Amsterdam - Rijksmuseum

Johannes Vermeer - The Milkmaid

 

Johannes Vermeer - Dienstmagd mit Milchkrug

 

The Rijksmuseum (Dutch: [ˈrɛiksmyˌzeːjʏm] is the national museum of the Netherlands dedicated to Dutch arts and history and is located in Amsterdam. The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough of Amsterdam South, close to the Van Gogh Museum, the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, and the Concertgebouw.

 

The Rijksmuseum was founded in The Hague on 19 November 1798 and moved to Amsterdam in 1808, where it was first located in the Royal Palace and later in the Trippenhuis. The current main building was designed by Pierre Cuypers and first opened in 1885. On 13 April 2013, after a ten-year renovation which cost €375 million, the main building was reopened by Queen Beatrix. In 2013 and 2014, it was the most visited museum in the Netherlands with record numbers of 2.2 million and 2.47 million visitors. It is also the largest art museum in the country.

 

The museum has on display 8,000 objects of art and history, from their total collection of 1 million objects from the years 1200–2000, among which are some masterpieces by Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Johannes Vermeer. The museum also has a small Asian collection, which is on display in the Asian pavilion.

 

History

 

The collection of the Rijksmuseum was built over a period of 200 years and did not originate from a royal collection incorporated into a national museum. Its origins were modest, with its collection fitting into five rooms at the Huis ten Bosch palace in The Hague. Although the seventeenth century was beginning to be recognized as the key period in Dutch art, the museum did not then hold paintings by Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Jan Steen, Johannes Vermeer, or Jacob van Ruisdael. The collection was built up by purchase and donation. Napoleon had carried off the stadholder's collection to Paris; the paintings were returned to The Netherlands in 1815 but housed in the Mauritshuis in The Hague rather than the Rijksmuseum. With the founding of the Rijksmuseum in 1885, holdings from other entities were brought together to establish the Rijksmuseum's major collections.

 

18th century

 

In 1795, the Batavian Republic was proclaimed; its Minister of Finance Isaac Gogel argued that a national museum, following the French example of The Louvre, would serve the national interest. On 19 November 1798, the government decided to found the museum.

 

19th century

 

On 31 May 1800, the National Art Gallery (Dutch: Nationale Kunst-Galerij), precursor of the Rijksmuseum, opened in Huis ten Bosch in The Hague. The museum exhibited around 200 paintings and historic objects from the collections of the Dutch stadtholders. In 1805, the National Art Gallery moved within The Hague to the Prince William V Gallery, on the Buitenhof. In 1806, the Kingdom of Holland was established by Napoleon Bonaparte. On the orders of king Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, the museum moved to Amsterdam in 1808. Paintings owned by that city, such as The Night Watch by Rembrandt, became part of the collection. In 1809, the museum opened in the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.

 

In 1817, the museum moved to the Trippenhuis. The Trippenhuis turned out to be unsuitable as a museum. In 1820, the historical objects were moved to the Mauritshuis in The Hague and in 1838, the 19th-century paintings "of living masters" were moved to King Louis Bonaparte's former summer palace Paviljoen Welgelegen in Haarlem.

 

In 1863, there was a design contest for a new building for the Rijksmuseum, but none of the submissions was considered to be of sufficient quality. Pierre Cuypers also participated in the contest and his submission reached the second place.

 

In 1876, a new contest was held and this time Pierre Cuypers won. The design was a combination of gothic and renaissance elements. The construction began on 1 October 1876. On both the inside and the outside, the building was richly decorated with references to Dutch art history. Another contest was held for these decorations. The winners were B. van Hove and Frantz Vermeylen for the sculptures, Georg Sturm for the tile panels and painting and W.F. Dixon for the stained glass. The museum was opened at its new location on 13 July 1885.

 

In 1890, a new building was added a short distance to the south-west of the Rijksmuseum. As the building was made out of fragments of demolished buildings, the building offers an overview of the history of Dutch architecture and has come to be known informally as the 'fragment building'. It is also known as the 'south wing' and is currently (in 2013) branded the Philips Wing.

 

20th century

 

In 1906, the hall for The Night Watch was rebuilt.[17] In the interior more changes were made between the 1920s and 1950s – most multi-coloured wall decorations were painted over. In the 1960s exposition rooms and several floors were built into the two courtyards. The building had some minor renovations and restorations in 1984, 1995–1996 and 2000.

 

A renovation of the south wing of the museum, also known as the 'fragment building' or 'Philips Wing', was completed in 1996, the same year that the museum held its first major photography exhibition featuring its extensive collection of 19th-century photos.

 

21st century

 

In December 2003, the main building of the museum closed for a major renovation. During this renovation, about 400 objects from the collection were on display in the 'fragment building', including Rembrandt's The Night Watch and other 17th-century masterpieces.

