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Author : @Kiri Karma
Travel to NOLA - February 2024 - Krewe Of Zulu
Early in 1909, a group of laborers in a club named ?The Tramps? went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy that included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me' about the Zulu Tribe. According to legend, after seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. The rest, as they say, is history. Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians, however, seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that.
Conversations and interviews with older members indicate that, back in the day, the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or ?Club.? The Tramps were one such group. The group that founded Zulu was probably made up of both members from the Tramps and other ward-based groups and members of a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community. For a small amount of dues, members received financial help when they got sick or there was a funeral to pay for.
While the men marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story in the early days were similarly attired.
The year 1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Today Zulu is famous for their coconut throw ? quite possibly the most coveted throw in all of Mardi Gras. Zulu?s honor guard is called the Soulful Warriors; and they have characters including Big Shot, Witch Doctor, Ambassador, Mayor, Province Prince, Governor and Mr. Big Stuff.
The most famous Krewe of Zulu king was Louis Armstrong who reigned in 1949.
Year founded: 1909
Membership: 1500 male riders
Signature throw: hand decorated coconuts
Wolcott, Marion Post,, 1910-1990,, photographer.
Day laborers picking cotton near Clarksdale, Miss.
1939 Nov.
1 slide : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Cotton plantations
Harvesting
United States--Mississippi--Clarksdale
Format: Slides--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 11671-8 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34341
Call Number: LC-USF35-149
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Peleliu
Part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of the Pacific Theater (World War II)
Date15 September – 27 November 1944
(2 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Peleliu, Palau Islands
7°00′N 134°15′ECoordinates: 7°00′N 134°15′E
ResultAmerican victory
Belligerents
United States Japan
Commanders and leaders
United States William H. Rupertus
United States Paul J. Mueller
United States Roy S. Geiger
United States Herman H. Hanneken
United States Harold D. Harris
United States Lewis B. PullerEmpire of Japan Kunio Nakagawa †
Empire of Japan Sadae Inoue
Units involved
United States III Amphibious Corps
1st Marine Division
81st Infantry Division
Additional support units
Empire of Japan Peleliu garrison
14th Infantry Division
49th Mixed Brigade
45th Guard Force
46th Base Force
Additional support units
Strength
47,561[1]:3610,900[1]:37
17 tanks[2]
Casualties and losses
10,786
2,336 killed
8,450 wounded[3]10,897
10,695 killed
202 captured (183 foreign laborers, 19 Japanese soldiers)[1]:89[3]
17 tanks lost
Battle of Peleliu is located in Palau
Battle of Peleliu
Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the United States military, was fought between the U.S. and Japan during the Mariana and Palau Campaign of World War II, from September to November 1944, on the island of Peleliu.
U.S. Marines of the 1st Marine Division, and later soldiers of the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division, fought to capture an airstrip on the small coral island of Peleliu. This battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as Operation Forager, which ran from June to November 1944, in the Pacific Theater.
Major General William Rupertus, Commander of the 1st Marine Division, predicted the island would be secured within four days.[4] However, after repeated Imperial Army defeats in previous island campaigns, Japan had developed new island-defense tactics and well-crafted fortifications that allowed stiff resistance,[5] extending the battle through more than two months. The heavily outnumbered Japanese defenders put up such stiff resistance, often fighting to the death in the Emperor's name, that the island became known in Japanese as the "Emperor's Island."[6]
In the United States, this was a controversial battle because of the island's negligible strategic value and the high casualty rate, which exceeded that of all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War.[7] The National Museum of the Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines".[8]
Background
By 1944, American victories in the Southwest and Central Pacific had brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the Japanese main islands from air bases secured during the Mariana Islands campaign (June–August 1944). There was disagreement among the U.S. Joint Chiefs over two proposed strategies to defeat the Japanese Empire. The strategy proposed by General Douglas MacArthur called for the recapture of the Philippines, followed by the capture of Okinawa, then an attack on the Japanese mainland. Admiral Chester Nimitz favored a more direct strategy of bypassing the Philippines, but seizing Okinawa and Taiwan as staging areas to an attack on the Japanese mainland, followed by the future invasion of Japan's southernmost islands. Both strategies included the invasion of Peleliu, but for different reasons.[9]
The 1st Marine Division had already been chosen to make the assault. President Franklin D. Roosevelt traveled to Pearl Harbor to personally meet both commanders and hear their arguments. MacArthur's strategy was chosen. However, before MacArthur could retake the Philippines, the Palau Islands, specifically Peleliu and Angaur, were to be neutralized and an airfield built to protect MacArthur's right flank.
Preparations
Japanese
By 1944, Peleliu Island was occupied by about 11,000 Japanese of the 14th Infantry Division with Korean and Okinawan labourers. Colonel Kunio Nakagawa, commander of the division's 2nd Regiment, led the preparations for the island's defense.
After their losses in the Solomons, Gilberts, Marshalls, and Marianas, the Imperial Army assembled a research team to develop new island-defense tactics. They chose to abandon the old strategy of stopping the enemy at the beach, where they were exposed to naval gunfire. The new tactics would only disrupt the landings at the water's edge and depend on an in-depth defense farther inland. Colonel Nakagawa used the rough terrain to his advantage, by constructing a system of heavily fortified bunkers, caves, and underground positions all interlocked into a "honeycomb" system. The traditional "banzai charge" attack was also discontinued as being both wasteful of men and ineffective. These changes would force the Americans into a war of attrition, requiring increasingly more resources.
Japanese fortifications
Nakagawa's defenses were centred on Peleliu's highest point, Umurbrogol Mountain, a collection of hills and steep ridges located at the center of Peleliu overlooking a large portion of the island, including the crucial airfield. The Umurbrogol contained some 500 limestone caves, interconnected by tunnels. Many of these were former mine shafts that were turned into defensive positions. Engineers added sliding armored steel doors with multiple openings to serve both artillery and machine guns. Cave entrances were opened or altered to be slanted as a defense against grenade and flamethrower attacks. The caves and bunkers were connected to a vast tunnel and trench system throughout central Peleliu, which allowed the Japanese to evacuate or reoccupy positions as needed, and to take advantage of shrinking interior lines.
The Japanese were well armed with 81 mm (3.19 in) and 150 mm (5.9 in) mortars and 20 mm (0.79 in) anti-aircraft cannons, backed by a light tank unit and an anti-aircraft detachment.
