London - The Gherkin

seen from Lloyd's Building

 

gesehen vom Lloyd's Building

 

The Lloyd's building (sometimes known as the Inside-Out Building) is the home of the insurance institution Lloyd's of London. It is located on the former site of East India House in Lime Street, in London's main financial district, the City of London. The building is a leading example of radical Bowellism architecture in which the services for the building, such as ducts and lifts, are located on the exterior to maximise space in the interior.

 

In 2011, twenty-five years after its completion in 1986 the building received Grade I listing; at this time it was the youngest structure ever to obtain this status. It is said by Historic England to be "universally recognised as one of the key buildings of the modern epoch".

 

The first Lloyd's building (address 12 Leadenhall Street) had been built on this site in 1928 to the design of Sir Edwin Cooper. In 1958, due to expansion of the market, a new building was constructed across the road at 51 Lime Street (now the site of the Willis Building). Lloyd's now occupied the Heysham Building and the Cooper Building.

 

By the 1970s Lloyd's had again outgrown these two buildings and proposed to extend the Cooper Building. In 1978, the corporation ran an architectural competition which attracted designs from practices such as Foster Associates, Arup and I.M. Pei. Lloyd's commissioned Richard Rogers to redevelop the site, and the original 1928 building on the western corner of Lime and Leadenhall Streets was demolished to make way for the present one which was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 18 November 1986. The 1928 building's entrance at 12 Leadenhall Street was preserved and forms a rather incongruous attachment to the 1986 structure. Demolition of the 1958 building commenced in 2004 to make way for the 26-storey Willis Building.

 

The current Lloyd's building (address 1 Lime Street) was designed by the architect company Richard Rogers and Partners (now Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners) and built between 1978 and 1986. Bovis was the management contractor. Like the Pompidou Centre in Paris (designed by Renzo Piano and Rogers), the building was innovative in having its services such as staircases, lifts, ductwork, electrical power conduits and water pipes on the outside, leaving an uncluttered space inside. The 12 glass lifts were the first of their kind in the United Kingdom. Like the Pompidou Centre, the building was highly influenced by the work of Archigram in the 1950s and 1960s.

 

The building consists of three main towers and three service towers around a central, rectangular space. Its core is the large Underwriting Room on the ground floor, which houses the Lutine Bell within the Rostrum. Also on the first floor is the loss book which for 300 years has had entries of significant losses entered by quill. The Underwriting Room (often simply called "the Room") is overlooked by galleries, forming a 60 metres (197 ft) high atrium lit naturally through a huge barrel-vaulted glass roof. The first four galleries open onto the atrium space, and are connected by escalators through the middle of the structure. The higher floors are glassed in and can only be reached via the exterior lifts.

 

The 11th floor houses the Committee Room (also known as the Adam Room), an 18th-century dining room designed for the 2nd Earl of Shelburne by Robert Adam in 1763; it was transferred piece by piece from the previous (1958) Lloyd's building across the road at 51 Lime Street.

 

The Lloyd's building is 88 metres (289 ft) to the roof, with 14 floors. On top of each service core stand the cleaning cranes, increasing the overall height to 95.10 metres (312 ft). Modular in plan, each floor can be altered by addition or removal of partitions and walls.

 

In 2008 the Twentieth Century Society called for the building to be Grade I listed and in 2011 it was granted this status.

 

The building was previously owned by Dublin-based real estate firm Shelbourne Development Group, who purchased it in 2004 from a German investment bank. In July 2013 it was sold to the Chinese company Ping An Insurance in a £260 million deal.

 

Use in feature films and record album covers

 

It is seen on the cover of British pop group Five Star's 1986 album Silk and Steel; Hundred Reasons' debut album Ideas Above Our Station; and the 2001 reissue of British electronic musician Mike Paradinas' 1993 album Tango n' Vectif, under the alias μ-ziq.

 

Use as a location in films

 

Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)

The Anomaly (2014)

Climbing Great Buildings (2010)

The Ghost Writer (2010)

Mamma Mia! (2008)

A Good Year (2006)

Code 46 (2003)

Spy Game (2001)

Proof of Life (2000)

Fred Dibnah's Magnificent Monuments (2000), TV series

Entrapment (1999)

The Avengers (1998)

Different for Girls (1996)

Hackers (1995)

Search Out Science "Search Out Space" (1990)

High Hopes (1988)

Trainspotting (1996) in a montage comparing thriving eighties London with the Edinburgh drug scene in the rest of the movie.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

30 St Mary Axe (known previously as the Swiss Re Building), informally known as The Gherkin, is a commercial skyscraper in London's primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004. With 41 floors, it is 180 metres (591 ft) tall and stands on the former sites of the Baltic Exchange and Chamber of Shipping, which were extensively damaged in 1992 in the Baltic Exchange bombing by a device placed by the Provisional IRA in St Mary Axe, a narrow street leading north from Leadenhall Street.