 

The restoration and renovation of the Rijksmuseum are based on a design by Spanish architects Antonio Cruz and Antonio Ortiz. Many of the old interior decorations were restored and the floors in the courtyards were removed. The renovation would have initially taken five years, but was delayed and eventually took almost ten years to complete. The renovation cost €375 million.

 

The reconstruction of the building was completed on 16 July 2012. In March 2013, the museum's main pieces of art were moved back from the 'fragment building' (Philips Wing) to the main building. The Night Watch returned to the Night Watch Room, at the end of the Hall of Fame. On 13 April 2013, the main building was reopened by Queen Beatrix. On 1 November 2014, the Philips Wing reopened with the exhibition Modern Times: Photography in the 20th Century.

 

Building

 

The building of the Rijksmuseum was designed by Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1885. It consists of two squares with an atrium in each centre. In the central axis is a tunnel with the entrances at ground level and the Gallery of Honour at the first floor. The building also contains a library. The fragment building, branded Philips wing, contains building fragments that show the history of architecture in the Netherlands. The Rijksmuseum is a rijksmonument (national heritage site) since 1970 and was listed in the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites in 1990. The Asian pavilion was designed by Cruz y Ortiz and opened in 2013.

 

According to Muriel Huisman, Project Architect for the Rijksmuseum's renovation, "Cruz y Ortiz always like to look for synergy between old and new, and we try not to explain things with our architecture". With the Rijks, "there’s no cut between old and new; we’ve tried to merge it. We did this by looking for materials that were true to the original building, resulting in a kind of silent architecture."

 

Collection

 

The collection of the Rijksmuseum consists of 1 million objects and is dedicated to arts, crafts, and history from the years 1200 to 2000. Around 8,000 objects are currently on display in the museum.

 

The collection contains more than 2,000 paintings from the Dutch Golden Age by notable painters such as Jacob van Ruisdael, Frans Hals, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, Rembrandt, and Rembrandt's pupils.

 

The museum also has a small Asian collection which is on display in the Asian pavilion.

 

Some of the more unusual items in the collection include the royal crest from the stern of HMS Royal Charles which was captured in the Raid on the Medway, the Hartog plate and the FK35 Bantam biplane.

 

In 2012, the museum made some 125,000 high-resolution images available for download via its Rijksstudio webplatform, with plans to add another 40,000 images per year until the entire collection of one million works is available, according to Taco Dibbits, director of collections. As of January 2021, the Rijksstudio hosts 700,000 works, available under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal license, essentially copyright-free and royalty-free.

 

Special exhibitions

 

Rembrandt

 

in 2019, to mark the 350th anniversary of the artist's death, the museum mounted an exhibition of all the works by Rembrandt in its collection. Consisting of 22 paintings, 60 drawings and over 300 prints, this was the first time they had all been exhibited together. Principal features were the marriage portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit along with the presentation of the Night Watch immediately before its planned restoration. The exhibition ran from February to June.

 

Slavery in the Dutch Empire

 

After previous temporary exhibitions on art historical themes, the Rijksmuseum in 2021 presented an exhibition on the history of slavery in the Dutch colonial empire, focusing on the more than 1.6 million people who were enslaved by Dutch slave traders. It covered trans-Atlantic slavery from the 17th to the 19th century in Suriname, Brazil and the Caribbean, as well as Dutch colonial slavery in South Africa and Asia, where the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) were engaged in slavery. Besides objects, such as a wooden block for locking slaves, paintings, archival documents, oral sources, poems and music, the exhibition also presented connections of the slavery system at home in the Netherlands. In the permanent collection, labels were added to 77 paintings and objects that had been seen as symbols of the country's wealth and power to indicate previously hidden links to slavery.

 

The exhibition was presented both physically in the museum from May to August 2021 and in an online version. It was complemented by audio tours and videos relating personal and real-life stories as well as an accompanying book titled Slavery.

 

Vermeer

 

From 10 February until June 2023 the Rijksmuseum began to exhibit the biggest collection of Vermeers ever, with 28 of the known 37 works on display. Curator Pieter Roelofs called it a "once in a lifetime" event. All time slot reservations were quickly sold out.

 

Number of visitors

 

The 20th-century visitor record of 1,412,000 was reached in the year 1975.

 

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Rijksmuseum was annually visited by 0.9 to 1.3 million people. On 7 December 2003, the main building of the museum was closed for a renovation until 13 April 2013. In the preceding decade, the number of visitors had slightly decreased to 0.8 to 1.1 million people. The museum says after the renovation, the museum's capacity is 1.5 to 2.0 million visitors annually. Within eight months since the reopening in 2013, the museum was visited by 2 million people.

 

The museum had 2.2 million visitors in 2013 and reached an all-time record of 2.47 million visitors in 2014. The museum was the most visited museum in the Netherlands and the 19th most visited art museum in the world in 2013 and 2014.

 

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the closure of the museum from 15 December 2020, until 4 June 2021.

 

Library

 

The Rijksmuseum Research Library is part of the Rijksmuseum, and is the best and the largest public art history research library in The Netherlands.

