Mizoram is a picturesque destination for the perceptive visitor with its wide display of dances & festivals, handlooms and handicrafts, flora and fauna, breathtaking natural beauty and temperate climate. The general belief is that the Mizos migrated from China about three hundred years ago, in search of new territory and settled in these remote hills which were earlier known as Lushai Hills.

The term ‘Mizo’ is deriving from two words- ‘Mi’ means man and ‘Zo’ means hills. Today Mizoram consist of a population of over five Lakh who identify themselves as ‘Mizo’.

The Mizos are friendly and hospitable.

The people are simple, happy, carefree, contented, generous and freedom-loving.

Music plays a key role in uniting and strengthening the bond between the Mizo people. The joyful enthusiasm and companionable spirits of the common people have truly made them the real songbirds of this exotic hill station.

The chestnut-bellied nuthatch (Sitta cinnamoventris) belongs to the family Sittidae.

 

It is found in the Indian Subcontinent occurring in the countries of India, Tibet Bangladesh,[1][2] Bhutan, and Nepal.

 

It is found in subtropical or tropical forest], that are dry or moist forests, and in montane and lowland forests.

 

This species is very similar to the Burmese nuthatch but it has a heavier bill, the crown and mantle are of the same shade. The wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. Rasmussen and Anderton (2005)[3] established the Chestnut-bellied nuthatch is different from the Indian nuthatch and the Burmese nuthatch. White on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the Indian nuthatch. Race almorae of Nepal and NW Himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern Himalayas has the female darker than in other races. Resident from Murree Hills to the Uttaranchal foothills extending to the Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh into the Lushai Hills.

@incredible birding resort in sattal

A photo lifer and a bird that I wasn’t expecting to sight in the place I visited. The White-tailed Nuthatch (Sitta himalayensis) is one of the 5-6 nuthatches found in the Himalayan forests. I love nuthatches and was absolutely delighted to see them so close. The bird was just around 8 feet away foraging without fear at eye level.

 

Around 12 cms long, they have a buff underside and rufous-orange underparts.A key identification feature, though sometimes difficult to spot in the wild, is the subtle white on their upper tail coverts while the undertail-coverts are a bright, unmarked rufous.

 

These are residents in the sub-Himalayan range, from Himachal Pradesh to Arunachal Pradesh, extending into the South Assam Hills (Lushai Hills). They prefer broad-leaved and mixed forests for nesting and rearing their young. They reside in forests between 1,500 and 3,500 meters above sea level, favoring oak forests or mixed woodlands with pine, cedar, or fir trees.

 

Thank you so much for your views, favorites and feedback. Much appreciated!

The chestnut-bellied nuthatch (Sitta cinnamoventris) belongs to the family Sittidae.

 

It is found in the Indian Subcontinent occurring in the countries of India, Tibet Bangladesh,[1][2] Bhutan, and Nepal.

 

It is found in subtropical or tropical forest], that are dry or moist forests, and in montane and lowland forests.

 

This species is very similar to the Burmese nuthatch but it has a heavier bill, the crown and mantle are of the same shade. The wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. Rasmussen and Anderton (2005)[3] established the Chestnut-bellied nuthatch is different from the Indian nuthatch and the Burmese nuthatch. White on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the Indian nuthatch. Race almorae of Nepal and NW Himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern Himalayas has the female darker than in other races. Resident from Murree Hills to the Uttaranchal foothills extending to the Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh into the Lushai Hills.

@incredible birding resort in sattal

The chestnut-bellied nuthatch (Sitta cinnamoventris) belongs to the Sittidae family.

 

It is found in the Indian Subcontinent occurring in the countries of India, Tibet Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal.

 

It is found in subtropical or tropical forest], that are dry or moist forests, and in montane and lowland forests.

 

This species is very similar to the Burmese nuthatch but it has a heavier bill, the crown and mantle are of the same shade. The wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. Rasmussen and Anderton (2005) established the Chestnut-bellied nuthatch is different from the Indian nuthatch and the Burmese nuthatch. White on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the Indian nuthatch. Race almorae of Nepal and NW Himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern Himalayas has the female darker than in other races. Resident from Murree Hills to the Uttaranchal foothills extending to the Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh into the Lushai Hills.

Bangladesh is a country of rivers. There are many kind of rivers in this country. It is a matter of big fact that in the total area of Bangladesh, a huge place of contain in river. Karnaphuli is a very largest and most important river in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tract.

 

This is a visiting place for the visitors which contain charming scenery. It is a 667-metre (2,188 ft) wide river in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh originating from the lushai hills in Mizoram, India. It flows 270 kilometers (170 mi) in southwest through Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong into the Bay of Bangle.It is very deep river in the country.

 

It is normally say that a large hydroelectric power plant using in Karnaphuli river was built in the Kaptai region during the time of 1960s.This is very beautiful to see the scenery of this river.It is very importajnt that the mouth of the river hosts Chittagong's sea port, the main port of Bangladesh.

 

Karnaphuli river is a likes point and very well known place in Bangladesh. In the beside of this river the Kaptai Dam is the location of very close and the Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power Station, constructed in Kaptai in 1962 and the only hydro-electric power plant in the country. An earth-filled dam on the Karnaphuli River, the Kaptai Dam created the Kaptai Lake, which acts as the water reservoir for the hydropower station. The power plant produces a total of 230 megawatts of electricity.

 

Karnaphuli rivers not only a big river but also it have a great contribution of financial development in Bangladesh. The scenery of the river is so beautiful. Many visitors are comes to the river to see this beauty scenery. Some visitors are swimming in the river and enjoyed a happy moment.

 

The water of the river in the season of rainy so very fulfills. The fish farmers are catch fish in the river and earned money by selling these in the market. Sometimes the water of the river in lighting when the Sun provides very high regulation. After all it is a beautiful river in Bangladesh.

Ty Jack!

 

Karnaphuli, the largest and most important river in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts, is a 667-metre wide river in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. Wikipedia

Length: 270 km

Source: Lushai Hills

Mouth: Bay of Bengal

Country: Bangladesh

Cities: Chittagong, Rangamati

Sajek Valley is situated in the North angle of Rangamati, Bangladesh, near the Mizoram, India border boundary area. The valley is 1,800 thousand feet high from the sea level. Only ethnic minorities are live on the valley like Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Pankua, Lushai and Sagma. The place is known as hill queen for its natural beauty and roof of Rangamati.

Chittagong Hill Tracts, an area located in the south-east of Bangladesh, with over 13,295 square kilometers and the estimated population of 1.5 million people, is one of the most diverse regions in the country.

 

This is a home to 12 ethnic groups - the majority Bengali and 11 indigenous communities - Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Tanchangya, Mro, Lushai, Khumi, Chak, Khiyang, Bawm, Pangkhua. Each of them having their own distinctive language, culture, and tradition.

 

More than two decades of conflicts, the rough hilly terrain and remoteness of villages have impacted the economic development of the region leaving widespread unemployment and over half of the population below poverty line.

 

The economy of the Hill Tracts heavily depends on agriculture, as nearly two thirds of rural households rely on farming as their primary income.

 

For many communities, access to basic health care is difficult due to the rough terrain and scattered settlements. Lack of human resources is another big challenge for existing health care.

 

For similar reasons, access to education is made complicated for many rural children. The difficult terrain makes the journey to school much longer and potentially unsafe. More than half of the children enrolled in primary school drop out in the first years, mainly due to the lack of finance, distance to school, safety, not understanding the subjects and need to stay at home to help parents.

 

As part of the Peace Accord signed in 1997 a decentralized Local Government was established, with responsibilities delegated to the Regional Council and three Hill District Councils, while the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs oversees all activities.

 

Due to the prolonged conflicts in the area, Chittagong Hill Tracts remained outside the mainstream of development assistance for over 25 years.

 

Following the signing of the Peace Accord, the people of the Hill Tracts entered a new era. The Accord created new opportunities for development assistance. Local people’s enthusiasm have been matched with the support from international donor community to resume development in the region.

Chittagong Hill Tracts, an area located in the south-east of Bangladesh, with over 13,295 square kilometers and the estimated population of 1.5 million people, is one of the most diverse regions in the country.

 

This is a home to 12 ethnic groups - the majority Bengali and 11 indigenous communities - Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Tanchangya, Mro, Lushai, Khumi, Chak, Khiyang, Bawm, Pangkhua. Each of them having their own distinctive language, culture, and tradition.

 

More than two decades of conflicts, the rough hilly terrain and remoteness of villages have impacted the economic development of the region leaving widespread unemployment and over half of the population below poverty line.

 

The economy of the Hill Tracts heavily depends on agriculture, as nearly two thirds of rural households rely on farming as their primary income.

 

For many communities, access to basic health care is difficult due to the rough terrain and scattered settlements. Lack of human resources is another big challenge for existing health care.

 

For similar reasons, access to education is made complicated for many rural children. The difficult terrain makes the journey to school much longer and potentially unsafe. More than half of the children enrolled in primary school drop out in the first years, mainly due to the lack of finance, distance to school, safety, not understanding the subjects and need to stay at home to help parents.

 

As part of the Peace Accord signed in 1997 a decentralized Local Government was established, with responsibilities delegated to the Regional Council and three Hill District Councils, while the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs oversees all activities.

 

Due to the prolonged conflicts in the area, Chittagong Hill Tracts remained outside the mainstream of development assistance for over 25 years.

 

Following the signing of the Peace Accord, the people of the Hill Tracts entered a new era. The Accord created new opportunities for development assistance. Local people’s enthusiasm have been matched with the support from international donor community to resume development in the region.

It is found in the Indian Subcontinent occurring in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Tibet.

 

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

  

An artist's illustration

This species has been split by Rasmussen and Anderton (2005) from: the Indian nuthatch and Burmese nuthatch. The chestnut-bellied nuthatch is very similar to the previous but with a heavier bill, crown and mantle of the same shade. The wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. White on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the former. Race almorae of Nepal and NW Himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern Himalayas has the female darker than in other races. Resident from Murree Hills to the Uttaranchal foothills extending to the Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh into the Lushai Hills.

Karnafuli River the largest and most important river in chittagong and the chittagong hill tracts, originating in the Lushai hills in Mizoram State of India. It travels through 180 km of mountainous wilderness making a narrow loop at rangamati and then follows a zigzag course before it forms two other prominent loops, the Dhuliachhari and the kaptai. The Rangamati and the Dhuliachhari loops are now under the reservoir of the Kaptai earth-filled dam. The hydroelectric dam is situated just before the entrance of the river into the Kaptai loop. After coming out from the Kaptai loop the river follows another stretch of tortuous course through the Sitapahar hill range and flows across the plain of Chittagong after emerging from the hills near Chandraghona. Therefore, the river drains into the bay of bengal cutting across several hill ranges, viz the Barkal, Gobamura, Chilardak, Sitapahar and Patiya of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong. It has possibly maintained its older course keeping pace with the uplift of the hill ranges and can be classified as an antecedent river. The Karnafuli is narrow and straight from Prankiang to waggachhari along Kaptai-Chandraghona road. The straightness of the river is probably due to a fault, which controlled the channel from Prankiang to Wagga. The main tributaries of the Karnafuli are the kasalong, Chengi, halda and Dhurung on the right and the Subalong, Kaptai, Rinkeong and Thega on the left.

 

Flowing to the west through rangunia upazila and then keeping raozan upazila on the north and boalkhali upazila on the south, it receives the waters of the Halda river at Kalurghat just above the railway bridge. It then turns south, receives the waters of the Boalkhali and other khals and turns west circling round the eastern and southern sides of Chittagong Town. From the extreme corner of the chittagong port to the west, it moves southwest to fall into the Bay of Bengal 16.89 km below. It is navigable throughout the year by sea-going vessels up to Chittagong Port and by large boats, shallow draughts and all sorts of freighters and launches up to Kaptai river in the Hill Tracts.

 

In Chittagong the Karnafuli made a most significant change in its course from Kalurghat downwards. The change has been taking place for more than a century. Formerly, the river had a western and southwestern course from Kalurghat and flowed by Sampanghata, Suloop Bahar, Kapashgola, Chowk Bazar, Roomghata, Ghat Farhadbeg, Boxirhat, Patharghata on its rightbank. But gradually it receded to the left throwing up vast and extensive alluvial lands along its rightbank, now known as Char Bakalia, Chandgaon, Char Chaktai, etc. The above ghats and bazars which once dotted the right bank of the Karnafuli along the eastern limits of the town are now important localities in and outside the municipality, far away from the present course of the river. This fact is of much historical importance in so far as it helps locate the eastern bounds of the town during the Mughal and early British period.

 

There is a legend about the naming of the Karnafuli river. It says an Arakanese princess who fell in love with a tribal prince of Chittagong was once enjoying a moonlit boatride on the river with the prince. While admiring the reflection of the moon dancing on the rippled water surface, the princess inclined slightly and a flower tucked in the hair over her ear by the prince suddenly fell into the river. The princess was grief-stricken at losing the flower, which she held very dear as a present from her charming prince. She immediately jumped into the river to retrieve the flower but could not. Instead she was carried away by the fast-flowing current and vanished in the river. The prince dived into the river to rescue the princess but in vain. Out of sorrow he drowned himself in the river to unite with the princess after death. This tragedy gave the river its name Karnafuli from the word 'karnaful' meaning 'flower adorning the ear'. The river is known to the Marma tribe as the Kynsa Khyong.

Sajek Valley is an emerging tourist spot in Bangladesh situated among the hills of Kasalong range of mountains in Sajek union, Baghaichhari Upazila in Rangamati District.[1] The valley is 2000 feet above sea level. Sajek valley is known as the Queen of Hills & Roof of Rangamati.

 

Origin of name :

 

The name of Sajek Valley came from Sajek River that originates from Karnafuli river. Sajek river is works as a border between Bangladesh and India.

 

Location :

 

Sajek is a union located in north of Chittagong Hill Tracts.it From Khagrachhari town, it is situated 67 km north-east from Khagrachhari town and 95 km North-West from Rangamati city. The border of Bangladesh and Mizoram of India is 8 kilometer east from Sajek.

 

Nature :

 

Sajek valley is famous for its natural beauty. The valley is surrounded by mountains, dense forest, grasslands hilly tracks. Many small rivers flow through the mountains among which Kachalong and Machalong are notable. On the way to Sajek valley, one has to cross the Mayni range and Mayni river. The road to Sajek has high picks and falls.

 

People and culture :

 

The native people of Sajek valley are ethnic minorities. Among them Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Pankua, Lushai and Sagma are mentionable. Women seem to be more involved in economic activities here. Tea stalls, food joints and roadside marketplaces are dominated by women. People in general are gentle, welcoming and friendly. Picking fruits and vegetables early in the morning is a major trade here. They are not fluent in Bengali but the young population speak English confidently.

 

Tourism :

 

Sajek was unexplored for a long time and recently it emerged as a tourist spot for it’s outstanding natural beauty. The place does not have modern tourist facilities but tourists mostly enjoy the nature and culture of the place. Though the valley is in Rangamati but to tourists prefer the route from Kagrachari to Sajek valley through Dighinala Bazaar, Bagaihat Bazaar and Machalong Haat. Major transport is Chander Gari which is like a four wheel jeep. Tourists can also go to Sajek from Rangamati by engine vessel. It takes 5–6 hours in that route.

Sajek valley: Sajek is a union at Baghaichari Upazila in Rangamati districts. Basically it is name of a river which separates Bangladesh from India. The river flows into the Karnafuli River in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Sajek Valley is situated in the North angle of Rangamati, near the Mizoram border boundary area. The valley is 1,800 ft high form sea lavel. Many small rivers flow through the hills among them Kachalon and Machalong are famous. The main ethnic minorities on the valley are Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Pankua, Lushai and Sagma. The place is known as hill queen for its natural beauty and roof of Rangamati.

Sajek valley: Sajek is a union at Baghaichari Upazila in Rangamati districts. Basically it is name of a river which separates Bangladesh from India. The river flows into the Karnafuli River in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Sajek Valley is situated in the North angle of Rangamati, near the Mizoram border boundary area. The valley is 1,800 ft high form sea lavel. Many small rivers flow through the hills among them Kachalon and Machalong are famous. The main ethnic minorities on the valley are Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Pankua, Lushai and Sagma. The place is known as hill queen for its natural beauty and roof of Rangamati.

Mizoram is a picturesque destination for the perceptive visitor with its wide display of dances & festivals, handlooms and handicrafts, flora and fauna, breathtaking natural beauty and temperate climate. The general belief is that the Mizos migrated from China about three hundred years ago, in search of new territory and settled in these remote hills which were earlier known as Lushai Hills.

The term ‘Mizo’ is deriving from two words- ‘Mi’ means man and ‘Zo’ means hills. Today Mizoram consist of a population of over five Lakh who identify themselves as ‘Mizo’.

The Mizos are friendly and hospitable.

The people are simple, happy, carefree, contented, generous and freedom-loving.

Music plays a key role in uniting and strengthening the bond between the Mizo people. The joyful enthusiasm and companionable spirits of the common people have truly made them the real songbirds of this exotic hill station.