The Japanese also used the beach terrain to their advantage. The northern end of the landing beaches faced a 30-foot (9.1 m) coral promontory that overlooked the beaches from a small peninsula, a spot later known to the Marines who assaulted it simply as "The Point". Holes were blasted into the ridge to accommodate a 47 mm (1.85 in) gun, and six 20 mm cannons. The positions were then sealed shut, leaving just a small slit to fire on the beaches. Similar positions were crafted along the 2-mile (3.2 km) stretch of landing beaches.
The beaches were also filled with thousands of obstacles for the landing craft, principally mines and a large number of heavy artillery shells buried with the fuses exposed to explode when they were run over. A battalion was placed along the beach to defend against the landing, but they were meant to merely delay the inevitable American advance inland.
American
Unlike the Japanese, who drastically altered their tactics for the upcoming battle, the American invasion plan was unchanged from that of previous amphibious landings, even after suffering 3,000 casualties and two months of delaying tactics against the entrenched Japanese defenders at the Battle of Biak.[10] On Peleliu, American planners chose to land on the southwest beaches because of their proximity to the airfield on South Peleliu. The 1st Marine Regiment, commanded by Colonel Lewis B. (Chesty) Puller, was to land on the northern end of the beaches. The 5th Marine Regiment, under Colonel Harold D. Harris, would land in the center, and the 7th Marine Regiment, under Col. Herman H. Hanneken, would land at the southern end.
The division's artillery regiment, the 11th Marines under Col. William H. Harrison, would land after the infantry regiments. The plan was for the 1st and 7th Marines to push inland, guarding the 5th Marines left and right flank, and allowing them to capture the airfield located directly to the center of the landing beaches. The 5th Marines were to push to the eastern shore, cutting the island in half. The 1st Marines would push north into the Umurbrogol, while the 7th Marines would clear the southern end of the island. Only one battalion was left behind in reserve, with the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division available for support from Angaur, just south of Peleliu.
On September 4, the Marines shipped off from their station on Pavuvu, just north of Guadalcanal, a 2,100-mile (3,400 km) trip across the Pacific to Peleliu. A U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team went in first to clear the beaches of obstacles, while Navy warships began their pre-invasion bombardment of Peleliu on September 12.
The battleships Pennsylvania, Maryland, Mississippi, Tennessee and Idaho, heavy cruisers Indianapolis, Louisville, Minneapolis and Portland, and light cruisers Cleveland, Denver and Honolulu,[1]:29 led by the command ship Mount McKinley, subjected the tiny island, only 6 sq mi (16 km2) in size, to a massive three-day bombardment, pausing only to permit air strikes from the three aircraft carriers, five light aircraft carriers, and eleven escort carriers with the attack force.[11] A total of 519 rounds of 16 in (410 mm) shells, 1,845 rounds of 14 in (360 mm) shells and 1,793 500 lb (230 kg) bombs were dropped on the islands during this period.
The Americans believed the bombardment to be successful, as Rear Admiral Jesse Oldendorf claimed that the Navy had run out of targets.[11] In reality, the majority of the Japanese positions were completely unharmed. Even the battalion left to defend the beaches was virtually unscathed. During the assault, the island's defenders exercised unusual firing discipline to avoid giving away their positions. The bombardment managed only to destroy Japan's aircraft on the island, as well as the buildings surrounding the airfield. The Japanese remained in their fortified positions, ready to attack the American landing troops.
Opposing forces
Naval command structure for Operation Stalemate II
Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr.
Vice Adm. Theo. S. Wilkinson
Expeditionary Troops and III Amphibious Corps commanders
Maj. Gen. Julian C. Smith
Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger
Marine ground commanders on Peleliu
Maj. Gen. William H. Rupertus
Oliver P. Smith as a major general
Lewis B. Puller as a major general
American order of battle
United States Pacific Fleet[12]
Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
US Third Fleet
Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr.
Joint Expeditionary Force (Task Force 31)
Vice Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson
Expeditionary Troops (Task Force 36)
III Amphibious Corps[a]
Major General Julian C. Smith,[b] USMC
Western Landing Force (TG 36.1)
Major General Roy S. Geiger, USMC
1st Marine Division
Division Commander: Maj. Gen. William H. Rupertus,[c] USMC
Asst. Division Commander: Brig. Gen. Oliver P. Smith,[d] USMC
Chief of Staff: Col. John T. Selden, USMC
Beach assignments
Left (White 1 & 2)
1st Marine Regiment (Col. Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller,[e] USMC)
Co. A of the following: 1st Engineer Battalion, 1st Pioneer Battalion, 1st Medical Battalion, 1st Tank Battalion
Center (Orange 1 & 2)
5th Marine Regiment (Col. Harold D. "Bucky" Harris, USMC)
Co. B of the following: 1st Engineer Battalion, 1st Pioneer Battalion, 1st Medical Battalion, 1st Tank Battalion (reduced)
Right (Orange 3)
7th Marine Regiment (Col. Herman H. "Hard-Headed" Hanneken, USMC)
Co. C of the following: 1st Engineer Battalion, 1st Pioneer Battalion, 1st Medical Battalion, 1st Tank Battalion (reduced)
Other units
11th Marine Regiment, Artillery (Col. William H. Harrison, USMC)
12th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion
3rd Armored Amphibian Tractor Battalion
4th, 5th, 6th Marine War Dog Platoons
UDT 6 and UDT 7
Japanese order of battle
Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa
Marine with captured Japanese 141mm mortar
Palau District Group[15]
Lieutenant General Inoue Sadao[f] (HQ on Koror Island)
Vice Admiral Yoshioka Ito
Maj. Gen. Kenjiro Murai[g]
14th Division (Lt. Gen. Sadao)
Peleliu Sector Unit (Lt. Col. Kunio Nakagawa[h])
2nd Infantry Regiment, Reinforced
2nd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment
3rd Bttn. / 2nd Infantry Regiment
3rd Bttn. / 15th Infantry Regiment
346th Bttn. / 53rd Independent Mixed Brigade
Battle
Landing
Routes of Allied landings on Peleliu, 15 September 1944
U.S. Marines landed on Peleliu at 08:32, on September 15, the 1st Marines to the north on White Beach 1 and 2 and the 5th and 7th Marines to the center and south on Orange Beach 1, 2, and 3.[1]:42–45 As the other landing craft approached the beaches, the Marines were caught in a crossfire when the Japanese opened the steel doors guarding their positions and fired artillery. The positions on the coral promontories guarding each flank fired on the Marines with 47 mm guns and 20 mm cannons. By 09:30, the Japanese had destroyed 60 LVTs and DUKWs.
