Slovenia / Triglav National Park - Viševnik

Slowenien / Nationalpark Triglav - Viševnik

 

Triglav seen from Viševnik

 

Triglav gesehen vom Viševnik

 

Triglav National Park (TNP; Slovene: Triglavski narodni park, TNP) is the only national park in Slovenia. It was established in its modern form in 1981 and is located in the northwestern part of the country, respectively the southeastern part of the Alpine massif. Mount Triglav, the highest peak of the Julian Alps, stands almost in the middle of the national park. From there the valleys spread out radially, supplying water to two large river systems with their sources in the Julian Alps: the Soča and the Sava, flowing to the Adriatic and Black Sea, respectively.

 

History

 

The proposal for the protection of the Triglav Lakes Valley area was first put forward by the seismologist Albin Belar in 1906 or 1908. However, the proposal was not accepted, as there was no legal base for it and the laws of the time prohibited any restriction of pasture. The strategic basis for the protection of the area, titled The Memorandum (Spomenica), and which explicitly mentioned the proposal of Belar, was submitted to the Provincial Government for Slovenia in 1920. The idea was finally implemented in 1924. Then, at an initiative by the Nature Protection Section of the Slovene Museum Society together with the Slovene Mountaineering Society, a twenty-year lease was taken out on the Triglav Lakes Valley area, some 14 km². It was destined to become an Alpine Conservation Park; however, permanent conservation was not possible at that time. The name Triglavski narodni park was first used in 1926 by Fran Jesenko.

 

In 1961, after many years of effort, the protection was renewed (this time on a permanent basis) and somewhat enlarged, embracing around 20 km². The protected area was officially designated as Triglav National Park. It was named after Mount Triglav, a symbol of Slovenia and of Slovene character. However, all objectives of a true national park were not attained and for that reason over the next two decades new proposals for expanding and modifying this protection were put forward.

 

Finally, in 1981, Triglav National Park was officially established in the modern form. A rearrangement was achieved and the park was given a new concept and expanded to 838 km². In 2010, the park expanded to include the settlement Kneške Ravne (Tolmin), according to wishes of its inhabitants, thus the new park area amounts to 880 km², which is 4% of the area of Slovenia.

 

Biodiversity

 

Flora

 

Systematic surveys of plants, especially of ethnobotanically useful species, in Triglav National Park have been carried out by Chandra Prakash Kala and Petra Ratajc covering various microhabitats, elevations, aspects, and terrain types. The park has over fifty-nine species of ethnobotanical values, of these 37 species (which contribute 62%) fall under four major categories of medicinal plants per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia such as H, Z, ZR and ND. Some important species such as Aconitum napellus, Cannabis sativa, and Taxus baccata are not allowed to be collected and used per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia.

 

Fauna

 

Triglav National Park is home to over 700 species of animals.

 

Hydrology

 

Waters in Triglav National Park consist of two watersheds: the Sava River watershed and the Soča River watershed. Many waterfalls can be found in the park, and most of them are located in the valleys of Soča River and its tributaries. The highest waterfall is Boka Falls (106 m). The Tolmin Gorges on the Tolminka River are located in the national park.

 

The lakes in the park are all of glacial origin. The largest among them is Lake Bohinj. Others are the Triglav Lakes (located in the Triglav Lakes Valley), Lake Krn, and Lower and Upper Lake Križ.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Triglav (pronounced [ˈtɾíːɡlaw]; German: Terglau; Italian: Tricorno), with an elevation of 2,863.65 metres (9,395 ft 2+1⁄8 in), is the highest mountain in Slovenia and the highest peak of the Julian Alps. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the Slovene nation, appearing on the coat of arms and flag of Slovenia. It is the centrepiece of Triglav National Park, Slovenia's only national park. Triglav was also the highest peak in Yugoslavia before Slovenia's independence in 1991.