 

মিজোরাম : প্রাচ্যের নাচের গানের পাখিদের আবাস :) মিজোরাম নাচ এবং উত্সব, তাঁত এবং হস্তশিল্প, উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণীজগত, শ্বাসরুদ্ধকর প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য এবং নাতিশীতোষ্ণ জলবায়ুর বিস্তৃত প্রদর্শন সহ উপলব্ধিশীল দর্শনার্থীদের জন্য একটি মনোরম গন্তব্য। সাধারণ বিশ্বাস হল মিজোরা প্রায় তিনশত বছর আগে নতুন ভূখণ্ডের সন্ধানে চীন থেকে চলে আসে এবং এই দুর্গম পাহাড়ে বসতি স্থাপন করে যা আগে লুসাই পাহাড় নামে পরিচিত ছিল।'মিজো' শব্দটি দুটি শব্দ থেকে এসেছে- 'মি' মানে মানুষ এবং 'জো' মানে পাহাড়। আজ মিজোরামের জনসংখ্যা পাঁচ লাখের বেশি যারা নিজেদেরকে 'মিজো' বলে পরিচয় দেয়।

মিজোরা বন্ধুত্বপূর্ণ এবং অতিথিপরায়ণ। জনগণ সরল, সুখী, উদাসীন, সন্তুষ্ট, উদার ও স্বাধীনতাকামী। মিজো জনগণের মধ্যে বন্ধনকে একত্রিত ও শক্তিশালী করতে সঙ্গীত একটি মুখ্য ভূমিকা পালন করে। সাধারণ মানুষের আনন্দময় উদ্দীপনা এবং সহানুভূতিশীল আত্মা তাদের সত্যিকার অর্থেই এই বিচিত্র হিল স্টেশনের প্রকৃত গানের পাখিতে পরিণত করেছে।

 

The Black Tigers , like this one in the picture,are Pseudo-melanistic tigers.Meaning they are not completely black,but having thick stripes so close together that the tawny background is barely visible between stripes. Such tigers are said to be due to inbreeding (like mating between a white Tiger & a Bengal Tiger).

Now , capturing this Tiger on lens & doing some background research on Black Tigers first drew my attention to cryptozoology.

Pitch-black Tigers were reported several times in past from Cardoman Hills of southern India (1895) , Lushai Hills of Assam (1928) & a "black Tiger with stripes" as described by Mishmi tribespeople near Assam Himalayas in the 1960's. If there is really an animal like a pitch black Tiger out there somewhere,I hope science discovers it soon.

As for my experience meeting this boy,it was bloody awesome.

 

*****

Pentax K-50 + Komine made Vivitar 135mm F2.8 close focus.

This species has been split by Rasmussen and Anderton (2005) from:[2] the Indian nuthatch and Burmese nuthatch. The chestnut-bellied nuthatch is very similar to the previous but with a heavier bill, crown and mantle of the same shade. The wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. White on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the former. Race almorae of Nepal and NW Himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern Himalayas has the female darker than in other races. Resident from Murree Hills to the Uttaranchal foothills extending to the Assam Valley, Arunachal Pradesh into the Lushai Hills.

Mizoram is a picturesque destination for the perceptive visitor with its wide display of dances & festivals, handlooms and handicrafts, flora and fauna, breathtaking natural beauty and temperate climate. The general belief is that the Mizos migrated from China about three hundred years ago, in search of new territory and settled in these remote hills which were earlier known as Lushai Hills.

The term ‘Mizo’ is deriving from two words- ‘Mi’ means man and ‘Zo’ means hills. Today Mizoram consist of a population of over five Lakh who identify themselves as ‘Mizo’.

The Mizos are friendly and hospitable.

The people are simple, happy, carefree, contented, generous and freedom-loving.

Music plays a key role in uniting and strengthening the bond between the Mizo people. The joyful enthusiasm and companionable spirits of the common people have truly made them the real songbirds of this exotic hill station.

  

মিজোরাম : প্রাচ্যের নাচের গানের পাখিদের আবাস :) মিজোরাম নাচ এবং উত্সব, তাঁত এবং হস্তশিল্প, উদ্ভিদ ও প্রাণীজগত, শ্বাসরুদ্ধকর প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য এবং নাতিশীতোষ্ণ জলবায়ুর বিস্তৃত প্রদর্শন সহ উপলব্ধিশীল দর্শনার্থীদের জন্য একটি মনোরম গন্তব্য। সাধারণ বিশ্বাস হল মিজোরা প্রায় তিনশত বছর আগে নতুন ভূখণ্ডের সন্ধানে চীন থেকে চলে আসে এবং এই দুর্গম পাহাড়ে বসতি স্থাপন করে যা আগে লুসাই পাহাড় নামে পরিচিত ছিল।'মিজো' শব্দটি দুটি শব্দ থেকে এসেছে- 'মি' মানে মানুষ এবং 'জো' মানে পাহাড়। আজ মিজোরামের জনসংখ্যা পাঁচ লাখের বেশি যারা নিজেদেরকে 'মিজো' বলে পরিচয় দেয়।

মিজোরা বন্ধুত্বপূর্ণ এবং অতিথিপরায়ণ। জনগণ সরল, সুখী, উদাসীন, সন্তুষ্ট, উদার ও স্বাধীনতাকামী। মিজো জনগণের মধ্যে বন্ধনকে একত্রিত ও শক্তিশালী করতে সঙ্গীত একটি মুখ্য ভূমিকা পালন করে। সাধারণ মানুষের আনন্দময় উদ্দীপনা এবং সহানুভূতিশীল আত্মা তাদের সত্যিকার অর্থেই এই বিচিত্র হিল স্টেশনের প্রকৃত গানের পাখিতে পরিণত করেছে।

 

This impressive statue is situated within Kelvingrove Park in the City of Glasgow. It shows the Field Marshal mounted on this horse in a commanding position looking towards Glasgow University. There are a couple of inscriptions this is what they say;

“Field Marshal Earl Roberts of Kandahar, Pretoria and Waterford

V.C. K.G. K.P. G.C.B. O.M. G.C.S.I G.C.I.E.

Born in India 30th September 1832

Died in France while on a visit to the troops engaged in the Great War 14th November 1914.”

Then on the other side;

Indian Mutiny, Umbeyla, Abyssina, Lushai, Afghanistan, Burmah, South Africa,

“I seem to see the gleam in the near distance of the weapons and accoutrements of this army of the future, this Citizen Army, the warder of these islands, and the pledge of the peace and of the continued greatness of this Empire."

Extract from Lord Roberts' speech in Glasgow on 6th May 1913.

I am also posting a closer picture of the sitting Knight as I thought the detail was amazing.

 

Karnafuli River is the swiftest river in Bangladesh. It is about six hundred and sixty seven meters wide river in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. There is no other river in Bangladesh that is more romanticized than Karnafuli River. Karnaphuli is the largest and most significant river in Chittagong. It is originating from the Lushai hills in India and flows two hundred and seventy kilometers through Chittagong Hill Tracts and drops Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal.

Karnafuli River is the swiftest river in Bangladesh. It is about six hundred and sixty seven meters wide river in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. There is no other river in Bangladesh that is more romanticized than Karnafuli River. Karnaphuli is the largest and most significant river in Chittagong. It is originating from the Lushai hills in India and flows two hundred and seventy kilometers through Chittagong Hill Tracts and drops Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal.

Slide labeled: "Made in India"

"Lushai Bamboo Dance"

Date: unknown

An eBay find, this is really a special image!

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_babbler

 

The jungle babbler (Argya striata) is a member of the family Leiothrichidae found in the Indian subcontinent. They are gregarious birds that forage in small groups of six to ten birds, a habit that has given them the popular name of "Seven Sisters" in urban Northern India, and Saath bhai (seven brothers) in Bengali with cognates in other regional languages which also mean "seven brothers".[2]

The jungle babbler is a common resident breeding bird in most parts of the Indian subcontinent and is often seen in gardens within large cities as well as in forested areas. In the past, the orange-billed babbler, Turdoides rufescens, of Sri Lanka was considered to be a subspecies of jungle babbler, but has now been elevated to a species.

 

Taxonomy

  

The jungle babbler was described by the French zoologist Charles Dumont de Sainte Croix in 1823 based on specimens from Bengal. He coined the binomial name Cossyphus striatus.[3] This babbler was formerly placed in the genus Turdoides but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Argya.[4][5]

There are several named geographically isolated subspecies that show plumage shade differences.[6] Former race rufescens of Sri Lanka is considered a full species. The widely accepted subspecies include:

•striata (Dumont de Sainte Croix, 1823) which is found over much of northern India south of the Himalayan foothills extending to Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bhutan, Assam, Odisha and northeastern Andhra Pradesh. The form found in parts of Odisha, orissae, is said to be more rufous above and is usually subsumed into this.[7]

•sindiana (Ticehurst, 1920) is a paler desert form that is found in the Indus River plains of Pakistan and extends into Rajasthan and the Rann of Kutch in India.

•somervillei (Sykes, 1832) is found in the northern Western Ghats.

•malabarica (Jerdon, 1845) is found in the southern Western Ghats.

•orientalis (Jerdon, 1845) is found in peninsular India east of the Western Ghats.

 

Some older literature can be confusing due to some incorrect usage such as with Whistler (1944, Spolia Zeylanica, 23:131), who used the name affinis which is a completely different species, Turdoides affinis, restricted to peninsular India although they two can sometimes be confused in poor lighting conditions. Their calls however are entirely different.[8][6]

 

Description

The jungle babbler's habitat is forest and cultivation. This species, like most babblers, is non-migratory, and has short rounded wings and a weak flight. The sexes are identical, drably coloured in brownish grey with a yellow-bill making them confusable only with the endemic yellow-billed babblers of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. The upperparts are usually slightly darker in shade and there is some mottling on the throat and breast. The race T. s. somervillei of Maharashtra has a very rufous tail and dark primary flight feathers.The jungle babbler can be separated from the white-headed babbler by the dark loreal zone between the bill and the eye as well as the lack of a contrasting light crown. The calls of the two species are however distinct and unmistakable. The jungle babbler has harsh nasal calls while the white-headed babbler has high pitched calls. Another babbler that is similarly found in urban areas is the large grey babbler, however that species has a distinctive long tail with white outer tail feathers.[8]

The jungle babbler lives in flocks of seven to ten or more. It is a noisy bird, and the presence of a flock may generally be known at some distance by the harsh mewing calls, continual chattering, squeaking and chirping produced by its members.

  

Behaviour and ecology

  

These birds are gregarious and very social. They sometimes form the core of a mixed-species foraging flock.[9] They feed mainly on insects, but also eats grains, nectar and berries.[10] The groups maintain territories and will defend it against neighbours but will sometimes tolerate them.[11] For their size, they are long lived and have been noted to live as long as 16.5 years in captivity.[12]

When foraging, some birds take up a high vantage point and act as sentinels. They are known to gather and mob potential predators such as snakes.[13]

Young birds have a dark iris. Older birds have a pale creamy colour and it has been found that the iris has a dark epithelium which become invisible when the muscle fibres develop in the iris and make the dark basal colours invisible and then appear cream coloured.[14]

They breed throughout the year; with peak breeding in northern India being noted between March–April and July–September. Birds reach sexual maturity after their third year.[15] The nest is built halfway in a tree, concealed in dense masses of foliage. The normal clutch is three or four (but can be up to seven) deep greenish blue eggs. In northern India, birds breeding during July–September tend to be parasitized by the pied crested cuckoo and sometimes by the common hawk-cuckoo.[16] Helpers assist the parents in feeding the young. Post fledging survival is very high.[15]

Birds fledge and females tend to leave their natal group after about two years.[15] Birds within a group often indulge in allopreening, play chases and mock fights.[17] When threatened by predators, they have been said to sometimes feign death.[18]#

  

In culture

  

These birds are very common near towns and cities particularly in northern India and are well known for their habit of moving in groups giving them the local name of "Sath Bhai" which means seven brethren but translated by the English in India to "Seven sisters".[19] Visitors to India were very likely to notice these vocal and active birds and Frank Finn notes an incident during the Colonial period in India:

Some years back, a new Viceroy was being shown the wonders of his temporary kingdom, and among these the Taj at Agra held, of course, an important place. Arrived before the glorious monument of Eastern love and pride, the artless Aide-de-Camp was mute; the gilded staff were still as Kipling says, in anxious expectation of the comment of His Excellency. But this, alas when it came was merely the remark: "What are those funny little birds?" The shock must have been the greater for the fact that the mean fowls thus honoured were it seems, of that singularly disreputable species which is commonly known in India as the "Seven Sisters" or "Seven Brothers," or by the Hindustani equivalent of sat-bhai.[20]

The Indian folklorist Saratcandra Mitra recorded a belief among the Lushai-Kuki people that during a solar eclipse, humans could transform into jungle babblers.[

  

eBay find

Slide "Made in India"

"Lushai women eating cucumbers" written on slide.

This was my favorite image discovered in the "Cracker Jack" box today.

officially the The People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.

 

The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947, when the region became the eastern wing of the newly formed Pakistan. However, it was separated from the western wing by 1,600 km (994 mi) of Indian territory. Political and linguistic discrimination as well as economic neglect led to popular agitations against West Pakistan, which led to the war for independence in 1971 and the establishment of Bangladesh. After independence the new state endured famines, natural disasters and widespread poverty, as well as political turmoil and military coups. The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic progress.

 

Bangladesh is the seventh most populous country and is among the most densely populated countries in the world with a high poverty rate. However, per-capita (inflation-adjusted) GDP has more than doubled since 1975, and the poverty rate has fallen by 20% since the early 1990s. The country is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies. Dhaka, the capital, and other urban centers have been the driving force behind this growth

Geographically, the country straddles the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. Bangladesh has the longest unbroken sea beach in the world in the Cox's Bazaar. The government is a parliamentary democracy. Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the OIC, SAARC, BIMSTEC, and the D-8. As the World Bank notes in its July 2005 Country Brief, the country has made significant progress in human development in the areas of literacy, gender parity in schooling and reduction of population growth.

However, Bangladesh continues to face a number of major challenges, including widespread political and bureaucratic corruption, economic competition relative to the world, serious overpopulation, widespread poverty, and an increasing danger of hydrologic shocks brought on by ecological vulnerability to climate change.

 

History

Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years, when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC.

 

The kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the seventh century BC, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire and Harsha Empire from the third to the sixth centuries CE. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive yet short-lived kingdom. Shashanka is considered the first independent king in the history of Bangladesh.

 

After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Arab Muslim merchants and Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.

 

Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkic general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The region was ruled by dynasties of Sultans and land lords Bhuiyan for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial centre of Mughal administration.

 

European traders arrived late in the 15th century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The bloody rebellion of 1857, known as the Sepoy Mutiny, resulted in transfer of authority to the crown, with a British viceroy running the administration. During colonial rule, famine racked the Indian subcontinent many times, including the Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.

 

20th century

Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone. When India was partitioned in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines (for the majority Muslims), with the western part going to India and the eastern part joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.

 

In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system. However, despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.

 

Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was jailed; he was released in 1969, after an unprecedented popular uprising.

 

In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people, and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections, was blocked from taking office.

 

After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him on the early hours of March 26, 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight, a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths . Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about ten million refugees fled to neighbouring India. Estimates of those massacred throughout the war range from three hundred thousand to 3 million.

 

Before his arrest by the Pakistan Army, Sk. Mujibur Rahman formally declared the independence of Bangladesh and directed everyone to fight till the last soldier of the Pakistan army was evicted from East Pakistan. Awami League leaders set up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The exile government formally took oath at Mujib Nagar in Kustia district of East Pakistan on April 14, 1971 with Tajuddin Ahmad as the first Prime Minister.

The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The Bangladesh Forces formed within 11 sectors led by General M.A.G. Osmani consisting of Bengali Regulars and Mukti Bahini conducted a massive guerilla war against the Pakistan Forces with all out support from the Indian Armed Forces. Jointly the Mitro Bahini achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan on December 16, 1971, with Indian Armed Forces taking over 90,000 prisoners of war.

After its independence, Bangladesh became a parliamentary democracy, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League gained an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974, and in early 1975, Mujib initiated a one-party socialist rule with his newly formed BAKSAL. On August 15, 1975, Mujib with most of his family members were assassinated by mid-level military officers. On November 19, 2009, the Supreme Court awarded death penalty to 12 convicts. Five condemned killers of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman were hanged early on January 28, 2010 at Dhaka Central Jail amid tight security. Apart from the five executed, six are on the run and one died.

 

A series of bloody coups and counter-coups in the following three months culminated in the ascent to power of General Ziaur Rahman, who reinstated multi-party politics & founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated in 1981 by elements of the military. Bangladesh's next major rulers General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who gained power in a bloodless coup in 1982 and ruled until 1990, when he was forced to resign after a massive revolt of all major political parties and the public, joined with pressure from western donors (which was a major shift in international policy after the end of communism).

 

Since then, Bangladesh has reverted to a parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow, Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory at the general election in 1991 and became the first female Prime Minister in Bangladesh's history. However, the Awami League, headed by Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, clinched power at the next election in 1996 but lost to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party again in 2001.

 

On January 11, 2007, following widespread political unrest, a caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election. The country had suffered from extensive corruption, disorder and political violence. The new caretaker government has made it a priority to root out corruption from all levels of government. To this end, many notable politicians and officials, along with large numbers of lesser officials and party members, have been arrested on corruption charges. The caretaker government held a fair and free election on December 29, 2008. Awami League's Sheikh Hasina won the elections with a landslide victory and took oath of Prime Minister on January 6, 2009.

