In 1977, members of the College of Medicine's charter class of 32 students began their medical training the basement of the Olin E. Teague Research Center on Texas A&M University's campus. They received their Doctor of Medicine degrees through Texas A&M University in 1981. In 1999, the College of Medicine joined the newly created Texas A&M Health Science Center and to date, more than 1,700 physicians have received their medical training here.

The College of Medicine offers the M.D. degree, as well as a dual M.D./M.B.A. degree through a partnership with the Texas A&M University Mays Business School. The Graduate Program in Medical Sciences leading to a Ph.D. degree is administered within the College of Medicine and is granted through the School of Graduate Studies. The M.D./Ph.D. degree is administered jointly by the College of Medicine and School of Graduate Studies.