedral has a secluded Gothic cloister where 13 white geese are kept, the number explained by the assertion that Eulalia was 13 when she was martyred.[4]
History
Parts of an early Christian and Visigothic episcopal complex including the baptistery (fourth century), a basilical hall (fifth century), a cross shaped church (sixth-seventh century) and bishop's palace (sixth-seventh century) are displayed in Barcelona City History Museum archaeological underground. Reportedly, this Visigothic chapel was dedicated to Saint James, and was the proprietary church of the Viscounts of Barcelona.[5] However, in a document from the Second Council of Barcelona in 599, it states that the cathedral was dedicated to the Holy Cross.[2] This church was severely damaged by al-Mansur (Almanzor) during his attack on Barcelona in 985.
In 1046, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his wife Almodis, together with Bishop Guislabert, began construction of a Romanesque cathedral at the site; it was consecrated in November 1058.[2] The cathedral was constructed over the crypt of the former church. It has been reported that a Viscount of Barcelona, Mir Geribert, sold the site to Bishop Guislebert in 1058,[5] though however, this date does not coincide with the reported start of construction.
The present Gothic cathedral was begun on the foundations of the previous churches on 1 May 1298; James II the Just was King of Aragon at the time, and Bernat Pelegri was Bishop of Barcelona. The church was built from the east end towards the west end, with a simple west façade completed in 1417. The cloister was completed in 1448, making the total duration of construction 150 years. In the late nineteenth century, Miguel Girona i Agrafel [es] offered to complete the neo-Gothic façade and central tower as inspired by the original fifteenth-century design prepared by master Carlí and rearranged and drawn by the architect Josep Oriol Mestres [ca]. This work was completed in 1913 by Girona's children.[2]
catedral-2.LA BELLESA DE LA CREATIVITAT ARQUITECTONICA THE BEAUTY OF ARCHITECTURAL CREATIVITY (CATEDRAL DE BARCELONA)
La catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia és una basílica gòtica seu de l'arquebisbat de Barcelona, declarada bé cultural d'interès nacional.[1] Es va construir durant els segles xiii al xv, al mateix lloc on hi havia hagut una catedral romànica, i encara abans una de paleocristiana. La façana i el cimbori, d'estil neogòtic, són moderns (segles xix-xx).
La dedicació del temple a la Santa Creu, molt poc habitual, és una de les més antigues del món cristià i probablement es remunta a mitjan segle vii.[2] La dedicació a Santa Eulàlia de Barcelona (copatrona de la ciutat), una jove màrtir durant l'Imperi Romà, es coneix des del 877,[3] quan el bisbe Frodoí va trobar-ne les restes prop de Santa Maria de les Arenes i les va traslladar solemnement a la catedral.[4]
Història
Basílica paleocristiana
Entrant pel soterrani del Museu d'Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona, es poden visitar restes del baptisteri de la basílica paleocristiana (situat sota el rerecor de la catedral actual), amb una piscina octogonal.[2] El baptisteri fou excavat per l'arqueòleg Frederic-Pau Verrié el 1965.[5]
La basílica paleocristiana està documentada des del segle iv, ja que l'existència de bisbes de Barcelona es coneix des de mitjan segle iv.[6] De fet, el document existent més antic és de l'any 343 i correspon al Concili de Sàrdica, al qual consta l'assistència del bisbe de Barcelona, Pretextat.[7] A part, a partir del 599, al segon concili Tarraconensis de Barcelona, el cronista Joan de Bíclar va escriure les actes del concili, en què consta que la catedral paleocristiana està sota l'advocació de la Sanctae Crucis.[2]
Les restes trobades de l'aula, que són bàsicament el paviment i l'arrencada de les columnes, van fer pensar que corresponien a la primitiva catedral, de tres naus (la planta típica de les basíliques romanes) disposades transversalment a l'actual,[6] amb la capçalera al nord-est i els peus situats sota les capelles del costat de l'Evangeli (nord) de la catedral actual,[2] però actualment se sap que aquesta aula basilical en realitat era una sala de recepció del palau episcopal, mentre que la catedral devia estar a sota de la catedral actual, i si no se n'han trobat restes, és perquè aquesta zona no ha estat excavada.[8] Aquesta catedral va ser remodelada completament abans del segle ix[2] i fou destruïda el 985 per la ràtzia d'Al-Mansur.[6]
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia (Catalan: Catedral de la Santa Creu i Santa Eulàlia), also known as Barcelona Cathedral, is the seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. The cathedral was constructed from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, with the principal work done in the fourteenth century. The cloister, which encloses the Well of the Geese (Font de les Oques), was completed in 1448.[2] In the late nineteenth century, the neo-Gothic façade was constructed over the nondescript exterior that was common to Catalan churches.[3]
Its form is a pseudo-basilica, vaulted over five aisles, the outer two divided into chapels. The transept is truncated. The east end is a chevet of nine radiating chapels connected by an ambulatory. The high altar is raised, allowing a clear view into the crypt.