 

Restaurant

 

Rijks, stylized as RIJKS®, is a restaurant with 140 seats in the Philips Wing. Joris Bijdendijk has been the chef de cuisine since the opening in 2014. The restaurant was awarded a Michelin star in 2017.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

The Milkmaid (Dutch: De melkmeid or Het melkmeisje), sometimes called The Kitchen Maid (Dutch: De keukenmeid), is an oil-on-canvas painting of a "milkmaid", in fact, a domestic kitchen maid, by the Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer. It is in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which regards it as "unquestionably one of the museum's finest attractions".

 

The exact year of the painting's completion is unknown, with estimates varying by source. The Rijksmuseum estimates it as circa 1658. According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, it was painted in about 1657 or 1658. The "Essential Vermeer" website gives a broader range of 1658–1661.

 

Descriptions and commentary

 

The painting shows a milkmaid, a woman who milks cows and makes dairy products like butter and cheese, in a plain room carefully pouring milk into a squat earthenware container on a table. Milkmaids began working solely in the stables before large houses hired them to do housework as well rather than hiring out for more staff. Also on the table in front of the milkmaid are various types of bread. She is a young, sturdily built woman wearing a crisp linen cap, a blue apron and work sleeves pushed up from thick forearms. A foot warmer is on the floor behind her, near Delft wall tiles depicting Cupid (to the viewer's left) and a figure with a pole (to the right). Intense light streams from the window on the left side of the canvas.

 

The painting is strikingly illusionistic, conveying not just details but a sense of the weight of the woman and the table. "The light, though bright, doesn't wash out the rough texture of the bread crusts or flatten the volumes of the maid's thick waist and rounded shoulders", wrote Karen Rosenberg, an art critic for The New York Times. Yet with half of the woman's face in shadow, it is "impossible to tell whether her downcast eyes and pursed lips express wistfulness or concentration," she wrote.

 

"It's a little bit of a Mona Lisa effect" in modern viewers' reactions to the painting, according to Walter Liedtke, curator of the department of European paintings at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, and organizer of two Vermeer exhibits. "There's a bit of mystery about her for modern audiences. She is going about her daily task, faintly smiling. And our reaction is 'What is she thinking?'"

 

Dutch iconography of maids

 

The woman would have been known as a "kitchen maid" or maid-of-all-work rather than a specialised "milkmaid" at the time the painting was created: "milk maids" were women who milked cows; kitchen maids worked in kitchens. For at least two centuries before the painting was created, milkmaids and kitchen maids had a reputation as being predisposed to love or sex, and this was frequently reflected in Dutch paintings of kitchen and market scenes from Antwerp, Utrecht and Delft. Some of the paintings were slyly suggestive, like The Milkmaid, others more coarsely so.

 

The leading artists in this tradition were the Antwerp painters Joachim Beuckelaer (c. 1535–1575) and Frans Snyders (1579–1657), who had many followers and imitators, as well as Pieter Aertsen (who, like Beukelaer, had clients in Delft), the Utrecht Mannerist painter Joachim Wtewael (1566–1638), and his son, Peter Wtewael (1596–1660). Closer to Vermeer's day, Nicolaes Maes painted several comic pictures now given titles such as The Lazy Servant. However by this time there was an alternative convention of painting women at work in the home as exemplars of Dutch domestic virtue, dealt with at length by Simon Schama.

 

In Dutch literature and paintings of Vermeer's time, maids were often depicted as subjects of male desire—dangerous women threatening the honor and security of the home, the center of Dutch life—although some Vermeer contemporaries, such as Pieter de Hooch, had started to represent them in a more neutral way, as did Michael Sweerts. Vermeer's painting is one of the rare examples of a maid treated in an empathetic and dignified way, although amorous symbols in this work still exemplify the tradition.

 

Other painters in this tradition, such as Gerrit Dou (1613–1675), depicted attractive maids with symbolic objects such as jugs and various forms of game and produce. "In almost all the works of this tradition there is an erotic element, which is conveyed through gestures ranging from jamming chickens onto spits to gently offering — or so the direction of view suggests — an intimate glimpse of some vaguely uterine object," according to Liedtke. In Dou's 1646 painting, Girl Chopping Onions (now in the British Royal Collection), a pewter tankard may refer to both male and female anatomy, and the picture contains other contemporary symbols of lust, such as onions (said to have aphrodisiacal properties), and a dangling bird. Milk also had lewd connotations, from the slang term melken, defined as "to sexually attract or lure" (a meaning that may have originated from watching farm girls working under cows, according to Liedtke). Examples of works using milk this way include Lucas van Leyden's engraving The Milkmaid (1510) and Jacques de Gheyn II's engraving The Archer and the Milkmaid (about 1610).

