England / Kent - Canterbury

Westgate

 

Canterbury (/ˈkæntərbəri/) is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, England. It lies on the River Stour.

 

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the primate of the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion owing to the importance of St Augustine, who served as the apostle to the pagan Kingdom of Kent around the turn of the 7th century. The city's cathedral became a major focus of pilgrimage following the 1170 martyrdom of Thomas Becket, although it had already been a well-trodden pilgrim destination since the murder of St Alphege by the men of King Canute in 1012. A journey of pilgrims to Becket's shrine served as the frame for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th century classic The Canterbury Tales.

 

Canterbury is a popular tourist destination: consistently one of the most-visited cities in the United Kingdom, the city's economy is heavily reliant upon tourism. The city has been occupied since Paleolithic times and served as the capital of the Celtic Cantiaci and Jute Kingdom of Kent. Many historical structures fill the area, including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century, the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey and a Norman castle, and the oldest extant school in the world, the King's School. Modern additions include the Marlowe Theatre and the St Lawrence Ground, home of the Kent County Cricket Club. There is also a substantial student population, brought about by the presence of the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, the University for the Creative Arts, and the Girne American University Canterbury campus. Canterbury remains, however, a small city in terms of geographical size and population, when compared with other British cities.

 

The Roman settlement of Durovernum Cantiacorum ("Kentish Durovernum") occupied the location of an earlier British town whose ancient British name has been reconstructed as *Durou̯ernon ("stronghold by the alder grove"), although the name is sometimes supposed to have derived from various British names for the Stour. (Medieval variants of the Roman name include Dorobernia and Dorovernia.) In Sub-Roman Britain, it was known in Old Welsh as Cair Ceint ("stronghold of Kent"). Occupied by the Jutes, it became known in Old English as Cantwareburh ("stronghold of the Kentish men"), which developed into the present name.

 

Landmarks

 

Canterbury Cathedral is the Mother Church of the Anglican Communion and seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Founded in 597 AD by Augustine, it forms a World Heritage Site, along with the Saxon St. Martin's Church and the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey. With one million visitors per year, it is one of the most visited places in the country. Services are held at the cathedral three or more times a day.

 

The Roman Museum houses an in situ mosaic pavement dating from around 300 AD. Surviving structures from the Roman times include Queningate, a blocked gate in the city wall, and the Dane John Mound, once part of a Roman cemetery. The Dane John Gardens were built beside the mound in the 18th century, and a memorial was placed on the mound's summit. A windmill was on the mound between 1731 and 1839.

 

The ruins of the Norman Canterbury Castle and St Augustine's Abbey are both open to the public. The medieval St Margaret's Church now houses "The Canterbury Tales", in which life-sized character models reconstruct Geoffrey Chaucer's stories. The Westgate is now a museum relating to its history as a jail. The medieval church of St Alphege became redundant in 1982 but had a new lease of life as the Canterbury Urban Studies Centre, later renamed the Canterbury Environment Centre; the building is used by the King's School. The Old Synagogue, now the King's School Music Room, is one of only two Egyptian Revival synagogues still standing. The city centre contains many timber-framed 16th and 17th century houses, however there are far fewer than there were before the Second World War, as many were damaged during the Baedecker Blitz. Many are still standing, including the "Old Weaver's House" used by the Huguenots. St Martin's Mill is the only surviving mill out of the six known to have stood in Canterbury. It was built in 1817 and worked until 1890; it is now a house conversion. St Thomas of Canterbury Church is the only Roman Catholic church in the city and contains relics of Thomas Becket.

 

Canterbury Heritage Museum houses many exhibits - including the Rupert Bear Museum. The Herne Bay Times has reported that the Heritage at Risk Register includes 19 listed buildings in Canterbury which need urgent repair but for which the council has insufficient funds.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

The Westgate is a medieval gatehouse in Canterbury, Kent, England. This 60-foot (18 m) high western gate of the city wall is the largest surviving city gate in England. Built of Kentish ragstone around 1379, it is the last survivor of Canterbury's seven medieval gates, still well-preserved and one of the city's most distinctive landmarks. The road still passes between its drum towers. This scheduled monument and Grade I listed building houses the West Gate Towers Museum.

 

The gatehouse is expensively faced in coursed ashlar of Kentish ragstone. It has battered plinths to the drum towers, battlements, machicolations and eighteen gunloops: a high number for a gateway, and among the earliest gunholes in Britain. The gunloops would have been added by the beginning of the fifteenth century. It had a drawbridge over the Stour, a portcullis and wooden doors.

 

The gateway has three floors. The ground floor was designed so that the gateway and vaulted passage had entrances to the towers on each side. Each tower had a ground-floor room with fireplace and four gunloops. The north tower's ground-floor room had a spiral staircase to upper floors. The first floor contains a large room with fireplace and, originally, the portcullis mechanism over the vaulted entranceway. This room had doors to the upper room of each tower, each with fireplace and three gunloops, and a northern door to a spiral staircase leading to the roof. Repairs were carried out due to an invasion scare during the 1470s and 1480s. In 1491 or 1492 a large, two-light, transomed, perpendicular east window was added to the large first-floor room, with a view towards the cathedral and along St Peter's Street.