The cathedral is dedicated to the Holy Cross and Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona, a young virgin martyr who, according to Catholic tradition, suffered martyrdom during Roman times in the city. One story says that she was exposed naked in the public square and a miraculous snowfall in mid-spring covered her nudity. The enraged Romans put her into a barrel with knives stuck into it and rolled it down a street (according to tradition, the one now called Baixada de Santa Eulàlia). The relics of Saint Eulalia are entombed in the cathedral's crypt.
The choir stalls retain the coats-of-arms of the knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece. In his first trip into Spain, Charles V, selected Barcelona as the site of a chapter of his order. The king had arrived for his investiture as Count of Barcelona, and the city, as a Mediterranean port, offered the closest communication with other far-flung Habsburg dominions, while the large proportions of the cathedral would accommodate required grand ceremonies. In 1518 the Order's herald, Thomas Isaac, and its treasurer, Jean Micault, were commissioned to prepare the sanctuary for the first sitting of the chapter in 1519. Juan de Borgonya executed the painted decoration of the sanctuary.
The side Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto contains a cross said to date from the time of the Battle of Lepanto (1571).[4]
In addition to Saints Eulalia and Olegarius, the cathedral contains the tombs of Saint Raymond of Penyafort, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his third wife Almodis de la Marche, and bishops Berenguer de Palou II, Salvador Casañas y Pagés, and Arnau de Gurb, who is buried in the Chapel of Santa Llúcia, which he had constructed.
The cathedral has a secluded Gothic cloister where 13 white geese are kept, the number explained by the assertion that Eulalia was 13 when she was martyred.[4]
History
Parts of an early Christian and Visigothic episcopal complex including the baptistery (fourth century), a basilical hall (fifth century), a cross shaped church (sixth-seventh century) and bishop's palace (sixth-seventh century) are displayed in Barcelona City History Museum archaeological underground. Reportedly, this Visigothic chapel was dedicated to Saint James, and was the proprietary church of the Viscounts of Barcelona.[5] However, in a document from the Second Council of Barcelona in 599, it states that the cathedral was dedicated to the Holy Cross.[2] This church was severely damaged by al-Mansur (Almanzor) during his attack on Barcelona in 985.
In 1046, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his wife Almodis, together with Bishop Guislabert, began construction of a Romanesque cathedral at the site; it was consecrated in November 1058.[2] The cathedral was constructed over the crypt of the former church. It has been reported that a Viscount of Barcelona, Mir Geribert, sold the site to Bishop Guislebert in 1058,[5] though however, this date does not coincide with the reported start of construction.
The present Gothic cathedral was begun on the foundations of the previous churches on 1 May 1298; James II the Just was King of Aragon at the time, and Bernat Pelegri was Bishop of Barcelona. The church was built from the east end towards the west end, with a simple west façade completed in 1417. The cloister was completed in 1448, making the total duration of construction 150 years. In the late nineteenth century, Miguel Girona i Agrafel [es] offered to complete the neo-Gothic façade and central tower as inspired by the original fifteenth-century design prepared by master Carlí and rearranged and drawn by the architect Josep Oriol Mestres [ca]. This work was completed in 1913 by Girona's children.[2]