heraldeixample
Fidalitat als orígens
Fidelity to origins
Fidelidad a los orígenes
Captura: Llanars, Ripollès, Girona, Catalunya.
CATALÀ - Taraxacum I angelet
Taraxacum és un gènere de plantes amb flor de la família de les asteràcies. Són plantes dures que poden créixer de forma ruderal. Les plantes d'aquest gènere són molt similars a les del gènere Leontodon. Els noms populars, com angelets, apagallums, camaroja, llumenetes, pixacà, pixallits, rellotges, dents de lleó, queixals de llop, queixals de vella, lletissó, lletsó (d'ase), lletissó, llicsó, xicoia i xicoira/xicòria de burro són també idèntics als d'aquest gènere.
Les fulles són comestibles i molt riques en vitamina A; es poden menjar en amanida o bé cuinades. Són un bon farratge per alimentar conills. Les flors, només la part groga (pètals), sense gens de tija, s'usen per a fer melmelada, la cramallota o mel de dent de lleó, que es fa de molt antic a Catalunya i Occitània, tradicionalment amb 365 flors, "una per a cada dia de l’any".
ENGLISH - Taraxacum officinale and dandelion
Taraxacum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. The genus is native to Eurasia and North America, but the two most commonplace species worldwide, T. officinale (the common dandelion) and T. erythrospermum (the red-seeded dandelion), were introduced from Europe and now propagate as wildflowers. Both species are edible in their entirety. The common name dandelion is also given to specific members of the genus.
Like other members of the family Asteraceae, they have very small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. In part due to their abundance, along with being a generalist species, dandelions are one of the most vital early spring nectar sources for a wide host of pollinators. Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
The species of Taraxacum are tap-rooted, perennial, herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus contains many species, which usually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) reproduce by apomixis, resulting in many local populations and endemism. In the British Isles alone, 234 microspecies are recognised in nine loosely defined sections, of which 40 are "probably endemic".
In general, the leaves are 5–25 cm (2" to 10") long or longer, simple, lobed, and form a basal rosette above the central taproot. The flower heads are yellow to orange coloured, and are open in the daytime, but closed at night. The heads are borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) that is usually leafless and rises 1–10 cm (1⁄2" to 4") or more[3] above the leaves. Stems and leaves exude a white, milky latex when broken. A rosette may produce several flowering stems at a time. The flower heads are 2–5 cm (1" to 2") in diameter and consist entirely of ray florets. The flower heads mature into spherical seed heads sometimes called blowballs or clocks (in both British and American English) containing many single-seeded fruits called achenes. Each achene is attached to a pappus of fine hair-like material which enables wind-aided dispersal over long distances.
The flower head is surrounded by bracts (sometimes mistakenly called sepals) in two series. The inner bracts are erect until the seeds mature, then flex downward to allow the seeds to disperse. The outer bracts are often reflexed downward, but remain appressed in plants of the sections Palustria and Spectabilia. Some species drop the "parachute" from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes are called pappus, and they are modified sepals. Between the pappus and the achene is a stalk called a beak, which elongates as the fruit matures. The beak breaks off from the achene quite easily, separating the seed from the parachute.
A number of species of Taraxacum are seed-dispersed ruderals that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especially the common dandelion (T. officinale), which has been introduced over much of the temperate world. After flowering is finished, the dandelion flower head dries out for a day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop off, the bracts reflex (curve backwards), and the parachute ball opens into a full sphere. When development is complete, the mature seeds are attached to white, fluffy "parachutes" which easily detach from the seedhead and glide by wind, dispersing.
The seeds are able to cover large distances when dispersed due to the unique morphology of the pappus which works to create a unique type of vortex ring[ that stays attached to the seed rather than being sent downstream. In addition to the creation of this vortex ring, the pappus can adjust its morphology depending on the moisture in the air. This allows the plume of seeds to close up and reduce the chance to separate from the stem, waiting for optimal conditions that will maximize dispersal and germination.