 

Vermeer's painting is even more understated, although the use of symbols remains: one of the Delft tiles at the foot of the wall behind the maid, near the foot warmer, depicts Cupid – which can imply arousal of a woman or simply that while she is working she is daydreaming about a man. Other amorous symbols in the painting include a wide-mouthed jug, often used as a symbol of the female anatomy. The foot warmer was often used by artists as a symbol for female sexual arousal because, when placed under a skirt, it heats the whole body below the waist, according to Liedtke. The coals enclosed inside the foot warmer could symbolize "either the heat of lust in tavern or brothel scenes, or the hidden but true burning passion of a woman for her husband", according to Serena Cant, a British art historian and lecturer. Yet the whitewashed wall and presence of milk seem to indicate that the room was a "cool kitchen" used for cooking with dairy products, such as milk and butter, so the foot warmer would have a pragmatic purpose there. Since other Dutch paintings of the period indicate that foot warmers were used when seated, its presence in the picture may symbolize the standing woman's "hardworking nature", according to Cant.

 

The painting is part of a social context of the sexual or romantic interactions of maids and men of higher social ranks that has now disappeared in Europe and which was never commonly recognized in America. Liedtke offers as an example Vermeer's contemporary, Samuel Pepys, whose diary records encounters with kitchen maids, oyster girls, and, at an inn during a 1660 visit to Delft, "an exceedingly pretty lass ... right for the sport". The painting was first owned by (and may have been painted for) Pieter van Ruijven, owner of several other paintings by Vermeer which also depicted attractive young women and with themes of desire and self-denial quite different from the attitude of Pepys and many of the paintings in the Dutch "kitchenmaid" tradition.

 

In Dutch, Het Melkmeisje is the painting's most-used name. Although this title is less accurate in modern Dutch, the word "meid" (maid) has gained a negative connotation that is not present in its diminutive form ("meisje")—hence the use of the more friendly title for the work, used by the Rijksmuseum and others.

 

Narrative and thematic elements

 

According to art historian Harry Rand, the painting suggests the woman is making bread pudding, which would account for the milk and the broken pieces of bread on the table. Rand assumed she would have already made custard in which the bread mixed with egg would be soaking at the moment depicted in the painting. She pours milk into the Dutch oven to cover the mixture because otherwise the bread, if not simmering in liquid while it is baking, will become an unappetizing, dry crust instead of forming the typical upper surface of the pudding. She is careful in pouring the trickle of milk because bread pudding can be ruined when the ingredients are not accurately measured or properly combined.

 

By depicting the working maid in the act of careful cooking, the artist presents not just a picture of an everyday scene, but one with ethical and social value. The humble woman is using common ingredients and otherwise useless stale bread to create a pleasurable product for the household. "Her measured demeanor, modest dress and judiciousness in preparing her food conveys eloquently yet unobtrusively one of the strongest values of 17th-century Netherlands, domestic virtue", according to the Essential Vermeer website.

 

"In the end, it is not the allusions to female sexuality that give this painting its romance or emotional resonance — it is the depiction of honest, hard work as something romantic in and of itself," Raquel Laneri wrote in Forbes magazine. "The Milkmaid elevates the drudgery of housework and servitude to virtuous, even heroic, levels."

 

Compositional strategy

 

An impression of monumentality and "perhaps a sense of dignity" is lent to the image by the artist's choice of a relatively low vantage point and a pyramidal building up of forms from the left foreground to the woman's head, according to a web page of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. According to the Rijksmuseum, the painting "is built up along two diagonal lines. They meet by the woman's right wrist." This focuses the attention of the viewer on the pouring of the milk.

 

The photograph-like realism of the painting resembles that of Leiden artists such as Dou, Frans van Mieris, and Gabriël Metsu. Vermeer, who was age twenty-five when he painted this work, was "shopping around in Dutch art for different styles and subjects", according to Liedtke. "He's looking, in this case, mainly at artists like Gerrit Dou and others who work in a meticulous, illusionistic way." Liedtke sees the work as either Vermeer's "last early work or first mature work". The curator added, "I almost think he had to explore what you might call 'tactile illusionism' to understand where he really wanted to go, which was in the more optical, light-filled direction."

 

Characteristic of Delft artistry and of Vermeer's work, the painting also has a "classic balance" of figurative elements and an "extraordinary treatment of light", according to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wall on the left, according to Liedtke, "gets you very quickly in the picture—that recession from the left and then the openness to the right—and this sort of left-corner scheme was used for about 10 years before Vermeer, and he was very quick to pick up the latest thing."

 

"Nowhere else in his oeuvre does one find such a sculptural figure and such seemingly tangible objects, and yet the future painter of luminous interiors has already arrived," according to the museum. The "pointillé pattern of bright dots on the bread and basket" are the "most effusive" use of that scheme in any Vermeer painting, and it appears to be used to suggest "scintillating daylight and rough textures at the same time."

