View allAll Photos Tagged switchboard
Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)
In the Nomura International PLC
No.1 Angel Lane is an architecturally distinguished 525,000 sq.ft development occupying the largest area of open riverside space in the City of London. It forms the focal point of the new business district connecting the river and the heart of the City.
The sixth-floor terrace - the size of eight tennis courts - has unobstructed, panoramic views of the river Thames. It is open to staff and clients to eat al fresco during the summer months while enjoying the peace and tranquillity of the gardens, its water features and London's breathtaking scenery.
The formal gardens are planned and maintained by Tony and Matt of ISS Facilities Landscaping. With over 50 years' experience between them, the hedges, shrubs, herbaceous plants, ferns, herbs and grasses - as well as the lawns - are kept in pristine condition for employees and visitors to enjoy.
The kitchen garden measures 56ft by 20ft. Managed voluntarily by the switchboard team of Eileen, Linda and Tessa, it was cleared to make 12 vegetable beds. The team designed and drew up a growing plan, the seeds were started off from home and the garden came alive!
Now in its fourth year, with about 25 different varieties of vegetables and edible flowers, the garden provides an array of produce, enabling the chefs to pick fresh vegetables daily for client dining. The surplus is offered for sale to staff, with profits donated to charity.
During 2014 Nomura were awarded Best Large Garden at the Flowers in the City Awards. They were also awarded Outstanding Food Grower (Commercial) and Outstanding Contribution to City Green Spaces at the City in Bloom Awards 2015.
[Opensquares.org]
Highways 24 and 75
Topeka, Kansas
Completely air conditioned. 520 units all with phones, free TV in all rooms. 24 hour switchboard service, private swimming pool, restaurant and meeting rooms.
CAPA-003888
~ check out our “eat the pic“ picture albums at the iBook store for your iPad ~
Just some street-shots - nothing more to see.
Captured with a Nikon Df and an old manual Nikkor AiS 58mm Noct ƒ1:1.2, post processed in Lightroom using VSCO Film.
Please don't spam my photo thread! Comments with awards or photos will be removed immediately!
Unusual colour for a piece of old electrical apparatus - presumably it was red at some time? Seen at the old Gunpowder Mills in Waltham Abbey.
Meals At All Hours
Bodie, CA.
Yes, it was Bodie.
Yes, the famous gold rush ghost town. Incredible place.
But the idea a meal "at all hours" in 1880 pretty well made my day. Midnight snack much?
LUZON, Philippine Isl. Cpl. Raymond A. King of Old Town, Maine, attached to 152nd Field Artillery, operating fire control switchboard at the 103rd Infantry regimental CP on Luzon, January 18, 1945. (National Archives and Records Administration)
Title / Titre :
Catalogue telephone operators, Toronto Control Centre /
Téléphonistes chargées des commandes par catalogue, centre de contrôle de Toronto (Ontario)
Creator(s) / Créateur(s) : Unknown / Inconnu
Date(s) : 1972
Reference No. / Numéro de référence : ITEM 5092334
central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=5092...
Location / Lieu : Toronto, Ontario
Credit / Mention de source :
Sears Canada. Library and Archives Canada, e011172134 /
Sears Canada. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, e011172134
Marble switchboard in the machine hall
Schalttafel aus Marmor in der Maschinenhalle
The Zeche Zollern II/IV (translated: Zollern II/IV Colliery) is located in the northwestern suburb of Bövinghausen of Dortmund, Germany. The Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG projected Zollern in 1898 as a model colliery. The “mansion of labour” is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful and impressive testimonies to Germany's industrial history.
Colliery
Ground up construction began in 1898 on a new site. Most of the buildings of the colliery were built in solid brickwork by the architect Paul Knobbe and were completed in 1904 with the central engine house, in which the most up-to-date generators and machinery used in the colliery were housed. The architecture and state-of-the-art technology support the transition of Gothic-revival to Art Nouveau and the industrialization of the early 1900s.
Due to deadline pressure, the central engine house was built in iron framework construction with infilling of red brickwork, planned and executed by the Gutehoffnungshütte. The Art Nouveau styled main entrance was designed by the Berlin architect Bruno Möhring, it shows a lead glazing of blue, green and-glass. Counterpart of the main entrance is the big control board of polished marble in brass mounting, with a brass clock hanging from above.