 

Name

 

Various names have been used for the mountain through history. An old map from 1567 used the Latin name Ocra mons, whereas Johann Weikhard von Valvasor called it Krma (the modern name of an Alpine valley in the vicinity) in the second half of the 17th century. According to the German mountaineer and professor Adolf Gstirner, the name Triglav first appeared in written sources as Terglau in 1452, but the original source has been lost. The next known occurrence of Terglau is cited by Gstirner and is from a court description of the border in 1573. Early forms of the name Triglav also include Terglau in 1612, Terglou in 1664 and Terklou around 1778–1789. The name is derived from the compound *Tri-golvъ (literally 'three-head'—that is, 'three peaks'), which may be understood literally because the mountain has three peaks when viewed from much of Upper Carniola. It is unlikely that the name has any connection to the Slavic deity Triglav. In the local dialect, the name is pronounced [tərˈgwɔu̯] (with a second-syllable accent, as if it was written Trglov, with the dark L experiencing vocalization) in contrast to standard Slovene [ˈtɾíːɡlaw]. The highest peak is sometimes also called Big Mount Triglav (Slovene: Veliki Triglav [ˈʋéːliki ˈtɾíːɡlaw]) to distinguish it from Little Mount Triglav (Mali Triglav [ˈmáːli ˈtɾíːɡlaw], 2,738 meters or 8,983 feet) immediately to the east.

 

History

 

The first recorded ascent of Triglav was achieved in 1778, at the initiative of the industrialist and polymath Sigmund Zois. According to the most commonly cited report, published in the newspaper Illyrisches Blatt in 1821 by the historian and geographer Johann Richter, these were the surgeon Lovrenz Willomitzer (written as Willonitzer by Richter), the chamois hunter Štefan Rožič, and the miners Luka Korošec and Matevž Kos. According to a report by Belsazar Hacquet in his Oryctographia Carniolica, the ascent took place towards the end of 1778, by two chamois hunters, one of them being Luka Korošec, and one of his former students, whose name is not mentioned.

 

Triglav's height was first measured on 23 September 1808 by Valentin Stanič. The first to put the name of the mountain on a map, written as Mons Terglou, was Joannes Disma Floriantschitsch de Grienfeld, who in 1744 published the map Ducatus Carniolae Tabula Chorographica. The first map its name appeared on written as Triglav was Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin (Map of the Slovene Land and Provinces) by Peter Kosler, completed from 1848 until 1852 and published in Vienna in 1861.

 

During World War II, Triglav symbolically captured the primary drive by the Slovene resistance to the Fascist and Nazi armies. The Slovene Partisans wore the Triglav cap from 1942 until after 1944.

 

Triglav was the highest peak of the now defunct Yugoslavia; it was both countries' highest and most prominent peak. The expression "from Triglav to the Vardar" (a river in southern Macedonia) was a common synecdoche for Yugoslavia, referring to two prominent features at the geographic extremes of the nation.

 

Landmarks

 

Aljaž Tower

 

At the top of the mountain stands a small metal structure, the Aljaž Tower (Slovene: Aljažev stolp). It acts as a storm shelter and a triangulation point. Along with Triglav, it is also a landmark of Slovenia and a symbol of the Slovenes and Slovene territorial sovereignty.

 

The tower's namesake was the priest, mountaineer and patriot Jakob Aljaž. In early 1895, he drew up, with a piece of chalk on the floor of his room in the parish of Dovje, plans for a cylindrical tower with a flag on its top. In April that year he purchased the summit of Triglav for the sum of one florin. Having done so, he secured himself the right to erect a building on the mountain top. The tower was constructed from iron and zinc coated sheet steel by Anton Belec from Šent Vid nad Ljubljano. He and four workers brought the parts of the tower to the summit of Triglav and put the tower together in only five hours on 7 August 1895. The opening took place that same day. Aljaž donated the shelter to the Slovene Alpine Society today Alpine Association of Slovenia.

