View allAll Photos Tagged reciprocity
My one day trip (long flight connection) to Seul.
Thanks for watching! :) Add to a contacts! Reciprocity guaranteed!
Participation of Dimitris Avramopoulos, Member of the EC, in the Four-Party Ministerial meeting on Visa Reciprocity
A spectacular and very innovative event during the festival - a "bottle" built up of layers of clay and bottles - and fired from the inside!
The fire was lit at 13.00 - by 21.00 the temperature had reached 800°C
With special thoughts of Reciprocity, who would have found this fascinating, in view of his fantastic creations using light and glass .... (www.flickr.com/photos/alanjaras/with/7307998414/#photo_73...)
For information about the festival: www.festival-ceramique-anduze.org/
if i'm forced to decide you or me,
than there is no other option but you
these are points of the spears from Xanten Museum,
with these you would kill or be killed if you where a Roman legionary
... or stupid curious bystander
European Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship Dimitris Avramopoulos met yesterday with the Bulgarian Minister of the Interior, Plamen Uzunov, the Romanian Minister of the Interior, Carmen-Daniela Dan, the Croatian Minister of Interior, Vlaho Orepic, the Polish Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jan Dziedziczak and the Cypriot Deputy Permanent Representative to the European Union, Olympia Neocleous, to discuss progress towards achieving full visa reciprocity with the United States.
I took this while camping one night on a canoe trip with my brother on Lake Vanern in Sweden. I set the tripod up outside our tent, and put the old (1978) manual Ricoh on it for 5 and a half hours with a 50mm lens. Another old photo I've just come across, taken in 2003 using Velvia 50 - Provia would have been better for reciprocity failure, but was not in my bag at the time.
Springfield Township Senior Center forms a reciprocity partnership with Wyoming, holding an Open House, giving tours, demonstrating programs like Dance Yoga, Tai Chi, and watercolor. © Malinda Hartong
Holga 120WPC wide pinhole camera, f133, Ilford Pan F+ in Rodinal 1+50 for 11min. 20C
40min. Exposure
This film is not the best reciprocity wise, after 40 minutes of exposure it still needs a bit more time.
I know this is as basic as photography can be, but nevertheless it amaze me!
In the upper portion of the stela, Maya and his wife Tamit pay hommage to Osiris and Hathor, the gods of the necropolis. In the lower registers is a similar, corresponding scene in which Maya and his wife receive foord offerings, in their turn, from their many children, in keeping with a principle of reciprocity that is often found in Egyptian religious thought.
I decided to practice 'painting with light' in the back yard before taking it into the field. I used my Ansco 3A lens and shutter on the homemade lens board, which has a focal length of about 170mm and an age of about 90 years. Back yard was completely dark, and shutter was left open while I 'painted' with a flashlight.
Nerd Data: Meter was showing an incident light reading of 1 sec @ f/4 with the flashlight at a given distance (Ilford Delta 100 with EI of 50). So to compensate for reciprocity failure, possible light loss with an old uncoated lens, and the fact that I often seem to underexpose things, I lit the top of the table for about 4 seconds. Then I lit the legs for a few seconds each, and then purposely made a light trail on the ground at the end.
Developed in divided D76.
S̶h̶a̶n̶g̶h̶a̶i̶ ̶g̶p̶3̶, Lucky shd 100 9 minutes in rodinal 1-50@20c
75mm pinhole camera,I think F166. Pleasantly pleased with how these turned out,the app pinhole assist gave good readings with reciprocity included.
Zero 2000, Fuji Pro 800Z
My delicious dinner from Sengatera Ethiopian restaurant. I got a new light meter that meters more reliably in low light. This shot is still underexposed, though, which makes me think I failed to allow for reciprocity. It's not too bad, though, maybe just a stop under?
Lt. Governor Rutherford Signs MOU Granting Reciprocity for Drivers Licenses between Japan and Maryland by Joe Andrucyk at Governor’s Reception Room, State House, 100 State Circle, Annapolis, MD 21401
Hi, my name is Edward Jendrzejczak, I deal with landscape photography and in my spare time photography of wild nature. I admit that I am in love with photography (they say that it is love with reciprocity), when I work I want to capture in the pictures the beauty that I see. I invite you for an adventure my way, i.e. I - Camera and Wild Nature.
youtu.be/CECTc09AxPg This is the link to my YouTube channel. I invite you to watch and subscribe. Don't forget to click the bell to keep up with my adventure.