 

Geography and climate

Bangladesh is in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma or Pôdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna), and Meghna rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 58 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve – in most cases as the lower riparian state to India.[48] Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 m (39.4 ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 50% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.28 ft).

 

In south east Bangladesh experiments have been done since the sixties to 'build with nature'. By implementing cross dams, the natural accretion of silt has created new land. With Dutch funding, the Bangladeshi government began to help develop this new land in the late 1970s. The effort has since become a multiagency operation building roads, culverts, embankments, cyclone shelters, toilets and ponds, as well as distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the program will have allotted some 27,000 acres (10,927 ha) to 21,000 families.

 

The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at 1,052 m (3,450 ft) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country.

 

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year, combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that stretches uninterrupted over 120 kilometres (75 mi).

 

In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding in modern world history. As the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 kilometres (6,027 mi) of road and 2,700 kilometres (1,678 mi) of embankment 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made homeless with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 square kilometres (19.3 sq mi) of land destroyed and 11,000 kilometres (6,835 mi) of roads damaged or destroyed. Two-thirds of the country was underwater. There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Thirdly, trees that usually would have intercept rain water had been cut down for firewood or to make space for animals.

 

Bangladesh is now widely recognized to be one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as climate change, each seriously affecting agriculture, water & food security, human health and shelter. It is believed that in the coming decades the rising sea level alone will create more than 20 million climate refugees.

 

Other infos

 

Oficial Name:

গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ

Gana Prajatantri Bangladesh

গণ প্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ (Gôṇ Prôjātôntrī Bāṁlādeš)

 

Independence:

Declared March 26, 1971

- Victory Day December 16 1971

 

Area:

147.450km2

 

Inhabitants:

150.790.000

 

Language:

Arakanese [mhv] 200,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 150,000 Marmar, 35,000 Rakhain (SIL 2002). Southeast, Chittagong Hills area. Marma is in the hills and Rakhine along the coast. Alternate names: Marama, "Maghi", "Mogh", "Magh", Mash, Marma. Dialects: Marma (Morma), Rakhine (Rakhain, Yakhain). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

 

Assamese [asm] Alternate names: Asambe, Asami. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Bengali [ben] 100,000,000 in Bangladesh (1994 UBS). 211,000,000 including second-language speakers (1999 WA). Population total all countries: 171,070,202. Western. Also spoken in India, Malawi, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Banga-Bhasa, Bangala, Bangla. Dialects: Languages or dialects in the Bengali group according to Grierson: Central (Standard) Bengali, Western Bengali (Kharia Thar, Mal Paharia, Saraki), Southwestern Bengali, Northern Bengali (Koch, Siripuria), Rajbanshi, Bahe, Eastern Bengali (East Central, including Sylhetti), Haijong, Southeastern Bengali (Chakma), Ganda, Vanga, Chittagonian (possible dialect of Southeastern Bengali). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Bishnupriya [bpy] 40,000 in Bangladesh (2003). Alternate names: Bishnupuriya, Bisna Puriya, Bishnupria Manipuri. Dialects: Rajar Gang, Madoi Gang. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Burmese [mya] 300,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Area bordering Myanmar. Alternate names: Bama, Bamachaka, Myen. Dialects: Bomang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

 

Chak [ckh] 5,500 in Bangladesh (2002). Most in Arakan Blue Mountains, Baishari, Banderbon, South, Nrrkhinsorithan, Bishar Chokpra. Alternate names: Sak. Classification: Unclassified

 

Chakma [ccp] 312,207 in Bangladesh (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 612,207. Southeast, Chittagong Hills area, and Chittagong City. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Takam. Dialects: 6 dialects. Chakma of India understood with difficulty. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Chin, Asho [csh] 1,422 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Sho, Shoa, Khyang, Khyeng, Qin. Dialects: Chittagong, Lemyo, Minbu, Saingbaun, Sandoway, Thayetmyo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

 

Chin, Bawm [bgr] 5,773 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Bawn, Bawng, Bom, Bawm. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

 

Chin, Falam [flm] Alternate names: Hallam Chin, Halam, Fallam, Falam. Dialects: Chorei, Zanniat. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

 

Chin, Haka [cnh] 1,264 in Bangladesh (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Haka, Baungshe, Lai. Dialects: Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua, Shonshe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

 

Chin, Khumi [cnk] 1,188 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Alternate names: Khumi, Khami, Kami, Kumi, Khweymi, Khuni. Dialects: Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami, Ngala. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi

 

Chittagonian [cit] 14,000,000 in Bangladesh (1998 H. Ebersole). Chittagong Region. Also spoken in Myanmar. Alternate names: Chittagonian Bengali. Dialects: Rohinga (Akyab). Not inherently intelligible with Bengali, although considered to be a nonstandard Bengali dialect. A continuum of dialects from north to south, with a larger religious distinction between Muslim and others. An ethnic Bengali Muslim who speaks the Muslim variety of Chittagonian Bengali and was born in Arakan state, Myanmar, is called a 'Rohinga'. The dialect is intelligible to those born in southeastern Bangladesh. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Darlong [dln] 9,000 in Bangladesh. Population total all countries: 15,000. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Dalong. Dialects: Also reported to be related to Tipura. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

 

Garo [grt] 102,000 in Bangladesh (1993). Northeastern, Mymensingh plains, Tangail Shripur, Jamelpur, Netrakara, Sylhet, Dhaka. Alternate names: Garrow, Mande. Dialects: Abeng, Achik. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Garo

 

Hajong [haj] Alternate names: Haijong. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Ho [hoc] Alternate names: Lanka Kol. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari

 

Indian Sign Language [ins] Classification: Deaf sign language

 

Khasi [kha] Very few speakers of standard Khasi. Moulvibazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj, and Alinagar; Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur and north of Raipur; Hobiganj District. Alternate names: Kahasi, Khasiyas, Khuchia, Kyi, Cossyah, Khassee, Khasie. Dialects: Khasi (Cherrapunji), Lyngngam (Lngngam). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian

 

Koch [kdq] Alternate names: Koc, Kocch, Koce, Kochboli, Konch. Dialects: Banai, Harigaya, Satpariya, Tintekiya, Wanang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Koch

 

Kok Borok [trp] 100,000 in Bangladesh (2001). Alternate names: Tripuri, Tripura, Tipura, Mrung, Usipi. Dialects: Jamatia, Noatia, Riang (Tipra), Halam, Debbarma. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Bodo

 

Kurux [kru] Alternate names: Kurukh, Uraon, Oraoan. Classification: Dravidian, Northern

 

Megam [mef] 6,872 (2000 WCD). Northeastern Bangladesh. Alternate names: Migam. Dialects: Called a dialect of Garo, but may be a separate language. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Garo

 

Meitei [mni] 15,000 in Bangladesh (2003). Sylhet. Alternate names: Meithei, Meithe, Mitei, Mithe, Meiteiron, Manipuri, Kathe, Kathi, Ponna. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Meitei

 

Mizo [lus] 1,041 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Mizo Hills, Chittagong, Sylhet. Alternate names: Lusai, Lushai, Lushei, Sailau, Hualngo, Whelngo, Lei. Dialects: Ralte, Dulien, Ngente, Mizo, Le. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

 

Mru [mro] 80,000 in Bangladesh (2002 SIL). Population total all countries: 81,231. Southeastern, Chittagong Hills; 200 villages. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Murung, Mrung, Maru, Niopreng. Dialects: Lexical similarity 13% with Mro Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Mru

 

Mundari [muw] Alternate names: Munda, Mandari, Munari, Horo, Mondari, Colh. Dialects: Hasada', Latar, Naguri, Kera'. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Mundari

 

Pankhu [pkh] 2,278 in Bangladesh (1981 census). Population total all countries: 2,512. Bandarban, Rangamati, Kagrachori, and some in Malumghat and Chittagong. Also spoken in India, Myanmar. Alternate names: Pankho, Panko, Pangkhu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

 

Pnar [pbv] 4,000 in Bangladesh (2002). Along the India border in the northeast; Sylhet Division, Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur, and north of Raipur; Moulavi Bazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian

 

Rajbanshi [rjb] 12,916 in Bangladesh (2000). Northwest regions of Bangladesh. Alternate names: Rajbangsi, Rajbansi, Tajpuri. Dialects: Bahe. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Riang [ria] 1,011 in Bangladesh (2000). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Reang, Kau Bru. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Bodo-Garo, Bodo

 

Sadri, Oraon [sdr] 165,683 (2000 WCD). Throughout Rajshahi Division; in Chittagong Division, Moulvibazar and Hobigani districts; and Khulna Division, Jhenaidah District (Jhenaidah Thana, Moheshpur Thana), Kushtia District (Mirpur Thana), Magura District (Magura Thana). Dialects: Borail Sadri, Nurpur Sadri, Uchai Sadri, Mokkan Tila Sadri. The dialects listed may need separate literature. Inherent intelligibility of 7 Sadri varieties on Borail ranges from 70% to 93%; of 8 varieties on Nurpur from 78% to 94%. Lexical similarity of 14 Sadri varieties with Borail Sadri ranges from 88% to 97%. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bihari

 

Santali [sat] 157,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Ethnic population: 42,698. Alternate names: Hor, Satar, Santhali, Sandal, Sangtal, Santal, Har, Sonthal. Dialects: Karmali (Khole), Kamari-Santali, Lohari-Santali, Paharia, Mahali (Mahle) Manjhi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Munda, North Munda, Kherwari, Santali

 

Shendu [shl] 1,000 in Bangladesh (1980 UBS). Chittagong Hills. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Khyen, Khyeng, Khieng, Shandu, Sandu. Dialects: Close to Asho, Khyang, Thayetmo, Minbu, Chinbon, Lemyo, Mara Chin (Lakher). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

 

Sylheti [syl] 7,000,000 in Bangladesh. Population total all countries: 10,300,000. Ethnic population: 8,000,000 or more. District of Sylhet, Sunamgani, Habigani, Moulvibazar. Sylhet is about 100 miles north of Dacca. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, India, Italy, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, United Kingdom, USA. Alternate names: Sylhetti, Sylhetti Bangla, Sileti, Siloti, Syloti, Syloty. Dialects: Close to Bengali, Assamese. Lexical similarity 70% with Bengali. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Tangchangya [tnv] 17,695 (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Tanchangya. Dialects: Close to Chakma. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

 

Tippera [tpe] 100,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Tippera-Bengali, Tipperah, Tipra, Tipura, Triperah, Tippurah, Tripura. Dialects: 36 dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified

 

Usui [usi] 4,010 (1981 census). Chittagong Hills. Alternate names: Unshoi, Unsuiy, Ushoi. Dialects: Close to Tippera. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified

 

War [aml] 16,000 in Bangladesh (2003 SIL). Population total all countries: 28,000. Along the India border in the northeast; Sylhet Division, Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur, and north of Raipur; Moulavi Bazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj, Alinagar. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Amwi, Waar. Dialects: War-Jaintia, War-Khasi. Probably distinct from War, a dialect of Khasi in India. 75% intelligibility of Khasi by War-Jaintia. Jirang is similar, and may be a dialect. Lexical similarity 70% to 75% between War-Jaintia and War-Khasi; War-Jaintia dialect 41% to 45% with Pnar (from scant data), 35% with standard Khasi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khasian

 

Capital City:

Dhaka

 

Meaning of the country name:

From Bengali/Sanskrit, Bangla referring to the Bengali-speaking people, and Desh meaning "country", hence "Country of the Bengalis". The country previously formed part of colonial British India. Bengali culture spans a wider area than that of the state of Bangladesh: the culture extends into present-day India (in Assam (Boro Peoples), Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal, and Jharkand.

East Pakistan (former name): the name used when Pakistan comprised both modern-day Pakistan, or "West Pakistan", and modern-day Bangladesh — "East Pakistan". See Pakistan below (note that the name "Pakistan" comes from an acronym of the country's various regions/homelands; Bangladesh or its regions do not feature as part of the acronym.)

Note; the river Ganga leaves the plains from Hindustan of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of South Asia into Bangladesh forming the Ganges Delta (Bengal Delta) the biggest in the world, also known as the Mouths of the Ganges opening up into the Bay of Bengal near the Sunderbans (National Parks of India), a natural habitat shared by Indo-Banga inhabitants for Indian Wildlife; Home of the Royal Bengal Tiger both the National animal of Bharat and Bangladesh (Independent Bengal).

 

Description Flag:

The national flag of Bangladesh was adopted officially on January 17, 1972. It is based on a similar flag used during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. This flag depicted a map of Bangladesh over a red sun. The map was later deleted from the flag, most likely to simplify the design. The current flag resembles the flag of Japan, except that it has a green field instead of a white one. A red disc is on top of the green field, offset slightly toward the hoist so that it appears centered when the flag is flying. The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh

 

Coat of arms:

Was adopted shortly after independence in 1971.

Located on the emblem is a water lily, that is bordered on two sides by rice sheaves. Above the water lilly are four stars and a three-leaf clover of tea leaves. The water lilly is the country's national flower, and is representative of the many rivers that run through Bangladesh. Rice represents its presence as the staple food of Bangladesh, and for the agriculture of that nation. The four stars represent the four founding principles that were originally enshrined in the first constitution of Bangladesh in 1972: nationalism, secularism, socialism, and democracy.

 

National Anthem: :আমার সোনার বাংলা), Amar Shonar Bangla (My Golden Bengal)

 

Bengali

 

আমার সোনার বাংলা

আমার সোনার বাংলা,

আমি তোমায় ভালবাসি।

চিরদিন তোমার আকাশ,

তোমার বাতাস

আমার প্রাণে বাজায় বাঁশি।

ও মা,

ফাগুনে তোর আমের বনে

ঘ্রানে পাগল করে--

মরি হায়, হায় রে

ও মা,

অঘ্রানে তোর ভরা খেতে,

আমি কি দেখেছি মধুর হাসি।।

কি শোভা কি ছায়া গো,

কি স্নেহ কি মায়া গো--

কি আঁচল বিছায়েছ

বটের মূলে,

নদীর কূলে কূলে।

মা, তোর মুখের বাণী

আমার কানে লাগে

সুধার মতো--

মরি হায়, হায় রে

মা, তোর বদনখানি মলিন হলে

আমি নয়ন জলে ভাসি।।

 

Transliteration

 

Amar Shonar Bangla

 

Amar shonar Bangla,

Ami tomake bhalobashi.

 

Chirodin tomar akash,

Tomar batash,

Amar prane bajae bãshi.

 

O ma,

Phagune tor amer bone

Ghrane pagol kôre,

Mori hae, hae re,

O ma,

Ôghrane tor bhôra khete

Ami ki dekhechhi modhur hashi.

 

Ki shobha, ki chhaea go,

Ki sneho, ki maea go,

Ki ãchol bichhaeechho

Bôţer mule,

Nodir kule kule!

 

Ma, tor mukher bani

Amar kane lage,

Shudhar môto,

Mori hae, hae re,

Ma, tor bôdonkhani molin hole,

Ami nôeon jôle bhashi.

 

English

 

My beloved Bengal

 

My Bengal of Gold,

I love you.

 

Forever your skies,

Your air set my heart in tune

As if it were a flute.

 

In spring, O mother mine,

The fragrance from your mango groves

Makes me wild with joy,

Ah, what a thrill!

In autumn, O mother mine,

In the full blossomed paddy fields

I have seen spread all over sweet smiles.

 

Ah, what a beauty, what shades,

What an affection, and what a tenderness!

What a quilt have you spread

At the feet of banyan trees

And along the banks of rivers!

 

O mother mine, words from your lips

Are like nectar to my ears.

Ah, what a thrill!

If sadness, O mother mine,

Casts a gloom on your face,

My eyes are filled with tears!