 

In the beginning, there were three four-legged chairs, a summit register, a spirit stove, and the image Triglav Panorama by Marko Pernhart in the tower. It was later repainted and renovated several times by Alojz Knafelc and others. In the Communist era, as the highest point of the former Yugoslavia, it was painted red and decorated with a red star. However, it has now more or less been restored to its original appearance. The star was removed shortly before the dissolution of Yugoslavia. On the proclamation of Slovene independence in June 1991, the flag of Slovenia was raised on top of the tower.

 

Stanič Shelter

 

In 1895, due to a lack of space, Aljaž also commissioned the building of the Stanič Shelter. It is located 55 metres (180 ft) below the top of Triglav and is named after the poet and mountaineer Valentin Stanič. The shelter has dimensions of 2.4 m × 2.2 m × 2 m (7 ft 10 in × 7 ft 3 in × 6 ft 7 in) and has room for 8 people sitting or 16 standing. Originally it also had a wooden door, benches, a table, and a chair. Its significance diminished after the Kredarica Lodge was erected in 1896.

 

Triglav Glacier

 

The Triglav Glacier (Triglavski ledenik) was located below the summit on the karstified Triglav Plateaus (Triglavski podi), part of the northeastern side of the mountain. Covering over 40 hectares (99 acres) at the end of the 19th century, the glacier had shrunk to 15 hectares (37 acres) by 1946, and after further shrinkage had fallen into two parts by 1992. By 2011 it covered an area of only 1–3 hectares, depending on the season. It was no longer considered a glacier in 2019.

 

Geology

 

Geologically Triglav is composed of a sequence of Triassic rocks arranged as a stack of thrust sheets, the uppermost of these, forming the summit of Triglav, is the Zlatna klippe, an isolated fragment of the Zlatna nappe (also referred to as the Zlatenski plošči, Slatenskem pokrovu, Slatenskem narivu or Triglavskem pokrovu). In the Triglav area the Zlatna nappe has a well preserved sub-horizontal contact with the underlying Julian nappe which is dominated by a thick succession of more than 1000m of limestones including a cyclic sequence of Dachstein Limestone of Norian to Rhaetian age.

 

In the upper Vrata Valley, near Kozja Dnina about 2km NNE of Triglav's summit, a sequence of pelagic limestones of Carnian age is exposed. This has been known to paleontologists from the beginning of the 20th century and has produced a variety of excellently preserved fossils which include bivalves, brachiopods, echinoids, crinoids, asteroids, ammonites, belemnites, scleractinian corals, shrimps, lobsters, fish and thylacocephalans.

 

Cultural significance

 

Folk literature

 

The Triglav area is the setting of an old Slovene folk tale concerning a hunter seeking a treasure guarded by an enchanted chamois buck named Zlatorog (lit. 'Goldhorn', after its golden horns).

 

Arts

 

The earliest known depiction of Triglav is on the front page of the work Oryctographia Carniolica, written by Belsazar Hacquet. It was a copper engraving made in 1778 by C. Conti after a drawing by Franz Xaver Baraga. Among later visual artists who depicted Triglav, the most well known are Anton Karinger (1829–1870) from Ljubljana, Marko Pernhart (1824–1871) from Klagenfurt, Valentin Hodnik (1896–1935) from Stara Fužina, Edo Deržaj (1904–1980) from Ljubljana, and more recently Marjan Zaletel (born 1945), living in Ljubljana.

 

Among the musical works related to Triglav, a special place is held for the poem "Oh, Triglav, My Home" (Oj, Triglav, moj dom). It was written in 1894 by the priest and poet Matija Zemljič and quickly became very popular among Slovene mountaineers. In 2007, its first stanza, accompanied by a melody of Jakob Aljaž, became the official anthem of the Alpine Association of Slovenia. An instrumental version of the poem, written by Bojan Adamič, is part of the start and end credits of the annual ski jumping broadcasts from Planica. In 2023, the Slovenian industrial act Laibach released their rendition of the song, titled "O, Triglav, moj dom."