Other buildings on the site include administration bureaus, blacksmith's shop and carpenter's shop, first-aid and fire station with stable, pithead baths, tools store and the central gateway.
Museum
In 1969, three years after it closed down, the colliery was recognized as Germany's first technical building monument of international importance. Since 1981, it has been the headquarters of the Westphalian Industrial Museum.
The original pit frames had been scrapped before 1969, two similar constructions from other collieries were reconstructed on this site in the 1980s.
The museum is an anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.
(Wikipedia)
Die Zeche Zollern ist ein stillgelegtes Steinkohlebergwerk im Nordwesten der Stadt Dortmund, im Stadtteil Bövinghausen. Es besteht aus zwei Schachtanlagen, die unter Tage zusammenhingen: Die Schachtanlage I/III (das heißt: die Schächte I und III) in Kirchlinde und die Schachtanlage II/IV in Bövinghausen.
Die Zeche Zollern II/IV ist heute einer von acht Museumsstandorten des dezentral angelegten LWL-Industriemuseums, das zugleich hier seinen Sitz hat. Die Zechenanlage ist ein Ankerpunkt der Route der Industriekultur im Ruhrgebiet und der Europäischen Route der Industriekultur (ERIH).
Geschichte
Zollern 2/4 entstand zwischen 1898 und 1904 als Musterzeche der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-AG (GBAG) unter dem Einfluss deren Direktors Emil Kirdorf. Die Architektur und Technik des Bergwerkes sollte wirtschaftliche Potenz und Modernität zum Ausdruck bringen. 1899 stieß man bei einer Teufe von 139 m am Schacht 2 auf das Flöz Präsident. In der ersten Stufe wurde der Schacht bis zur 3. Sohle in 282 m Tiefe abgeteuft. In den Jahren 1921 und 1942 wurde der Schacht bis zu einer Endteufe von 490 m weiter ausgebaut. Der Schacht 4 wurde im Jahr 1900 bis zur 3. Sohle abgeteuft und diente als Wetterschacht. Es erfolgte ein Durchschlag zu den Schächten Zollern 1 und 3. Bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg wurde hauptsächlich von der 3. Sohle gefördert; anschließend verlagerte sich die Förderung auf die 4. Sohle (366 m Teufe). Trotz der Modernität der Anlage zeigten sich Unzulänglichkeiten bei den Tagesanlagen. In der kurzen Schachthalle war kein Wagenumlauf möglich, mangelhafte Aufbereitungsanlagen für die Trennung und Aufbereitung der Kohlen. 1908 wurde unter Tage die Lokomotivförderung eingeführt. Die Zerstörung der Betriebsanlagen im Zweiten Weltkrieg auf der Schachtanlage 2/4 waren vergleichsweise gering.
Schon Ende der 1920er Jahre gab es Pläne bei der damaligen Eigentümerin, der Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, die Förderung der Schachtanlagen Zollern 1/3, Zollern 2/4, Germania 1/4 und Germania 2/3 zusammenzufassen. Mit der Ausrichtung der Förderung auf die 6. Sohle sollte eine zentrale Förderanlage errichtet werden. Allerdings wurde erst im Dezember 1939 die Bautätigkeiten auf dem Gelände der Anlage Germania 2/3 aufgenommen; die vorläufige Endteufe wurde am 17. März 1942 mit 649,5 m Tiefe erreicht. Der ursprüngliche Plan, eine Skipförderung einzurichten wurde bedingt durch die kriegsbedingte Mangelwirtschaft aufgegeben und es wurde eine Gestellförderung vorgesehen. Zum Anschluss der Grubenbaue an den zentralen Förderschacht mussten Bunker und Blindschächte angelegt werden. Ab 1958 wurde die 7. Sohle bei einer Teufe von −683 m NN aufgefahren.
Bis 1945 waren in der Zeche auch Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt.
Im Jahr 1951 wurde die Lampenstube auf Zollern 2/4 neu gebaut und ein Brausenraum an der Kaue errichtet. Die Kohlenförderung auf der Anlage wurde 1955 eingestellt. Ende der 1950er Jahre wurden schrittweise Anlagen abgebrochen (Seilbahn, Bergebrechanlage, Schachtgebäude) oder nur noch als Reservekapazitäten (Druckluftversorgung) zur Verfügung gehalten.