XPan with 45mm lens on Fuji Velvia ISO50 slide film. f14 with an exposure of around 4 seconds. I am giving approximate exposure times as I was counting the seconds. The XPan only meters up to 2 seconds so I was using light meter to get a reflective reading from the walls and doubling it to allow for the centre spot ND filter used on the XPan with slide film and then doubling it again to add a further stop for film reciprocity failure. I then had to count the seconds for the exposure as I held the shutter open with a cable release. The wonders of old technology.
S̶h̶a̶n̶g̶h̶a̶i̶ ̶g̶p̶3̶, Lucky shd 100 9 minutes in rodinal 1-50@20c
75mm pinhole camera,I think F166. Pleasantly pleased with how these turned out,the app pinhole assist gave good readings with reciprocity included.
Pinhole photograph using a Canon SLR camera. The pinhole was made in a sheet of aluminium from a soft drink can, and mounted in the centre of a hole drilled in the middle of a plastic camera body cap. The pinhole was approximately 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter, the focal length was approximately 45 mm. Accordingly I used an "f number" of 45/0.34, or f128 to calculate exposure.
I had read about reciprocity failure (where film sensitivity reduces during long, low light exposures) and increased the exposure accordingly. Unfortunately I over compensated, and the negatives came out very dark.
I used Ilford HP5 Plus 400 ASA/ISO 35 mm black and white film. This is a scan of the print.
Roughly eqivalent to a 7776 pixel image...
Part of a pair, the optical glas lens equivalent is adjacent in this photostream.
Image of Emma and Raf. Mega slow film and reciprocity failure factored in... things tend to move around a bit during long exposures. =o)
I'm thinking of masking off the Ground Glass on my Wista to shoot 8x8".
(Happy New Year to you all. Be lucky).
One of my first images using Fuji FP 100c instant film. Though I am really interested in the recovery of the negative, this is a scan from the actual print from the camera. I am finding that the Fuji has a nasty color shift that begins at relatively short exposure times (at 4 seconds there was a noticeable green cast), this coupled with pretty weak reciprocity characteristics makes this a pretty twitchy film. But I like the soft characteristics. I bought the PA-145 back with portraits in mind, mostly converted to black and white.
Linhof V, 90mm Fujinon SW
Fuji FP-100c instant film
f/16 at 12 seconds
10 degree front tilt and 5 degrees swing, + one stop bellows factor + two stops reciprocity light red and light yellow color correction filters per fuji.
Delta 3200 @1250 in Diafine, 4+4, Canon 1N RS. I'll have to have a look at the reciprocity failure charts for Delta 3200 - the frames where flash was used were very thin and hard to scan. Flash was pretty low power, so effective exposure time would have been extremely short.
The frames without flash were sufficiently dense to make scanning easy.
post this anywhere, get free art. i mean it, anywhere. print it out and glue it to a toilet seat, upload it in your own gallery, WHEREVER YOU WANT. make sure to take a picture.
just dont erase my website address!
in reciprocity, i will draw, ink, and color for you, a full work of customised and unique digital art, that you can put on a tshirt or whatever you want.
the more creative you are in posting it, the more art i will draw for you.
examples of my work can be found in my flickr gallery and at omgjessen.com and www.furaffinity.net/user/glamriot.
Thanks!!!!
Inspirado en el trabajo de - Hob - (www.flickr.com/photos/hobsonish/) así como Reciprocity (www.flickr.com/photos/alanjaras/) una muestra de mis experimentos con refractografía.
Inspired by the work of - Hob - and Reciprocity here is a sample of my experiments doing refractography.
Laura Chávez Silverman, a writer and creative director, is the founding naturalist of The Outside Institute, which nurtures humanity’s innate affinity for the wild through guided nature walks, foraging education, wildcrafting workshops and botanical mixology. The institute aims to inspire a joyful awareness and essential reciprocity between all beings. The Outside Institute’s publications currently include three volumes of its Field Guide to the Hudson & Upper Delaware Valleys.
To learn more or watch the talk, visit: creativemornings.com/talks/wilderness-with-laura-chavez-s...