 

Vermeer painted over two items originally in the painting. One was a large wall map (a Rijksmuseum web page calls it a painting)[1] behind the upper part of the woman's body. (A wall map may not have been very out of place in a humble workroom such as the cold kitchen where the maid toiled: large maps in 17th-century Holland were inexpensive ways of decorating bare walls.) He originally placed a large, conspicuous clothes basket (the Rijksmuseum web page calls it a "sewing basket") near the bottom of the painting, behind the maid's red skirt, but then the artist painted it over, producing the slight shift in tone (pentimento) on the wall behind the foot warmer. The basket was later discovered with an X-ray. Other Vermeer paintings also have images removed. Some art critics have thought the removals may have been intended to provide the works with better thematic focus.

 

"[I]ts rustic immediacy differs from Vermeer's later paintings," according to Laneri. "There is a tactile, visceral quality to The Milkmaid — you can almost taste the thick, creamy milk escaping the jug, feel the cool dampness of the room and the starchy linen of the maid's white cap, touch her sculptural shoulders and corseted waist. She is not an apparition or abstraction. She is not the ideal, worldly housewife of Vermeer's later Young Woman with a Water Pitcher or the ethereal beauty in Girl with a Pearl Earring. She is not the cartoonish buxom vixen in Leyden's drawing. She is real — as real as a painting can get anyway."

 

Technique and materials

 

This painting has "perhaps, the most brilliant color scheme of his oeuvre", according to the Essential Vermeer website. Already in the 18th century, English painter and critic Joshua Reynolds praised the work for its striking quality. One of the distinctions of Vermeer's palette, compared with his contemporaries, was his preference for the expensive natural ultramarine (made from crushed lapis lazuli) where other painters typically used the much cheaper azurite. Along with the ultramarine, lead-tin-yellow is also a dominant color in an exceptionally luminous work (with a much less somber and conventional rendering of light than any of Vermeer's previous extant works).[3] Depicting white walls was a challenge for artists in Vermeer's time, with his contemporaries using various forms of gray pigment. Here the white walls reflect the daylight with different intensities, displaying the effects of uneven textures on the plastered surfaces. The artist here used white lead, umber and charcoal black. Although the formula was widely known among Vermeer's contemporary genre painters, "perhaps no artist more than Vermeer was able to use it so effectively", according to the Essential Vermeer website.

 

The woman's coarse features are painted with thick dabs of impasto. The seeds on the crust of the bread, as well as the crust itself, along with the plaited handles of the bread basket, are rendered with pointillé dots. Soft parts of the bread are rendered with thin swirls of paint, with dabs of ochre used to show the rough edges of broken crust. One piece of bread to the viewer's right and close to the Dutch oven, has a broad band of yellow, different from the crust, which Cant believes is a suggestion that the piece is going stale. The small roll at the far right has thick impastoed dots that resemble a knobbly crust or a crust with seeds on it. The bread and basket, despite being closer to the viewer, are painted in a more diffuse way than the illusionistic realism of the wall, with its stains, shadowing, nail and nail hole, or the seams and fastenings of the woman's dress, the gleaming, polished brass container hanging from the wall. The panes of glass in the window are varied in a very realistic way, with a crack in one (fourth row from the bottom, far right) reflected on the wood of the window frame. Just below that pane, another has a scratch, indicated with a thin white line. Another pane (second row from the bottom, second from right) is pushed inward within its frame.

 

The discrepancy between objects at various distances from the viewer may indicate Vermeer used a camera obscura, according to Cant. Liedtke points out that a pinhole discovered in the canvas "has really punctured the theory of the camera obscura [...] The idea that Vermeer traced compositions in an optical device [...] is rather naive when you consider that the light lasts maybe 10 seconds, but the painting took at least months to paint." Instead, The pin in the canvas would have been tied to a string with chalk on it, which the painter would have snapped to get perspective lines, Liedtke said in a 2009 interview.[

 

The woman's bulky green oversleeves were painted with the same yellow and blue paint used in the rest of the woman's clothing, worked at the same time in a wet-on-wet method. Broad strokes in the painting of the clothing suggests the coarse, thick texture of the work clothing. The blue cuff uses a lighter mixture of ultramarine and lead-white, together with a layer of ochre painted beneath it. The brilliant blue of the skirt or apron has been intensified with a glaze (a thin, transparent top layer) of the same color. The glazing helps suggest that the blue material is a less coarse fabric than the yellow bodice, according to Cant.

 

Provenance

 

Pieter van Ruijven (1624–1674), Vermeer's patron in Delft (and, at his death, the owner of twenty-one of the painter's works), probably bought the painting directly from the artist. Liedtke doubts that the patron ordered the subject matter.[ Ownership later passed on, perhaps to his widow, Maria de Knuijt, probably their daughter, Magdelene van Ruijven (1655–1681), and certainly to Van Ruijven's son-in-law, Jacob Dissius (1653–1695), whose estate sold it with other paintings by the artist in 1696. Records of that sale described The Milkmaid as "exceptionally good", and the work brought the second-highest price in the sale (175 guilders, exceeded only by the 200 guilders paid for Vermeer's cityscape, View of Delft.)