Im Jahr 1965 musste das Verbundbergwerk Germania/Zollern die Förderung zurücknehmen; der Vorstand der Dortmunder Bergbau AG beschloss, die Schachtanlage Zollern 2/4 stillzulegen und die Bergleute auf die anderen Teilanlagen zu verlegen. Die Schächte Zollern 2 und 4 wurden 1967 und 1966 verfüllt. Die Tagesanlagen blieben bis zur Übernahme durch die RAG bei der GBAG. Die Zentralschachtanlage Germania wurde bereits 1971 stillgelegt. Ursache der Stilllegung waren die ungünstigen Lagerstättenverhältnisse, die der Mechanisierung des Abbaus entgegenstanden. Ferner waren die erschlossenen Kohlenvorräte des Bergwerkes gering und dies hätte einen hohen Ausrichtungsaufwand für die Erschließung weiterer Vorräte bedürft.
Im Jahr 1904 wurde eine Kokerei auf dem Zechengelände Zollern 2/4 errichtet, die allerdings nur bis 1918 in Betrieb war.
Bauten/Zechenanlage
Zollern gehört zu den architektonisch bemerkenswertesten Bergwerksanlagen des Ruhrgebietes. Hinter dem Zechentor erstreckt sich ein großer baumbestandener Platz. Der vordere Bereich der Tagesanlagen erinnert an eine dreiflügelige barocke Schlossanlage im Stil des Historismus der Jahrhundertwende. Die Architektur orientiert sich an dem Idealbild der norddeutschen Backsteingotik, das rote Ziegelmauerwerk wird durch Formsteine, Zierverbände und helle Putzfelder aufgelockert. Diese Gebäude entwarf der Architekt Paul Knobbe (1867–1956), der in jener Zeit einen großen Teil aller Neubauten der GBAG plante. Aufwändig ist auch das Innere der Lohnhalle gestaltet, das nach einer langen Zeit der Zweckentfremdung erst vor wenigen Jahren – wie alle Gebäude – sorgfältig restauriert wurde.
Tatsächlich war die Schachtanlage insgesamt jahrzehntelang ohne größere Veränderungen geblieben. Nur einzelne, verschlissene oder nicht mehr benötigte Teile der Anlage waren abgebrochen, verschrottet oder ersetzt worden. Darunter auch die originalen Fördergerüste, die jedoch in den Jahren von 1986 bis 1988 durch zwei baugleiche Gerüste anderer Zechen ersetzt wurden. So stammt das heute über dem Schacht Zollern II stehende Gerüst von der Zeche Wilhelmine Victoria in Gelsenkirchen, das über Schacht Zollern IV von Friedrich der Große in Herne.
Ende der 1960er Jahre, als nach der Stilllegung ein vollständiger Abriss der Anlage zu befürchten war, erregte dann endlich das spektakulärste Gebäude der ganzen Anlage die Aufmerksamkeit der frühen Industriedenkmalpflege: die Maschinenhalle.
Die Maschinenhalle
Die zentrale Maschinenhalle der Zeche war seinerzeit nicht mehr in massiver Bauweise (wie zunächst von Knobbe geplant) ausgeführt worden, sondern in der Hoffnung auf schnellere Fertigstellung als eine mit Backstein ausgefachte Eisenfachwerk-Konstruktion. Vorbild war die Ausstellungshalle der Gutehoffnungshütte auf der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Industrie- und Gewerbeausstellung Düsseldorf 1902, in der auch die elektrische Fördermaschine für den Schacht II (vor ihrer endgültigen Montage in Bövinghausen) ausgestellt wurde. Wie bei der Düsseldorfer Halle sorgte der Berliner Architekt Bruno Möhring (1863–1929) für die Ausschmückung der Maschinenhalle mit Details in Jugendstilformen, als deren Höhepunkt der Haupteingang mit farbiger Verglasung und einem geschwungenen Vordach (ähnlich den Pariser Metrostationen von Hector Guimard) gelten konnte. Das Vordach ist wohl schon in den 1930er Jahren nach einem Schaden abgebrochen worden, aber andere Einzelheiten ziehen noch heute den Betrachter in ihren Bann.