CASTELLANO - Taraxacum y semilla
Taraxacum es un género de plantas con flores de la familia Asteraceae conocidas comúnmente como dientes de león, panaderos o ásteres. Se ha descrito unos 3.600 taxones, de los cuales unos 2300 son especies aceptadas, con 4 taxones infra-específicos también aceptados, todo el resto se va repartiendo entre unos 500 sinónimos y cerca de 550 sin resolver.3 El vocablo Taraxacum es una palabra en Latín derivada del persa tharakhchakon o talj chakuk (تلخ چکوک), que significa "hierba amarga" y que designa un cierto tipo de achicoria. No fue hasta el año 1000 que el vocablo pasó al latín medieval a través del médico persa Avicena. También se le atribuye la etimología griega taraxos, mal, enfermedad, y akon, remedio, en alusión a su propiedades medicinales.5 Son plantas herbáceas bienales o perennes nativas de las zonas templadas del Hemisferio Norte aunque actualmente se encuentran difundidas y son comunes en las zonas templadas de prácticamente el mundo entero, excepto África tropical. En algunos lugares se la considera una maleza y, por otro parte, a ciertas especies se les da uso alimenticio o medicinal. Hierbas perennes escaposas, con látex. Hojas numerosas, pecioladas; lámina de ovada a ovado-lanceolada o espatulado-lanceolada, de dentada a pinnatisecta, con los lóbulos generalmente dentados —otras veces los lóbulos se encuentran divididos (hojas disectas o lóbulos disectos)—, lóbulo terminal linguliforme, triangular, sagitado, hastado o trilobulado, acuminado o mucronulado, con la nerviación poco notoria. Capítulo solitario al final del escapo; involucro con 3-4 filas de brácteas, las internas lanceoladas con el borde escarioso, generalmente corniculadas o con una callosidad en el ápice, las externas ovadas, ovado-lanceoladas, lanceoladas o lineares, lisas, corniculadas o callosas, erectas, recurvadas o reflejas, a menudo con un borde escarioso y ciliolado hacia el ápice; receptáculo glabro, areolado. Flores liguladas, de color variable pero generalmente amarillo, blanquecino o rosado pálido, hermafroditas con el envés verdoso o de rojizo a castaño, con 5 dientes; anteras con la base acuminada; estilo que finaliza en dos estigmas semicilíndricos; abiertas durante el día y cerradas durante la noche. Fruto en aquenio con vilano pedicelado; el cuerpo del aquenio es de cilíndrico a fusiforme u obcónico, sulcado longitudinalmente, liso o muricado, con tubérculos, escuámulas o espículas hacia el ápice, y se atenúa en un apéndice cónico o cilíndrico (cono), a veces con espículas, que rodea al pedicelo liso del vilano (pico o rostro); vilano formado por numerosas setas blancas, de color marfil, amarillo o verde en la base, lisas o escábridas.
Fidalitat als orígens
Fidelity to origins
Fidelidad a los orígenes
Captura: Llanars, Ripollès, Girona, Catalunya.
CATALÀ - Taraxacum I angelet
Taraxacum és un gènere de plantes amb flor de la família de les asteràcies. Són plantes dures que poden créixer de forma ruderal. Les plantes d'aquest gènere són molt similars a les del gènere Leontodon. Els noms populars, com angelets, apagallums, camaroja, llumenetes, pixacà, pixallits, rellotges, dents de lleó, queixals de llop, queixals de vella, lletissó, lletsó (d'ase), lletissó, llicsó, xicoia i xicoira/xicòria de burro són també idèntics als d'aquest gènere.
Les fulles són comestibles i molt riques en vitamina A; es poden menjar en amanida o bé cuinades. Són un bon farratge per alimentar conills. Les flors, només la part groga (pètals), sense gens de tija, s'usen per a fer melmelada, la cramallota o mel de dent de lleó, que es fa de molt antic a Catalunya i Occitània, tradicionalment amb 365 flors, "una per a cada dia de l’any".
ENGLISH - Taraxacum officinale and dandelion
Taraxacum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. The genus is native to Eurasia and North America, but the two most commonplace species worldwide, T. officinale (the common dandelion) and T. erythrospermum (the red-seeded dandelion), were introduced from Europe and now propagate as wildflowers. Both species are edible in their entirety. The common name dandelion is also given to specific members of the genus.
Like other members of the family Asteraceae, they have very small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. In part due to their abundance, along with being a generalist species, dandelions are one of the most vital early spring nectar sources for a wide host of pollinators. Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
The species of Taraxacum are tap-rooted, perennial, herbaceous plants, native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus contains many species, which usually (or in the case of triploids, obligately) reproduce by apomixis, resulting in many local populations and endemism. In the British Isles alone, 234 microspecies are recognised in nine loosely defined sections, of which 40 are "probably endemic".
In general, the leaves are 5–25 cm (2" to 10") long or longer, simple, lobed, and form a basal rosette above the central taproot. The flower heads are yellow to orange coloured, and are open in the daytime, but closed at night. The heads are borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) that is usually leafless and rises 1–10 cm (1⁄2" to 4") or more[3] above the leaves. Stems and leaves exude a white, milky latex when broken. A rosette may produce several flowering stems at a time. The flower heads are 2–5 cm (1" to 2") in diameter and consist entirely of ray florets. The flower heads mature into spherical seed heads sometimes called blowballs or clocks (in both British and American English) containing many single-seeded fruits called achenes. Each achene is attached to a pappus of fine hair-like material which enables wind-aided dispersal over long distances.