 

The roof over the large first-floor central room has a battlemented parapet walk, originally with access to the tops of both towers and machicolations, as well as to the two low chambers, each with two gunports, in the tops of both towers. This part of the tower was less well-built than the lower storeys, either due to haste during the Peasants' Revolt or because it was built later. In 1793−1794 the hall over the gate was split into three and the present square lantern added to the roof, along with the wooden doors and cell linings which are visible today; the cost was £400.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Canterbury [ˈkæntəbəɹɪ] (von altenglisch Cantwaraburig für „Burg (oder Stadt, Ort) der Leute von Kent“, lat. Cantuaria, veraltet im Deutschen auch Kanterberg, Kanterburg oder Kantelberg) ist eine Universitätsstadt mit 55.240 Einwohnern (2011). Sie liegt am Fluss Stour in der Grafschaft Kent im Südosten Englands und ist Sitz des Erzbischofs von Canterbury und Zentrum der Anglikanischen Kirche Englands.

 

Canterbury soll der Sage nach 900 v. Chr. von Rudilibas angelegt und von den alten Briten Caerther oder Caerkent (Stadt von Kent) genannt worden sein. Ab 43 n. Chr. entstand an ihrer Stelle das römische Durovernum Cantiacorum (römisch: duro = „Fort“, verno = „Sumpf“), das sich zu einem Verwaltungszentrum entwickelte und das größte römische Theater Britanniens besaß; ab 200 n. Chr. wurde die Stadt mit einer Stadtmauer umgeben. Æthelberht von Kent, der ab 568 n. Chr. regierte, machte Canterbury zu seiner Residenz und nannte sie Cantwarabyrig.

 

Nach dem Übertritt der Angelsachsen zum Christentum wurde die Stadt Sitz des Erzbischofs-Primas, dem geistlichen Oberhaupt der Kirche von England und der anglikanischen Kommunion. Die Erzbischöfe von Canterbury werden seit dem Bruch Heinrichs VIII. mit Rom vom englischen König (später britischen König) bestimmt.

 

Der Mord an Thomas Becket ist Gegenstand in den Dramen von George Darley (1840), Alfred Tennyson (1884) und Jean Anouilh (1959) sowie in T. S. Eliots Theaterstück Murder in the Cathedral (1935), das im Chapter House uraufgeführt wurde und in Ken Folletts Roman Die Säulen der Erde.

 

Die Erzählungen der Canterbury Tales (deutsch: „Canterbury-Geschichten“) des mittelalterlichen Dichters Geoffrey Chaucer sind in eine Rahmenhandlung eingebunden, die von einer Pilgergruppe auf ihrem Weg von London nach Canterbury zum Grabmal von Thomas Becket handelt. Die Themen der Erzählungen variieren und beinhalten höfische Liebe, Verrat und Habsucht. Die Genres variieren ebenso, es gibt Romanzen, bretonische Lai (kurze rhythmische Erzählungen), Predigten und Fabeln.

 

Canterbury entwickelte sich in römischer Zeit als besagtes Durovernum Cantiacorum zu einer bedeutenden Siedlung. Nach der Christianisierung Kents wurden einige frührömische Kirchen wieder für den Gebrauch hergerichtet, so z. B. St. Martin und die damals an der Stelle der jetzigen Kathedrale befindliche Kirche. Seit jener Zeit ist Canterbury Mittelpunkt der Kirche in England und Anziehungspunkt für viele Besucher; nach der Ermordung von Thomas Becket waren das vor allem Wallfahrer. Im 12. Jahrhundert avancierte Canterbury zur zweitgrößten Münzstätte Englands nach London. Im 16. Jahrhundert setzte dank der Einführung der Weberei durch die Hugenotten, die als Religionsflüchtlinge vom Festland kamen, ein wirtschaftlicher Aufschwung ein. Im Jahr 1888 erhielt die Stadt Grafschaftsrechte, obwohl sie bis dahin von der Industriellen Revolution kaum berührt wurde und die Zahl der Einwohner nur geringfügig zugenommen hatte.

 

Die Stadt blieb über lange Zeit weitgehend unverändert, wurde aber im Zweiten Weltkrieg durch die deutsche Luftwaffe bei den „Baedeker-Vergeltungsangriffen“ auf kulturell bedeutende Städte Englands im Jahr 1942, vor allem am 1. Juni, stark beschädigt. Seitdem hat sich Canterbury zu einer modernen Stadt und einem wichtigen Einkaufszentrum entwickelt, mit großem Freizeitangebot, guten Verkehrsverbindungen und vielfältigen Unterkunftsmöglichkeiten. Weil viele historische Bauwerke erhalten blieben, konnte der mittelalterliche Charakter des Stadtkerns bewahrt werden. Bemerkenswert sind außer der Kathedrale auch die vielen anderen alten Kirchenbauwerke in der Stadt. Erwähnenswert sind hier u. a. Greyfriars, St Martin’s Church und St. Dunstan's Church.

 

Ein Großteil der Stadtmauer ist unversehrt; von den sechs alten Toren ist nur noch eins, das Westgate, aus der Zeit Richards II. erhalten; es beherbergt heute ein Museum. Am Fluss Stour entlang reihen sich die historischen Weberhäuser aneinander, und weiter flussabwärts liegen die Klöster der Blackfriars und Greyfriars aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Canterbury bietet eine Vielzahl weiterer historischer Sehenswürdigkeiten wie den Bergfried des ehemaligen normannischen Canterbury Castles oder die normannische Treppe der King’s School. Einige von ihnen haben berühmten Dichtern und Schriftstellern als Anregung gedient. Christopher Marlowe wurde in Canterbury geboren und in St. Georg getauft. Trotz seiner engeren Bindungen an Rochester und Broadstairs wählte Charles Dickens als Schauplatz seines Romans David Copperfield Canterbury.

 

Neben der Kathedrale von Canterbury ist auch die St Martin’s Church Weltkulturerbe.

 

(Wikipedia)

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