Wenn auch der Jugendstil für ein Industriebauwerk insgesamt eher ungewöhnlich war, so gab bzw. gibt es doch einige Beispiele für seine Verwendung im Zusammenhang mit Bauten der Elektrizität, z. B. das Wasserkraftwerk Heimbach in der Eifel, oder modernen Eisenkonstruktionen, z. B. bei der Berliner U-Bahn. Die Maschinenhalle erfüllt beide Kriterien: Sie war eine damals moderne Eisenkonstruktion, und sie beherbergte fortschrittliche Elektrotechnik, als auf anderen Zechen noch ohne Elektrizität gearbeitet wurde.
Ab 2009 wurde die Maschinenhalle grundlegend saniert und restauriert. Ein Sturmschaden im November 2010 an der Dachhaut der Maschinenhalle verzögerte die Fertigstellung. Seit dem 11. September 2016 ist die Maschinenhalle wieder für den Publikumsverkehr geöffnet.
Das Museum
Die Maschinenhalle wurde dank der Initiative von Hans P. Koellmann 1969 nicht wie geplant abgebrochen, sondern als erstes Industriebauwerk in Deutschland unter Denkmalschutz gestellt und wurde zunächst vom Deutschen Bergbaumuseum in Bochum betreut. 1981 integrierte der Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe die Zeche in das dezentrale Westfälische Industriemuseum. Nach und nach wurden die umliegenden Gebäude restauriert und für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht. Neben den eindrucksvollen Bauwerken sind auch die Außenanlagen Teil des Museums. Die Kohleverladestation, der ehemalige Zechenbahnhof und ein begehbares Fördergerüst gehören zu den Attraktionen. Das Innere der Maschinenhalle wurde bis zum Spätherbst 2012 umfassend saniert.
Im Bereich des ehemaligen Zechenbahnhofes und dem sich anschließenden Freigelände ist eine umfangreiche Sammlung an Eisenbahnfahrzeugen abgestellt, die größtenteils von ehemaligen Werkbahnen der Montanindustrie stammen. So findet sich hier beispielsweise auch die Dampflok „97“ der ehemaligen Schmalspur-Werkbahn der Westfalenhütte.
1999 wurde die Dauerausstellung Musterzeche eröffnet. In dieser wird die Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Ruhrgebiets sowohl für Erwachsene als auch für Kinder anschaulich dargestellt. Die Ausstellung thematisiert das Ausbildungswesen des Ruhrbergbaus, die Entwicklung des betrieblichen Hygiene- und Gesundheitswesen sowie die Anstrengungen zur Reduzierung von Arbeitsunfällen.
Speziell für Kinder gibt es Kinderführungen über das Museumsgelände angeboten. Ein 2006 fertiggestellter Kinderspielplatz rundet das Angebot für Kinder ab.
Die Räumlichkeiten des Museums werden zunehmend auch als Veranstaltungs- und Tagungsort genutzt und können gemietet werden. Unter anderem war die Maschinenhalle schon Spielort im Rahmen des Klavierfestivals Ruhr. Das Foyer des Verwaltungsgebäudes mit seinem ornamentreichen Treppenaufgang wird häufig für Trauungen genutzt.
Für das leibliche Wohl sorgt das Restaurant „Pferdestall“ auf dem Museumsgelände.
Veranstaltungen
Seit vielen Jahren wird die Zeche Zollern als Veranstaltungsort für Produktionen aus der Region genutzt. Zu den bekanntesten zählt der vom freien Theater Fletch Bizzel alljährlich organisierte Geierabend, eine Persiflage auf die parallel stattfindenden Prunksitzungen im rheinischen Karneval.
Sonstiges
Am 6. November 1987 erschien im Rahmen der Briefmarkenserie Sehenswürdigkeiten eine Briefmarke mit dem Motiv des Portals der Maschinenhalle. Die Briefmarke hat einen Markenwert von 80 Pfennig. Die Marke wurde sowohl von der Deutschen Bundespost als auch von der Deutschen Bundespost Berlin ausgegeben.
(Wikipedia)
These soldiers are ready for orders to move. Note the man in the rear as a lookout against enemy strafing. Kasserine, Tunisia. 18 February, 1943.
Company B, 53rd Signal Battalion.
Photographer not credited.
Photo Source: U.S. National Archives. Digitized by Signal Corps Archive.
I finally had the opportunity to view the best ghost signs in Iowa. Located in Fort Dodge, this brick wall sports vintage advertisements for Coca-Cola, Wrigley's Spearmint gum, Boraxo Soap, cigars, telephone switchboards, construction materials, and farm vehicles.