Thanks to our Local Partners!
Mailchimp
Harvest
The Invisible Dog
Photos by:
Montserrat Diaz
TTV images
The Sputnik was shot through the view finder of the Lubitel, and
the Lubitel was shot through the viewfinder of the Sputnik
© Dirk HR Spennemann 2010, All Rights Reserved
First attempts, very underexposed, because I'd forgotten about extending the exposure to compensate for the film's reciprocity failure. Doh. Trying again this coming weekend...
Bulb setting on the ME Super. Dunno how long the exposure was, I I had the arpeture stopped all the way down because it was way too dark to focus well.
gg reciprocity law failure
Springfield Township Senior Center forms a reciprocity partnership with Wyoming, holding an Open House, giving tours, demonstrating programs like Dance Yoga, Tai Chi, and watercolor. © Malinda Hartong
since reality works with very flammable materials, we, as part of a worker-caring conglomerate, have fire-preventing seminars. From first-aid to hose-handling. Every fire door is unobstructed and flashy signaled. Now and then we have realistic simulations of life-risk situations. Some pimply visitors come and whisper absurds like "there was no fire ever" and "it is just arranged to make us focused and in place."
But for the sake of a nice day lunch time comes and everybody get lost in food advertising, party possibilities and love that has no reciprocity.
Something remarkable: we've got a talent on making exits the most accessible, reliable. We've put exits on everything, for anything. We are always "exiting", leaving, fleeing from something. Isn't there always someone who says, probably with the hand on one's shoulder that "there is always an exit"?
If I've got a head for business I would run an exit factory.
I would be loved by singapore skyscraper incorporations...
For half a century, the square was decorated with the Maderno fountain and with the obelisk raised by Pope Sixtus V, but the southern part of the square remained empty. In 1667, Pope Clement X commissioned Gian Lorenzo Bernini to build a second fountain, which closely followed the design of the Maderno fountain. The Bernini fountain was completed in 1677.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. As one scholar has commented, "What Shakespeare is to drama, Bernini may be to sculpture: the first pan-European sculptor whose name is instantaneously identifiable with a particular manner and vision, and whose influence was inordinately powerful ..." In addition, he was a painter (mostly small canvases in oil) and a man of the theatre: he wrote, directed and acted in plays (mostly Carnival satires), for which he designed stage sets and theatrical machinery. He produced designs as well for a wide variety of decorative art objects including lamps, tables, mirrors, and even coaches.
As an architect and city planner, he designed secular buildings, churches, chapels, and public squares, as well as massive works combining both architecture and sculpture, especially elaborate public fountains and funerary monuments and a whole series of temporary structures (in stucco and wood) for funerals and festivals. His broad technical versatility, boundless compositional inventiveness and sheer skill in manipulating marble ensured that he would be considered a worthy successor of Michelangelo, far outshining other sculptors of his generation. His talent extended beyond the confines of sculpture to a consideration of the setting in which it would be situated; his ability to synthesize sculpture, painting, and architecture into a coherent conceptual and visual whole has been termed by the late art historian Irving Lavin the "unity of the visual arts".
Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo. Both the square and the basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider to be the first Pope.
At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later, including the massive Doric colonnades, four columns deep, which embrace visitors in "the maternal arms of Mother Church". A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as an appropriate forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" Bernini had been working on the interior of St. Peter's for decades; now he gave order to the space with his renowned colonnades, using a simplified Doric order, to avoid competing with the palace-like façade by Carlo Maderno, but he employed it on an unprecedented colossal scale to suit the space and evoke a sense of awe.
There were many constraints from existing structures (illustration, right). The massed accretions of the Vatican Palace crowded the space to the right of the basilica's façade; the structures needed to be masked without obscuring the papal apartments. The Vatican obelisk marked a centre, and a granite fountain by Maderno stood to one side: Bernini made the fountain appear to be one of the foci of the ovato tondo embraced by his colonnades and eventually matched it on the other side, in 1675, just five years before his death. The trapezoidal shape of the piazza, which creates a heightened perspective for a visitor leaving the basilica and has been praised as a masterstroke of Baroque theater (illustration, below right), is largely a product of site constraints.
According to the Lateran Treaty the area of St. Peter's Square is subject to the authority of Italian police for crowd control even though it is a part of the Vatican state.