 

In 1765 the painting was auctioned by Leendert Pieter de Neufville. "The famous milkmaid, by Vermeer of Delft, artful", went through at least five Amsterdam collections before it became part of what The Metropolitan Museum of Art called "one of the great collectors of Dutch art", that of Lucretia Johanna van Winter (1785–1845). In 1822 she married into the Six family of collectors, and in 1908 her two sons sold the painting (as part of the famous Six collection of thirty-nine works) to the Rijksmuseum, which acquired the works with support from the Dutch government and the Rembrandt Society — but not before a good deal of public squabbling and the intervention of the States-General or Dutch parliament.

 

Exhibitions

 

The painting has been exhibited in western Europe and in the United States. In 1872 it was part of an Amsterdam exhibition of "old masters" ("Tentoonstelling van zeldzame en belangrijke schilderijen van oude meesters"), for Arti et Amicitiae, a society of visual artists and art lovers, and in 1900 it was part of an exhibition at Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Other European exhibits showing the work include the Royal Academy of Arts ("Exhibition of Dutch Art", London) in 1929; Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume ("Exposition hollandaise: Tableaux, aquarelles et dessíns anciens et modernes", Paris) in 1921; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen ("Vermeer, oorsprong en invloed: Fabritius, De Hooch, De Witte", Rotterdam) in 1935.

 

It was exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City, and the outbreak of World War II during the fair – with the German occupation of the Netherlands – caused the work to remain in the U.S. until Holland was liberated. During this time it was displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts in Michigan (the museum where the curator of the World's Fair exhibit was working), and was included in that museum's exhibition catalogues in 1939 and 1941. During the war, the work was also displayed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it was hanging as late as 1944, according to Leidtke. In 1953, the Kunsthaus Zürich displayed the painting in an exhibition, and the next year it traveled to Italy for an exhibition at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome and the Palazzo Reale in Milan. In 1966, it was part of an exhibition at the Mauritshuis in the Hague and the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris. In 1999 and 2000 the painting was at the National Gallery of Art in Washington for its exhibition "Johannes Vermeer: The Art of Painting", and it was part of the "Vermeer and the Delft School" exhibition at the National Gallery, London from June 20 to September 16, 2001 (it did not appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art venue of that exhibition, earlier that year).

 

The painting returned to New York in 2009, on the occasion of NY400, the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's historic voyage (Amsterdam to Manhattan), where it was the central feature of a Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition, alongside several of the museum's five Vermeer works and other Dutch Golden Age paintings.

 

The painting was exhibited online in a high-quality digital version after museum curators found that many people thought that a low-quality yellowed version of the image which was circulating on the Internet was a good reproduction of the image.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Rijksmuseum Amsterdam [ˈrɛi̯ksmyˌzeːjʏm] (deutsch Reichsmuseum Amsterdam) ist ein niederländisches Nationalmuseum am Museumplein im Amsterdamer Stadtteil Oud-Zuid im Stadtbezirk Amsterdam-Zuid – es ist den Künsten, dem Handwerk und der Geschichte gewidmet. Dabei verwahrt es eine große Sammlung der Malerei aus dem Goldenen Zeitalter der Niederlande und eine umfassende Sammlung asiatischer Kunstobjekte sowie Artefakte zur niederländischen Geschichte. Mit ca. 8.000 gezeigten Exponaten wurde es zum Rijksmonument erklärt. 2015 wurde das Rijksmuseum als Europäisches Museum des Jahres ausgezeichnet.

 

2014 zählte es rund 2,2 Millionen Besucher.

 

Geschichte

 

Gründung

 

Das Museum wurde 1800 in Den Haag gegründet, um die Sammlungen der niederländischen Statthalter auszustellen. Die Gründung war von den französischen Vorbildern der Ära inspiriert. Das Museum war zunächst unter dem Namen Nationale Kunst-Gallerij (Nationale Kunstgalerie) bekannt. Die Einrichtung wurde schließlich auf Befehl des Königs Louis Bonaparte nach Amsterdam gebracht. Zu dieser Zeit gelangten auch die Gemälde der Stadt Amsterdam in die Sammlung; berühmtestes Beispiel ist Die Nachtwache von Rembrandt van Rijn (kurz Rembrandt genannt).

 

Gebäude von Pierre Cuypers

 

1863 wurde ein Architektur-Wettbewerb für ein neues Museumsgebäude ausgeschrieben, jedoch blieben die Entwürfe hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Der spätere Architekt Pierre Cuypers nahm ebenfalls an diesem Wettbewerb teil und erreichte damals mit seinem Werk nur den zweiten Platz. Der Entwurf war eine Kombination aus Gotik- und Renaissanceelementen. Die endgültige Auswahl und der Baubeginn zogen sich bis zum 1. Oktober 1876 hin. Das Gebäude erhielt sowohl von innen als auch von außen reiche Dekorationen, die sich an die niederländische Kunstgeschichte anlehnten. Sie waren in einem zusätzlichen Wettbewerb ausgewählt worden, der von B. van Hove und J. F. Vermeylen für die Skulpturen, Georg Sturm für die Malerei und W. F. Dixon für die Glasgestaltung gewonnen wurde.