 

The first Slovene-language full-length film, recorded in 1931 by Janko Ravnik, was titled In the Kingdom of the Goldhorn (V kraljestvu Zlatoroga) and features an ascent by a group of students to the top of Triglav. The second Slovene full-length film, recorded the following year, was titled The Slopes of Mount Triglav (Triglavske strmine). It was directed by Ferdo Delak and was a romantic story featuring a wedding on the top of Triglav.

 

Since 1968, Triglav has become a theme of avant-garde artists. The first instance was a manifestation by the art group OHO, called Mount Triglav, which took place in December 1968 at Ljubljana's Congress Square. In 2004, the group IRWIN produced a series of paintings named Like to Like/ Mount Triglav. In 2007, an artistic performance was held atop Mount Triglav by the artists Janez Janša (director), Janez Janša (visual artist) and Janez Janša (performance artist) called Mount Triglav on Mount Triglav.

 

National symbol

 

A stylized depiction of Triglav's distinctive shape is the central element of the Slovene coat of arms, designed by the sculptor Marko Pogačnik, and is in turn featured on the flag of Slovenia. Alongside San Marino and Slovakia, Slovenia is the only other country in Europe and one of the few in the world to feature a mountain on its coat of arms. Formerly, it was featured on the coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.

 

The first to depict Triglav as the symbol of the Slovenes was the architect Jože Plečnik, who in 1934 put it besides other coats-of-arms of the nations of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on the coat of the statue of the Mother of God in front of the parish church in Bled.

 

During World War II, the stylised Triglav was the symbol of the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation resistance movement. The distinctive three-pronged caps worn by Slovene Partisans during World War II were known as triglavkas.

 

A relief map of the mountain is the design on the national side of the Slovene 50 eurocent coin.

 

The former Slovene president Milan Kučan once proclaimed that it is a duty of every Slovenian person to climb Triglav at least once in their lifetime.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Nationalpark Triglav (slowenisch: Triglavski narodni park) ist der einzige Nationalpark Sloweniens. Die IUCN ordnet das Gebiet der Kategorie II (Nationalpark) zu (WDPA 2517). Die staatliche Nationalparkverwaltung hat ihren Sitz in Bled.

 

Geographie

 

Der Park liegt in den Julischen Alpen, im Nordwesten Sloweniens, an der Grenze zu Italien und Österreich, und hat eine Größe von 83.982 Hektar (839 km²).

 

Geschichte

 

1908 wurde erstmals vorgeschlagen, die Triglav-Region nachhaltiger zu schützen. Im Jahr 1924 dann wurde zunächst ein 1.400 ha großes Tal als „Alpiner Schutzpark“ ausgewiesen, der 1961 etwas vergrößert wurde und den Namen Nationalpark bekam. Seit 1981 gibt es den Nationalpark in der heutigen Größe und Form. Im Kernbereich des heutigen Nationalparks werden die Bestimmungen des Naturschutzes streng überwacht.

 

Im Park gibt es 7.000 km markierte und regelmäßig gewartete Wege mit Gasthöfen und Schutzhütten.

 

Der Nationalpark

 

Der Nationalpark ist benannt nach dem mit 2864 m höchsten Berg Sloweniens, dem Triglav, der fast im Zentrum des Parks liegt. Im Nationalpark liegen zahlreiche Gletscherseen, an Gesteinsarten dominiert Kalkstein. Besonders hervorzuheben sind - neben dem hochalpinen Gebiet - die Täler von Soča und Sava Bohinjka mit dem Wocheiner See (Bohinjsko jezero), dem größten dauerhaften See Sloweniens, welche sich eine sehr ursprüngliche Landschaft und Architektur bewahren konnten, sowie die waldreichen Hochebenen Pokljuka und Mežakla.

 

Die Nationalparkverwaltung sitzt in Bled, ein Informationszentrum Dom Trenta befindet sich in Soča und ein weiterer Infopunkt zum Nationalpark in Kobarid.