The facade of the power plant at the Adelaide Entertainment Centre. Visual relief after the previous posting :)
Day 28 of 365 Days in Colour - Day 28 of August, Cream.
Taken with iPhone 4S.
In the former welding hall of shipyard NDSM in Amsterdam-Noord the plate roller for big steel plates for ships is still there. The picture shows the switch board for this machine, 2016.
The black label with the white letters tell us "Niet schakelen", i.e. do not switch the machine on. But the left button is on for having light in the hall.
Thank you very much for your visits, faves, and kind comments.
4472 has just arrived at Wollongong on her first trial after arriving in Australia two days beforehand. We were queried by the guard as we arrived as how we knew this trial was on.
The problems of organising a trial that had been originally been planned to run secretly at night, that ended up running in broad daylight had by now become obvious, as the switchboards of the local radio stations had been swamped with reports of sightings of the iconic locomotive as soon as the train had left Eveleigh! Wollongong, South Coast Line, NSW, 18th October, 1988.
His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the US. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Hawking has a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades. He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device.
PRIMARY and SECONDARY SCHOOL YEARS
Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London. He later blamed its "progressive methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school.In St Albans, the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses.
Hawking attended Radlett School, an independent school in the village of Radlett in Hertfordshire, for a year, and from September 1952, St Albans School, an independent school in the city of St Albans in Hertfordshire. The family placed a high value on education. Hawking's father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School, but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans. A positive consequence was that Hawking remained with a close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats, and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception. From 1958 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components.
Although known at school as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially successful academically. With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to read mathematics at university. Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates. He also wanted his son to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March 1959.
UNDERGRADUATE YEARS
Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17. For the first 18 months, he was bored and lonely – he was younger than many of the other students, and found the academic work "ridiculously easy". His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it." A change occurred during his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more of an effort "to be one of the boys". He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction. Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college boat club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing team. The rowing trainer at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats.
Hawking has estimated that he studied about a thousand hours during his three years at Oxford. These unimpressive study habits made sitting his finals a challenge, and he decided to answer only theoretical physics questions rather than those requiring factual knowledge. A first-class honours degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned graduate study in cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Anxious, he slept poorly the night before the examinations, and the final result was on the borderline between first- and second-class honours, making a viva (oral examination) necessary. Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student. So, when asked at the oral to describe his future plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. If I receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First." He was held in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves". After receiving a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in natural science and completing a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962.
GRADUATE YEARS
Hawking's first year as a doctoral student was difficult. He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama, one of the founders of modern cosmology, as a supervisor rather than noted astronomer Fred Hoyle, and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology. After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point. However, his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an initial diagnosis that he had only two years to live proved unfounded. With Sciama's encouragement, he returned to his work. Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964.
When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories. Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic. There were other positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College; he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology, in March 1966; and his essay entitled "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's prestigious Adams Prize.
CAREER
1966–1975
In his work, and in collaboration with Penrose, Hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in his doctoral thesis. This included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity. Their joint essay was the runner-up in the 1968 Gravity Research Foundation competition. In 1970 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the general theory of relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by Alexander Friedmann, then it must have begun as a singularity. In 1969, Hawking accepted a specially created Fellowship for Distinction in Science to remain at Caius.
In 1970, Hawking postulated what became known as the second law of black hole dynamics, that the event horizon of a black hole can never get smaller.[83] With James M. Bardeen and Brandon Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics. To Hawking's irritation, Jacob Bekenstein, a graduate student of John Wheeler, went further—and ultimately correctly—to apply thermodynamic concepts literally.[85][86] In the early 1970s, Hawking's work with Carter, Werner Israel and David C. Robinson strongly supported Wheeler's no-hair theorem that no matter what the original material from which a black hole is created, it can be completely described by the properties of mass, electrical charge and rotation.[87][88] His essay titled "Black Holes" won the Gravity Research Foundation Award in January 1971.[89] Hawking's first book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, written with George Ellis, was published in 1973.
Beginning in 1973, Hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics. His work in this area was spurred by a visit to Moscow and discussions with Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Alexei Starobinsky, whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle, rotating black holes emit particles. To Hawking's annoyance, his much-checked calculations produced findings that contradicted his second law, which claimed black holes could never get smaller,and supported Bekenstein's reasoning about their entropy.His results, which Hawking presented from 1974, showed that black holes emit radiation, known today as Hawking radiation, which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. However, by the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1974, a few weeks after the announcement of Hawking radiation. At the time, he was one of the youngest scientists to become a Fellow.