5th Marines on Orange Beach
The 1st Marines were quickly bogged down by heavy fire from the extreme left flank and a 30-foot-high coral ridge, "The Point".[1]:49 Colonel Chesty Puller narrowly escaped death when a dud high velocity artillery round struck his LVT. His communications section was destroyed on its way to the beach by a hit from a 47 mm round. The 7th Marines faced a cluttered Orange Beach 3, with natural and man-made obstacles, forcing the Amtracs to approach in column.[1]:52
The 5th Marines made the most progress on the first day, aided by cover provided by coconut groves.[1]:51 They pushed toward the airfield, but were met with Nakagawa's first counterattack. His armored tank company raced across the airfield to push the Marines back, but was soon engaged by tanks, howitzers, naval guns, and dive bombers. Nakagawa's tanks and escorting infantrymen were quickly destroyed.[1]:57
At the end of the first day, the Americans held their 2-mile (3.2 km) stretch of landing beaches, but little else. Their biggest push in the south moved 1 mile (1.6 km) inland, but the 1st Marines to the north made very little progress because of the extremely thick resistance.[1]:42 The Marines had suffered 200 dead and 900 wounded. Rupertus, still unaware of his enemy's change of tactics, believed the Japanese would quickly crumble since their perimeter had been broken.[18]
Airfield/South Peleliu
On the second day, the 5th Marines moved to capture the airfield and push toward the eastern shore.[1]:61 They ran across the airfield, enduring heavy artillery fire from the highlands to the north, suffering heavy casualties in the process. After capturing the airfield, they rapidly advanced to the eastern end of Peleliu, leaving the island's southern defenders to be destroyed by the 7th Marines.[1]:58
This area was hotly contested by the Japanese, who still occupied numerous pillboxes. Heat indices[19] were around[20] 115 °F (46 °C), and the Marines soon suffered high casualties from heat exhaustion. Further complicating the situation, the Marines' water was distributed in empty oil drums, contaminating the water with the oil residue.[21] Still, by the eighth day the 5th and 7th Marines had accomplished their objectives, holding the airfield and the southern portion of the island, although the airfield remained under threat of sustained Japanese fire from the heights of Umurbrogol Mountain until the end of the battle.[11]
American forces put the airfield to use on the third day. L-2 Grasshoppers from VMO-3 began aerial spotting missions for Marine artillery and naval gunfire support. On September 26 (D+11), Marine F4U Corsairs from VMF-114 landed on the airstrip. The Corsairs began dive-bombing missions across Peleliu, firing rockets into open cave entrances for the infantrymen, and dropping napalm; it was only the second time the latter weapon had been used in the Pacific.[citation needed] Napalm proved useful, burning away the vegetation hiding spider holes and usually killing their occupants.
The time from liftoff to the target area for the Corsairs based on Peleliu Airfield was very short, sometimes only 10 to 15 seconds. Consequently, there was almost no time for pilots to raise their aircraft undercarriage; most pilots did not bother and left them down during the air strike. After the air strike was completed and the payload dropped, the Corsair simply turned back into the landing pattern again.
The Point
The fortress at the end of the southern landing beaches (a.k.a. “The Point”) continued to cause heavy Marine casualties due to enfilading fire from Japanese heavy machine guns and anti-tank artillery across the landing beaches. Puller ordered Captain George P. Hunt, commander of K Company, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, to capture the position. Hunt's company approached The Point short on supplies, having lost most of its machine guns while approaching the beaches. Hunt's second platoon was pinned down for nearly a day in an anti-tank trench between fortifications. The rest of his company was endangered when the Japanese cut a hole in their line, surrounding his company and leaving his right flank cut off.[1]:49
However, a rifle platoon began knocking out the Japanese gun positions one by one. Using smoke grenades for concealment, the platoon swept through each hole, destroying the positions with rifle grenades and close-quarters combat. After knocking out the six machine gun positions, the Marines faced the 47 mm gun cave. A lieutenant blinded the 47 mm gunner's visibility with a smoke grenade, allowing Corporal Henry W. Hahn to launch a grenade through the cave's aperture. The grenade detonated the 47 mm's shells, forcing the cave's occupants out with their bodies alight and their ammunition belts exploding around their waists. A Marine fire team was positioned on the flank of the cave where the emerging occupants were shot down.
K Company had captured The Point, but Nakagawa counterattacked. The next 30 hours saw four major counterattacks against a sole company, critically low on supplies, out of water, and surrounded. The Marines soon had to resort to hand-to-hand combat to fend off the Japanese attackers. By the time reinforcements arrived, the company had successfully repulsed all of the Japanese attacks, but had been reduced to 18 men, suffering 157 casualties during the battle for The Point.[1]:50–51 Hunt and Hahn were both awarded the Navy Cross for their actions.
Ngesebus Island
The 5th Marines—after having secured the airfield—were sent to capture Ngesebus Island, just north of Peleliu. Ngesebus was occupied by many Japanese artillery positions, and was the site of an airfield still under construction. The tiny island was connected to Peleliu by a small causeway, but 5th Marines commander Harris opted instead to make a shore-to-shore amphibious landing, predicting the causeway to be an obvious target for the island's defenders.[1]:77
Harris coordinated a pre-landing bombardment of the island on September 28, carried out by Army 155 mm (6.1 in) guns, naval guns, howitzers from the 11th Marines, strafing runs from VMF-114's Corsairs, and 75 mm (2.95 in) fire from the approaching LVTs.[1]:77 Unlike the Navy's bombardment of Peleliu, Harris' assault on Ngesebus successfully killed most of the Japanese defenders. The Marines still faced opposition in the ridges and caves, but the island fell quickly, with relatively light casualties for the 5th Marines. They had suffered 15 killed and 33 wounded, and inflicted 470 casualties on the Japanese.
Bloody Nose Ridge
After capturing The Point, the 1st Marines moved north into the Umurbrogol pocket,[1]:81 named "Bloody Nose Ridge" by the Marines. Puller led his men in numerous assaults, but each resulted in severe casualties from Japanese fire. The 1st Marines were trapped in the narrow paths between the ridges, with each ridge fortification supporting the other with deadly crossfire.