 

After plans to build the 92-story Millennium Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and Arup Group. It was erected by Skanska; construction started in 2001.

 

The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture.

 

The building stands on the former site of the Baltic Exchange (24-28 St Mary Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight contracts and also soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30-32 St Mary Axe). On 10 April 1992, the Provisional IRA detonated a bomb close to the Exchange, causing extensive damage to the historic building and neighbouring structures.

 

The United Kingdom government's statutory adviser on the historic environment, English Heritage, and the City of London's governing body, the City of London Corporation, were keen that any redevelopment must restore the Baltic Exchange's old façade onto St Mary Axe. The Exchange Hall was a celebrated fixture of the shipping market.

 

English Heritage then discovered that the damage was far more severe than initially thought, and they stopped insisting on full restoration, albeit over the objections of architectural conservationists. The Baltic Exchange and the Chamber of Shipping sold the land to Trafalgar House in 1995. Most of the remaining structures on the Baltic Exchange site were then carefully dismantled, and the interior of Exchange Hall and the façade were preserved, hoping for a reconstruction of the building in the future. The salvaged material was eventually sold for £800,000 and moved to Tallinn, Estonia, where it awaits reconstruction as the centrepiece of the city's commercial sector.

 

In 1996, Trafalgar House submitted plans for the London Millennium Tower, a 386-metre (1,266 ft) building with more than 140,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft) of office space, apartments, shops, restaurants and gardens. This plan was dropped after objections that it was totally out-of-scale in the City of London, and anticipated disruption to flight paths for both London City and London Heathrow airports; the revised plan for a lower tower was accepted.

 

The tower's topmost panoramic dome, known as the "lens", recalls the iconic glass dome that covered part of the ground floor of the Baltic Exchange and much of which is now displayed at the National Maritime Museum.

 

The Gherkin nickname was applied to the current building at least as long ago as 1999, referring to that plan's highly unorthodox layout and appearance.

 

On 23 August 2000, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott granted planning permission to construct a building much larger than the old Exchange on the site. The site was special because it needed development, it was not on any of the "sight lines" (planning guidance requires that new buildings do not obstruct or detract from the view of St Paul's Cathedral dome when viewed from a number of locations around London), and it had housed the Baltic Exchange.

 

The plan for the site was to reconstruct the Baltic Exchange. GMW Architects proposed a new rectangular building surrounding a restored exchange: it would have the type of large floor plan that banks liked. Eventually, the planners realised that the exchange was not recoverable, forcing them to relax their building constraints; they hinted that an "architecturally significant" building might obtain a favourable reception from City authorities. This gave the architect a free hand in the design; it eliminated the restrictive[clarification needed] demands for a large, capital-efficient, money-making building, whose design was per the client's desire.

 

The new building's low-level plan satisfied the planning authority's desire to maintain London's traditional streetscape, with its narrow streets. The mass of the tower was not too imposing. Like Barclays' former city headquarters in Lombard Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly oblivious to the tower's existence until directly underneath it.

 

The building was constructed by Skanska, completed in December 2003 and opened on 28 April 2004. The primary occupant of the building is Swiss Re, a global reinsurance company, which had the building commissioned as the head office for its UK operation. The tower is thus sometimes known as the Swiss Re Building, although this name has never been official and has more recently fallen out of favour, since the company's main headquarters is in Zurich and the Gherkin name has become more popular.

 

The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use only half the power that a similar tower would typically consume. Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building, even though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the "chimney". The shafts create a giant double glazing effect; air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing and insulates the office space inside.

 

Architects promote double glazing in residential houses, which avoids the inefficient convection of heat across the relatively narrow gap between the panes, but the tower exploits this effect. The shafts pull warm air out of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating. The shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down.

 

The primary methods for controlling wind-excited sways are to increase the stiffness, or increase damping with tuned/active mass dampers. To a design by Arup, its fully triangulated perimeter structure makes the building rigid enough without any extra reinforcements. Despite its overall curved glass shape, there is only one piece of curved glass on the building, the lens-shaped cap at the apex.