The flower head is surrounded by bracts (sometimes mistakenly called sepals) in two series. The inner bracts are erect until the seeds mature, then flex downward to allow the seeds to disperse. The outer bracts are often reflexed downward, but remain appressed in plants of the sections Palustria and Spectabilia. Some species drop the "parachute" from the achenes; the hair-like parachutes are called pappus, and they are modified sepals. Between the pappus and the achene is a stalk called a beak, which elongates as the fruit matures. The beak breaks off from the achene quite easily, separating the seed from the parachute.
A number of species of Taraxacum are seed-dispersed ruderals that rapidly colonize disturbed soil, especially the common dandelion (T. officinale), which has been introduced over much of the temperate world. After flowering is finished, the dandelion flower head dries out for a day or two. The dried petals and stamens drop off, the bracts reflex (curve backwards), and the parachute ball opens into a full sphere. When development is complete, the mature seeds are attached to white, fluffy "parachutes" which easily detach from the seedhead and glide by wind, dispersing.
The seeds are able to cover large distances when dispersed due to the unique morphology of the pappus which works to create a unique type of vortex ring[ that stays attached to the seed rather than being sent downstream. In addition to the creation of this vortex ring, the pappus can adjust its morphology depending on the moisture in the air. This allows the plume of seeds to close up and reduce the chance to separate from the stem, waiting for optimal conditions that will maximize dispersal and germination.
CASTELLANO - Taraxacum y semilla
Taraxacum es un género de plantas con flores de la familia Asteraceae conocidas comúnmente como dientes de león, panaderos o ásteres. Se ha descrito unos 3.600 taxones, de los cuales unos 2300 son especies aceptadas, con 4 taxones infra-específicos también aceptados, todo el resto se va repartiendo entre unos 500 sinónimos y cerca de 550 sin resolver.3 El vocablo Taraxacum es una palabra en Latín derivada del persa tharakhchakon o talj chakuk (تلخ چکوک), que significa "hierba amarga" y que designa un cierto tipo de achicoria. No fue hasta el año 1000 que el vocablo pasó al latín medieval a través del médico persa Avicena. También se le atribuye la etimología griega taraxos, mal, enfermedad, y akon, remedio, en alusión a su propiedades medicinales.5 Son plantas herbáceas bienales o perennes nativas de las zonas templadas del Hemisferio Norte aunque actualmente se encuentran difundidas y son comunes en las zonas templadas de prácticamente el mundo entero, excepto África tropical. En algunos lugares se la considera una maleza y, por otro parte, a ciertas especies se les da uso alimenticio o medicinal. Hierbas perennes escaposas, con látex. Hojas numerosas, pecioladas; lámina de ovada a ovado-lanceolada o espatulado-lanceolada, de dentada a pinnatisecta, con los lóbulos generalmente dentados —otras veces los lóbulos se encuentran divididos (hojas disectas o lóbulos disectos)—, lóbulo terminal linguliforme, triangular, sagitado, hastado o trilobulado, acuminado o mucronulado, con la nerviación poco notoria. Capítulo solitario al final del escapo; involucro con 3-4 filas de brácteas, las internas lanceoladas con el borde escarioso, generalmente corniculadas o con una callosidad en el ápice, las externas ovadas, ovado-lanceoladas, lanceoladas o lineares, lisas, corniculadas o callosas, erectas, recurvadas o reflejas, a menudo con un borde escarioso y ciliolado hacia el ápice; receptáculo glabro, areolado. Flores liguladas, de color variable pero generalmente amarillo, blanquecino o rosado pálido, hermafroditas con el envés verdoso o de rojizo a castaño, con 5 dientes; anteras con la base acuminada; estilo que finaliza en dos estigmas semicilíndricos; abiertas durante el día y cerradas durante la noche. Fruto en aquenio con vilano pedicelado; el cuerpo del aquenio es de cilíndrico a fusiforme u obcónico, sulcado longitudinalmente, liso o muricado, con tubérculos, escuámulas o espículas hacia el ápice, y se atenúa en un apéndice cónico o cilíndrico (cono), a veces con espículas, que rodea al pedicelo liso del vilano (pico o rostro); vilano formado por numerosas setas blancas, de color marfil, amarillo o verde en la base, lisas o escábridas.