The Marines took increasingly high casualties as they slowly advanced through the ridges. The Japanese again showed unusual fire discipline, striking only when they could inflict maximum casualties. As casualties mounted, Japanese snipers began to take aim at stretcher bearers, knowing that if stretcher bearers were injured or killed, more would have to return to replace them, and the snipers could steadily pick off more and more Marines. The Japanese also infiltrated the American lines at night to attack the Marines in their fighting holes. The Marines built two-man fighting holes, so one Marine could sleep while the other kept watch for infiltrators.
One particularly bloody battle on Bloody Nose came when the 1st Battalion, 1st Marines—under the command of Major Raymond Davis—attacked Hill 100. Over six days of fighting, the battalion suffered 71% casualties. Captain Everett Pope and his company penetrated deep into the ridges, leading his remaining 90 men to seize what he thought was Hill 100. It took a day's fighting to reach what he thought was the crest of the hill, which was in fact another ridge occupied by more Japanese defenders.
Marine Pfc. Douglas Lightheart (right) cradles his .30 caliber (7.62×63mm) M1919 Browning machine gun in his lap, while he and Pfc. Gerald Thursby Sr. take a cigarette break, during mopping up operations on Peleliu on 15 September 1944.
Trapped at the base of the ridge, Captain Pope set up a small defense perimeter, which was attacked relentlessly by the Japanese throughout the night. The Marines soon ran out of ammunition, and had to fight the attackers with knives and fists, even resorting to throwing coral rock and empty ammunition boxes at the Japanese. Pope and his men managed to hold out until dawn came, which brought on more deadly fire. When they evacuated the position, only nine men remained. Pope later received the Medal of Honor for the action. (Picture of the Peleliu Memorial dedicated on the 50th anniversary of the landing on Peleliu with Captain Pope's name)
The Japanese eventually inflicted 70% casualties on Puller's 1st Marines, or 1,749 men.[1]:66 After six days of fighting in the ridges of Umurbrogol, General Roy Geiger, commander of the III Amphibious Corps, sent elements of U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division to Peleliu to relieve the regiment.[1]:66 The 321st Regiment Combat Team landed on the western beaches of Peleliu—at the northern end of Umurbrogol mountain—on 23 September. The 321st and the 7th Marines encircled The Pocket by 24 Sept., D+9.[1]:75,81
By 15 October, the 7th Marines had suffered 46% casualties and General Geiger relieved them with the 5th Marines.[1]:83 Col. Harris adopted siege tactics, using bulldozers and flame-thrower tanks, pushing from the north.[1]:83–84 On October 30, the 81st Infantry Division took over command of Peleliu, taking another six weeks, with the same tactics, to reduce The Pocket.[1]:85
On 24 November, Nakagawa proclaimed "Our sword is broken and we have run out of spears". He then burnt his regimental colors and performed ritual suicide.[1]:86 He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general for his valor displayed on Peleliu. On 27 November, the island was declared secure, ending the 73-day-long battle.[18]
A Japanese lieutenant with twenty-six 2nd Infantry soldiers and eight 45th Guard Force sailors held out in the caves in Peleliu until April 22, 1947, and surrendered after a Japanese admiral convinced them the war was over.[1]:81
Aftermath
The reduction of the Japanese pocket around Umurbrogol mountain has been called the most difficult fight that the U.S. military encountered in the entire war.[21] The 1st Marine Division was severely mauled and it remained out of action until the invasion of Okinawa began on April 1, 1945. In total, the 1st Marine Division suffered over 6,500 casualties during their month on Peleliu, over one third of their entire division. The 81st Infantry Division also suffered heavy losses with 3,300 casualties during their tenure on the island.
Postwar statisticians calculated that it took U.S. forces over 1500 rounds of ammunition to kill each Japanese defender and that, during the course of the battle, the Americans expended 13.32 million rounds of .30-calibre, 1.52 million rounds of .45-calibre, 693,657 rounds of .50-calibre bullets, 118,262 hand grenades, and approximately 150,000 mortar rounds.[11]
The battle was controversial in the United States due to the island's lack of strategic value and the high casualty rate. The defenders lacked the means to interfere with potential US operations in the Philippines[11] and the airfield captured on Peleliu did not play a key role in subsequent operations. Instead, the Ulithi Atoll in the Caroline Islands was used as a staging base for the invasion of Okinawa. The high casualty rate exceeded all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War.[7]
In addition, few news reports were published about the battle because Rupertus' prediction of a "three days" victory motivated only six reporters to report from shore. The battle was also overshadowed by MacArthur's return to the Philippines and the Allies' push towards Germany in Europe.
The battles for Angaur and Peleliu showed Americans the pattern of future Japanese island defense but they made few adjustments for the battles for Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[22] Naval bombardment prior to amphibious assault at Iwo Jima was only slightly more effective than at Peleliu, but at Okinawa the preliminary shelling was much improved.[23] Frogmen performing underwater demolition at Iwo Jima confused the enemy by sweeping both coasts, but later alerted Japanese defenders to the exact assault beaches at Okinawa.[23] American ground forces at Peleliu gained experience in assaulting heavily fortified positions such as they would find again at Okinawa.[24]
On the recommendation of Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., the planned occupation of Yap Island in the Caroline Islands was canceled. Halsey actually recommended that the landings on Peleliu and Angaur be canceled, too, and their Marines and soldiers be thrown into Leyte Island instead, but was overruled by Nimitz.[25]
In popular culture
In the March of Time's 1951 documentary TV series, Crusade in the Pacific, Episode 17 is "The Fight for Bloody Nose Ridge."
In NBC-TV's 1952-53 documentary TV series Victory at Sea, Episode 18, "Two if by Sea" covers the assaults at Peleliu and Angaur.
The Battle of Peleliu is featured in many World War II themed video games, including Call of Duty: World at War. The player takes the role of a US Marine tasked with taking Peleliu Airfield, repelling counter-attacks, destroying machine-gun and mortar positions and eventually securing Japanese artillery emplacements at the point. In flight-simulation game War Thunder, two teams of players clash to hold the southern and northern airfields. In multi-player shooter Red Orchestra 2: Rising Storm, a team of American troops attack the defensive Japanese team's control points.
The battle including footage and stills are featured in the fifth episode of Ken Burns' The War.
The battle features in episodes 5, 6 and 7 of the TV mini-series The Pacific.
In his book, With the Old Breed, Eugene Bondurant Sledge described his experiences in the battle for Peleliu.
In 2015, the Japanese magazine Young Animal commenced serialization of Peleliu: Rakuen no Guernica by Masao Hiratsuka and artist Kazuyoshi Takeda, telling the story of the battle in manga form.