The colossal Doric colonnades, four columns deep, frame the trapezoidal entrance to the basilica and the massive elliptical area which precedes it. The ovato tondo's long axis, parallel to the basilica's façade, creates a pause in the sequence of forward movements that is characteristic of a Baroque monumental approach. The colonnades define the piazza. The elliptical center of the piazza, which contrasts with the trapezoidal entrance, encloses the visitor with "the maternal arms of Mother Church" in Bernini's expression. On the south side, the colonnades define and formalize the space, with the Barberini Gardens still rising to a skyline of umbrella pines. On the north side, the colonnade masks an assortment of Vatican structures; the upper stories of the Vatican Palace rise above.
At the center of the ovato tondo stands the Vatican obelisk, an uninscribed Egyptian obelisk of red granite, 25.5 m (84 ft) tall, supported on bronze lions and surmounted by the Chigi arms in bronze, in all 41 m (135 ft) to the cross on its top. The obelisk was originally erected in Heliopolis, Egypt, by an unknown pharaoh.
The Emperor Augustus had the obelisk moved to the Julian Forum of Alexandria, where it stood until AD 37, when Caligula ordered the forum demolished and the obelisk transferred to Rome. He had it placed on the spina which ran along the center of the Circus of Nero. It was moved to its current site in 1586 by the engineer-architect Domenico Fontana under the direction of Pope Sixtus V; the engineering feat of re-erecting its vast weight was memorialized in a suite of engravings. The obelisk is the only obelisk in Rome that has not toppled since antiquity. During the Middle Ages, the gilt ball atop the obelisk was believed to contain the ashes of Julius Caesar. Fontana later removed the ancient metal ball, now in a Roman museum, and found only dust inside; Christopher Hibbert however writes that the ball was found to be solid. Though Bernini had no influence in the erection of the obelisk, he did use it as the centerpiece of his magnificent piazza, and added the Chigi arms to the top in honor of his patron, Alexander VII.
The paving is varied by radiating lines in travertine, to relieve what might otherwise be a sea of setts. In 1817 circular stones were set to mark the tip of the obelisk's shadow at noon as the sun entered each of the signs of the zodiac, making the obelisk a gigantic sundial's gnomon.
St. Peter's Square today can be reached from the Ponte Sant'Angelo along the grand approach of the Via della Conciliazione (in honor of the Lateran Treaty of 1929). The spina (median with buildings which divided the two roads of Borgo Vecchio and Borgo nuovo) which once occupied this grand avenue leading to the square was demolished ceremonially by Benito Mussolini himself on October 23, 1936, and was completely demolished by October 8, 1937. St. Peter's Basilica was now freely visible from the Castel Sant'Angelo. After the spina, almost all the buildings south of the passetto were demolished between 1937 and 1950, obliterating one of the most important medieval and renaissance quarters of the city. Moreover, the demolition of the spina canceled the characteristic Baroque surprise, nowadays maintained only for visitors coming from Borgo Santo Spirito. The Via della Conciliazione was completed in time for the Great Jubilee of 1950.
Vatican City is a landlocked independent country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy. It became independent from Italy in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains the city-state's temporal power and governance, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. The Vatican is also a metonym for the Holy See, Pope, and Roman Curia.
With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres) and as of 2023 a population of about 764, it is the smallest state in the world both by area and by population. As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
The Holy See dates back to early Christianity and is the principal episcopal see of the Catholic Church, which has approximately 1.329 billion baptised Catholics in the world as of 2018 in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. The independent state of Vatican City, on the other hand, came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
Vatican City contains religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Apostolic Library, and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by donations from the faithful, by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs, fees for admission to museums, and sales of publications. Vatican City has no taxes, and items are duty-free.
The Holy See also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome, which has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church and sovereignty over the city-state known as the Vatican City. As the supreme body of government of the Catholic Church, the Holy See enjoys the status of a sovereign juridical entity under international law.
According to Catholic tradition and historical records, it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul, and by virtue of the doctrines of Petrine and papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world. The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome, of which the Pope is sovereign.
The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for "Roman Court"), which is the central government of the Catholic Church. The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments, with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator. Papal elections are carried out by part of the College of Cardinals.