 

Internet Page:

www.bangladesh.gov.bd

www.bangladesh.com

www.virtualbangladesh.com

www.bangladeshtourism.gov.bd

 

Bangladesh in diferent languages

 

eng | arg | ast | bre | cat | cor | cym | dan | est | eus | fin | fra | ina | ita | jav | jnf | nld | nor | rup | sme | spa | srd | swa | swe | vor | wln: Bangladesh

dsb | hrv | hsb | slv | szl: Bangladeš

afr | fao | lim: Bangladesj

crh | gag | tuk: Bangladeş / Бангладеш

deu | ltz | nds: Bangladesch / Bangladeſch

ces | slk: Bangladéš

csb | pol: Bangladesz

fry | hun: Banglades

ind | msa: Bangladesh / بڠڬلاديش

kaa | uzb: Bangladesh / Бангладеш

kin | run: Bangladeshe

aze: Banqladeş / Бангладеш

bam: Bangiladɛsi

bos: Bangladeš / Бангладеш

epo: Bangladeŝo

frp: Banglladèch•e

fur: Bangladesj

gla: Bangladais; Bangla Dais; Bangla-deis; Bangladeis

gle: An Bhanglaidéis / An Ḃanglaidéis; An Bhangladéis / An Ḃangladéis

glg: Bangladés; Bangladesh

glv: Yn Vangladesh

hat: Bangladèch

ibo: Baṅladesh

isl: Bangladess

kmr: Bangladêş / Бангладеш / بانگلادێش

kur: Bengladeş / بەنگلادەش; Bengladêş / بەنگلادێش

lat: Bangladesa; Bangladesia

lav: Bangladeša

lin: Bángaladɛ́si

lit: Bangladešas

lld: Bangladesc

mlg: Bangladesha

mlt: Bangladexx

mol: Bangladeş / Бангладеш

nrm: Baunglladèche

oci: Bangladèsh

por: Bangladesh; Bangladeche

que: Banklades

rmy: Bangladeš / बान्ग्लादेश

roh: Bangladesch

ron: Bangladeş

scn: Bangladesci

slo: Bangladesx / Бангладеш

smg: Banglodešas

smo: Panikalatesi

som: Bangaala-Dheesh

sqi: Bangladeshi

tet: Bangladexe

ton: Pengikolotesi

tur: Bangladeş

vie: Băng-la-đét

vol: Bängalän

wol: Banglaades

zza: Bengladeş

alt | bul | che | chm | chv | kbd | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | mon | oss | rus | tyv | udm: Бангладеш (Bangladeš)

bak | tat: Бангладеш / Bangladeş

abq: Бангладеш (Bangładeš)

bel: Бангладэш / Banhładeš

kaz: Бангладеш / Bangladeş / بانگلادەش

srp: Бангладеш / Bangladeš

tgk: Бангладеш / بنگلدش / Bangladeş

ukr: Банґладеш (Bangladeš)

ara: بنغلادش (Banġlādiš); بنغلاديش (Banġlādīš); بنجلادش (Banglādiš); بنجلاديش (Banglādīš)

fas: بنگلادش (Banglādeš)

prs: بنگلدیش (Bangladēš)

pus: بنګلدېش (Bangladeš); بنګلادېش (Banglādeš)

snd: بنگلادیش (Banglādeša)

uig: بانگلادېش / Ban’gladésh / Бангладеш

urd: بنگلادیش (Banglādeš); بنگلہدیش (Banglâdeš)

div: ބަނގްލަދޭށް (Baṅgladēŝ); ބަންގާޅު (Bangāḷu)

heb: בנגלדש (Bangladeš); באנגלאדש (Bânglâdeš)

lad: באנגלאדיש / Bangladesh

yid: באַנגלאַדעש (Bangladeš)

amh: ባንግላደሽ (Bangladäš)

ell: Μπανγκλαντές (Mpangklantés); Μπαγκλαντές (Mpagklantés); Μπαγγλαντές (Mpagglantés); Μπάγκλα-Ντες (Mpágkla-Ntes)

hye: Բանգլադեշ (Bangladeš)

kat: ბანგლადეში (Bangladeši)

hin | nep: बांग्लादेश (Bāṁglādeš)

mar: बांगलादेश (Bāṁglādeŝ)

ben: বাংলাদেশ (Bāṁlādeš)

guj: બાંગ્લાદેશ (Bāṁglādeš)

ori: ବାଂଲାଦେଶ (Bāṁlādeš)

pan: ਬੰਗਲਾਦੇਸ਼ (Baṁglādeš)

sin: බංගලි දේශය (Baṁgali Dēšaya)

kan: ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ (Bāṁglādēša); ಬಾಂಗ್ಲದೇಶ (Bāṁgladēša)

mal: ബംഗ്ലാദേശ് (Baṁglādēš)

tam: பங்களாதேஷ் (Paṅkaḷātēš); வங்காளதேசம் (Vaṅkāḷatēčam); வங்க தேசம் (Vaṅka Tēčam)

tel: బంగ్లాదేశ్ (Baṁglādēš)

zho: 孟加拉 (Mèngjiālā)

jpn: バングラデシュ (Banguradeshu)

kor: 방글라데시 (Banggeulladesi)

dzo: བངྒ་ལ་དེཤ་ (Baṅg.la.deṣ.)

mya: ဘင္ဂလားဒေ့ရ္ဟ္ (Bʰĩgálàdéš)

tha: บังคลาเทศ (Bâṅkʰlātʰēt)

lao: ບັງກະລາແດັດ (Bâṅkalādæt); ບັງກາລະເທດ (Bâṅkālatʰēt)

khm: បង់ក្លាដេស (Băṅklādes)

 

Lusei (The Lusheati) tribe are one of the eleven tribes of the Mizo people, native to Mizoram in Northeast India, Chin Hills in western Myanmar and Chittagong Hill Tracts of eastern Bangladesh. The Lushei, being one of the major tribes of northeast residing in lushai hills influenced neighbouring, smaller tribe.

Sajek valley is a tourist spot at Baghaichari Upazila in Rangamati districts. Bangladesh army has built new road over the hilly area to visit the place. It is one of the big union in Rangamati districts. Basically it is name of a river which separates Bangladesh from India. The river flows into the Karnafuli River in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Sajek Valley is situated in the North angle of Rangamati, near the Mizoram border boundary area. The valley is 18000 ft high form sea lavel. Many small rivers flow through the hills among them Kachalon and Machalong are famous. It is one of the biggest union in Bangladesh. The main ethnic minorities on the valley are Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Pankua, Lushai and Sagma. Before traveling there, be alert about malaria. There is some body lotion or cream to prevent the mosquito. The place is known as hill queen for its natural beauty and roof of Rangamati.

  

Marishsha is a name of a place near Sajek Valley. Most of the houses are made by bamboo. There is another place near Sajek, it is Kanlak, and it is famous for orange orchard. Most attractions of the spot are sun set, rain, morning, evening, and night and aborigine people. Tourist can buy aborigine people product from indigenous Haat. Roads are like big snake spirals mountains. Most of the people are Buddhist and people are Christian here. A new road has been built up to the Ruilui Para by the guidance of Bangladesh army. On the way traveler need to take permission from the army camp. Bangladesh army is very helpful and cooperative.Now mobile network is available here.

  

Spots on the road side of Sajak Valley

  

Sajek Resort – on the left of entering the valley. Helipad on Sajek Helipad on The Valley Helipad The Horizon Garden Runmoy Rest house Ruilui Para Club House – Guest house Ruilui Para Church Alo Resort Local people house and tea Stals BGB.

  

How to Reach Sajek

  

The valley is in Rangamati but tourist can reach there from Khagrachhari it is better for them. From Dhaka many bus services are available. they are Saint Martin(AC), Soudia, Eagle, Shyamoli, S Alam and more. After reach to Khagrachhori, you need a Chander Gari to arrive at Sajek. The route is Khagrachhori – Dighinala Bazaar – Bagaihat Bazaar – Machalong Haat – then Sajek. It is 106 km from Khagrachhari. Dighinala to Sajek is 25 km. Main transportation is Chander Gari. It costs tk.5000-tk.6000/- from Khagrachhari. It is like a four wheel jeep. Some time visitor can take some tea berak on the way at Haat. From Dighinala traveler can hire motor bike. It may cost tk 1000-tk1500/- up down. The region is extremely very backward. Visitor can also go to Sajek from Rangamati by engine vessel. It takes 5-6 hours. Baghaichari is the landing station. Costing is within tk 200/-. And Baghaichari to Sajek by Chander Gari. Perperson it take tk 300/-. Normally it is better to book reserve for return journey.

- File:Mizoram chhunga Aibawk khua.jpg

DMS

Decimal hmanga siam a ni23° 33′ 32.71′′ N , 92° 42′ 23.27′′ EAibawk village, Aizawl, mizoram india

Aibawk location map, Aibawk weaterAibawk, Aizawl, Mizoram india

 

Photographer ; Lalchhanhima Zote

 

The village of Aibawk, shown in the aerial photograph, is located in Mizoram, a northeastern state of India known for its mountainous terrain and vibrant culture, which is characterized by beautiful hills, mountains and scattered houses.

 

The photographer, Lalchhanhima Zote , who belongs to the Hmar community, an ethnic group in northeastern India, captures the rural, non-urban, tourist and wildlife photographs of the region that often dominate.

 

Beautiful places in Mizoram, as he pointed out, attracted a lot of attention for its natural landscapes, and Aizawl, the city, was featured in the related web results in its hilltop city scene, giving context to the photographer of the region.

 

#northeastindiana #aibawkAibawk, Aizawl, Mizoram india

 

Photographer ; Lalchhanhima Zote

 

The village of Aibawk, shown in the aerial photograph, is located in Mizoram, a northeastern state of India known for its mountainous terrain and vibrant culture, which is characterized by beautiful hills, mountains and scattered houses.

 

The photographer, Lalchhanhima Zote Hmar, who belongs to the Hmar community, an ethnic group in northeastern India, captures the rural, non-urban, tourist and wildlife photographs of the region that often dominate.

 

Beautiful places in Mizoram, as he pointed out, attracted a lot of attention for its natural landscapes, and Aizawl, the city, was featured in the related web results in its hilltop city scene, giving context to the photographer of the region.

 

#northeastindiana #aibawk

Sajek Valley A Beautiful Morning with Heavy Fog.

  

Sajek valley: Sajek is a union at Baghaichari Upazila in Rangamati districts. Basically it is name of a river which separates Bangladesh from India. The river flows into the Karnafuli River in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Sajek Valley is situated in the North angle of Rangamati, near the Mizoram border boundary area. The valley is 1,800 ft high form sea lavel. Many small rivers flow through the hills among them Kachalon and Machalong are famous. The main ethnic minorities on the valley are Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Pankua, Lushai and Sagma. The place is known as hill queen for its natural beauty and roof of Rangamati.

Karnafuli River is the swiftest river in Bangladesh. It is about six hundred and sixty seven meters wide river in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. There is no other river in Bangladesh that is more romanticized than Karnafuli River. Karnaphuli is the largest and most significant river in Chittagong. It is originating from the Lushai hills in India and flows two hundred and seventy kilometers through Chittagong Hill Tracts and drops Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal.

Chittagong War Cemetery is in Dampara locality, No 19 Badsha Mia Chowdhury Road.The cemetery was created by the army, and there were originally about 400 burials. Graves have since been transferred to this cemetery from the Lushai Hills (Assam) and other isolated sites.There are now 731 Commonwealth burials of the 1939-45 war here, 17 of which are unidentified. There are a further 20 Foreign National burials, 1 being a seaman of the Dutch Navy and 19 Japanese soldiers, 1 of which is unidentified. There are also 4 non war U.K. military burials.

Abbott's Babbler (Malacocincla abbotti)

 

Abbott's babbler (Malacocincla abbotti) is a species of bird in the Pellorneidae family. It is widely distributed along the Himalayas in South Asia and extending into the forests of Southeast Asia. They are short-tailed and stout birds which forage in pairs in dense undergrowth close to the ground and their presences is indicated by their distinctive calls.

  

Description

 

The adult Abbott's babbler is a nondescript brown, short-tailed babbler that moves about in the low vegetation often near streams and in the vicinity of tree ferns and tangled vegetation. The throat is greyish white while the center of the belly is white and the flanks are olive. The undertail coverts are rusty. The sexes are alike. It has a short tail and heavy bill; it is drab olive-brown with bright rusty lower flanks and vent, a greyish-white throat and breast and variable pale grey supercilium and lores. Juvenile birds have dark rufescent-brown crowns and upperparts. The subspecies M. a. krishnarajui of the Eastern Ghats has a darker russet tail and rump than the Himalayan nominate subspecies. Specimens measure 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) in length, with a head of 39–44 mm (1.5–1.7 in) and tail of 55–61 mm (2.2–2.4 in). The calls are distinctive.

  

Taxonomy

 

The genus name Malacocincla is derived from the Ancient Greek malakos, meaning soft; combined with modern Latin cinclus, meaning thrush; referring to the birds' full and drooping plumage. The specific name abbotti was given by Edward Blyth after the specimen collector, Lieutenant Colonel J. R. Abbott (1811–1888) who served in British India as Assistant Commissioner of the Arakan from 1837 to 1845. Blyth placed it in a new genus Malacocincla but subsequent workers placed it in Turdinus and Trichastoma. A revision reinstated its placement in Malacocincla in 1985 while a 2001 study confirmed the cohesiveness of the Trichastoma group. An isolated population occurs in the Vishakapatnam Ghats, well separated from the nearest main distribution along the Himalayas and was named after Indian ornithologist K.S.R. Krishnaraju by Dillon Ripley and Bruce Beehler in 1985. The nominate population is from southern Burma and extends to southern Tenasserim and northwestern Malaya including the Langkawi Islands. Several other populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies and not all are recognized. The population in the eastern Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Sikkim and Assam was named as amabile but is now considered within the nominate subspecies. Others include alterum (=altera, central Laos and Annam), williamsoni (eastern Thailand and northwestern Cambodia), obscurius (= obscurior, coastal southeastern Thailand), olivaceum (Peninsular Thailand and Malaya), sirense (Borneo, Pulau Mata Siri) and baweanum (Bawean Island).

  

Distribution and habitat

 

In South Asia, it is resident from Nepal to Arunachal Pradesh and the Assam Valley in India, south throughout the South Assam hills, including Meghalaya and south through the Lushai Hills. It is also resident in east and south Bangladesh (around Jessore and Khulna), and the Eastern Ghats in North-east Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The altitudinal distribution is up to 600 m (2000 ft), 275 m (900 ft) in Nepal. It is widely distributed across Southeast Asia.

 

It is common across much of its large range. It is seen in the understory of broadleaved evergreen forest, forest edge, secondary growth and scrub. In Singapore, they have been noted as being tolerant to disturbance and adapting to secondary growth and disturbed forest.

  

Behaviour and ecology

 

Abbott's babbler usually moves around in pairs close to the ground. They breed from April to July (summer monsoon), with the nest being a carefully placed but bulky cup low in palms or other undergrowth. A study in Thailand found that most nests are placed in spiny palms and rattans. The usual clutch is 3 to 5 eggs which are bright salmon with dark blotches and red lines. When disturbed at the nest, the bird slip over the edge and fly with laboured wing beats and then hop out of sight. More than one brood may be raised in a season.

 

Their distinctive calls consists of three or four notes with the a drop on the middle note. The antiphonal duet of a male and female has the male leading with a "poor'ol bear" followed by the females "dear dear". The tunes may however change over time. The birds tend to remain within a well marked area and do not wander widely. The song is a variable short series of around three to four notes of rich, fluty, liquid, slurred, short whistled notes; these are sometimes delivered haltingly and sometimes rapidly. The evening group song consists of a recurrent sputtering churrr sound, which is low and slurred; ending with a sharp chreep. Calls include soft mewing notes, and a pulsing, purring trill when agitated.

 

[Credit: en.wikipedia.org/]

 

#aizawl #mizoram #travel #village, #aibawk #aibawkkhua #Aibawklocationmap #aibawklocation #worldtravel #beutifulvillage #sunset #history #Aizawl #mizoram #travel

Abbott's Babbler (Malacocincla abbotti)

 

Abbott's babbler (Malacocincla abbotti) is a species of bird in the Pellorneidae family. It is widely distributed along the Himalayas in South Asia and extending into the forests of Southeast Asia. They are short-tailed and stout birds which forage in pairs in dense undergrowth close to the ground and their presences is indicated by their distinctive calls.

  

Description

 

The adult Abbott's babbler is a nondescript brown, short-tailed babbler that moves about in the low vegetation often near streams and in the vicinity of tree ferns and tangled vegetation. The throat is greyish white while the center of the belly is white and the flanks are olive. The undertail coverts are rusty. The sexes are alike. It has a short tail and heavy bill; it is drab olive-brown with bright rusty lower flanks and vent, a greyish-white throat and breast and variable pale grey supercilium and lores. Juvenile birds have dark rufescent-brown crowns and upperparts. The subspecies M. a. krishnarajui of the Eastern Ghats has a darker russet tail and rump than the Himalayan nominate subspecies. Specimens measure 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) in length, with a head of 39–44 mm (1.5–1.7 in) and tail of 55–61 mm (2.2–2.4 in). The calls are distinctive.

  

Taxonomy

 

The genus name Malacocincla is derived from the Ancient Greek malakos, meaning soft; combined with modern Latin cinclus, meaning thrush; referring to the birds' full and drooping plumage. The specific name abbotti was given by Edward Blyth after the specimen collector, Lieutenant Colonel J. R. Abbott (1811–1888) who served in British India as Assistant Commissioner of the Arakan from 1837 to 1845. Blyth placed it in a new genus Malacocincla but subsequent workers placed it in Turdinus and Trichastoma. A revision reinstated its placement in Malacocincla in 1985 while a 2001 study confirmed the cohesiveness of the Trichastoma group. An isolated population occurs in the Vishakapatnam Ghats, well separated from the nearest main distribution along the Himalayas and was named after Indian ornithologist K.S.R. Krishnaraju by Dillon Ripley and Bruce Beehler in 1985. The nominate population is from southern Burma and extends to southern Tenasserim and northwestern Malaya including the Langkawi Islands. Several other populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies and not all are recognized. The population in the eastern Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Sikkim and Assam was named as amabile but is now considered within the nominate subspecies. Others include alterum (=altera, central Laos and Annam), williamsoni (eastern Thailand and northwestern Cambodia), obscurius (= obscurior, coastal southeastern Thailand), olivaceum (Peninsular Thailand and Malaya), sirense (Borneo, Pulau Mata Siri) and baweanum (Bawean Island).

  

Distribution and habitat

 

In South Asia, it is resident from Nepal to Arunachal Pradesh and the Assam Valley in India, south throughout the South Assam hills, including Meghalaya and south through the Lushai Hills. It is also resident in east and south Bangladesh (around Jessore and Khulna), and the Eastern Ghats in North-east Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The altitudinal distribution is up to 600 m (2000 ft), 275 m (900 ft) in Nepal. It is widely distributed across Southeast Asia.