One of the final scenes in Parer's War, a 2014 Australian television film, shows the Battle of Peleliu recorded by Damien Parer with his camera at the time of his death.
The Peleliu Campaign features as one of the campaigns in the 2019 solitaire tactical wargame “Fields of Fire” Volume 2, designed by Ben Hull, published by GMT Games LLC.
Individual honors
Japan
Posthumous promotions
For heroism:
Colonel Kunio Nakagawa – lieutenant general
Kenjiro Murai – lieutenant general
United States
Pfc. Richard Kraus, USMC (age 18), killed in action
Medal of Honor recipients
Captain Everett P. Pope – 1st Battalion, 1st Marines
First Lieutenant Carlton R. Rouh – 1st Battalion, 5th Marines
Private First Class Arthur J. Jackson – 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines
Corporal Lewis K. Bausell –1st Battalion, 5th Marines (Posthumous)
Private First Class Richard E. Kraus – 8th Amphibian Tractor Battalion, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) (Posthumous)
Private First Class John D. New – 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines (Posthumous)
Private First Class Wesley Phelps – 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (Posthumous)
Private First Class Charles H. Roan – 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines (Posthumous)
Unit citations
D-day Peleliu, African Americans of one of the two segregated units that supported the 7th Marines - the 16th Marine Field Depot or the 17th Naval Construction Battalion Special take a break in the 115 degree heat, 09-15-1944 - NARA - 532535
Presidential Unit Citation:
1st Marine Division, September 15 to 29, 1944[26]
1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMF[27]
U. S. Navy Flame Thrower Unit Attached[27]
6th Amphibian Tractor Battalion (Provisional), FMF[27]
3d Armored Amphibian Battalion (Provisional), FMF[27]
Detachment Eighth Amphibian Tractor Battalion, FMF[27]
454th Amphibian Truck Company, U. S. Army[27]
456th Amphibian Truck Company, U. S. Army[27]
4th Joint Assault Signal Company, FMF[27]
5th Separate Wire Platoon, FMF[27]
6th Separate Wire Platoon, FMF[27]
Detachment 33rd Naval Construction Battalion (202 Personnel)[27]
Detachment 73rd Naval Construction Battalion's Shore Party (241 Personnel)[27]
USMC Commendatory Letter:[i]
11th Marine Depot Company (segregated)
7th Marine Ammunition Company (segregated)
17th Special Naval Construction Battalion (segregated)
This vintage postcard, #119 (roughly) in a sprawling 'Customs' series, features a team of laborers portaging timber. Fairly rare card.
circle: ink/tinte Winsor & Newton: Brick Red ziegelrot
Part of: "an apple a day keeps the doctor away - An ENSO (Japanese: circle, Japanisch: Kreis) a day .... " Aktion Kreis Tagebuch A circle diary - Start of the 365-days Project: 1. September
DMC-GH3 - P1010015 - 2015-04-18
#brick #ziegel #mauer #wall #turm #tower #flakturm #graffiti #zwangsarbeit #falten #entfalten #falter #leporello #passage
Real photo view of laborers picking cotton in a field, with large baskets full of
cotton nearby.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Date:
1930; 1931; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943;
1944; 1945
Location:
North Carolina;
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
DISCOVER THE TOMB
In November 1990 some laborers working in a park south of the Old City of Jerusalem, found a cave used for burial, which was closed since the year 70 AD., Time of the destruction of the city by Roman rulers. The archaeologists were called to the scene and found 12 ossuaries (bone boxes of limestone) to examine the site containing the remains of 63 individuals. The more ornate ossuary had the inscription of the name "Joseph son of (or family) Caiaphas." This was the full name of the high priest who arrested Jesus, as documented by Josephus (Antiquities 18: 2, 2, 4, 3). Inside were the remains of a man of 60, who almost certainly those of the Caiaphas of the New Testament. This remarkable discovery has, for the first time, the physical remains of an individual described in the Bible.
Ossuaries were used by Jewish elite families, and perhaps reflect a belief in the future resurrection. A thorough search of this artifact confirmed the sensational expectations that were around him: it was proven that it was truly the authentic burial urn of Caiaphas the high priest mentioned in the Gospels as one who presided over two of the trials of Jesus.
The ossuary
The ossuary is an urn of limestone, of rectangular shape with a lid. On the front is decorated with two circles, formed by six rosettes each. Are mentioned here several members of his family, as Miriam (Mary), Shalom (Salome), Shimon (Simon) and Iehosef (Joseph). Are there the bones of two children, a teenage boy, an adult woman and a man of about 60 years - the Caiaphas the high priest himself, said in the Gospels of Matthew and John -. The tomb, relatively simple, indicates its modest origin, which also coincides with the Gospel narrative, because Caiaphas would come to the high priesthood thanks to his marriage to the daughter of Annas, the high priest from 6 to 15 AD.
SPECIAL FEATURES
Considering the other elite graves in the same place and time, which presents high infant mortality: the people buried, 40% did not reach the fifth year of life and 63% have not reached adolescence (!). Another interesting finding on the tomb of Caiaphas, is that it, a family woman had a coin of Agrippa (42/43 AD) in the mouth, reflecting the ancient Greek custom linked to the payment of the mythological character Charon, the boatman in charge of take the soul of the deceased to the underworld. This demonstrates the cultural eclecticism of the time, which prevailed even in the high priest's family.
SETTING: After being examined, the bones were reburied on the Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
DESCOBERTA DO TÚMULO
Em novembro de 1990 alguns operários que trabalhavam em um parque ao sul da cidade antiga de Jerusalém, encontraram uma caverna usada para sepultamento, que se encontrava fechada desde o ano de 70 dC., época da destruição da cidade pelos dominadores romanos. Os arqueologistas foram chamados ao local e encontraram 12 ossuários (caixas para ossos feitas de calcáreo) ao examinar o local contendo os restos mortais de 63 indivíduos. O ossuário mais ornamentado tinha a inscrição de nome "José filho de (ou da família de) Caifás." Este era o nome completo do sumo sacerdote que prendeu Jesus, documentado como Josephus (Antiguidades 18: 2, 2; 4, 3). No seu interior existiam os restos de um homem de 60 anos, que quase certamente pertenciam ao mesmo Caifás do Novo Testamento. Este memorável achado provê, pela primeira vez, os restos físicos de um indivíduo descrito na Bíblia.
