Rome - Victor Emmanuel II Monument

Rom - Monumento a Vittorio Emanuele II

 

The Victor Emmanuel II National Monument (Italian: Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II) or (Mole del) Vittoriano, called for the synecdoche Altare della Patria (English: Altar of the Fatherland), is a national monument built in honour of Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of a unified Italy, located in Rome, Italy. It occupies a site between the Piazza Venezia and the Capitoline Hill. It is currently managed by the Polo Museale del Lazio and is owned by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities.

 

From an architectural perspective, it was conceived as a modern forum, an agora on three levels connected by stairways and dominated by a portico characterized by a colonnade. The complex process of national unity and liberation from foreign domination carried out by King Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, to whom the monument is dedicated, has a great symbolic and representative value, being architecturally and artistically centred on the Italian unification—for this reason the Vittoriano is considered one of the national symbols of Italy.

 

It also preserves the Altar of the Fatherland (Italian: Altare della Patria), first an altar of the goddess Rome, then also a shrine of the Italian Unknown Soldier, thus adopting the function of a lay temple consecrated to Italy. Because of its great representative value, the entire Vittoriano is often called the Altare della Patria, although the latter constitutes only a part of the monument.

 

Located in the centre of ancient Rome, and connected to the modern one by the streets that radiate from Piazza Venezia, it has been consecrated to a wide symbolic value representing a lay temple metaphorically dedicated to a free and united Italy—celebrating by virtue the burial of the Unknown Soldier (the sacrifice for the homeland and for the connected ideals).

 

General description

 

The Vittoriano is located on the hill of the Capitoline Hill, in the symbolic centre of ancient Rome, and is connected to the modern one thanks to roads that radiate from Piazza Venezia.

 

Its design is a neoclassical interpretation of the Roman Forum. It features stairways, Corinthian columns, fountains, an equestrian sculpture of Victor Emmanuel II, and two statues of the goddess Victoria riding on quadrigas. On its summit there would have been a majestic portico characterized by a long colonnade and two imposing propylaea, one dedicated to the "unity of the homeland", and the other to the "freedom of the citizens", concepts metaphorically linked to the figure of Victor Emmanuel II.

 

The base houses the museum of Italian unification, and in 2007 a lift was added to the structure, allowing visitors to access the roof for 360-degree views of Rome. This terrace, which is the highest of the monument, can also be reached via 196 steps that start from the portico.

 

The structure is 135 m (443 ft) wide, 130 m (427 ft) deep, and 70 m (230 ft) high. If the quadrigae and Winged Victorys are included, the height reaches 81 m (266 ft). It has a total area of 17,550 m2 (188,907 sq ft) and possesses, due to the conspicuous development of the interior spaces, a floor area of 717,000 m2 (7,717,724 sq ft).

 

One of the architecturally predominant elements of the Vittoriano are the external staircases, which are constituted in the complex by 243 steps, and the portico situated on the top of the monument, which is inserted between two lateral propylaea. The entrance stairway is 41 m (135 ft) wide and 34 m (112 ft) long, the terrace where the Altar of the Fatherland is located is 66 m (217 ft) wide. The maximum depth of the Vittoriano underground reaches 17 m (56 ft) below street level. The colonnade is formed by columns 15 m (49 ft) high and the length of the porch is 72 m (236 ft).

 

The allegories of the monument mostly represent the virtues and feelings, very often rendered as personifications, also according to the canons of the neoclassical style, which animate the Italians during the Italian unification, or from the revolutions of 1820 to the capture of Rome (1870), through which national unity was achieved. Due to the complex process of unification undertaken by Victor Emmanuel II throughout the second half of the 19th Century, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre della Patria). The only non-allegorical work is the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, which is the architectural centre of the Vittoriano.

 

The monument, as a whole, appears as a sort of marble covering on the northern slope of the Capitoline Hill: it was therefore thought of as a place where it is possible to make an uninterrupted patriotic walk (the path does not in fact have an architectural end, given that the entrances to the highest part are two, one for each propylaeus) among the works present, which almost all have allegorical meanings linked to the history of Italy.[8] Different are the vegetal symbols present, among which the palm, which recalls the "victory", the oak (the "strength"), the laurel (the "victorious peace"), the myrtle (the "sacrifice") and the Olive tree (the "concord").