 

Fauna

 

Die Fauna des Nationalparks ist artenreich. Neben den üblichen Alpenwildtieren wie Steinbock, Gämse, Rothirsch und Auerhahn durchstreifen gelegentlich Braunbären das Gebiet, auch Luchse leben dort. In der Luft kann man Steinadler beobachten. Als Giftschlangen sind die Sand- und die Kreuzotter erwähnenswert. Von den zahlreichen endemischen Arten ist die Marmorataforelle erwähnenswert, die in der Soča sowie einigen anderen Zuflüssen der Adria vorkommt. Ihr Bestand ist noch immer durch die im Zweiten Weltkrieg ausgesetzten Bachforellen bedroht.

 

Flora

 

Auch die Pflanzenwelt des Nationalparks ist von Bedeutung. Aufsehen erregten zahlreiche endemische Pflanzenarten bei den Botanikern bereits im 18. Jahrhundert. Bekannt im Triglav-Nationalpark sind die (violette) Zois-Glockenblume, das rote Dolomiten-Fingerkraut sowie der gelbe Julische Mohn und das Alpen-Edelweiß. In den Höhenlagen ab 2000 m wachsen im Schutze von Latschen die als Almrausch bekannte Bewimperte Alpenrose sowie die Zwerg-Alpenrose (Heidekrautgewächse).

 

Tourismus

 

Touristisch bedeutsam ist für das Gebiet des Nationalparks, das von einem Netz von einheitlich markierten Bergpfaden durchzogen wird, das Bergsteigen etwa am Svinjak. Der Slowenische Alpenverein unterhält hier 32 Häuser und Hütten. Außerdem ist das Wildwasserpaddeln bedeutsam. Die Flüsse Soča und Koritnica sind ein Anziehungspunkt für Wassersportler, unter anderem wegen einiger herausfordernder Wildwasserstrecken.

 

Zur Erkundung des Inneren des Nationalparks eignen sich als Ausgangspunkte insbesondere die von Norden im Uhrzeigersinn aufgezählten Ortschaften Kranjska Gora, Bled, Kobarid und Bovec.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Der Triglav ([ˈtɾiːɡlɐʊ]; übersetzt ‚Dreikopf‘, italienisch Monte Tricorno, deutsch analog zur slowenischen Aussprache auch Triglau) ist mit 2864 m. i. J. der höchste Gipfel Sloweniens und der Julischen Alpen. Er liegt im Zentrum des nach ihm benannten Triglav-Nationalparks, des einzigen Nationalparks des Landes.

 

Der Berg ist durch seine typische Form aus Distanzen von über 100 Kilometern erkennbar – zum Beispiel aus großen Teilen Kärntens. Imposant ist seine Nordwand über dem Vratatal, mit einer Breite von drei Kilometern und einer Höhe von 1500 Metern bis zum Gipfel eine der höchsten Wände der Ostalpen (nach der Ostwand des Watzmanns und mit der Nordwand des Hochstadels in den Lienzer Dolomiten). Die eigentliche Wand bis zum sogenannten Kugy-Band, über dem der Gipfelaufbau ansetzt, ist immer noch 1000 Meter hoch.

 

Der Berg ist eines der slowenischen Nationalsymbole und zentraler Teil des nationalen Wappens, das sich auch auf der Fahne des Landes wiederfindet. Slowenien, das am 1. Januar 2007 der Eurozone beigetreten ist und den Euro als offizielles Zahlungsmittel eingeführt hat, hat den Triglav auch für die nationale Seite der 50-Eurocentmünze ausgewählt.

 

Entstehung des Namens

 

Der Name bedeutet so viel wie „Dreihaupt“ oder „Dreikopf“. Die Entstehung des Namens ist unklar. Einer Legende nach thronte auf dem Berg eine alte slawische Gottheit, der dreiköpfige Triglaw, der mit einem Kopf den Himmel, mit dem zweiten die Erde beherrscht und seinen dritten Kopf dem unterirdischen Reich zuneigt. Andere meinen, dass sich der Name aus der Form des Berges ableitet: drei Gipfel wurden mit drei Köpfen assoziiert.