Ossuários eram usados por famílias judaicas de elite, e, talvez, reflitam a crença na ressurreição futura. A pesquisa aprofundada desse artefato confirmou as sensacionais expectativas que se faziam ao seu redor: foi comprovado que se tratava, verdadeiramente, da autêntica urna mortuária do sumo sacerdote Caifás, mencionado nos Evangelhos como aquele que presidiu a dois dos julgamentos de Jesus.
O OSSUÁRIO
O ossuário é uma urna de calcário, de formato retangular com uma tampa. Na parte frontal está decorado com dois círculos, formados por seis rosetas cada. Mencionam-se ali diversos membros de sua família, como Miriam (Maria), Shalom (Salomé), Shimom(Simão) e Iehosef (José). Encontram-se nele os ossos de duas crianças, um menino adolescente, uma mulher adulta e um homem de cerca de 60 anos, - o próprio sumo sacerdote Caifás, referido nos Evangelhos de Mateus e João. - A tumba, relativamente simples, indica sua origem modesta, o que coincide também com a narrativa evangélica, porque Caifás teria chegado ao sumo sacerdócio graças a seu casamento com a filha de Annás, sumo sacerdote entre 6 e 15 dC.
PARTICULARIDADES
Considerando-se as outras sepulturas de elite do mesmo local e época, chama atenção a alta mortalidade infantil: das pessoas enterradas, 40% não chegaram ao quinto ano de vida e 63% não alcançaram a adolescência(!). Outra constatação interessante, relativa à tumba de Caifás, é que, nela, uma mulher da família tinha uma moeda de Agripa (42/43 dC) na boca, refletindo o antigo costume grego ligado ao pagamento do personagem mitológico Caronte, o barqueiro encarregado de levar a alma do defunto para o mundo dos mortos. Isso demonstra o ecletismo cultural da época, que prevalecia até mesmo na família do sumo sacerdote.
LOCAL: Após serem examinados, os ossos foram enterrados novamente no Monte das Oliveiras, Jerusalém
a laborer............... missing his right arm,
pulling 100's of pounds of 'stuff'
via a rope slung over his shoulder
that pulls the heavy wagon.
His pay........ maybe a few dollars
for an entire day.
& fyo
about 40 million Americans complain of a bad back, a depressed mood, bad knees, pain everywhere in their bodies and collect a disability check each month while they play with the remote control of their tv.
Agra- the home of the TAJ MAHAL
Photography’s new conscience
Date: 1911
Source Type: Postcard
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: April 3, 1911, Kouts, Indiana
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: The wagon visible in the middle of this postcard image and being pulled by the two white horses contains a hay press. These were dangerous contraptions. There are numerous early newspaper accounts of farm laborers who fell into hay presses and were instantly crushed and killed.
Copyright 2015. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Many people with Leprosy
come for treatment too late
after their stigmata is already apparent.
Although there are compaigns against LEPROSY that offer victims of this horrendous disease food, shelter and some dignity, many people with the illness choose to beg and many depending on the severity of their deformities can earn quite alot, many more than the typical day laborer.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=du1k6LR6Gl0
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6grLG3UUKNk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=P74S3gfVuxA&t=195s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfMipejEY7s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-t38TiOFaMQ
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/
www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatment...
in
ORISSA
Photography’s new conscience
Dust inhaled daily 7 days a week for a dollar a day!
The Cement worker, the harijans, the laborers, the ladies who breath the dust of INDIA the dust of time the dust of concrete used to build and expand and progress .
Adverse health effects from concrete or cement are generally the result of exposure through skin contact, eye contact or inhalation.
* Skin Contact – getting cement dust or wet concrete on your skin can cause burns, rashes, and skin irritations. Sometimes workers become allergic if they’ve had skin contact with cement over a long period of time.
* Eye Contact – getting concrete or cement dust in your eyes may cause immediate or delayed irritation of the eyes. Depending upon how much and for how long you get the dust in your eyes, effects to your eyes can range from redness to painful chemical burns.
* Inhalation – inhaling cement dust may occur when workers empty bags of cement to make concrete. When sanding, grinding, cutting, drilling or breaking up concrete, the dust generated has the same hazards as the dust from cement. Exposure to cement or concrete dust can cause nose and throat irritation. Long term exposure to concrete dust containing crystalline silica can lead to a disabling lung disease called silicosis.
Photography’s new conscience
Shot from my second story bedroom window, a guy working on the roof of my next door neighbor's house.
Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
These gentlemen have a lot of my respect.
They aren't often well-paid besides using traditional construction methods which are physically very demanding on the body.
🙏
---
Amravati enclave
Panchkula District
Northern Haryana
Northern India
South Asia
---
A laborer is seen working at a deisel powered crusher infont of a wind turbine.
This is a 17.5 MW wind project, consisting of eighteen wind farm sites in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Karnataka. The eighteen sites have been bundled together for the purposes of carbon finance. The turbines displace electricity from the National Grid, which is dominated by coal and oil fired generation. The Indian electricity grid is dominated by fossil fuel powered generation which makes CO2 emissions per kWh relatively high at approximately 0.9t CO2/kWh.
Date: Circa 1912
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Unknown
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: Provided with this photograph is the following information:
The last thrashing outfit of my father, George Howell of Albion. The big twenty-five horse-power straight flu Buffalo-Pitts engine and the Pride of Washington separator it sure could handle all the grain the two hoe-downs could put thru it.
George M. Howell homesteaded land approximately one mile northwest of Albion, Washington. Howell's farm consisted of 400 acres, which included the North Half of Section 8 (320 acres) and the North Half of the Southeast Quarter of Section 8 (80 acres), both located in Township 15 North, Range 44 West.
At one point in time, Howell owned the hotel in Albion, Hotel Albion, which burnt to the ground on February 21, 1910, as well as a store retailing farming implements and supplies, also located in Albion.
Howell was granted a U.S. government land patent on the South Half of the Northeast Quarter of Section 8 and the North Half of the Southeast Quarter of Section 8, a total of 160 acres, on June 1, 1882. He received a second land patent on the North Half of the Northeast Quarter of Section 8 and the East Half of the Northwest Quarter of Section 8, also consisting of 160 acres, on October 11, 1888. Given that it took at least five years to "prove up" a land claim under the Homestead Act of 1862, Howell was living in Section 8 as early as June 1877.
The Howell farm was located north of where present day [2014] Albion Road and Hoffman Road intersect.