Hawking was appointed to the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1970. He worked with a friend on the faculty, Kip Thorne, and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the dark star Cygnus X-1 was a black hole. The wager was an "insurance policy" against the proposition that black holes did not exist. Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet in 1990, which was the first of several that he was to make with Thorne and others.Hawking has maintained ties to Caltech, spending a month there almost every year since this first visit.
1975–1990
Hawking returned to Cambridge in 1975 to a more academically senior post, as reader in gravitational physics. The mid to late 1970s were a period of growing public interest in black holes and of the physicists who were studying them. Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television. He also received increasing academic recognition of his work. In 1975, he was awarded both the Eddington Medal and the Pius XI Gold Medal, and in 1976 the Dannie Heineman Prize, the Maxwell Prize and the Hughes Medal. He was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977. The following year he received the Albert Einstein Medal and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.
In the late 1970s, Hawking was elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.His inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics was titled: "Is the End in Sight for Theoretical Physics" and proposed N=8 Supergravity as the leading theory to solve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying. His promotion coincided with a health crisis which led to his accepting, albeit reluctantly, some nursing services at home. At the same time, he was also making a transition in his approach to physics, becoming more intuitive and speculative rather than insisting on mathematical proofs. "I would rather be right than rigorous", he told Kip Thorne. In 1981, he proposed that information in a black hole is irretrievably lost when a black hole evaporates. This information paradox violates the fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, and led to years of debate, including "the Black Hole War" with Leonard Susskind and Gerard 't Hooft.
Cosmological inflation – a theory proposing that following the Big Bang, the universe initially expanded incredibly rapidly before settling down to a slower expansion – was proposed by Alan Guth and also developed by Andrei Linde. Following a conference in Moscow in October 1981, Hawking and Gary Gibbons organized a three-week Nuffield Workshop in the summer of 1982 on "The Very Early Universe" at Cambridge University, which focused mainly on inflation theory. Hawking also began a new line of quantum theory research into the origin of the universe. In 1981 at a Vatican conference, he presented work suggesting that there might be no boundary – or beginning or ending – to the universe. He subsequently developed the research in collaboration with Jim Hartle, and in 1983 they published a model, known as the Hartle–Hawking state. It proposed that prior to the Planck epoch, the universe had no boundary in space-time; before the Big Bang, time did not exist and the concept of the beginning of the universe is meaningless. The initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models was replaced with a region akin to the North Pole. One cannot travel north of the North Pole, but there is no boundary there – it is simply the point where all north-running lines meet and end. Initially, the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, which had implications about the existence of God. As Hawking explained, "If the universe has no boundaries but is self-contained... then God would not have had any freedom to choose how the universe began."
Hawking did not rule out the existence of a Creator, asking in A Brief History of Time "Is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence?" In his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense. In A Brief History of Time he wrote: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we should know the mind of God." In the same book he suggested that the existence of God was not necessary to explain the origin of the universe. Later discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the existence of God was also compatible with an open universe.
Further work by Hawking in the area of arrows of time led to the 1985 publication of a paper theorising that if the no-boundary proposition were correct, then when the universe stopped expanding and eventually collapsed, time would run backwards. A paper by Don Page and independent calculations by Raymond Laflamme led Hawking to withdraw this concept. Honours continued to be awarded: in 1981 he was awarded the American Franklin Medal, and in 1982 made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Awards do not pay the bills, however, and motivated by the need to finance the children's education and home expenses, in 1982 Hawking determined to write a popular book about the universe that would be accessible to the general public. Instead of publishing with an academic press, he signed a contract with Bantam Books, a mass market publisher, and received a large advance for his book. A first draft of the book, called A Brief History of Time, was completed in 1984.