 

On the building's top level (the 40th floor), there is a bar for tenants and their guests, with a panoramic view of London. A restaurant operates on the 39th floor, and private dining rooms on the 38th. Most buildings have extensive lift equipment on the roof of the building, but this was not possible for the Gherkin, since a bar had been planned for the 40th floor. The architects dealt with this by having the main lift only reach the 34th floor, and also a push-from-below lift to the 39th floor. There is a marble stairwell and a disabled persons' lift, which leads the visitor up to the bar in the dome.

 

The building is visible over long distances: From the north, for instance, it can be seen from the M11 motorway, some 32 kilometres (20 mi) away, while to the west it can be seen from the statue of George III in Windsor Great Park.

 

In April 2005, a glass panel, two thirds up the tower, fell to the plaza beneath. The plaza was sealed off, but the building remained open. A temporary covered walkway, extending across the plaza to the building's reception, was erected to protect visitors. Engineers examined the other 744 glass panels on the building. The cost of repair was covered by main contractor Skanska and curtain-wall supplier Schmidlin (now called Schmidlin-TSK AG).[20] The open-floor ventilation system did not operate as designed due to tenants adding glass partitions to increase security.

 

Since its completion, the building has won a number of awards for architecture. In October 2004, the architect was awarded the 2004 Stirling Prize. For the first time in the prize's history, the judges were unanimous. In December 2005, a survey of the world's largest firms of architects published in 2006 BD World Architecture 200 voted the tower as the most admired new building in the world. However, Ken Shuttleworth, who worked for Foster + Partners on the design of the building, said in 2011 that he believed the style was now out-moded: "I was looking at the glass all around and [thought], 'Why on earth did we do that?' Now we would do things differently". The building appeared in recent films such as Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, A Good Year, Basic Instinct 2, and Match Point and, rechristened the Spirit of London, became the spaceship centrepiece of Keith Mansfield's 2008 novel Johnny Mackintosh and the Spirit of London.

 

In September 2006, the building was put up for sale with a price tag of £600 million. Potential buyers included British Land, Land Securities, Prudential, ING, and the Abu Dhabi royal family. On 21 February 2007, IVG Immobilien AG and UK investment firm Evans Randall completed their joint purchase of the building for £630 million, making it Britain's most expensive office building. Swiss Re booked a gain of more than £300 million from the sale. The new owners are seeking compensation from four of their former managers on the deal, in which about £620 million was paid for a building with a build cost of about £200 million, giving the previous owners a clear £300 million profit.

 

Since February 2010, Sky News has broadcast its flagship business programme, Jeff Randall Live, from a studio in the building. In addition the top two floors of the tower are now available on a private hire basis for events.

 

Deloitte announced in April 2014 that the building was again being put up for sale, with an expected price of £550 million. The current owners could not afford to make loan repayments, citing differences in the value of the multi-currency loan and the British pound, high interest rates and general financing structure. In November 2014, the Gherkin was purchased for £700 million by the Safra Group, controlled by the Brazilian billionaire Joseph Safra.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Das Lloyd’s Building ist der Hauptsitz des traditionsreichen Versicherungsmarktes Lloyd’s of London in London.

 

Das Gebäude wurde von dem Architekten Richard Rogers entworfen und im Zeitraum 1978 bis 1986 errichtet. Wie das Centre Pompidou, das Rogers zuvor gemeinsam mit Renzo Piano entworfen hatte, war auch dieses Gebäude innovativ, weil Versorgungsleitungen, Treppen und Lifte nach außen sichtbar verlegt wurden. Die zwölf Glaslifte waren die ersten ihrer Art im Vereinigten Königreich.

 

„Richard Rogers verfolgte diesen Ansatz der demonstrativ nach außen gekehrten Technik in seinem Lloyd’s Building auch im Hochhausbau weiter. Dieser in jeder Hinsicht unkonventionelle Bau kam den Visionen der Futuristen erstaunlich nahe.“

 

Der Komplex besteht aus drei Haupttürmen und drei Versorgungstürmen um einen zentralen rechteckigen Platz. Im 11. Stockwerk ist der Committee Room eingebaut, ein Speisezimmer aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, das 1763 im Auftrag von William Petty durch Robert Adam eingerichtet wurde und das Stück für Stück aus dem ehemaligen Lloyd’s-Gebäude auf der anderen Straßenseite übertragen wurde.