George M. Howell and his household appear in the 1900 U.S. Federal Census for the Guy Precinct in Whitman County, Washington; Guy was the former name of the town of Albion. They are listed as Follows:
George Howell, age 56, born April 1844 in England, immigrated to U.S. in 1848, and occupation is listed as farmer.
Juliette E. Howell, wife of George, age 47, born March 1853 in New York.
Albert E. Howell, son of George, age 24, born August 1875 in Wisconsin, occupation is listed as farm laborer.
Julia A. Howell, daughter of George, age 21, born January 1879 in Washington.
Herbert C. Howell, son of George, age 19, born January 1881 in Washington, occupation is listed as school.
Myrtle E. Howell, son [daughter?] of George, age 14, born December 1885 in Washington, occupation is listed as school.
Rolin M. G.. Howell, son of George, age 8, born May 1892 in Washington.
Alma V. Howell, daughter of George, age 5, born July 1894 in Washington.
John A. Gleason, employee of George, age 26, born June 1873 in Michigan, occupation is listed as farm laborer.
George R. Hart, employee of George, age 31, born March 1869 in Wisconsin, occupation is listed as farm laborer.
George Howell is buried in the Albion Cemetery, his tombstone indicating a date of birth of 1845 and a date of death of 1929. He shares his tombstone with his wife Juliette, who was born in 1852 and died in 1920. Alma V. Howell (1894-1927), daughter of George and Juliette, is also inscribed this tombstone and presumably is buried with her parents.
Copyright 2014. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Wolcott, Marion Post,, 1910-1990,, photographer.
Day laborers picking cotton near Clarksdale, Miss.
1939 Nov.
1 slide : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Cotton plantations
Harvesting
United States--Mississippi--Clarksdale
Format: Slides--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 11671-8 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34347
Call Number: LC-USF35-155
Wolcott, Marion Post,, 1910-1990,, photographer.
Day laborers picking cotton near Clarksdale, Miss. Delta
1939 Nov.
1 slide : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Cotton plantations
Harvesting
United States--Mississippi--Clarksdale
Format: Slides--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 11671-8 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34345
Call Number: LC-USF35-153
Actors Costumes Pirates Beards Agricultural laborers Hats Portraits
Portraits of two actors from the Carolina Playmakers theatrical group. At left is
"Allen McGee, as first mate, Blackbeard, Pirate of the Carolina Coast," in a head
scarf and beard. At right is "Harold Williamson, in his own play 'Peggy,' as Ved,
a farmhand," in a hat and overalls, holding a knife and a piece of wood.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Albertype Co., Brooklyn, N.Y.;
Date:
1922
Location:
Chapel Hill (N.C.); Orange County (N.C.);
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
G. M. Howell's Hungry Tigers
Just Cleaning Up a Setting on J. A. Gleason's Place
Sept. 16, '09
Date: September 16, 1909
Source Type: Photograph
Printer, Publisher, Photographer: Flower and Son
Postmark: Not Applicable
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This photograph is titled and dated as written above.
The John A. Gleason farm, where this harvest scene is taking place, was located one mile directly west of Albion, Whitman County, Washington. Gleason owned 160 acres comprising the northwest quarter of Section 16 Township 15 North, Range 44 West..
George M. Howell homesteaded land approximately one mile northwest of Albion, Washington. Gleason was his neighbor to the southeast. Howell's farm consisted of 400 acres, which included the North Half of Section 8 (320 acres) and the North Half of the Southeast Quarter of Section 8 (80 acres), both located in Township 15 North, Range 44 West.
At one point in time, Howell owned the hotel in Albion, Hotel Albion, which burnt to the ground on February 21, 1910, as well as a store retailing farming implements and supplies, also located in Albion.
Howell was granted a U.S. government land patent on the South Half of the Northeast Quarter of Section 8 and the North Half of the Southeast Quarter of Section 8, a total of 160 acres, on June 1, 1882. He received a second land patent on the North Half of the Northeast Quarter of Section 8 and the East Half of the Northwest Quarter of Section 8, also consisting of 160 acres, on October 11, 1888. Given that it took at least five years to "prove up" a land claim under the Homestead Act of 1862, Howell was living in Section 8 as early as June 1877.
The Howell farm was located north of where present day [2014] Albion Road and Hoffman Road intersect.
George M. Howell and his household appear in the 1900 U.S. Federal Census for the Guy Precinct in Whitman County, Washington; Guy was the former name of the town of Albion. They are listed as Follows:
George Howell, age 56, born April 1844 in England, immigrated to U.S. in 1848, and occupation is listed as farmer.
Juliette E. Howell, wife of George, age 47, born March 1853 in New York.
Albert E. Howell, son of George, age 24, born August 1875 in Wisconsin, occupation is listed as farm laborer.
Julia A. Howell, daughter of George, age 21, born January 1879 in Washington.
Herbert C. Howell, son of George, age 19, born January 1881 in Washington, occupation is listed as school.
Myrtle E. Howell, son [daughter?] of George, age 14, born December 1885 in Washington, occupation is listed as school.
Rolin M. G.. Howell, son of George, age 8, born May 1892 in Washington.
Alma V. Howell, daughter of George, age 5, born July 1894 in Washington.
John A. Gleason, employee of George, age 26, born June 1873 in Michigan, occupation is listed as farm laborer.
George R. Hart, employee of George, age 31, born March 1869 in Wisconsin, occupation is listed as farm laborer.
George is buried in the Albion Cemetery, his tombstone indicating a date of birth of 1845 and a date of death of 1929. He shares his tombstone with his wife Juliette, who was born in 1852 and died in 1920. Alma V. Howell (1894-1927), daughter of George and Juliette, is also inscribed this tombstone and presumably is buried with her parents.
John A. "Jack" Gleason was born June 2, 1872, in Michigan, and died on October 5, 1949, in Colfax, Whitman County, Washington. He is buried in Colfax Cemetery.
Copyright 2014. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
No archaeological provenience listed
Attributed to the Group of Boston 00.348
Late Classical period, ca. 360-350 BCE
Height 51.5 cm
In the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
Inv. 50.11.4 (Rogers Fund, 1950)
[Until 1950, with Robert E. Hecht, Jr., Rome]; acquired in 1950, purchased from Robert E. Hecht, Jr.
Not my photo! Photo from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, distributed under a CC0 (Public Domain) license, uploaded to my Flickr account under the same license to make it available as part of some of my albums.
For more information, see the museum's website:
View of several people working in a dirt field by a small pond. There are a couple
of barrels and boards in the background.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Photo & Art Post Card Co., N.Y. for W. H. Horne & Co.