 

It is common across much of its large range. It is seen in the understory of broadleaved evergreen forest, forest edge, secondary growth and scrub. In Singapore, they have been noted as being tolerant to disturbance and adapting to secondary growth and disturbed forest.

  

Behaviour and ecology

 

Abbott's babbler usually moves around in pairs close to the ground. They breed from April to July (summer monsoon), with the nest being a carefully placed but bulky cup low in palms or other undergrowth. A study in Thailand found that most nests are placed in spiny palms and rattans. The usual clutch is 3 to 5 eggs which are bright salmon with dark blotches and red lines. When disturbed at the nest, the bird slip over the edge and fly with laboured wing beats and then hop out of sight. More than one brood may be raised in a season.

 

Their distinctive calls consists of three or four notes with the a drop on the middle note. The antiphonal duet of a male and female has the male leading with a "poor'ol bear" followed by the females "dear dear". The tunes may however change over time. The birds tend to remain within a well marked area and do not wander widely. The song is a variable short series of around three to four notes of rich, fluty, liquid, slurred, short whistled notes; these are sometimes delivered haltingly and sometimes rapidly. The evening group song consists of a recurrent sputtering churrr sound, which is low and slurred; ending with a sharp chreep. Calls include soft mewing notes, and a pulsing, purring trill when agitated.

 

[Credit: en.wikipedia.org/]

 

On the 20th February 1987, Mizoram became the 23rd state of India. Sharing borders with Tripura, Assam, Manipur, Bangladesh and Myanmar, it’s capital, Aizawl, rises from dense jungle floor to rest high on a mountainous ridge 1132metres above sea level.

 

The Mizos are an ethnic group of people, native to North East India, Myanmar and Eastern Bangladesh. The origin of the Mizos, like those of many other tribes in the North Eastern India, is shrouded in mystery. Originally known as Lushai, the generally accepted view is that they are of Mongol descent and were part of a great wave of migration from China to India in the 18th and 19th C.

 

I’d travelled for seven hours over treacherous roads to witness Chapchar Kut 2010. The annual festival of “Chapchar Kut” occurs every March, to celebrate the oncoming spring season. Farmers cut the bamboo forests in a slash and burn agricultural technique known as jhum. Chapchar is the time in which they wait for the chopped bamboo heaps to dry under the sun before being burned. Kut, simply means festival. This year’s Chapchar kut was to be extra special. The young people of Mizoram were attempting to set a new world record for dancing the “Cheraw” (bamboo pole dancing).

 

The parade ground of the Assam Rifles was packed when I got there and I was welcomed like a long lost son of Mizoram. Despite it being a “dry” state, I was stopped by an old tribal warrior and offered the local rice wine. It’d have been rude not to accept but I really wish I hadn’t. My throat felt like it was on fire and I was required to sip it out of some dead animal’s horn. Mind you, the reaction on my face had the locals howling with laughter!

 

I can be a bit cynical of the whole world record business and I really should try and reign in my natural instincts. These people are deadly serious! I tend to forget that, unlike some elements in Western culture, these people cherish their customs and traditions. They act as a community strengthening and bonding device. And it seems to work. Young and old alike were enjoying the party atmosphere.

 

After three rehearsals we were treated to tiffin. Not only do they entertain us, they feed us too! The arena was cleared of non-participants and the record attempt began. It was a most impressive countdown with everyone taking part. ”Three… two…one …” the music started and the dance began.

 

Men, sit face to face on the ground, tapping long pairs of horizontal and cross bamboo poles open and closed in time to rhythmic beats. Girls in colourful Mizo costumes dance in and out between the beats of the bamboo poles.

 

Over 10,000 young people danced, creating over 670 sets of Cheraw. So many took part, they danced up Aizawl’s main street, for once devoid of traffic. People sang, flags waved, hands clapped and the smiles…Oh, those glorious smiles from the young people! The assembled masses were having fun! Simple, honest to goodness fun. Not a PSP, I-Phone or Mp3 player in sight! It was a joy to witness.

The actual dance lasted for the best part of ten minutes. How they managed to dance in all that heat still amazes me. Some young girls succumbed to the heat and had to be led away to recover. But their efforts were not in vain and, with great ceremony, the result was announced. The young Mizo people had indeed set a new world record for dancing the Cheraw! The atmosphere was euphoric! The crowd cheered as one and from somewhere the ceremonial guns appeared blasting their celebratory shots into the blue, blue sky.

 

I can’t begin to wonder how Chapchar Kut 2011 will top that. But I am sure of one thing. Whilst some people in this crazy world seem keen to dismiss the past as an irrelevance, the people of Mizoram and especially the young people, will continue to uphold their traditions. Celebrating their past with gusto, ingenuity and more importantly perhaps, a smile on their faces!

The plaque below the statue reads:

In Memory of Officers, Non Commissioned Officers and Men who gave their lives for their country during the following campaigns:

Afghanistan 1878-1880

Egypt 1889

Chin Lushai 1889-1890

Chitral 1895

Tirah 1897-1898

South Africa 1900-1902

 

#sateek #aibawk #aibawkkhua #mizopuan #lushaihills #chapcharkut #puanchei #mizoram #aizawl #village #mizokut #mizoramhistory #mizoramlushaihills #kawrchei #history Ziaktu; ChhanChhana Zote Hmar ▶ ‎ 📝 📝

KEIKHUM ( SATEEK kHUA PIPUSULHNU HISTORY ) Lianphunga Fapa Lalsuakhnuna SAILO FAPA Kamliana SAILO a ni...)

 

Kamliana sailo Farnu SAIRENGPUII ( saitei ) a ni, a ni hian kamliana Sailo hi a boral hnu khan Keikhum khua ni thin. tun hnu a Sateek khua lo ni ta, SATEEK KHUA Lal IN TLANG Saw Lal Ban hnu thleng khan an luah lum reng ni a, hriat a ni. ( ka hriat sual loh chuan ) Sateek khua Khaw hmun hlui ..... LALSUAKHNUNA SAILO ( AD 1916- 1918 ) Vel a ngaih ni in..

 

Lalsuakhnuna Sailo hun lai a, Sateek khaw hmun hlui a ni. He tah hian Rei tak chu an awm lo ni a hriat a ni, He lai hmun ah hian Lalsuakhnuna Sailo in a, a thu leh hla a A rawn ber thin. Lal UPA Min Darlianchhunga Hmar . KHUANGCHAWI PA )chu an phum a ni.SATEEK khua leh Phulpui khua hi khaw khat an nih lai vel a mi ni a hriat a ni..........

 

He lai hmun ah hian Hri te a leng a mi an thih tak avang in, tun a SATEEK KHUA Tun a Tawitaw kawn, Buanvai kawn, kan tih tak ah khian an in suan chho leh ta ni a hriat a ni. Tun thleng hian Tawitaw kawn, Buanvai kawn, ah khian Lal IN TLANG pawh hmuh theih in ala awm reng a ni. Chu mai ala ni lo Lalsuakhnuna Sailo in A pa Lianphunga Sailo, ( Lungtian Lal ) thin ni in, A pa Lianphunga Sailo hi Lungtian a an awm lai hi Vailen vawihnih (2) hun lai kha a ni. He lai a an awm Lai hian British vai sipai ho khan an rawn man ta a ni.Jial ah an dah a, A thih ta ni a hriat a ni. Lungtian Lal Lianphunga Sailo hi...( AD 1850- 1891 ) a ni.

 

Lungtian hi Aibawk khua i kal chuan An khaw tawn tirh chhuah Lam tlang ah khian awm in tun thleng hian hmuh theih in ala awm a ni. Tun hma chuan He lai hmun hi lai in Ruhro te leh zu Bel te thi te pawh an lai chhuak ni a hriat a ni. Lungtian khaw kawt chhuah Lung te pawh hi tun hma chuan hmuh theih thin a ni a, Tun ah chuan an paih bo ta ni a hriat a ni.

 

Lalsuakhnuna Sailo hian A pa Lianphunga Sailo Hriat reng nan SATEEK KHUA ah hian Bung lian pui mai a phun ta a ni. A Bung hming ah pawh Lianphunga Bung ti in tun thleng hian alo pu hlen ta a ni. Lianphunga Bung hi ( 1886- 1892 AD ) a phun ni a hriat a ni.

 

Sateek khua Lalupa leh Pasaltha te hming list;

 

LALUPA TE;

1.Pu.Darlianchawnga Zote ( 1886-1892-1897) ' (suakhnuna Sailo Lalupa)

2.Pu.Lalauva ZOTE

3.Dartinchhunga Hmar

4.Pu.Thangphuta

5.Darlianchhunga Hmar

6.Thanga Hmar.

PASALTHA TE ;

1.Pu.Kapzauva

 

2.Pu.Thangchina

3.Pu.hmaichhaha Ralte

4.Pu.Thangrikhuma.

5.Pu.Thanga Hmar te an ni,

kan hriat theih chin ah chuan..

.( Hriat belh zel chuan ziah leh zel a ni ang )

 

CHHUNZAWM TUR .... Sateek khua PIPU SULHNU..... HISTORY)

Ziaktu;Chhanchhana Zote Hmar 📝 📝#sateekkhua

The Mizo people are an ethnic group of people, native to north-eastern India, western Myanmar (Burma) and eastern Bangladesh; who speak Mizo language.

The present Indian state of Mizoram (literally "Mizoland") was called the Lushai Hills and was a district of Assam, before it became a Union Territory and afterwards a full-fledged state. The Lushai people were the first clan to have an external exposure and hence the people are initially known as the Lushai people. The demand for a distinct political territory for the people of Lushai Hills resulted in the creation of a separate Union Territory and afterwards the State of Mizoram. In this struggle, one of the powerful factors was the movement to call themselves Mizo, rather than by distinct clan names such as the Lushai, the Ralte, the Hmar, the Paite, the Mara, and the Pawi. Their languages (of which the largest is Lusei Duhlian dialect) belong to the Tibeto-Burman, and are closely related to those of the Chins in the adjacent Chin State of Myanmar

Birth name - Frederick Sleigh Roberts

Nickname(s) - Bobs

Born - 30 September 1832

Cawnpore, British India

Died - 14 November 1914 (aged 82)

St Omer, France

Buried - St Paul's Cathedral, London

Allegiance - British Empire

Service/branch - Bengal Army

British Army

Years of service - 1851–1904

Rank - Field Marshal

Unit - Royal Artillery

Commands held

Commander-in-Chief of the Forces

Command of British troops in Second Boer War until 1900

Commander-in-Chief, Ireland

Commander-in-Chief, India

Commander-in-Chief in Madras

Governor of Natal

Kabul and Kandahar field forces

Kuram field force

Battles/warsIndian Rebellion

Siege of Delhi

Siege of Lucknow

Umbeyla Campaign

1868 Expedition to Abyssinia

 

Battle of Magdala

Lushai Expedition

Second Anglo-Afghan War

 

Battle of Charasiab

Battle of Peiwar Kotal

Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment

Battle of Kandahar

Second Boer War

 

Siege of Kimberley

Battle of Paardeberg

Battle of Poplar Grove

Battle of Diamond Hill

Battle of Bergendal

AwardsVictoria Cross

Knight of the Order of the Garter

Knight of the Order of St Patrick

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

Member of the Order of Merit

Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India

Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire

Knight of the Order of St John

Mentioned in Despatches

RelationsFrederick Roberts (son)

Sir Abraham Roberts (father)

 

Wikipedia entry for him:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts

Another regimental memorial in Edinburgh. This one sits about half way across North Bridge and is dedicated to the King's Own Scottish Borderers who gave their lives in the following campaigns:

AFGHANISTAN 1878 -1880

EGYPT 1889

CHIN LUSHAI 1889 -1890

CHITRAL 1895

TIRAH 1897 -1898

SOUTH AFRICA 1900 - 1902

Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the largest country by geographical area in Indochina (mainland Southeast Asia). The country is bordered by China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometres (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.

 

The country's culture, heavily influenced by neighbours, is based on Theravada Buddhism intertwined with local elements. Burma's diverse population has played a major role in defining its politics, history and demographics in modern times, and the country continues to struggle to mend its ethnic tensions. The military has dominated government since General Ne Win led a coup in 1962 that toppled the civilian government of U Nu. Burma remains under the tight control of the military-led State Peace and Development Council.

 

History

Please go to

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma

 

Geography

Please go to

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Burma

 

Other info

Oficial name:

മ്യാന്മാര്

Pyi-daung-zu Myan-ma Naing-ngan-daw

 

Establishment:

Pagan Kingdom 849-1287

- Toungoo Dynasty 1486-1752

- Konbaung Dynasty 1753-1885

- Independence from the United Kingdom 4 January 1948

 

Area:

676.577km2

 

Inhabitants:

50.104.000

 

Language:

Achang [acn] 1,700 in Myanmar (1983). West of the Irrawaddy River in Katha District, near Banmauk, scattered among the Lashi. Along the China border. Alternate names: Anchan, Chung, Atsang, Acang, Ngac'ang, Ngachang, Ngochang, Mönghsa, Tai Sa'. Dialects: Maingtha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

More information.

 

Akha [ahk] 200,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 449,261. Eastern part of Kengtung Shan State. Also spoken in China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ko, Aka, Ikaw, Ak'a, Ahka, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Kha Ko, Ikor, Aini, Yani. Dialects: Ako, Asong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani, Ha-Ya

More information.

 

Anal [anm] Also possibly in Bangladesh. Alternate names: Namfau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

More information.

 

Anu [anl] 700. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified

More information.

 

Arakanese [mhv] 730,000 in Myanmar (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 954,000. Southwest, Arakan Province. Also possibly in China. Also spoken in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Maghi, Morma, Yakan, Yakhaing, Rakhain, Mogh, Magh, Marma, Mash, Rakhine. Dialects: One of the better known varieties of nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

More information.

 

Blang [blr] 12,000 in Myanmar (1994). Eastern Shan State, Mong Yang area, and Kengtung. Alternate names: Bulang, Pulang, Pula, Kawa, K'ala, Plang, Kontoi. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Bulang

More information.

 

Burmese [mya] 32,000,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 32,301,581. South, central, and adjacent areas. Also spoken in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, USA. Alternate names: Bama, Bamachaka, Myen, Myanmar. Dialects: Merguese (Mergui, Beik), Yaw, Danu (Taruw), Burmese, Palaw. There are diglossic high and low varieties. The preferred variety is spoken in Mandalay. Merguese (250,000 speakers), Danu (100,000 speakers), and Yaw (20,000) may be separate languages. They are distinct varieties (1997 D. Bradley). Speakers in Bangladesh speak Bomang, not Standard Burmese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

More information.

 

Chak [ckh] 20,000 in Myanmar (2002). Population total all countries: 25,500. Most in Arakan Blue Mountains, Myanmar. Also spoken in Bangladesh. Classification: Unclassified

More information.

 

Chaungtha [ccq] 121,700 (1983). Dialects: Related to Burmese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

More information.

 

Chin, Asho [csh] 10,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 11,422. Irrawaddy River, lowlands. Also spoken in Bangladesh. Alternate names: Qin, Asho, Ashu, Shoa, Sho, Khyang, Kyang. Dialects: Thayetmyo (Thayetmo), Minbu, Lemyo, Khyang. Close to Saingbaung Chin. Also related to Shendu and Chinbon. Lemyo, Thayetmo, Minbu, and Khyang may be separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

More information.

 

Chin, Bawm [bgr] 3,581 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Falam area, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Bawm, Bawn, Bawng, Bom. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

More information.

 

Chin, Bualkhaw [cbl] Chin State, Falam Township. Dialects: Closest to Zanniet Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

More information.

 

Chin, Chinbon [cnb] 19,600 (1983). Kanpetlet, Yaw, Seidoutia, and Paletwa townships. Alternate names: Ütbü, Chindwin Chin, Sho, Chinbon. Dialects: Lexical similarity 50% with Asho Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Sho

More information.