One of the first messages Hawking produced with his speech-generating device was a request for his assistant to help him finish writing A Brief History of Time. Peter Guzzardi, his editor at Bantam, pushed him to explain his ideas clearly in non-technical language, a process that required many revisions from an increasingly irritated Hawking. The book was published in April 1988 in the US and in June in the UK, and it proved to be an extraordinary success, rising quickly to the top of bestseller lists in both countries and remaining there for months. The book was translated into many languages, and ultimately sold an estimated 9 million copies. Media attention was intense, and a Newsweek magazine cover and a television special both described him as "Master of the Universe". Success led to significant financial rewards, but also the challenges of celebrity status. Hawking travelled extensively to promote his work, and enjoyed partying and dancing into the small hours. He had difficulty refusing the invitations and visitors, which left limited time for work and his students. Some colleagues were resentful of the attention Hawking received, feeling it was due to his disability. He received further academic recognition, including five more honorary degrees,[149] the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985), the Paul Dirac Medal (1987) and, jointly with Penrose, the prestigious Wolf Prize (1988). In 1989, he was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH). He reportedly declined a knighthood.
1990–2000
Hawking pursued his work in physics: in 1993 he co-edited a book on Euclidean quantum gravity with Gary Gibbons and published a collected edition of his own articles on black holes and the Big Bang. In 1994, at Cambridge's Newton Institute, Hawking and Penrose delivered a series of six lectures that were published in 1996 as "The Nature of Space and Time". In 1997, he conceded a 1991 public scientific wager made with Kip Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech. Hawking had bet that Penrose's proposal of a "cosmic censorship conjecture" – that there could be no "naked singularities" unclothed within a horizon – was correct. After discovering his concession might have been premature, a new, more refined, wager was made. This one specified that such singularities would occur without extra conditions. The same year, Thorne, Hawking and Preskill made another bet, this time concerning the black hole information paradox. Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking radiation must be "new", and not from inside the black hole event horizon. Since this contradicted the quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics theory would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.
Hawking also maintained his public profile, including bringing science to a wider audience. A film version of A Brief History of Time, directed by Errol Morris and produced by Steven Spielberg, premiered in 1992. Hawking had wanted the film to be scientific rather than biographical, but he was persuaded otherwise. The film, while a critical success, was, however, not widely released. A popular-level collection of essays, interviews, and talks titled Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays was published in 1993, and a six-part television series Stephen Hawking's Universe and a companion book appeared in 1997. As Hawking insisted, this time the focus was entirely on science.
2000–present
Hawking continued his writings for a popular audience, publishing The Universe in a Nutshell in 2001, and A Briefer History of Time, which he wrote in 2005 with Leonard Mlodinow to update his earlier works with the aim of making them accessible to a wider audience, and God Created the Integers, which appeared in 2006. Along with Thomas Hertog at CERN and Jim Hartle, from 2006 on Hawking developed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had not one unique initial state but many different ones, and therefore that it is inappropriate to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state. Top-down cosmology posits that the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question.
Hawking continued to travel widely, including trips to Chile, Easter Island, South Africa, Spain (to receive the Fonseca Prize in 2008),] Canada, and numerous trips to the United States. For practical reasons related to his disability, Hawking increasingly travelled by private jet, and by 2011 that had become his only mode of international travel. By 2003, consensus among physicists was growing that Hawking was wrong about the loss of information in a black hole. In a 2004 lecture in Dublin, he conceded his 1997 bet with Preskill, but described his own, somewhat controversial solution to the information paradox problem, involving the possibility that black holes have more than one topology. In the 2005 paper he published on the subject, he argued that the information paradox was explained by examining all the alternative histories of universes, with the information loss in those with black holes being cancelled out by those without such loss. In January 2014 he called the alleged loss of information in black holes his "biggest blunder".
As part of another longstanding scientific dispute, Hawking had emphatically argued, and bet, that the Higgs boson would never be found.[182] The particle was proposed to exist as part of the Higgs field theory by Peter Higgs in 1964. Hawking and Higgs engaged in a heated and public debate over the matter in 2002 and again in 2008, with Higgs criticising Hawking's work and complaining that Hawking's "celebrity status gives him instant credibility that others do not have." The particle was discovered in July 2012 at CERN following construction of the Large Hadron Collider. Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics, which he did in 2013.
In 2007, Hawking and his daughter Lucy published George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family.[188] The book was followed by sequels in 2009, 2011 and 2014.
In 2002, following a UK-wide vote, the BBC included Hawking in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons.[190] He was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society (2006), the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is America's highest civilian honour (2009), and the Russian Special Fundamental Physics Prize (2013).
Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador, the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge, and the Stephen Hawking Centre at the Perimeter Institute in Canada.Appropriately, given Hawking's association with time, he unveiled the mechanical "Chronophage" (or time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge in September 2008.
During his career, Hawking has supervised 39 successful PhD students. As required by Cambridge University regulations, Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009. Despite suggestions that he might leave the United Kingdom as a protest against public funding cuts to basic scientific research, Hawking has continued to work as director of research at the Cambridge University Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and indicated in 2012 that he had no plans to retire.
On 28 June 2009, as a tongue-in-cheek test of his 1992 conjecture that travel into the past is effectively impossible, Hawking held a party open to all, complete with hors d'oeuvres and iced champagne, but only publicized the party after it was over so that only time-travellers would know to attend; as expected, nobody showed up to the party.
On 20 July 2015, Hawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiatives, an effort to search for extraterrestrial life. In 2015, Richard Branson offered Stephen Hawking a seat on the Virgin Galactic spaceship for free. While no hard date has been set for launch, Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo is slated to launch at the end of 2017. At 75, Hawking will not be the oldest person ever to go to space (John Glenn returned to space at age 77), but he will be the first person to go to space with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While this will be Hawking's first time in space, it will not be the first time he will have experienced weightlessness: in 2007, he had flown into zero gravity aboard a specially-modified Boeing 727-200 aircraft. Hawking created Stephen Hawking: Expedition New Earth, a documentary on space colonization, as a summer 2017 episode of Tomorrow's World.
In August 2015, Hawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory.
Tub details... Stickers for the digital dash, switchboard with fuses and FIRE button. Fun parts usage for the big boost knob, and just visible down in on the right is the 'wood' shift knob. Adjustment-friendly easy-access springs and dampers located at the top of the cowl.
Full write-up on Eurobricks: www.eurobricks.com/forum/index.php?/forums/topic/167824-m...
TLDR: Super-detailed fully-modularized Creator-scale 16-wide MOC build of epic multiple-championship-winning early-90s IMSA GTP prototype.
1/15 scale
1007 pieces (including 4 plates-with-strings, 6 pneumatic tubes, 1 hose, and 8 “non-lego” detail features)
Over 50 women telephone switchboard operators and their supervisors. During this period (circa 1914), only young women (not men) were hired for this type of work at a Salt Lake City, Utah company. Men were not considered "polite" enough for this kind of work :)
This image comes from a group of vintage images that I purchased -- all are scanned from contact prints made from the original 8x10 glass negatives. I have performed extensive restoration work on each image, but trying to be true to the original.
FREE for Personal Use Downloads: This image is offered through a Creative Commons license. You can also obtain a commercial use license and downloads of up to 13-megapixels (4168 x 3246 pixels).
Electric Meter Testing Equipment, Telephone Switchboard
The Switch Board was used until the 1970's when the Hotel burned down ...
The Meter Test Board was used until 1972
This is a wartime switchboard and telephone at the Bletchley Park cipher and codebreaking centre – now a museum, and well worth a visit.
There's a little more about Bletchley Park here.
PLEASE, NO invitations or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.
Telephone switchboard.
Memorial place, Genslerstraße 66
Former Stasi jail. (state security service of the GDR) until the end of 1989 in the Centre of the dictatorship.
Here above all political prisoners have been imprisoned. They have been tortured physically and mentally.
The prison was not indicated on maps. Officially it didn't exist. The prison was located in a sealed off area. Nobody had an idea what happened inside.
Telephone switchboard; Leiterzimmer, Director´s office
The director of prison department XIV oversees the 17 prisons of the state security service from here. Attempted suicides, security questions, ministerial orders – every importend file is sent to his office. Siegfried Rataizick has been head of the department since 1963. He was directly subordinate to Stasi minister Erich Mielke.
#18 Telephone Office/Switchboard
The telephone company rented this house that John Woodbury erected in 1896. Because the region was a storm center, a house was needed for a man and wife who could take turns as operator. The first couple to occupy it were the Averys. The telephone company had a local "trouble-shooter" who handled many emergencies when heavy snows downed poles and wires.
Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/165401
Local call number: PHF083
Title: Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company - Miami
Date: ca. 1925
Physical descrip: 1 photoprint - b&w - 7 x 11 in.
Series Title: Fishbaugh Collection
Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida
500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL, 32399-0250 USA, Contact: 850.245.6700, Archives@dos.myflorida.com