 

Der Neubau wurde schließlich am 13. Juli 1885 eröffnet.

 

Die Front des Museums ist zur Stadhouderskade gerichtet. Die Rückseite weist in prominenter Lage zum Museumplein, an dem auch das Van Gogh Museum, das Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam und das Concertgebouw liegen.

 

1890 wurde der Neubau um ein Gebäude ergänzt, das aus abgerissenen historischen Bauten entstand. Die verwendeten Elemente geben einen Überblick über die niederländische Architekturgeschichte.

 

Fliesendekoration der Außenfassaden und Dekoration der Ehren- und Vorhalle

 

14 Fliesenpaneele von Villeroy & Boch auf der West-, Süd- und Ostfassade und 26 hochrechteckige Fliesenpaneele mit Herolden bedeutender niederländischer Kunststädte der Nordfassade und die Wandgemälde der Ehren- und Vorhalle gehen auf Entwürfe des österreichischen Dekorationsmalers Georg Sturm zurück. Die meisten der bunten Wandmalereien wurden zwischen 1903 und 1950 übermalten oder abgenommenen, u. a. 36 Szenen der Vorhalle. Bei der Renovierung 2003 bis 2013 wurden sie wiederhergestellt.

 

Renovierungen

 

Die Halle für die Nachtwache wurde 1906 erneuert. 1960 baute man die Ausstellungsräume und mehrere Flure zu zwei großen Räumen um. Das Gebäude selbst wurde 1984, 1995 und 1996 sowie 2000 kleineren Renovierungen und Restaurierungen unterzogen.

 

Von 2003 bis 2013 wurde das Museum nach Plänen der andalusischen Architekten Antonio Cruz und Antonio Ortiz erneut renoviert und teilweise entkernt. Viele der alten Innenraum-Dekore wurden dabei wiederhergestellt. Während dieser Maßnahmen waren nur Teile der Gemäldesammlung zugänglich. Die Ausstellung Die Meisterwerke befand sich in den bereits fertigen Räumen des heute „Philips-Flügel“ genannten Gebäudeteils. Die Renovierung sollte ursprünglich bereits 2008 beendet sein. Insbesondere Proteste von Radfahrern, deren Route in den Stadtteil Oud-Zuid über das Gelände verlief, führten zu umfangreichen Umplanungen und Bauverzögerungen. Statt der ursprünglich geplanten Radverkehrsroute um das Museum herum wurde eine Durchfahrt für Fußgänger und den Radverkehr in das Gebäude integriert.

 

Im Frühjahr 2013 wurde nach zehn Jahren die Renovierung und komplette Umgestaltung des Museums abgeschlossen. Die Wiedereröffnung durch Königin Beatrix – der letzte große öffentliche Auftritt der Monarchin vor ihrer für Ende April geplanten Abdankung – fand am 13. April 2013 statt.

 

Die Ausstellungsfläche von etwa 14.500 Quadratmetern wurde durch die Renovierung nicht erweitert.

 

Bibliothek

 

Das Reichsmuseum unterhält, wie viele andere Museen auch, eine eigene Bibliothek zu Forschungszwecken. Die Rijksmuseum Research Library ist die größte öffentliche Forschungsbibliothek zum Thema Kunstgeschichte in den Niederlanden. Der Webkatalog der Bibliothek umfasst derzeit etwa 140.000 Monografien, 3.200 Fachzeitschriften und 20.000 Kunstverkaufskataloge.

 

Mit dem Beginn der Renovierungen 2003 befand sich die Bibliothek in der Frans van Mierisstraat 92, ist jetzt aber wieder im Hauptgebäude des Museums untergebracht.

 

Die Sammlungen

 

Die Sammlungen umfassen neben der Malerei und Kunst der Niederlande die niederländische Geschichte, die Kolonialgeschichte der Niederlande und die Kunst in den Kolonialgebieten. Eine Besonderheit stellt der Saal der Marinemodelle (Marinemodellenkamer) mit ungefähr 1600 Objekten dar. Etwa 1 Million Objekte befinden sich im Besitz des Museums, davon werden 8000 ausgestellt.

 

Gemälde

 

Zur Sammlung der Malerei gehören unter anderem Arbeiten von Jacob van Ruysdael, Frans Hals, Jan Vermeer, Jan Steen, Rembrandt van Rijn und Rembrandts Schülern.