 

Chin, Daai [dao] 30,000 (1994 UBS). Matupi, Paletwa, Kanpetiet townships. Alternate names: Daai, Dai, M'kaang. Dialects: Matupi Daai, Paletwa Daai, Kanpetiet Daai. Two subgroups: one of them Tuishiip, or Shiip. Daai is reported to have 6 main subgroups. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

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Chin, Falam [flm] 100,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population includes 9,000 Tashon, 16,000 Zanniat, 7,000 Khualshim, 4,000 Lente, 14,400 Zahao 18,600 in Laizao (1983). Population total all countries: 125,367. Falam District, Chin Hills. Also spoken in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Hallam Chin, Halam, Fallam, Falam. Dialects: Zanniat, Tashon (Tashom, Shunkla, Sunkhla), Laizo (Laiso, Laizao, Laizo-Shimhrin), Zahao (Zahau, Yahow, Zahau-Shimhrin, Lyen-Lyem), Khualshim (Kwelshin), Lente (Lyente), Chorei. Chorei may be a separate language. In India, other dialect or clan names are: Choral, Dap, Eauglong, Ranjkho, Bong, Bongcher, Kaljang, Korbong, Langkai, Moosephang (Machaphang), Migli, Mitahar. They are collectively called 'Baro Halam'. Rupini and Koloi are said to be quite different from the others. Tapong is reported to have difficult intelligibility for speakers of other dialects. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Chin, Haka [cnh] 100,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population includes 2,000 Zokhua, 60,100 Lai (1983). Population total all countries: 446,264. Chin Hills, Haka area. Also spoken in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Haka, Hakha, Baungshe, Lai. Dialects: Klangklang (Thlantlang), Zokhua, Shonshe. Shonshe may be a separate language. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

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Chin, Khumi [cnk] 36,700 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 37,888. Arakan Hills, Akyab area. Matu are in Southern Chin State, Matupi, Mindat, and Paletwa townships, western Myanmar. Also spoken in Bangladesh, India. Alternate names: Khumi, Khami, Khweymi, Khimi, Khuni. Dialects: Khimi, Yindi (Yindu), Khami, Ngala. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi

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Chin, Khumi Awa [cka] 40,900 (2003). Arakan Hills, coast areas. Dialects: The coastal dialect differs from the inland Khumi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern, Khumi

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Chin, Mara [mrh] 20,000 in Myanmar (1994). Lushai Hills. Alternate names: Mara, Lakher, Zao, Maram, Mira. Dialects: Tlongsai, Hlawthai, Sabeu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

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Chin, Mro [cmr] 137,765 (2000 WCD). Arakan State. Dialects: Lexical similarity 13% with Mru of Bangladesh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

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Chin, Mün [mwq] 30,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills, western. Alternate names: Mün, Ng'men, Cho, Yawdwin, Mindat, "Chinbok". Dialects: Nitu. Related to Daai Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

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Chin, Ngawn [cnw] 15,000 (1984). Chin Hills, Falam area. Alternate names: Ngawn, Ngorn, Ngon. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

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Chin, Paite [pck] 8,900 in Myanmar (1983). Tiddim District, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Paite, Paithe, Oarte, Hainte, Vuite. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Chin, Senthang [sez] 18,200 (1983). Haka, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Senthang, Hsemtang. Dialects: Very different from other Chin languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

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Chin, Siyin [csy] 10,000 (1991 UBS). Chin Hills. Alternate names: Siyin, Siyang, Sizang. Dialects: Close to Paite Chin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Chin, Tawr [tcp] 700 (1996 D. Van Bik). Falam, Haka, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Tawr, Torr. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

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Chin, Tedim [ctd] 189,100 in Myanmar (1990 BAP). Population total all countries: 344,100. Chin Hills State, Upper Chindwin, Tiddim area. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Tedim, Tiddim. Dialects: Sokte, Kamhau (Kamhow, Kamhao). Other Chin languages or dialects of this area are Saizang, Teizang, Zo (Zome). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Chin, Thado [tcz] 26,200 in Myanmar (1983). Alternate names: Thadou, Thado-Ubiphei, Thado-Pao, Kuki, Kuki-Thado. Dialects: Baite, Changsen, Jangshen, Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen, Hawkip. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Chin, Zotung [czt] 40,000 (1990 UBS). Chin Hills, Haka area. Alternate names: Zotung, Banjogi, Bandzhogi, Zobya. Dialects: Zotung is reported to be intelligible with Haka. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

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Chittagonian [cit] Arakan State. Dialects: Rohinga (Akyab). Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-Assamese

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Danau [dnu] 10,000 (1984). Alternate names: Danaw. Dialects: Closest to Riang-Lang and Pale Palaung. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Danau

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Gangte [gnb] Alternate names: Gante. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Hmong Njua [blu] 10,000 in Myanmar (1987 Haiv Hmoob). Alternate names: Blue Meo, Green Miao, Tak Meo, Hmong Njwa, Hmong Leng. Classification: Hmong-Mien, Hmongic, Chuanqiandian

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Hpon [hpo] A few hundred speakers (1997 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 2,254 (2000 WCD). Gorges of the upper Irrawaddy, north of Bhamo. Alternate names: Hpön, Phun, Phön, Phon, Megyaw, Samong. Dialects: North Hpon, South Hpon. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

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Hrangkhol [hra] 8,117 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 26,782. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Rangkhol. Dialects: Closest to Biete. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Intha [int] 90,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Near Inle Lake in the southern Shan State. Alternate names: Inntha. Dialects: One of the better-known varieties of nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

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Jingpho [kac] 900,000 in Myanmar (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 940,000. Kachin State. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Kachin, Jinghpaw, Chingpaw, Chingp'o, Marip. Dialects: Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Hkauri, Gauri), Dzili (Jili), Dulong. Dzili may be a separate language. Hkaku and Kauri are only slightly different than Jingpho. Lexical similarity 50% with Singhpo of India. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho

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Kado [kdv] 128,500 in Myanmar (1983). Population includes 90,300 Kado, 38,200 Ganaan. Population total all countries: 228,725. The Kado are found in Ban Mauk Township, Sagaing Division (a region west of the railway midway between Mandalay and Myitkyina). The Ganaan are found just west of the Kadu people. The Thet are found in Rakhine State. Also spoken in China, Laos. Alternate names: Kadu, Katu, Kato, Kudo, Asak, Sak, Gadu, Thet, That, Mawteik, Puteik, Woni, Kadu-Ganaan. Dialects: Kadu, Ganaan (Ganan), Andro, Sengmai, Chakpa, Phayeng. Kadu, Ganaan, Andro, Sengmai, Chakpa, and Phayeng may be separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Luish

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Karen, Brek [kvl] 16,600 (1983). All Karen languages in Myanmar 2,600,000. Southwestern Kayah State. Alternate names: Brek, Brec, Bre, Pramano, Pre, Laku. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Brek

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Karen, Bwe [bwe] 15,700 (1983). Kyèbogyi area of Kayah State. A few in Thailand. Alternate names: Bghai Karen, Baghi, Bwe. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified

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Karen, Geba [kvq] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Northern Kayah State and southern Shan State. Alternate names: Geba, Kaba, Karenbyu, Kayinbyu, White Karen, Eastern Bwe. Dialects: May be part of the same dialect cluster with Bwe and Brek. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Western

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Karen, Geko [ghk] 9,500 (1983). Yamethin, Toungoo districts, Mobyè State of the southern Shan States. Alternate names: Gek'o, Gheko, Gekho, Ghekhol, Ghekhu, Keku, Kekhong, Kekaungdu, Gaikho, Padaung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Unclassified

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Karen, Lahta [kvt] 9,550 (2000 WCD). Southern Shan State. Alternate names: Lahta, Taru, Tarulakhi, Khahta, Peu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern

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Karen, Manumanaw [kxf] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Western Kyèbogyi part of Kayah State. Alternate names: Manumanaw, Manu, Monu, Manö. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

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Karen, Paku [kpp] 5,300 (1983). Southern hills east of Taungoo in Kayah State. Alternate names: Paku, Pagu, Monnepwa, Monebwa, Mopwa, Mopha, Mopaga, Mogpha, Mogwa, Thalwepwe. Dialects: Bilichi, Dermuha. Close to S'gaw. Some reports indicate Paku and Mopwa are separate languages. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw

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Karen, Pa'o [blk] 560,000 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 560,743. Southwestern Shan State and east of the Gulf of Martaban in Tenasserim. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Northern Taungthu, Black Karen, Pa-U, Pa'o, Pa Oh, Pa-O. Dialects: Southern Pa'o, Northern Pa'o. Southern Pa'o is in Myanmar, Northern Pa'o in Thailand. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pa'o

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Karen, Pwo Eastern [kjp] 1,000,000 in Myanmar (1998). Population total all countries: 1,050,000. Karen State, Mon State, Tensserim Division. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Phlou, Moulmein Pwo Karen. Dialects: Pa'an (Moulmein, Inland Pwo Eastern Karen), Kawkareik (Eastern Border Pwo Karen), Tavoy (Southern Pwo Karen). Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen varieties. Lexical similarity 91% to 97% among dialects, 63% to 65% with other Pwo Karen varieties. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo

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Karen, Pwo Western [pwo] 210,000. Irrawaddy Delta. Alternate names: Mutheit, Delta Pwo Karen, Bassein Pwo Karen, Phlong Sho. Dialects: Bassein, Tuan Tet, Maubin. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Pwo

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Karen, S'gaw [ksw] 1,284,700 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 1,584,700. Irrawaddy delta area, Tenasserim, the Pegu range between the Irrawaddy and Sittang, the eastern hills. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: S'gaw, S'gau, S'gaw Kayin, Kanyaw, Paganyaw, Pwakanyaw, White Karen, Burmese Karen, Yang Khao, Pchcknya, Kyetho. Dialects: Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). Close to Paku. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw

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Karen, Yinbaw [kvu] 7,300 (1983). Shan Plateau of eastern Shan State. Alternate names: Yinbaw, Yeinbaw. Dialects: Reported to be a variety of Padaung. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

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Karen, Yintale [kvy] 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Bawlakhè part of Kayah State. Alternate names: Yintale, Yintalet, Yangatalet, Yangtadai, Taliak. Dialects: Reported to be a variety of Kayah. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

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Karen, Zayein [kxk] 9,300 (1983). Between the towns of Mobyè and Phekon in the southern Shan State. Alternate names: Zayein, Khaungtou, Gaungtou. Dialects: Close to Sawntung, Padang, Banyang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Unclassified

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Kayah, Eastern [eky] 261,578 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 360,220. Maehongson, east of the Salween River. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Red Karen, Karenni, Kayay, Kayah. Dialects: Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen (Bghai), forming a dialect cluster. Speakers have difficulty understanding Western Kayah of Myanmar. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

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Kayah, Western [kyu] 210,000 (1987). Kayah and Karen states, west of the Pong River. Alternate names: Kayah Li, Karenni, Karennyi, Red Karen, Yang Daeng, Karieng Daeng. Dialects: Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen, forming a dialect continuum from Thailand (Eastern Kayah) to western Kayah State. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Kayah

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Kayan [pdu] 40,900 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 41,050. Kayah State, Mobyè State, town of Phekon in the southern Shan States, and hills east of Toungoo. A few villages in Thailand. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Padaung, Kayang, Padaung Karen. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Bghai, Eastern

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Khamti [kht] 4,235 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 13,114. Northwestern Myanmar. Also possibly in China. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Hkamti, Khampti, Khamti Shan, Khampti Shan, Khandi Shan, Kam Ti, Tai Kam Ti, Tai-Khamti. Dialects: Assam Khamti, North Burma Khamti, Sinkaling Hkamti. Related to Shan. Some similarities to northern Shan. In India, related to Phakaes, Aiton, Khamjang, Turung. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

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Khmu [kjg] Alternate names: Kmhmu, Khmu', Kamu, Kammu, Khamuk, Kamhmu, Khomu, Mou, Pouteng, Pu Thenh, Tenh, Theng, Lao Terng. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, Mal-Khmu', Khmu'

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Khün [kkh] 114,574 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 120,855. Main Kentung Valley in the center of Shan State. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Hkun, Khun Shan, Khyn, Gon Shan, Tai Khun, Khuen, Tai-Khuen. Dialects: Close to Lü and Northern Tai or southern Shan. Lanna and Khun spoken dialects are considered close by their speakers. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

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Kiorr [xko] Alternate names: Saamtaav, Con, Col. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Angkuic

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Lahu [lhu] 125,000 in Myanmar (1993 Johnstone). Shan State, Kentung area. Alternate names: Lohei, Lahuna, Launa, Museu, Mussuh, Muhso, Musso. Dialects: Na (Black Lahu, Musser Dam, Northern Lahu, Loheirn), Nyi (Red Lahu, Southern Lahu, Musseh Daeng, Luhishi, Luhushi), Shehleh. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu

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Lahu Shi [kds] 10,000 in Myanmar (1998). Kentung District. Alternate names: Kutsung, Kucong, Yellow Lahu, Shi, Kui, Kwi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Lahu

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Lama [lay] 3,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Dialects: Dialect or closely related language to Norra. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

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Lamkang [lmk] Betukshangreng village, 20 km from the border with southeast Manipur, India. Alternate names: "Lamgang", "Hiroi-Lamgang", Lamkaang, Lamkang Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

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Laopang [lbg] 9,550 (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Laopa. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified

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Lashi [lsi] 30,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 31,800. Htawgaw Subdivision, Kachin State. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Lachik, Lasi, Letsi, Lechi, Leqi, Lashi-Maru, Chashan, Lachikwaw, Ac'ye, Lacik, Lacid. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

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Lisu [lis] 126,000 in Myanmar (1987). Around Lashio, in Wa State, around Myitkyina and Bhamo, around Putar towards Assam border, around Loilem area in Shan States. Alternate names: Lisaw, Li-Shaw, Li-Hsaw, Lu-Tzu, Southern Lisu, Yao Yen, Yaw-Yen, Yaw Yin, Yeh-Jeh, Central Lisu. Dialects: Hwa Lisu (Flowery Lisu), Black Lisu, White Lisu, Lu Shi Lisu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Northern, Lisu

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Lopi [lov] 4,775 (2000 WCD). Possibly also in China. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Unclassified

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Lü [khb] 200,000 in Myanmar (1981). Kengtung District. Alternate names: Pai-I, Shu-Ai-I, Lue, Tai Lu. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

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Lui [lba] 200. Alternate names: Loi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified

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Mahei [mja] 12,000. Alternate names: Mahe, Mabe. Dialects: Ethnic group or dialect of Hani or Akha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha

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Maru [mhx] 100,000 in Myanmar (1997 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 103,500. Kachin State, eastern border area, widely dispersed, north Myanmar. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Matu, Malu, Lawng, Laungwaw, Laungaw, Langsu, Lang, Mulu, Diso, Zi, Lhao Vo. Dialects: Dago' Lawng Bit, Zagaran Mran, Gawan Naw', Hlo'lan, Laking, Wa Khawk, Lawng Hsu. Lawng Hsu may have difficult intelligibility of the other dialects. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

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Meitei [mni] 6,000 in Myanmar (1931). Alternate names: Meithei, Meithe, Mithe, Mitei, Meiteiron, Manipuri, Menipuri, Kathe, Kathi, Ponna. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Meitei

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Mizo [lus] 12,500 in Myanmar (1983). Western Myanmar. Alternate names: Hualngo, Whelngo, Le, Lushei, Lusai, Lushai. Dialects: Dulien, Ngente, Mizo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

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Moken [mwt] 7,000 in Myanmar (1993 Johnstone). Mergui Archipelago, Dung, and other islands in south Myanmar. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Mawken, Basing, Selung, Selong, Salong, Salon, Chau Ko'. Dialects: Dung, Ja-It, L'be. Closest to Moklen. Related to Urak Lawoi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Moklen

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Mon [mnw] 742,900 in Myanmar (2004). Population total all countries: 850,530. Eastern delta region from east of Rangoon as far as Ye and Thailand; south Martaban, adjacent area. Also spoken in Thailand. Alternate names: Talaing, Mun, Peguan. Dialects: Mataban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Northern Mon, Mon Tang), Ye (Southern Mon, Mon Nya). Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Monic

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Naga, Khiamniungan [nky] Northwestern. Alternate names: Khiamngan, Khiamniungan, Kalyokengnyu, Makware, Nokaw, Para, Ponyo, Welam. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Konyak

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Naga, Tase [nst] 55,389 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 100,389. Northwestern Myanmar. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Cham Chang, Rangpan, Tase, Tangsa, Tasey. Dialects: Gashan, Hkaluk, Sangche, Saukrang, Langshin, Mawrang, Myimu, Sangtai, Tulim, Longri. Some dialects are widely divergent. Close to Nocte Naga. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Konyak-Bodo-Garo, Konyak

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Nga La [hlt] 40,000 in Myanmar (2000). Population total all countries: 60,000. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Matu Chin, Thlan Tan. Dialects: Va Lang (Warang), Tlam Tlaih. Not intelligible with Chin Haka. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

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Norra [nrr] 6,207 (2000 WCD). Myanmar-Tibet border. Alternate names: Nora, Noza, Nurra. Dialects: Nora, Byabe, Kizolo. Lama (3,000) may be a dialect. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

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Nung [nun] 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). Population total all countries: 790. Ethnic population: 6,000 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley). North Myanmar. Salween (Nu) River. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Anung, Anong, Anoong, Anu, Nu, Lu, Lutzu, Lutze, Kiutze, Khanung, Kwinp'ang, Khupang, Kwingsang, Fuch'ye. Dialects: Cholo, Gwaza, Miko. 15 or 16 dialects, mostly inherently intelligible with each other. They understand the Mutwang dialect of Rawang. They may be the same as the Nu River Drung in China. May be related to Jingpho. Lexical similarity 70% with Rawang. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

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Palaung, Pale [pce] 257,539 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Total Palaung and Riang in Myanmar: 250,000. Population total all countries: 267,539. Southern Shan State area near Kalaw. 10,000 square mile area. Also spoken in China, Thailand. Alternate names: Di-Ang, Ngwe Palaung, Silver Palaung, Pale, Palay. Dialects: Close to Shwe Palaung and Rumai Palaung. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Palaung

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Palaung, Rumai [rbb] 137,000 in Myanmar. Population total all countries: 139,000. Northern Shan State. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Rumai. Dialects: Close to Shwe Palaung and Pale Palaung. Officially included De'ang nationality in China. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Palaung

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Palaung, Shwe [pll] 148,000 in Myanmar (1982). Population total all countries: 150,000. Northern Shan State, centered in Nam Hsan. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Ta-Ang Palaung, Golden Palaung, Shwe. Dialects: 15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Pale Palaung and Rumai are closely related, but distinct languages. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Palaung

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Palu [pbz] 4,775 (2000 WCD). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Unclassified

More information.