 

From a stylistic perspective, the architecture and works of art that embellish the Vittoriano have been conceived with the aim of creating a "national style" to be replicated in other areas. It was designed to communicate the imperial splendours of ancient Rome. Above all, for the realization of the Vittoriano, Giuseppe Sacconi took inspiration from the Neoclassical architecture—the reborn heir of the classical Greek and Roman architecture, on which Italic elements were grafted and eclectic influences added.

 

The Vittoriano is regarded as a national symbol of Italy and every year it hosts important national celebrations. The largest annual celebrations are Liberation Day (25 April), Republic Day (2 June), and Armed Forces Day (4 November). During these celebrations, the President of Italy and the highest government officials pay tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier and those who died in the line of duty by laying a laurel wreath.

 

The Altar of the Fatherland

 

The Altar of the Fatherland is the most famous part of the Vittoriano and is the one with which it is often identified. Located on the top of the entrance stairway, it was designed by the Brescian sculptor Angelo Zanelli, who won a competition specially held in 1906. It is formed from the side of the Tomb of Italian Unknown Soldier that faces the outside of the building (the other side, which faces inside the Vittoriano, is located in a crypt), from the sacellum of the statue of the goddess Rome (which is exactly above the tomb of the Unknown Soldier) and two vertical marble reliefs that descend from the edges of the aedicula containing the statue of the goddess Rome and which run downwards laterally to the tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

 

The statue of the goddess Roma present at the Vittoriano interrupted a custom in vogue until the 19th century, by which the representation of this subject was with exclusively warlike traits. Angelo Zanelli, in his work, decided to further characterize the statue by also providing the reference to Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom and the arts, as well as of war. The great statue of the deity emerges from a golden background. The presence of the goddess Roma in the Vittoriano underlines the irremissible will of the Unification of Italy patriots to have the Rome as the capital of Italy, an essential concept, according to the common feeling, from the history of the peninsula and the islands of Italian culture.

 

The general conception of the bas-reliefs located laterally to the statue of the goddess Rome, one to his left and the other to his right, recalls Virgil's Bucolics and Georgics, which complete the triptych of the Altar of the Fatherland with the statue of the Roman divinity.

 

The allegorical meaning of the bas-reliefs that are inspired by the works of Virgil is linked to the desire to conceptually render the Italian soul. In the Georgics, the reference to the Aeneid is in fact present, and in both the works the industriousness in the work of the Italians is recalled.

 

The bas-relief on the left of the Altar of the Fatherland represents the Triumph of Labour and the one on the right symbolizes the Triumph of the Patriotic Love where both converge scenically towards the statue of the goddess Rome.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (Nationaldenkmal für Viktor Emanuel II.), in der Regel Vittoriano oder Altare della Patria (Altar des Vaterlands) genannt, ist ein 1927 vollendetes Nationaldenkmal in Rom. Es liegt auf dem Kapitolshügel am Südende der Via del Corso zwischen der Piazza Venezia und dem Forum Romanum, neben dem Trajansforum.

 

Das Monument ist dem ersten König des neugegründeten Königreichs Italien, Viktor Emanuel II. aus dem Haus Savoyen, gewidmet. Es zählt heute zu den Staatssymbolen der Italienischen Republik. In dem Gebäude befindet sich das Museo del Risorgimento, das an die italienische Staatsgründungsbewegung im 19. Jahrhundert erinnert.

 

Geschichte

 