 

Balthasar Hacquet nannte den Berg 1783 mit dem Namen Terglou; Adolf Schmidl 1840 ebenso – er gab in Klammern Triglav an. In Herders Konversations-Lexikon 1857 schien nur Terglou auf; auch Julius Kugy verwendete 1876 diesen Namen. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon nannte ihn 1897 hinter Triglav in Klammern. Weitere historische deutsche Schreibungen sind Terglau und Terklou.

 

Geschichte

 

Der erste bekannte, aber gescheiterte Besteigungsversuch fand 1777 statt. Er wurde vom berühmten Erforscher der Julischen Alpen, dem Weltreisenden, Naturforscher und Physiker Belsazar Hacquet (1739–1815), in Begleitung von Minenarbeitern des Krainer Wissenschaftsförderers Sigmund Zois von Edelstein (slowenisch: Žiga Zois) unternommen.

 

Die Erstbesteigung erfolgte am 26. August 1778 durch Lovrenc Willomitzer (1747–1801) aus Stara Fužina mit Luka Korošec (1747–1827) aus Koprivnik, Stefan Rožič (1739–1802) aus Savica und Matija Kos (1744–1798) aus Jereka. Betrieben wurde die Besteigung auch diesmal von Belsazar Hacquet, damals Universitätsprofessor in Laibach, der selbst allerdings den Gipfel nicht erreichte.

 

Wege zum Gipfel

 

Beliebtester Ausgangspunkt auf den Triglav ist die Alpenvereinshütte Aljažev dom, die von Mojstrana aus über eine großteils unbefestigte Straße mit dem Auto erreichbar ist. Alternativ kann der Gipfel von Westen (Trenta) aus erreicht werden. Dabei sind 2200 Höhenmeter zu überwinden, für Hin- und Rückweg werden etwa 14 Stunden benötigt. Der Gipfel selbst ist im obersten Bereich von rund 300 Höhenmetern nur über einen Klettersteig mit vielen Eisenklammern und Haltebolzen erreichbar. Auch von Südosten lässt sich der Triglav besteigen, wobei der Zugang über das Krma-Tal führt.

 

Hütten

 

Folgende Schutzhütten befinden sich am Triglav oder eignen sich als Ausgangspunkt:

 

Triglavski dom (Triglavhaus / Kredaricahütte)

Vodnikov dom (Vodnik-Hütte)

Dom Valentina Staniča

Dom Planika

Tržaška koča

Aljažev dom

Kovinarska koča

Koča pri Triglavskih jezerih (Hütte beim Triglavsee)

Koča na Doliču

Aljažev stolp

 

Auf dem Gipfel befindet sich der Aljažev stolp‚ der Aljaž-Turm, ein wichtiges Symbol des Landes. Er bietet bei Unwettern Bergsteigern kurzzeitigen Unterschlupf.

 

Der Aljažev stolp wurde am 7. August 1895 errichtet. Jakob Aljaž, ein Priester aus Dovje (Längenfeld), plante und baute ihn. Der zylindrische metallene Turm mit der Flagge wurde von Anton Belec aus Šentvid bei Ljubljana gefertigt und 1922 von Alojz Knafelc restauriert.

 

Triglav-Gletscher

 

Der Triglav-Gletscher umfasste zu Beginn der systematischen Messungen im Jahre 1946 eine Fläche von 12,66 ha, 1951 hatte er eine Ausdehnung von 17,78 ha. 1994 war der Gletscher auf ca. 4 ha abgeschmolzen, 2003 war die Eisfläche kleiner als 0,4 ha.

 

1954 wurde mit Wetterbeobachtungen auf der Kredarica-Hütte begonnen. Im Zeitraum 1961–2011 stellte man eine Erhöhung der durchschnittlichen Lufttemperatur um 1,8 Grad Celsius fest. Dabei war der Temperaturanstieg ungleichmäßig: Von 1961 bis Mitte der siebziger Jahre gab es kaum eine Veränderung, in den folgenden 20 Jahren stieg die Durchschnittstemperatur stark an.

 

(Wikipedia)

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