 

Pankhu [pkh] Falam area, Chin Hills. Alternate names: Pankho, Panko, Pangkhu. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Central

More information.

 

Parauk [prk] 348,400 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 528,400. Shan State, upper Salween River area. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Wa, Praok, Phalok, Baraog. Dialects: Related to Lawa and Wa in Thailand and China. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Wa

More information.

 

Purum [pub] 300 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Alternate names: Puram. Dialects: Related to Chiru, Aimol, Langrong. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

More information.

 

Pyen [pyy] 800 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). East central, 2 enclaves very near the Laos border, near the Kha River. Alternate names: Hpyin. Dialects: Close to Phunoi, Bisu, Mpi. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Phunoi

More information.

 

Ralte [ral] 24,801 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 25,104. Also spoken in India. Dialects: Related to Tiddim, Paite, Thado, Zo. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

More information.

 

Rawang [raw] 62,074 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 122,610. Kachin State, highlands. Serwang is close to the Tibet border. Wadamkong is in Myanmar. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Nung Rawang, Ganung-Rawang, Hkanung, Nung, Krangku, Taron, Kiutze, Ch'opa, Chiutse. Dialects: Rawang, Agu, Hpungsi, Htiselwang, Matwanly, Mutwang, Serhta, Serwang, Wadamkong, Wahke, Taron, Tangsarr, Longmi (Lungmi), Zithung, Kunlang. 75 to 100 dialects, some of which are inherently unintelligible to each other's speakers. Five major divisions: Longmi, Mutwang, Serwang, Tangsarr, Kwinpang (Nung); each has 20 to 30 subdialects. Dialect continuum with Nu nationality in China. Dialects near the Tibet border are harder to understand. Kunglang in India; communication cut off in 1950s. Most dialects understand Mutwang, the central, written dialect. Related, but not the same as Drung in China. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish

More information.

 

Riang [ril] 48,819 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 51,819. Shan State, southeastern Myanmar. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Black Karen, Yanglam, Black Yang, Riang-Lang, Yin, Yang, Liang Sek, Yang Wan Kun. Dialects: Close to Pale Palaung. May be the same as Shwe Palaung. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Riang

More information.

 

Samtao [stu] 9,550 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 9,650. Eastern Shan State. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: Samtau, Samtuan. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Angkuic

More information.

 

Sansu [sca] 4,775 (2000 WCD). Dialects: May not be a distinct language. In China, included with the Hani. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Loloish, Southern, Akha, Hani

More information.

 

Shan [shn] 3,200,000 in Myanmar (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 350,000 Tai Mao (1990 A. Diller ANU). Population total all countries: 3,260,000. Shan States, southeast Myanmar. Kokant Shan is in the Kokant area in northern Wa State in the Shan States. Tai Mao is on the Burma-Yunnan border, centered at Mu'ang Mao Long or Namkham, Myanmar. Also spoken in China, Thailand. Alternate names: Sha, Tai Shan, Sam, Thai Yai, Tai Yai, Great Thai, Tai Luang, Mau, "Ngio", "Ngiow", "Ngiaw", "Ngiao", "Ngeo". Dialects: Kokant Shan, Tai Mao (Mao, Maw, Mau, Tai Long, Northern Shan). Burmese Shan is spoken with regional dialect differences, but dialects are close linguistically. Tai-Khae (Khe) may be a dialect. Low intelligibility of Lü. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

More information.

 

Tai Loi [tlq] 1,432 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 1,932. Namkham, in the northeast corner near the Laos and Chinese borders. Doi is across the border in Laos. Also spoken in Laos. Alternate names: Loi, Tailoi, Wakut, Monglwe. Dialects: Tai Loi, Doi. Closest to Pale Palaung, but with a lot of sound changes, also separating it from Palaung in China. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Angkuic

More information.

 

Tai Nüa [tdd] 72,400 in Myanmar (1983). Also possibly in northern Viet Nam. Alternate names: Tai Neua, Chinese Shan, Tai Kong. Classification: Tai-Kadai, Kam-Tai, Be-Tai, Tai-Sek, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest

More information.

 

Taman [tcl] 10,000. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo, Jingpho-Luish, Jingpho

More information.

 

Taungyo [tco] 40,000 (2000 D. Bradley). East central; vicinity of Taunggyi, Shan State southward to Tavoy, Tenasserim State. Alternate names: Taru, Tavoya, Tavoyan, Dawe, Dawai, Tawe-Tavoy, Toru. Dialects: Related to Burmese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

More information.

 

Tavoyan [tvn] 400,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Southeast. Dialects: One of the better known varieties of nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

More information.

 

Wa [wbm] 558,000 in Myanmar (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 838,000. Shan State, upper Salween River area. Kentung Wa are in or around Kentung City in southern Wa area. Also spoken in China. Alternate names: K'awa, Kawa, Va, Vo, Wa Pwi, Wakut. Dialects: Wa Lon, Wu, Kentung Wa, Son, En, La. Related to Lawa and Parauk in Thailand and China. Kentung Wa is more closely related to Lawa than are the northern dialects. En and Son are very different from each other. Son, En, and La may be separate languages. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Western Palaungic, Waic, Wa

More information.

 

Welaung [weu] 9,550 (2000 WCD). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

More information.

 

Wewaw [wea] 23,874 (2000 WCD). Toungoo District. Alternate names: Wewau. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Karen, Sgaw-Bghai, Sgaw

More information.

 

Yangbye [ybd] 810,300 (1983). Alternate names: Yanbe, Yangye, Yanbye. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Southern

More information.

 

Yinchia [yin] 4,000 (1974 Hackett). Shan State south. Alternate names: Striped Karen, Yinnet, Black Riang, Ranei. Dialects: Related to Riang Lang and Wa. Not Karen. Classification: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Northern Mon-Khmer, Palaungic, Eastern Palaungic, Riang

More information.

 

Yos [yos] 3,400 (1983). Alternate names: Yo, Yote. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

More information.

 

Zaiwa [atb] 30,000 in Myanmar (1997). Kachin State, Sedan, Kentung. Alternate names: Zi, Tsaiwa, Atsi, Atshi, Atzi, Azi, Aci. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern

More information.

 

Zome [zom] 30,000 in Myanmar. Population total all countries: 39,112. Chin State, Tiddim, Chin Hills. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Zorni, Zomi, Zou, Zo, Kuki Chin. Dialects: Paite Chin, Zome, and Simte are almost identical. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern

More information.

 

Zyphe [zyp] 17,000 in Myanmar (1994). Population total all countries: 20,000. Chin State, Thantlang Township. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: Zophei, Zoptei. Dialects: Lower Zyphe, Upper Zyphe. Close to Mara Chin. Myanmar and India varieties reported intelligible to each other's speakers (Davis 01). Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Southern

More information.

  

Extinct languages

Pali [pli] Extinct. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Unclassified

 

Capital city:

Nay Pyi Taw and Yangoon

 

Meaning country name:

One explanation sees the name as a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw; an alternative etymology suggests that myan means "quick/fast" and mar means "hard/tough/strong". The renaming of the country in 1989 has aroused political controversy; as certain minority groups and activist communities charge the symbolism of the move intended to strengthen the position of hard-line political elements inside the country. Correspondingly, such groups continue to refer to Myanmar as "Burma".

Burma (former name): The name Burma apparently derives from the Sanskrit name for the region: "Brahmadesh", land of (the deity) Brahma

 

Description Flag:

The flag of Burma (also called Myanmar) was adopted on January 3, 1974 upon the declaration of a socialist republic in Burma by Ne Win.

The new flag design was not radically different from the previous flag of Burma in that both featured a red field with a blue canton in the upper corner on the hoist side. However, the imagery within the canton was changed to a cog wheel with a bushel of rice superimposed upon it. These socialist symbols stand for the workers and farmers. Surrounding this are 14 five-pointed stars that represent the administrative divisions of Burma. The white color symbolizes purity, the blue symbolizes peace and integrity, and the red symbolizes courage.

 

Coat of arms:

The Coat of arms of Myanmar is used in all official government documents, including publications. The coat of arms has two chinthe (mythical lions) facing opposite one another, and at its center is a map of Myanmar placed in front of a cogwheel. The coat of arms is surrounded by traditional Burmese flower designs and a star at its top.

The original coat of arms contained, on the banner ပ္ရည္‌ေထာင္စု သမတ-မ္ရန္မာ နုိင္ငံေတာ္, which translates "Union of Myanmar". As well as it carries three lions (the lion at the top was replaced by a star). Additionally, the cogwheel was a circle surrounded by the Burmese words တပော (MLC Transcription System: ta.pau; tha-baw). However, during Ne Win's Socialist rule, the coat of arms was modified to accommodate a cogwheel and dual olive wreaths. The words were also modified.

The Burmese coat of arms continues to contain Socialist influences, namely the cogwheel and the star. The coat of arms shown (emblem/picture) at the side of this page is written in Burmese says Pyidaungsu Socialist Thamada Myanmar-naing-gan-daw which actually means "Union of Socialist Myanmar".

 

National Anthem: Kaba Ma Kyei

 

IPA pronunciation

gəbà mətʃè mjəmà pjè

do̰ bó bwá ʔəmwè siʔ mo̰ tʃʰiʔ mjaʔ nó bè

pjì dã̀ũ zṵ gò ʔəθeʔ pé lo̰ do̰ kà gwɛ̀ məlè

dà do̰ pjè dà do̰ mjè do̰ pã̀ĩ neʔ mjè

do̰ pjè do̰ mjè ʔətʃó gò

ɲì ɲà zwà do̰ dədwè tʰã́ sʰã̀ũ bà so̰ lè

do̰ ta wã pe ʔəpʰó dã̀ mjè

 

MLC transcription

kam.bha ma.kye / mran.ma prany /

tui. bhui: bwa: a.mwe cac mui. hkyac mrat nui: pe //

prany htaung su. kui a.sak pe: lui. tui. ka kwai ma.le /

da tui. prany da tui. mre to. puing nak mre //

tui. prany tui. mre a.kyui: kui

nyi nya cwa tui. ta.twe htam: hsaung pa sui. le

to. ta wan pe a. hpui: tan mre

 

English

 

Until the world crumbles, Myanmar!,

Our ancestors gave us the inheritance after fighting wars with love.

Until the world crumbles, Myanmar!,

Our ancestors gave us the inheritance after fighting wars with love.

We will sacrifice our lives and our labours to protect the Union.

This is our Nation, this is our Land, the land that we own.

Our nation, our land will prosper with productivity and equality as pictured

To unite in keeping to the duties of our valuable land.

 

Internet Page: www.myanmar.com

www.myanmar-tourism.com

www.myanmar.gov.mm

 

Myanmar in diferent languages

 

eng | afr | bre | cym | fao | jav | jnf | lld | nld | que | swa: Myanmar

arg | ast | eus | glg | ina | ita | oci | roh | ron | spa: Myanmar; Birmania

dan | dsb | fin | hsb | nor | rup | scn | sme | swe: Myanmar; Burma

csb | est | fry | pol | szl | vor: Myanmar; Birma

deu | ltz | nds: Myanmar / Myanmar; Birma / Birma

gag | kaa | uzb: Myanma / Мьянма; Birma / Бирма

gla | hrv: Mianmar; Burma

ind | msa: Myanmar / ميانمار

kin | run: Miyamare

mlt | slv: Mjanmar

tur | zza: Myanmar; Birmanya; Burma

aze: Miyanmar / Мијанмар; Birma / Бирма

bam: Miyanimara; Birimani

bos: Mjanmar / Мјанмар; Burma / Бурма

cat: Myanmar; Birmània

ces: Myanmar; Barma

cor: Byrmani

cos: Birmania

crh: Myanmar / Мьянмар

epo: Mjanmao; Birmo

fra: Myanmar; Birmanie

frp: Birmanie

fur: Mianmar; Birmanie

gle: Maenmar / Maenmar; Burma / Burma

glv: Myanmar; Yn Vurmey

hat: Bimani

hau: Bama; Burma

hun: Mianmar

ibo: Mianma

isl: Mjanmar; Búrma; Burma

kmr: Mîyanma / Мийанма / میانما; Bîrma / Бирма / بیرما; Bîrman / Бирман / بیرمان; Borma / Борма / بۆرما

kur: Miyanmar / میانمار; Bûrma / بوورما; Bîrma / بیرما

lat: Myanmar; Birmania; Birma

lav: Mjanma; Birma

lim: Börma

lit: Mianmaras; Birma

mlg: Myanmara; Birma

mol: Myanmar / Мянмар; Birmania / Бирмания

nrm: Birmanîn

por: Mianmar; Myanmar; Mianmá; Birmânia; Burma

rmy: Myanmar / म्यान्मार

slk: Mjanmarsko

slo: Mianmar / Мианмар; Burma / Бурма

smg: Mianmars

smo: Maianama

sqi: Mjanmari; Birmania

srd: Myanmàr; Birmània

tet: Myanmar; Birmánia

tgl: Burma; Birmanya

ton: Pema

tuk: Mýanma / Мьянма; Birma / Бирма

vie: Miến Điện; Mi-an-ma

vol: Myanmän

wln: Birmaneye

wol: Miyanmaar

abq | alt | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | rus | tyv | udm: Мьянма (M'janma); Бирма (Birma)

bak | tat: Мьянма / Myanma; Бирма / Birma

bel: М’янмар / Mianmar; М’янма / Mianma; Бірма / Birma

bul: Мианмар (Mianmar); Мянма (Mjanma); Бурма (Burma)

chv: Мьянма (M'janma); Бирмӑ (Birmă)

kaz: Мьянма / Myanma / ميانما; Бирма / Bïrma / بيرما

kbd: Мьянма (M'janma); Бирмэ (Birmă)

mkd: Мијанмар (Mijanmar); Бурма (Burma)

mon: Мьянма (M'janma); Бирм (Birm)

oss: Мьянмӕ (M'janmä); Бирмӕ (Birmä)

srp: Мијанмар / Mijanmar; Бурма / Burma

tgk: Мянма / مینمه / Mjanma; Бирма / بیرمه / Birma

ukr: М’янма (M’janma); Бірма (Birma)

ara: ميانمار (Miyānmār); بورما (Būrmā); برما (Burmā); برمانيا (Birmāniyā)

fas: میانمار / Miyânmâr; برمه / Berme; بیرمانی / Birmâni

prs: میانمار (Myānmār); برما (Bermā)

pus: ميانمار (Myānmār); برما (Bərmā)

uig: بىرما / Birma / Бирма; بېرما / Bérma / Берма

urd: میانمار (Miyānmār); برما (Barmā)

div: މިއަންމާ (Mi'anmā); ބަރުމާ (Barumā)

heb: מינמר (Myanmar); מינמאר / מיינמאר (Myanmâr); מיאנמר (Myânmar); מיאנמאר (Myânmâr); בורמה (Bûrmah); ברמה (Bermah)

lad: מייאנמאר / Myanmar

yid: מיאַנמאַר (Myanmar); בורמאַ (Burma)

amh: ምየንማር (Myänmar); ቡርማ (Burma); በርማ (Bärma)

ell: Μιανμάρ (Mianmár); Μυανμάρ (Myanmár); Βιρμανία (Virmanía); Μπούρμα (Mpoýrma)

hye: Մյանմար (Myanmar); Բիրմա (Birma)

kat: მიანმარი (Mianmari)

hin: म्यानमार (Myānmār); बरमा (Barmā); बर्म्हा (Barmhā); ब्रह्मदेश (Brahmadeš)

nep: बर्मा Barmā; ब्रम्हादेश Bramhādeš

ben: মিয়ানমার (Miyānmār); মায়ানমার (Māyānmār); বার্মা (Bārmā); ব্রহ্মদেশ (Brôhmôdeš)

pan: ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ (Miā̃mār); ਬਰਮਾ (Barmā)

sin: බුරුමය (Burumaya)

kan: ಮಯನ್ಮಾರ್ (Mayanmār); ಬರ್ಮ (Barma)

mal: മ്യാന്മാര് (Myānmār); ബര്മ്മ (Barmma)

tam: மியான்மார் (Miyāṉmār); மியன்மார் (Miyaṉmār); பர்மா (Parmā)

tel: మయన్మార్ (Mayanmār); బర్మా (Barmā)

zho: 緬甸/缅甸 (Miǎndiàn)

yue: 緬甸/缅甸 (Míhndihn)

jpn: ミャンマー (Myanmā)

kor: 미얀마 (Mianma)

bod: འཔར་མ་ ('Par.ma.); སྦར་མ་ (sBar.ma.); འབར་མ་ ('Bar.ma.)

dzo: མེ་མར་ (Me.mar.)

mya: မ္ရန္မာ (Mẏãma)

tha: เมียนมาร์ (Miyanmā[r]); พม่า (Pamā̀)

lao: ພະມ້າ (Pʰamā́)

khm: មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា (Mīyanmā); មៀនម៉ា (Mienmā); ភូមា (Pʰūmā)

 

Many were born, to use a worn out phrase, with a silver spoon in their mouths. I was born naked, literally naked, perhaps with froth in my mouth, delivered at home in the most natural way by whosoever was present in our house at the time of my birth. They cut my umbilical cord not by a sterilized blade or knife but by a sharpened piece of bamboo called ‘tlahthi/tlaihnat’ and tied my side of the cord either with ‘lachhum/patsum’, the cut off piece of the warp of a woven cloth, or ‘hnâng’, a split cane or bamboo that was easily reachable at the time of my arrival in this wonderful planet. Most of my generation from the hills came to this world in this fashion, naturally and originally, the very same way Adam and Eve delivered their first-born. But nature was gracious. We survive.