Anlässlich des Todes von König Vittorio Emanuele II. im Jahr 1878 wurde die Errichtung des Denkmals beschlossen. Es wurde ab 1885 von Giuseppe Sacconi errichtet. 1911 fand die Einweihung des noch unfertigen Denkmals anlässlich des 50. Jahrestages der Einigung Italiens zeitgleich mit dem 50. Jahrestag der italienischen Einheit statt. Die Fertigstellung erfolgte erst 1927. Das Denkmal spiegelt die neoklassizistische Stimmung dieser Zeit, die sich in den wuchtigen Marmortreppen, einem zwölf Meter hohen bronzenen Reiterstandbild des Königs und einer monumentalen Säulenreihe am oberen Ende manifestiert. Dieser Portikus ist mit einem ornamentalen Fries aus Temperafarben bemalt, was auf der Nachtaufnahme gut erkennbar ist. Das gigantische Bauwerk stellt sich quer vor die mit 80 Metern Länge nicht kleine Basilika Santa Maria in Aracoeli, die dergestalt, der Gründungsabsicht entsprechend, ebenso wie die dahinterliegenden Gebäude sowohl von der Piazza Venezia, als auch von der Piazza della Repubblica aus nicht mehr zu sehen ist. Von den Römern wird es scherzhaft „Macchina da scrivere“ („Schreibmaschine“) genannt.

 

Am 12. Dezember 1969 wurde um halb sechs Nachmittags mit zwei im Abstand von zehn Minuten gezündeten Bomben ein Anschlag auf das Denkmal verübt. Zeitgleich fand in Mailand der Bombenanschlag auf der Piazza Fontana statt. Durch den Anschlag wurde niemand verletzt, jedoch blieb der Vittoriano danach für die folgenden Jahrzehnte für die Öffentlichkeit geschlossen. Erst am 24. September 2000 wurde aufgrund einer Initiative des damaligen Präsidenten der Republik Italien, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, wieder Publikumsverkehr zugelassen.

 

Wie bei vielen nationalen Denkmälern üblich, findet sich ein Grabmal des unbekannten Soldaten und der „Altar des Vaterlandes“ (italienisch Altare della Patria) auf dem Vittoriano. Die ewige Flamme wird Tag und Nacht von zwei Soldaten bewacht. Der Blick geht von dort über das Forum Romanum, die Kaiserforen im Südosten und weit über die Stadt Rom.

 

Architektur

 

Die Architektur des Vittoriano wird bestimmt von einer monumentalen korinthischen Portikus, die an ihren Seiten mit ebenfalls korinthischen Pronai abgeschlossen wird. Der Rhythmus der Säulen verleiht dem wuchtigen und im Detail sehr komplexen Bauwerk Einfachheit. Im städtebaulichen Kontext entfaltet es aufgrund seiner Größe eine bauliche Dynamik, die sich aus dem Bezug des Bauwerks zu den sich auf der Piazza Venezia kreuzenden Straßenachsen und aus dem Kontrast zur niedrigeren umgebenden Architektur ergibt.

 

Sacconi bezieht sich mit seiner Architektur auf antike Monumente wie den Pergamonaltar und das Heiligtum der Fortuna Primigenia in Palestrina. Entsprechend ist das Denkmal als ein großes neoklassizistisches Forum angelegt. Seine über mehrere Ebenen verteilten Terrassen und die Präsenz einer an klassischen Versatzstücken reichen Architektur stellen inmitten der Ruinen des antiken Rom einen symbolischen Bezugsrahmen für das noch junge Italien her.

 

Zum Zeitpunkt seiner Einweihung im Jahre 1911 zeigt es im Gegenlicht zu einigen ausländischen Pavillons der Weltausstellung in Turin, wie etwa dem Josef Hoffmanns für Österreich, wie sehr die Architektur zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch der akademischen Tradition des Historismus und Eklektizismus verbunden ist.

 

Das Reiterstandbild des Königs ist ein Werk des Bildhauers Enrico Chiaradia. Auf der Spitze des Vittoriano steht eine Quadriga.

 

Museen

 

Innerhalb des Gebäudes befindet sich das Museo del Risorgimento, mit dem Eingang in der Via di San Pietro in Carcere, das eine Dauerausstellung zu den Italienischen Unabhängigkeitskriegen beherbergt. Die Truppenfahnen aufgelöster italienischer Militärverbände sowie die Schiffsflaggen außer Dienst gestellter Kriegsschiffe werden hier ausgestellt (Sacrario delle Bandiere). Darüber hinaus ist eine kleine marinehistorische Sammlung zu sehen.

 

Im September 2009 eröffnete das Nationalmuseum zur italienischen Emigration (Museo Nazionale dell’Emigrazione Italiana). Es zeigt die italienische Emigration vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart.

 

(Wikipedia)

Done