Although the Holy See is often metonymically referred to as the "Vatican", the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929, between the Holy See and Italy, to ensure the temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence of the papacy. As such, papal nuncios, who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations, are recognized as representing the Holy See and not the Vatican City State, as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church. The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, in turn, is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world.
The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, signs concordats and treaties, and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations, including the United Nations and its agencies, the Council of Europe, the European Communities, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organization of American States.
According to Catholic tradition, the apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman emperor Constantine the Great, and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law. The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards, and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks.
The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800. The Pope's temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858, and the Dictatus papae in 1075, which conversely also described Papal deposing power. Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls.
The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages. Yet, relations with the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained, reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the "Patrimony of Saint Peter" in the 10th century, to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122, and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the papacy, which however finally returned to Rome. Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe. Following the French Revolution, the Papal States were briefly occupied as the "Roman Republic" from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon, before their territory was reestablished.
Notwithstanding, the Holy See was represented in and identified as a "permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states" in the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent. Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during the Savoyard era (which made the Pope a "prisoner in the Vatican" from 1870 to 1929), its international legal subject was "constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships" that not only were maintained but multiplied.
The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state, along with extraterritorial properties around the region. Since then, Vatican City is distinct from yet under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes).
The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world, along with Saudi Arabia, Eswatini, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Brunei and Oman. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia. The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Cardinal Pietro Parolin, is the See's equivalent of a prime minister. Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy See's minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013.
The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies.
Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees the Catholic Church's doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, which deals with international peace and social issues.
Three tribunals exercise judicial power. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage. The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors (bishops and superiors of religious institutes), such as closing a parish or removing someone from office. It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees, but with matters of conscience, granting absolutions from censures, dispensations, commutations, validations, condonations, and other favors; it also grants indulgences.
The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices, whatever be their degree of autonomy, that manage these finances. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.
The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies (apart from the strictly liturgical part).
One of Pope Francis's goals is to reorganize the Curia to prioritize its role in the church's mission to evangelize. This reform insists that the Curia is not meant to be a centralized bureaucracy, but rather a service for the Pope and diocesan bishops that is in communication with local bishops' conferences. Likewise more lay people are to be involved in the workings of the dicasteries and in giving them input.
The Holy See does not dissolve upon a pope's death or resignation. It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. During this interregnum, the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia (such as the prefects of congregations) cease immediately to hold office, the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary, who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations, and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, who administers the temporalities (i.e., properties and finances) of the See of St. Peter during this period. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, then falls to the College of Cardinals. Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the church during this period.
In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire (about US$202 million at the time), and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire (about US$8 million). According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper, a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vatican's property assets as an amount in excess of €680m (£570m); as of January 2013, Paolo Mennini, a papal official in Rome, manages this portion of the Holy See's assets—consisting of British investments, other European holdings and a currency trading arm. The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner: "... Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the Pope's merchant banker. Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the 'patrimony of the Holy See'."
The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the Pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See, similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state.
The Holy See has been recognized, both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights and duties analogous to those of States. Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood—having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states—its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states, that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations, and that it is: "respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one, several, or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world."
Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity. The Holy See (not the State of Vatican City) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states, and also with the European Union, and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, as well as having relations of a special character with the Palestine Liberation Organization; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome. The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad, of which 74 are non-residential, so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations. The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State (headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States. There are 12 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations. The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) as representing China, rather than the government of the People's Republic of China (see Holy See–Taiwan relations).
The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the "capital" of the Holy See, although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities. It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See (2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy See's diplomatic missions abroad) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State. The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language, saying that the Holy See "is not the same as the Vatican City State. ... (It) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State." This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State, in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State: it too says that the Holy See "operates from the Vatican City State".
The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Telecommunication Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations, including the United Nations General Assembly, the Council of Europe, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Relationship with Vatican City and other territories.
The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union, Arab League, Council of Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of American States, International Organization for Migration and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO, ILO, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNESCO, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, WFP, WHO, WIPO. and as a full member in IAEA, OPCW, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Although the Holy See is closely associated with Vatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign, the two entities are separate and distinct. After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870, the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty. In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary. Where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors. In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty, the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it, which had been reduced to 16, actually increased to 29.
The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs." Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum territory".
The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City.
Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo. The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country.