 

Rembrandt

 

Die Sammlung umfasst folgende Gemälde von Rembrandt van Rijn:

 

Die Nachtwache

Die Vorsteher der Tuchmacherzunft

Die Judenbraut

Apostel Petrus verleugnet Christus

Jeremia beklagt die Zerstörung Jerusalems

Saskia mit Schleier

Titus als Mönch

Selbstporträt als Apostel Paulus

Tobias und Anna mit der Ziege

 

Jan Vermeer

 

Zu Jan Vermeer finden sich folgende Gemälde im Rijksmuseum Amsterdam:

 

Dienstmagd mit Milchkrug

Der Liebesbrief

Briefleserin in Blau

Die kleine Straße

 

Frans Hals

 

Von Frans Hals befinden sich diese Gemälde in der Sammlung:

 

Porträt eines jungen Paares

Die Kompanie des Reynier Real

Der fröhliche Trinker

Porträt des Lucas De Clercq

Porträt des Nicolaes Hasselaer

 

Jan Steen

 

Vom Maler Jan Steen sind die folgenden Gemälde in der Sammlung vorhanden:

 

Das Nikolausfest

Das betrunkene Paar

Die Morgen-Toilette

Adolf und Catharina Croeser

Arent Oostwaard und seine Frau

Kinder, die eine Katze lehren, zu tanzen

 

Radierungen

 

Die drei Kreuze von Rembrandt van Rijn

 

Ausstellungen

 

Vom 10. Februar bis 4. Juni 2023 zeigte das Rijksmuseum die Ausstellung Vermeer, die bisher größte Sonderausstellung zum Werk von Johannes Vermeer. Mit rund 650.000 Besuchern war es die bisher meistbesuchte Sonderausstellung des Museums. 2015 kamen mehr als 520.000 Besucher in die Ausstellung Late Rembrandt, in der das Spätwerk von Rembrandt van Rijn thematisiert wurde. Bereits 1969 hatte Rembrandt mehr als 460.000 Besucher angezogen, als eine Retrospektive zu seinem 300. Todesjahr zu sehen war. Auch Jan Steen erwies sich als Publikumsmagnet. 1996 sahen 355.000 Interessierte eine Werkschau des Künstlers.

 

Außenstellen

 

Schiphol

 

Das Rijksmuseum unterhält eine kleine Außenstelle in einem Terminal von Schiphol. Der Eintritt ist frei. Sie wurde am 9. Dezember 2002 vom damaligen Prinzen Willem-Alexander – dem heutigen König – eröffnet. Passagiere, welche die Passkontrolle passiert haben, können hier eine kleine, stets wechselnde Ausstellung besichtigen. Der Flughafen Schiphol ist damit der erste Flughafen mit einer solchen Museumsaußenstelle.

 

Huis Trompenburgh

 

Am 1. September 2006 übernahm das Rijksmuseum die Ausstattung und Verwaltung von Huis Trompenburgh. Neben kleinen Ausstellungen kann das Haus für Konferenzen genutzt werden.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Dienstmagd mit Milchkrug ist ein von Jan Vermeer in den Jahren 1658 bis 1660 geschaffenes Ölgemälde. Das 45,5 Zentimeter hohe und 41 Zentimeter breite Bild zeigt eine Magd beim Umfüllen von Milch in einem Wohnhaus. Seit 1908 befindet sich das Werk in der Sammlung des Rijksmuseums in Amsterdam.

 

Bildbeschreibung

 

Im Zentrum des Bildes steht die Frau im Lichteinfall durch ein Fenster auf der linken Seite. Vor ihr befindet sich im linken Bildvordergrund, unter dem Fenster, ein Tisch, bedeckt mit einem Tuch und bestückt mit einem Brotkorb, einer Kanne und weiteren Speisen. Zudem steht auf dem Tisch eine Schale, in welche die Magd Milch eingießt. Ihr Blick ist gesenkt, auf die Tätigkeit konzentriert. Ihre Kleidung ist in leuchtenden, bunten Farben gemalt. Das gelbe Oberteil steht dabei im Kontrast zum Blau der Schürze, unter der ein langer roter Rock hervorschaut. Der Raum im Hintergrund ist spartanisch eingerichtet, die Rückwand leer und mit erkennbaren Löchern versehen, was ihr den Anschein einer Benutzung über lange Zeit verleiht.

 

Mit Röntgenuntersuchungen des Bildes wurde nachgewiesen, dass Vermeer ursprünglich die Darstellung einer Landkarte an der kahlen Wand vorgesehen hatte. Mit dem Übermalen dieses für die damalige Zeit luxuriösen Gegenstandes unterstrich er die einfache Einrichtung des Raumes.

 

Provenienz

 

Das Gemälde zählt zu den bekanntesten Bildern Vermeers und erlangte schon früh hohe Wertschätzung. Diese schlug sich beispielsweise im relativ hohen Preis von 175 Gulden bei der Veräußerung des Nachlasses von Vermeer nieder, wie auch in einer Beschreibung des Bildes aus dem Jahr 1719 als Die berühmte Milchmagd von Vermeer van Delft, kunstvoll. In der Folge wechselte das Bild mehrmals den Besitzer, bis es 1908 mit 39 weiteren Gemälden der Sammlung Jan Six für das Rijksmuseum erworben wurde.

 

(Wikipedia)

Done