 

I was the last born in my family of seven brothers and six sisters, holding a lucky Christ’s number 13 (12 disciples + Jesus Christ). My father died when I was only three months. In our way of saying, he died a believer (Ringtu niin a thi) but before he could learn the ABC that the old folks then called it ‘the white man’s magic’. In modern statistical term, therefore, my father died illiterate. In the traditional sense, however, my father was one of the most educated and respected persons in my village Pherzawl in South West Manipur in his time. Apart from being a poet, he was a famed craftsman specializing in intricate cane and bamboo works like making all kinds of baskets and he received orders from far distant villages. He was also a trusted elder in the Village Council, a duty he had to render because of his marriage into the Chief’s family.

 

The only civilization that had then deeply penetrated our idyllic world was the Christian faith that came along with the British rule. Everything by then was far and beyond. In our imagination, the misty heaven was much closer to Imphal, the capital of Manipur where the Maharaja and the British rulers sat. Imphal was then called ‘Phaipui’ meaning a city on a vast plain. While our spiritual city called Jerusalem was to the believer only a heartbeat away, the Zo capital Aizawl was many days journey away. The other big place we used to hear often was Hringchar (Silchar) from where we got essential supply of salt, kerosene, and some clothing and stationery materials. The village produced the rest.

 

Our need was little; our satisfaction, even smaller. Three square meals of cooked rice a day and a year’s supply of food grain and salt were all that we basically needed. The village church met all our spiritual needs. We were in direct touch with God and nature. We had no radio, no newspaper and no post office. Our only channel of contact with the outside world was through travelers and messengers who used to bring stale news of whatever they heard and misheard and added as much salt and masala as they chose to make the news more interesting and palatable. Howsoever old the news might be, still news was news to us. This was the condition in most hill areas of northeast India in those days. But we envied nobody and nobody envied us.

 

The rural furnace

Village life in remote hill areas was simple and idyllic as it was tough, rough and toilsome. It’s a constant struggle for survival. January came and the task of clearing jungle thickets for the new jhum site began. The cut trees, bamboos and undergrowth called ‘vahchap or chap’ was left to dry for a month or so and then it was burnt by end March or beginning of April. The more the burnt and scorched the soil, the better. The fiery heat left thick ashes to fertilize the soil and killed many embedded seeds thereby making weeding easier. Unseasoned rain could play havoc as wet ‘chap’ would not burn well leaving no ashes but only half burnt debris that had to be cleared with much labor. It also left the embedded seeds in the soil in tact and the unwanted seeds would spring up at the first drop of rain making weeding extremely a difficult task.

 

This was followed by a tormentous season of sowing under heat and dust and four months of weeding under rain and sun. Then came the autumn, a season of rest and recreation which most villagers spent collecting house building materials from the forest and also household provisions from outside the village. Soon, winter and harvest season arrived and if the jhums were far from the village, all working hands would stay at a temporary hut built in or near the jhum till harvest was over and then only returned to the village just on time for Christmas and New Year celebrations. Then, the monotonous cycle began all over again in January.

 

Village life started at the break of dawn. Our reliable alarm clocks were the ubiquitous village cocks. They crowed about five times between dusk and dawn. At the fifth crowing, women got up to start their daily chores of carrying water from the spring, winnowing of unhusked rice at the mortar and cooking for the family. It was impossible for a single hand to perform all these tasks simultaneously. In a subsistence economy based purely on manual labor, a large family was therefore a boon as it had a better chance of survival. It is now the opposite for those living on a white-collar job. Less has become a boon and more a curse.

 

We normally ate our morning meal at sunrise. Then, all the working hands carrying packed lunch left for the jhum to work all day long and returned at dusk. Our school started at 7.a.m and closed at 1.p.m when we would return home, had lunch and then helped in household works like carrying rice paddy from the jungle barn, fetching water from the far distant spring, collecting firewood from the jungle, making or repairing kitchen gardens, tending domestic animals and preparing dinner for the family. On Saturdays and holidays, we helped our family at jhum and at home. Therefore, most students of my generation from the hills knew jhuming and related works including jungle clearing, sowing, weeding and harvesting apart from house building, basket making and setting all kinds of traps to catch wild animals, fowls and birds. We had learned the art of survival and the value of manual labor in practice.

 

My generation was shaped and molded in this rural furnace. It was this rough and tough but practical training in real life drama that we had had in our impressionable years that stood by me in the difficult stages of life’s journey. When faced with problems and challenges, my village experience has always become a handy survival kit.

 

War broke our Eden

When I was born on July 15, 1939 Adolf Hitler had already invaded and taken over Czechoslovakia and was on his way to overrunning Poland, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and France, thus inaugurating the bloodiest war ever fought in the history of our planet. In Asia, Japan had already taken Korea, Manchuria, and large chunks of China and was planning to invade and conquer Philippines, Indo-China (Vietnam), Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and British colonies in Asia as far as Burma. By May 1942 Japan had already occupied Burma, bringing the war to our doorsteps. Our world never remained the same again since the baptism of gunfire and bombs.

 

Before the war, only birds, bats, bees, butterflies and other flying insects monopolized our solemn air space with the hovering skylark commanding the blue sky. It was a sight so divine and tranquil as to give you instant inner peace untranslatable in any human tongue and art form. Nature’s peace flowed into you and you were one with nature. This was what William Wordsworth wrote in his eternal poem,

 

World War 2 broke that tranquility. The noisy birds called fighter planes came and rent our serene air. Dogfights between the Allied and the Japanese fighter planes became a common sight, chasing each other like birds of prey. I still vividly remember that afternoon in 1944 when I accompanied my mother to the nearby forest to collect firewood. A transport plane suddenly appeared in the blue sky frightening not only us but also the birds and the beasts. The plane hovered lower and lower and dropped rations on our school hill for the arriving army battalion. On return from the forest, we saw several gunny bags scattered all around our school and also few broken tombstones hit by the falling bags. This was our closest encounter with the big bird.

 

Our village school

I was brought up in that atmosphere. I attended the village middle school, which ran classes from ABC Grade to Class VI with two teachers. Our headmaster was Class VIII passed and our Second Master was Lower Primary (Class II) passed. The school building consisted of only a medium-size hall in which they put rows of roughly hewn benches and desks for Class II and above and the lower classes had only wooden benches but not desks. At every period, our headmaster had to take five different classes and the rest by his assistant. We were taught to memorize or learn by heart every subject except mathematics of which we had to learn the formula. The Mission Board of Examinations conducted exams for the Lower Primary (Class II) and Class VI exams and the rest by the school. I topped at the Lower Primary Examination in 1949 and scored full marks in most subjects.

 

It was a proud moment. We invited the entire village folks for a celebration in our house, one of the biggest in the village measuring 15X6 Mizo ‘hlams’. It was packed to the brim. I was asked to say a few words in English. Apart from being only 10 in age, I was a shy boy and speech was not and never is my cup of tea. But I had to say something in English. So I mustered up courage and recited a piece from our English text as eloquent as a senior priest would deliver his well-versed incantation or benediction. My maiden speech was crowned with thunderous applause. The simple village folks did not bother whether I delivered a Tertullian speech or recited lines that I memorized from my textbooks. The meaning of what I said did not matter to them at all. For them, to hear a foreign tongue coming out of my lips was a joy. The fact that I uttered words of English was all that they would like to hear. I proved their point and met their expectations of me. The sound of their thunderous applause remained an encouragement till this day.

 

My ultimate ambition at that time was to pass Matriculation and become a teacher in our Middle School. My second ambition was to visit Imphal at least once before I died. These were wishful dreams then, a classic case of building a castle in the air. But my second dream was fulfilled in early 1955 when I went to Churachandpur for the first time and then visited Imphal. Churachandpur was then a three-day walk from Pherzawl. I had already then finished Class IX. And it was for the first time that I saw a bus! My first dream came true four years later. But my ambition grew at every climb of a step. My desire to go further up increased. I gradually began to realize that one step was enough for each move forward and another step for the next move but every stepping stone I carved should be solid and firm.

 

Our chief Pu Dolura, my maternal uncle, was a farsighted man. He was once a teacher himself and knew the value of education. So he established Pherzawl High School in February 1951, the first ever high school in Churachandpur District with Thanglora as headmaster. Thanglora was a born teacher who could make every subject intelligible and interesting. Students from Mizoram, Tripura, Cachar and many parts of Manipur came to study and a fusion of Zo culture began to take place with students from Mizoram playing a major role. It was during this time that I picked up many songs in Lushai as it was then known as also the dialect itself. Much later, I realized that my vision of a strong, united Zo nation was born unconsciously during those formative years but it took many years to develop into a concrete shape. My Zoram Khawvel serial is the product of that vision.

 

From failure to a long leap

I finished schooling from Pherzawl High School in 1959 after two frightful flops in Matriculation examinations in 1957 and 1958. It was a terrible demeaning experience I would not like to repeat even in my dream. I had learned a good lesson from that experience and never let myself failed again in exams since. It was easier to succeed than to fail. The amount of hard work I had put in to succeed was much easier to bear than the heavy burden of failure and shame. Luckily, I had also discovered that failure could be made to a very good use. During the two solitary and traumatic years when I had to bear the shame of my stupidity and neglect with self-imposed dignity, I turned and searched within myself to find out who I was and whether I was blessed with any latent ability. In the process, I landed up composing a few memorable songs, wrote my first novel and learned tonic solfa to the core. I discovered a very big part of myself.

 

I graduated from D. M. College, Imphal in 1963 without even having an opportunity to see a train! I am therefore holder of a very rare honor called ‘Rêl lu hmu loa B.A tling sartifiket’, one of my proud possessions in life. And after two years of post-graduate study at Guwahati University and a year’s stint at Sielmat Christian College as Lecturer, I joined Indian Revenue Service in 1967 and Indian Foreign Service in 1970 leaving my pet dream of establishing a world-class institute to be called Institute of Tribalogy in the northeast. And then I went abroad in 1976 for more than two decades to serve in four continents in the pomp and glittery of a diplomatic society considered to be the most honored profession on this planet. It was a long shot from Pherzawl, too long a jump difficult for any normal person to fully absorb its impact, culturally and psychologically.

 

Our new world

Our century is by far the bloodiest and the fastest growing century in human history. It practically began with World War I followed closely by World War II and then the Cold War years that produced stockpiles of nuclear arsenal enough to annihilate the human race several times over. Localized wars and ethnic violence in its worst brutal form continued throughout claming many thousands of lives. The pace of scientific advancement exceeded all other centuries combined, especially in the field of electronics with small computer chips ruling the roost. I can now converse with my children in Wellington, London and New York at the touch of a button. I only hope that we shy away from further computerizing at least some pleasures of life like kissing, making love, drinking and eating which, if Biblical writers are right, they have already done in heaven where the inhabitants no longer suffer from pains, hunger, sickness, loneliness, tears and hate! Heaven has a meaning and an attraction because of the existence of hell. Could there then be a pleasure without pain? Fulfillment without want? Smile without tear? Love without hate? Positive without negative? Yes without No? I really wonder!

 

Pherzawl prism and yardstick

Everything in life is relative, a measurement from a certain point to another. Happiness is measured from a certain point of pain or pleasure or expectation. For me, the yardstick of my life is drawn from Pherzawl from where I measure the ups and downs of my life and how far I have traveled in life’s journey. Even after my profession landed me in the upper echelons of international society to hobnob with the VVIPs and dignitaries of other countries, I remained firmly attached to my roots knowing that if I did not, I would be quickly dehumanized with no face and identity and be drifting in the human ocean like a broken reed in a vast lake with no roots to hang on. I can never appreciate what I am to day unless I knew what I had been before.

 

At the same time, I also now see our world from many viewpoints. Depending on how one looks at it, our world can be very small or very big. In one way, it is an extended global village peopled by various races and tongues that formed themselves into separate nationalities like many ‘vengs’ in a big village or town who are competing with each other. Our world shrinks at every improvement of communication system. In my childhood, Delhi was many months journey from Pherzawl but I can now reach in three hours from Imphal by air. The world looks even smaller if you observed it from a faraway galactic station. You will then find out that it is not even a small village but a tiny speck among the many billion stars in an ever-expanding universe. Likewise, I could see the meaning of my life clearer when I measure it from my Pherzawl window.

 

I may not be far wrong in claiming that my generation of hill boys and girls jumped from almost a zero point to the pinnacle of elite services in India and elsewhere. We have expanded Zoram khawvel to the far corners of India and abroad. Despite various culture shocks that we have to encounter and also the many layers of civilization that we have to absorb within a short span of our services, virtually all of us have faithfully clung to our roots and remained a force in preserving our unique identity. We have survived and still remained so of our own self. The reason to me is that every one has his or her Pherzawl as the Jews have their Jerusalem to cling to. A person who is certain of his or her identity can withstand and absorb any cultural onslaught, howsoever powerful that may be.

 

*About the author: Pu Keivom is a retired Indian Foreign Service officer

 

Courtesy : Mizoram Express (11/04/2010)

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Poaceae (formerly and, also known as Gramineae; grass family) » Zea mays

 

ZEE-uh -- cause of life

maze -- our mother

 

commonly known as: Indian corn, maize • Assamese: গোম-ধান gom-dhan • Bengali: ভুট্টা bhutta, মকাই makai, মক্কা makka • Gujarati: મકાઈ makai • Hindi: भुट्टा bhutta, मकाई makai, मक्का makka • Kannada: ಮೆಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಳ mekke jola, ಮುಸುಕಿನ ಜೋಳ musukina jola • Kashmiri: गवेधुका gavedhuka, मकोयू makoyu • Konkani: जोळु jolu • Lushai: vaimîm • Malayalam: ചോളം cholam • Manipuri: চুজাক chujak • Marathi: मका maka, भुटा bhuta, भुट्टा bhutta • Mizo: vaimim • Nepalese: भुट्टा bhutta, मकाइ makai • Punjabi: ਚੁਲੀ ਕੋਕਰੀ chuli kokri, ਮਕ mak, ਮਕੈਈ makai • Tamil: மக்காச்சோளம் makka-c-colam, முத்துச்சோளம் muttu-c-colam • Telugu: మొక్క జొన్న mokka jonna • Urdu: بهٿا bhutta, مکا makka, مکائي makai

 

Native of: Mexico, Guatemala; cultivated elsewhere

  

References: Flowers of India • Wikipedia • NPGS / GRIN • ENVIS - FRLHT • DDSA

Myrtaceae (myrtle family) » Psidium guajava

 

SIGH-dee-um -- from the Greek for pomegranate

gwah-JAV-vuh -- from the Spanish guayaba

 

commonly known as: guava • Assamese: মধুৰি-আম madhuri aam • Bengali: পেয়ারা peyara • Gujarati: જામફળ jaamkal, જમરૂખ jamrukh • Hindi: अमरूद amrood, रुनी runi • Kannada: ಪೇರಲೆ pearaley • Konkani: पॅर्र pairr • Lushai: kawi-âm, kâwl thei • Malayalam: പേരക്ക peerakka • Manipuri: pungton • Marathi: पेरु peru • Nepali: अम्बा amba, बिहिँ bihi • Persian: امرود amrud, بہي bihi • Tamil: கொய்யா koyya, உய்யக்கொண்டான் uyyakkontan • Telugu: గొయ్యాపండు goyyapandu • Urdu: امرود amrud

 

Native to: tropical America

  

References: Flowers of India • Top Tropicals • Dave's Garden • DDSA

Poaceae (formerly and, also known as Gramineae; grass family) » Bambusa vulgaris

 

bam-BOO-suh -- a name for bamboo; an erroneous pronunciation of the Indian word bambu

vul-GAIR-iss -- common

 

commonly known as: common bamboo, dragon-head bamboo, feathery bamboo, golden bamboo, green-culmed bamboo, surinam bamboo, surinam dwarf bamboo, unarmed bamboo, yellow bamboo • Assamese: বংশ baansh • Bengali: বাঁশ baansha • Gujarati: બામ્બુ baambu, વાંસ vaans • Hindi: बांस baans, बम्बू bambu, बंस buns • Kannada: ಬಿದಿರು bidiru, ವಂಶ vamsha • Kashmiri: बैँस् bains, बाँस् bons, वंशः vanshah • Konkani: वासो vaaso, वसो vaso • Lushai: raw-thing • Malayalam: മഞ്ഞമുള manjamula • Manipuri: ৱা wa • Marathi: बांबू baamboo, कळक kalaka, कळंक kalanka, वेळू velu • Nepalese: बाँस् baans • Pali: वंश vansa • Punjabi: ਬੰਝ banjh, ਬਾਂਸ baans • Sanskrit: वम्भः vambhah, वंशः vamsh • Tamil: நாமதாரி nama-tari, வெள்ளைமூங்கில் vellai-munkil • Telugu: కర్మారము karmaramu, వెదురు veduru • Urdu: بانس baans, بمبو bambu, نبس buns

 

Native of: probable origin s-e Asia; widely cultivated in tropics

  

References: Flowers of India • NPGS / GRIN • TopTropicals • Dave's Garden • M.M.P.N.D. • DDSA