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Die Liebfrauenbasilika (niederländisch Basiliek van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Tenhemelopneming) ist eine katholische Kirche im Zentrum der niederländischen Stadt Maastricht. An der Stelle der Liebfrauenbasilika stand vielleicht schon im römischen castrum des 5. Jahrhunderts eine Kirche, die vom 6.–8. Jahrhundert als Bischofskirche gedient haben könnte. Aus einer Schenkungsurkunde des Lütticher Bischofs Franco, der von 856 bis 903 amtierte, geht hervor, dass es schon Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts in Maastricht eine Kirche unter Marien-/Liebfrauenpatrozinium gab.

 

Das heutige Kirchengebäude datiert teils aus dem 11., teils aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Die Chronik des Erzbistums Cambrai berichtet von der Weihe der Krypta durch den Lütticher Bischof Balderich II., Amtszeit 1008 bis 1018. Ebenfalls um 1000 wird der Baubeginn des Westwerks vermutet, da dessen graue Eckquader von einem römischen Fort stammen, das um diese Zeit abgerissen wurde. Chor, Querhaus und Schiff wurden um die Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts fertiggestellt. Die Basilika hatte zunächst flache Holzdecken. Wohl im 15. Jahrhundert erhielt sie gotische Steingewölbe, die dann im 18. Jahrhundert durch neue ersetzt wurden.

 

Bis zur Umwallung der Stadt im Jahr 1229 war die Kirche das Zentrum Maastrichts. Seit 1343 war die Liebfrauenbasilika nur noch Wallfahrts- und Stiftskirche, da als Pfarrkirche nun die neugebaute diente. 1558 bis 1559 wurde an der Nordseite der Stiftskirche ein spätgotischer Kreuzgang errichtet. Die Klausurgebäude reichten bis an die Pfarrkirche. Nach der Annexion Maastrichts durch die Französische Republik 1795 wurde 1797 das an der Kirche ansässige Liebfrauenstift aufgehoben und das Kirchengebäude zu weltlichen Zwecken genutzt.

 

Die katholische Pfarrgemeinde kaufte es 1837 und führte es wieder der kirchlichen Nutzung zu. Die Sint-Nicolaaskerk wurde bald danach abgerissen.

 

Bei den Renovierungen des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden die Umbauten des Spätmittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit größtenteils rückgängig gemacht. 1933 wurde die Kirche von Papst Pius XI. zur Basilica minor ernannt. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg erlitt sie leichte Schäden.

 

Das Wachthuis neben der Basilika schuf Mathias Soiron 1787. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Basilica of Our Lady (Dutch: Basiliek van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw; Limburgish: Slevrouwe [sləˈvʀɔwə]) is a Romanesque church in the historic center of Maastricht, Netherlands. The church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption (Dutch: Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Tenhemelopneming) and is a Roman Catholic parish church in the Diocese of Roermond. The church is often referred to as the Star of the Sea (Dutch: Sterre der Zee), after the church's main devotion, Our Lady, Star of the Sea. The present-day church is probably not the first church that was built on this site. However, since no archeological research has ever been carried out inside the building, nothing certain can be said about this. The church's site, inside the Roman castrum and adjacent to a religious shrine dedicated to the god Jupiter, suggests that the site was once occupied by a Roman temple. It is not unlikely that the town's first church was built here and that this church in the 4th or 5th century became the cathedral of the diocese of Tongeren-Maastricht.

 

Some time before the year 1100 the church became a collegiate church, run by a college of canons. The canons were appointed by the prince-bishop of Liège. The provosts were chosen from the chapter of St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège. The chapter of Our Lady's had around 20 canons, which made it a middle-sized chapter in the diocese of Liège. Until the end of the chapter in 1798 it maintained its strong ties with Liège. Parishioners of Our Lady's were identified in old documents as belonging to the Familia Sancti Lamberti.[1] It is clear that the chapter of Saint Servatius was the more powerful institution in Maastricht, with strong ties to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, but throughout the Middle Ages the two churches remained rivals. Most of the present church was built in the 11th and 12th centuries. Construction of the imposing westwork started shortly after 1000 AD. In the 13th century the nave received Gothic vaults. Around 1200 the canons abandoned their communal lifestyle, after which canons' houses were built in the vicinity of the church. In the 14th century a parish church was built next to the collegiate church, so the main building could be reserved for the canons' religious duties. Of this parish church, dedicated to Saint Nicolas, very little remains as it was demolished in 1838. Apart from Saint Nicholas Church, the parish made use of three other chapels dedicated to Saint Hilarius, Saint Evergislus, and Saint Mary Minor.[3] In the mid-16th century the present late Gothic cloisters replaced the earlier cloisters.

 

After the incorporation of Maastricht in the French First Republic in 1794, the town's religious institutions were dissolved (1798). Many of the church treasures were lost during this period. The church and cloisters were used as a blacksmith shop and stables by the military garrison. This situation continued until 1837 when the church was restored to the religious practice. This coincided with the demolishing of Saint Nicholas Church and the transfer of the parish to Our Lady's.

 

From 1887 to 1917 the church was thoroughly restored by well-known Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers. Cuypers basically removed everything that did not fit his ideal of a Romanesque church. Parts of the east choir, the two choir towers, and the south aisle were almost entirely rebuilt.

 

The church was elevated to the rank of minor basilica by Pope Pius XI on 20 February 1933.

 

More Info and translations:

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebfrauenbasilika_(Maastricht)

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Uploaded on June 17, 2024
Taken on May 9, 2024