Though, like various European powers, earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army, the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the Pope and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics.
The police force within Vatican City, known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City, belongs to the city state, not to the Holy See.
The Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.
The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister (as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes), while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929.
Laura Chávez Silverman, a writer and creative director, is the founding naturalist of The Outside Institute, which nurtures humanity’s innate affinity for the wild through guided nature walks, foraging education, wildcrafting workshops and botanical mixology. The institute aims to inspire a joyful awareness and essential reciprocity between all beings. The Outside Institute’s publications currently include three volumes of its Field Guide to the Hudson & Upper Delaware Valleys.
To learn more or watch the talk, visit: creativemornings.com/talks/wilderness-with-laura-chavez-s...
Thanks to our Local Partners!
Mailchimp
Harvest
The Invisible Dog
Photos by:
Montserrat Diaz
"And throughout all Eternity,
I forgive you, you forgive me;
As our dear Redeemer said:
This the Wine, and this the Bread.”
-William Blake.
"A broken promisse hurts just as much as lie... You don't just make them believe, you also make them hope".
-Life Learn Feelings quote.
"Promisses you made
Throghout the years
A new one made
An old one fades
Stories you fed
My ears craved
Aways believing
You would follow through
Stupid me, I knew,
Promisses you made
Would never come true".
-Jaime L Miller.
"Nothing hurts more than being disappointed by the person you thought would never hurt you".
-Life quotes.
"The transaction that it was
A Life for a Life —
Reciprocity, if true,
A sweet Affair.”
-Emily Dickson.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvJ5JJYDZ6U
------------------//--------------------
Background: The Bearded Guy, Broken Memories. maps.secondlife.com/sec.../Fort%20Santiago/130/97/23
Hairbase: Karmazz, Jamel. maps.secondlife.com/.../Tropical%20Haven/46/126/2002
This is part of a set of photos experimenting with a new YONGNUO YN 50mm F1.8 lens.
www.flickr.com/photos/dominicspics/albums/72157694661082464
The much larger aperture available - compared to the kit zoom lens I normally use - enabled a faster shutter, a lower (less "noisy") ISO, and also a shallower depth of field.
The lighting colour was often a terrible mix of direct sunshine, blue sky and the very orange colour reflected from wooden table tops. The "colour balance" adjustment tool in a photo editor editor - selectively adjusting highlight, mid-tone and shadow colours was useful in reducing the effects of the sometimes very blue shadows. (Traditionally this type of tool is used to "fix" issues relating to colour film, where the colour of light and dark areas could vary. This is for lots of reasons for relating to the processing and chemistry of film; and also to the physics of photons exposing film grains - for example reciprocity failure en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography) where darker areas for each of the colours present in the shadows may not be recorded proportionately. Presenting the same images in Black and White is another way of "dealing with" [avoiding!] the issue.
Pinhole photograph using a Canon SLR camera. The pinhole was made in a sheet of aluminium from a soft drink can, and mounted in the centre of a hole drilled in the middle of a plastic camera body cap. The pinhole was approximately 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter, the focal length was approximately 45 mm. Accordingly I used an "f number" of 45/0.34, or f128 to calculate exposure.
I had read about reciprocity failure (where film sensitivity reduces during long, low light exposures) and increased the exposure accordingly. Unfortunately I over compensated, and the negatives came out very dark.
I used Ilford HP5 Plus 400 ASA/ISO 35 mm black and white film. This is a scan of the print.
Roughly eqivalent to a 7776 pixel image...
Part of a pair, the optical glas lens equivalent is adjacent in this photostream.
3rd exposure of the first scene of my own private IR shoot out. Botanical Gardens, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. New territory here with my new #87 filter. It filters out all visible light but leaves a healthy amount of near IR above 750nm. And yes the negative was still quite dense but printable.
Efke AURA INFRARED 820c - D76
SEKONIC L-778 DUAL SPOT F METER
Tiffen 67mm INFRA-RED #87 FILTER
(Shot at 50ASA, Metered through the filter)
EV3 (+reciprocity compensation): 60sec @ f11
Hasselblad 500 C/M w/80mm CF Zeiss Planar T*
Epson PERFECTION V750-M PRO SCANNER
(20110116_EFKE_IR820_AURA_47614_003)