 

Das Lloyd’s Building ist rund 76 Meter hoch und hat 14 Stockwerke. Das Besondere an dem Bau ist, dass jedes Stockwerk durch Einbau oder Abbau von Trennwänden rasch verändert werden kann.

 

Der Eigentümer wechselte über die Zeit immer wieder, während der Mieter immer gleich blieb. Der Mietvertrag von Lloyd’s läuft noch bis 2031.

 

Das Gebäude war Kulisse für etliche Filme wie zum Beispiel Verlockende Falle und wurde als Werbekulisse für den Rover 800 genutzt.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

30 St Mary Axe, häufig The Gherkin genannt (englisch für Gewürzgurke), ist ein 180 m hoher Wolkenkratzer im Finanzbezirk der City of London. Er wurde als Büroturm des Rückversicherers Swiss Re erbaut und ist deshalb auch als Swiss Re Building oder Swiss Re Tower bekannt.

 

Das Gebäude wurde 2001 bis 2004 durch die Architekten Ken Shuttleworth und Norman Foster an der Stelle der durch einen IRA-Anschlag zerstörten Baltic Exchange errichtet. In seiner äußeren Form ähnelt es dem etwa gleichzeitig in Barcelona erbauten Torre Glòries.

 

Das 41-stöckige Gebäude wurde im April 2004 bezogen. Für den vom österreichischen Stahlbauunternehmen Waagner Biró realisierten Bau wurden 10.548 Tonnen Stahl verwendet. Das Tragwerk besteht aus ineinander verschlungenen Helixsträngen, einer Art Schlauchgeflecht. Aus dieser Formgebung folgt eine Verkleidung gänzlich bestehend aus dreieckigen und rautenförmigen Glaselementen.

 

Besonderen Wert legten Bauherrschaft und Konstrukteure auf Nachhaltigkeit und Energieeffizienz. Die Gesamtfläche des Gebäudes beträgt 47.310 m². Die Büroflächen überziehen nicht den ganzen Innenraum, sondern sind ringförmig angelegt. Der Kern des Gebäudes versorgt die einzelnen Etagen mit Energie und Wasser. Deckplatten und eckige Fenster öffnen und schließen sich je nach Außenwitterung, von Computeranlagen gesteuert. Es gibt Atrien über bis zu sechs Stockwerke, die für eine naturähnliche Ventilation sorgen. Die Klimatechnik ist nur bei extremen Wetterverhältnissen aktiv.

 

Die Swiss Re als ursprüngliche Eigentümerin verkaufte das Gebäude für 630 Millionen Britische Pfund (ca. 950 Millionen Euro) im Februar 2007 an den deutschen Immobilienkonzern IVG Immobilien, wird es aber weiter als Hauptmieter (55 % bis mindestens 2031) nutzen.

 

Das Hochhaus war im April 2014 unter Zwangsverwaltung gestellt worden. Im Juli 2014 wurde „The Gherkin“ für rund 820 Millionen Euro zum Verkauf angeboten und Anfang November 2014 für 925 Millionen Euro von Joseph Safra gekauft.

 

Der Film Basic Instinct 2 aus dem Jahr 2006 spielt zu großen Teilen im 30 St Mary Axe. In Match Point aus dem Jahr 2005 (Regie: Woody Allen) hat die Hauptfigur Chris Wilton ihr Büro im 30 St Mary Axe. Ebenso befindet sich das Büro des Wertpapierhändlers Max Skinner im Film Ein gutes Jahr in der „Gherkin“. Auch am Anfang von Harry Potter und der Halbblutprinz ist der Turm kurz zu sehen. In der Episode Der blinde Banker der englischen Miniserie Sherlock wird das Gebäude mehrfach gezeigt, so auch von der Balkonperspektive von oben. Im Film Thor – The Dark Kingdom rutschen Thor und sein Antagonist Malekith während eines Kampfes die Glasfassade des Gebäudes herunter.

 

Im Dokumentarfilm Building The Gherkin spielt das Gebäude selbst die Hauptrolle. Der Film begleitet den gesamten Entstehungsprozess von 30 St Mary Axe von 1999 bis 2005.

 

Die Zukunft des Gebäudes und sein schließlicher Zusammenbruch nach einem fiktiven Verschwinden der Menschheit wird in Folge 3 der 2. Staffel der Dokufiktion-Serie Zukunft ohne Menschen („Die Wiege der Zivilisation“, USA 2010) behandelt.

 

In der siebten Staffel von Skins – Hautnah arbeitet Effy Stonem in dem Gebäude.

 

(Wikipedia)

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