Date:
1930; 1931; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943;
1944; 1945
Location:
Jacksonville (N.C.); Onslow County (N.C.);
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
manual laborers
one without shoes
pulling tons of produce
in searing heat
earn on the average
5 dollars a day.
in
Kolkata
Photography’s new conscience
Out of the Archives: These trailblazers made history as the first women working as construction laborers for DEP, digging ditches, cleaning out sewer catch basins, and operating heavy machinery. Left to right: Vanessa Boone, Patricia Davenport, Debra Green (1st woman hired), Marguerite Allen (1st woman supervisor), Nadine Valentine, and Patricia Craven. March 4, 1986. (Image ID: p050043)
Catering for foreign laborers who work in the Maldives, specially Indians and Bangladeshis,
They have been adopted to the very cheapest of lifestyles, but really, are they not the ones who are truly taking advantage of everything around them? And at the end of the day, they spend less and earn more than we do.
50mm is just fab! im in love!
My second try at street shots, the dusk rush can be very good lighting!
Straight out of Camera, except for a little crop. Shot in B/W with tones from the Canon 350D
國立台灣文學館 - 勞農文學特展 / 人生簡單構成 - 文化線條光影
National Museum of Taiwanese Literature - Laborers and farmers in Taiwan literature / Life simply constructed - Cultural lines light and shadow
Museo Nacional de la literatura taiwanesa - Obreros y campesinos en Taiwán literatura / La vida simplemente construido - líneas Culturales luz y las sombras
国立の台湾の文学館 - 農業の文学特に展に働きます / 人生は簡単に構成します - 文化の線のつやがある影
Nationalmuseum der taiwanesischen Literatur - Arbeiter und Bauern in Taiwan Literatur / Leben einfach aufgebaut - Kulturlinien Licht und Schatten
Musée national de la littérature taiwanaise - es ouvriers et les agriculteurs de Taiwan littérature / La vie tout simplement construit - lignes culturelles ombre et de lumière
Tainan Taiwan / Tainan Taiwán / 台灣台南
管樂小集 2015/03/13 Chihkan Tower performances
{ Can't take my eyes off you 君の瞳に恋してる 目不轉睛愛上你 }
{View large size on fluidr / 觀看大圖}
{My Blog / 管樂小集精彩演出-觸動你的心}
{My Blog / Great Music The splendid performance touches your heart}
{My Blog / 管楽小集すばらしい公演-はあなたの心を心を打ちます}
{Mi blog / La gran música el funcionamiento espléndido toca su corazón}
{Mein Blog / Große Musik die herrliche Leistung berührt Ihr Herz}
{Mon blog / La grande musique l'exécution splendide touche votre coeur}
家住安南鹽溪邊
The family lives in nearby the Annan salt river
隔壁就是聽雨軒
The next door listens to the rain porch
一旦落日照大員
The sunset Shineing to the Taiwan at once
左岸青龍飛九天
The left bank white dragon flying in the sky
Digital ID: 1260029. [African American cotton plantation worker, hired as a day laborer, riding a mule and holding down a sack of cotton in the cotton field at Nugent Plantation, Benoit, Mississippi Delta, Mississippi, October 1939.. Wolcott, Marion Post -- Photographer. October 1939
Notes: Original negative #: 30542-M3; Caption on back: ''Riders' bring in the sacks of cotton on mule's back from the field to the wagon where it is unloaded and weighed. This is day labor brought in from Greenville, and the pickers receive 75 cents per 100 pounds, on Nugent Plantation, Benoit, Mississippi Delta, Mississippi. October 1939.'
Source: Farm Security Administration Collection. / Mississippi. / Marion Post Wolcott. (more info)
Repository: The New York Public Library. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Photographs and Prints Division.
See more information about this image and others at NYPL Digital Gallery.
Persistent URL: digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1260029
Rights Info: No known copyright restrictions; may be subject to third party rights (for more information, click here)
Wolcott, Marion Post,, 1910-1990,, photographer.
Day laborers picking cotton near Clarksdale, Miss.
1939 Nov.
1 slide : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Cotton plantations
Harvesting
United States--Mississippi--Clarksdale
Format: Slides--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 11671-8 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34340
Call Number: LC-USF35-148
Blaine, Washington
Blaine (Whatcom County) is located in extreme Northwestern Washington; the northern edge of its city limit is the Canadian border. The area was originally inhabited by a band of Native Americans known as the Semiahmoo. Caucasian settlers first arrived in 1858 during the Fraser River Gold Rush, when not one, but two communities named Semiahmoo were briefly established. Permanent settlement came in 1870, and eventually the two Semiahmoos became one Blaine. In the early twentieth century, Blaine was known for its canneries, including one of the largest in the country, the Alaska Packers Association, located on Semiahmoo Spit.
Alaska Packers Association
Blaine had some fishing operations in the 1870s, but in those years fish was salted and barreled for storage, not canned. By 1880 canning was beginning to replace the barrel, and it was a big leap forward because canned fish could be stored for a much longer period of time. James Tarte and John Martin opened Whatcom County’s first cannery in August 1882 at Semiahmoo and operated under the name Tarte & Martin for several years. It was a small operation, but further advances in canning technology in the final two decades of the nineteenth century led to an eruption of canneries in Blaine. The Blaine Journal's April 1909 special “homeseeker’s edition” lists five: Ainsworth and Dunn, the Blaine Packing Company, J.W. & V. Cook Packing Company, West Coast Packing Company, and the granddaddy of them all, the Alaska Packers Association.
In 1891, Daniel Drysdale purchased the cannery at Semiahmoo, built several new buildings, and remodeled the docks. Drysdale named his new cannery the Point Roberts Canning Company and during the next three years his business rapidly grew. In 1894, a one-year-old company named the Alaska Packers Association bought Drysdale’s cannery and also assumed management operations at the Wadhams cannery, located at what is now Lily Point on the southeastern edge of Point Roberts.
The Alaska Packers Association turned the Semiahmoo location at the far end of the spit into one of its primary operations, enlarging the cannery and adding warehouses, a boat-repair yard, and bunkhouses. These had segregated quarters for men and women (who got dormitories) and Chinese and Indian laborers. Semiahmoo was also home to the Alaska Packers Association's star fleet of about 30 large ships, which transported men and supplies from San Francisco to Alaska until approximately 1930.
Reference: historylink.org
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