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Gurjar Aandolan bollywood movie is now announced to release on 17th October in more than 1500 theaters in the territory of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Utter Pradesh included Madhya Pradesh. Movie story is about the Aandolan done by Gurjars in 2007 to get the Government quota for their welfare. Movie is being written and directed by Aarun Naagar. Movie is being produced under the banner of Kirti Motion Pictures and J & J Motion Pictures. Movie is being distributed by self J & J Motion pictures / Spap Media and Entertainment. Star Cast of movie is Aarun Naagar, Leena Kapoor, Ehsan Khan, Mustaq Khan, Ali Khan and Surendra Pal.
Movie Name – Gurjar Aandolan
Cast - Aarun Nagar, Leena Kapoor, Ehshan Khan, Mushtaq Khan, Ali Khan & Surendra pal
Produce By :- Kirti Motion Pictures & J&J Motion Pictures
Written & Director By :- Aarun Nagar
Music Director :- Ashish Donald
Lyrics :-Khalil Jawed, Sanjit Nirmal, Aarun nagar, Dhananjay
Singer :- Raja hasan, Ritu Pathak, Leonard Victor, Prakash Raj
D.O.P :- Nagesh - Kiran
Editor :- Anirudh Singh
Executive Producer : -Satya
Art Director :-Prabhat Jha
Action Director :- Rajesh Kumar Pappu
LIC Dombivli branch members have set up a social organization called "Jeevan Adhaar" that helps in rural development and welfare. I had the chance to visit a tribal village near Badlapur for their annual trip to distribute Diwali sweets and faral .. :)
CHICAGO , IL - APRIL 14: The Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute of Northwestern University (NUCATS) hosted The Second Annual International Science of Team Science Conference, April 11-14 at the Wyndham Hotel Chicago in Chicago, Illinois.
Photo credit: Randy Belice
IMAGE DISTRIBUTED FOR AVAAZ - Families of Palestinian hunger strikers and members of a Palestinian Bedouin community facing demolition of their homes marched on Pope Mountain, near the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim, which is encroaching on their lands on the outskirts of Jerusalem, Friday, April 28, 2017. (Heidi Levine/AP Images for AVAAZ)
Cruise Line Marketing Case Study - Co-Op Marketing Resource Management - Distributed Marketing -http://slidesha.re/pyC6CI
SproutLoud helps companies manage local marketing efforts for their brands. Our online marketing resource management system gives distributed marketing channels access to customizable marketing materials in the media of their choice, as well as co-op funds or MDF, for their local market.
Empowering local marketers with the resources of national brands - www.SproutLoud.com
Distributed Marketing, Co-Op Marketing, Marketing Resource Management, Marketing Asset Management, Channel Marketing, Co-Op Advertising Platform, Brand Management System, Local Marketing Automation, Local Store Marketing, Corporate Franchise Marketing, Co-Op Funds Management, Ad Builder
More Marketing Case Studies:
Jewelry, Franchiser, Optical, Buying Groups, Merchant Services, sales Forces, Hospitality, Corporate Franchise
Variety,The Children’s Charity of Iowa, distributed bikes, bike helmets and bike locks on Saturday, June 30th to 101 preselected children. The bikes were given to children who do not have bikes of their own and have been sponsored by Bank of America in Des Moines. Bikes go hand in hand with being a kid, but for many kids in our community, the prospect of having their own bike is only a dream.
The lucky 101 children applied for and were awarded bikes, helmets, and bike locks at Howe Elementary School in Des Moines.
Volunteers from Bank of America and Young Variety helped make sure that all the bicycles and helmets were adjusted to fit each child.
ABOUT VARIETY:
Variety the Children’s Charity is dedicated to improving the lives of children in our local communities around the world. The U.S. chapters of Variety are a multimillion dollar philanthropic organization with locations throughout the United States. Starting with a baby left on the doorsteps of a movie theatre in 1928, Variety has continued to be a group of local business men and women, many of whom hail from the theater and movie business, reaching out to children in need. Today, through the efforts of our enthusiastic volunteers and generous corporate contributors, we remain true to our heritage by bringing children real, tangible help.
In lieu of a backplane, each slave device is connected to the CC-Link IO-Link master by an industry-standard M12 port, creating an IP67 connection. With the ability to be installed within a 20 meter radius from the master device, slave devices can be easily distributed across the machine without the use of cumbersome and costly controls cabinets that are typically used in today’s CC-Link network architectures.
The CC-Link IO-Link masters support daisy-chain connections as well as trunk & drop network architectures for easier troubleshooting. The master has an intuitive push-button display that allows the user to view and set the station address and then the display can be locked from the controller to avoid tampering.
On November 16th , 2016
As I'm still in the capital Sana'a and before our new mission in Hodeidah, I coordinated with Authorities in targeted areas telling them that Mona Releif Yemen that is going to distribute food in some areas in Hodeidah governorate and especially in Zabid , al-Turibah, Bait al-Raei, al-Jarahi and Hess areas.
Everything was good before heading to Hodeidah and especially to Zabid area. Our new area that we are going to deliver food there to 200 vulnerable families. As monareliefye.org ground crew has arrived in Zabid area in the night planning to distribute food packages in the next morning. In that night I had received a call from authorities there telling me that Mona Relief is not allowed to distribute any food in the city of Zabid and if we did that we will carry the whole responsibly towards our action. I told them then that I had coordinated with the local and security authorities before coming to Zabid city, who giving us the permission to distribute food aid along with dignity kits.
In addition, I told them that we had told all beneficiaries that we are going to distribute food supplies to them and we can't tell beneficiaries to return, because most of them came from far areas to the place of distribution, however, authorities repeated that me and my crew are not welcome in the city and we have to leave city quickly.
I wasn’t able to take any decision at that time because authorities warned me not to distribute any food. I tried to persuade them but I failed indeed.
Anyway, I tried to do my best, so I contacted my friends in the capital Sana'a and Hodeidah governorates to help me to sort out this problem with local authorities in Zabid city. After hours I make it and I succeeded in persuading authorities to allow me to distribute food baskets in the next morning after my great friends who interfered and persuaded them. The day of distribution in the morning I received a phone call telling me that I'm going to fail and authorities will send some people to hinder me along with your crew, confirming that none NGOs succeeded in distribution food in Zabid city because and due the situation of people in Zabid who they are in dire need and they are hungry, so they are always attacking trucks loading food and took the food packages inside. Saying no food aid trucks reached the area of distribution at all and I have to be careful with people's behavior there.
After I heard that I told my crew about the situation and obstacles that going to face us during the distribution process. At that time I asked my colleague and the director of Mona Relief office in Hodeidah Shukria al-Hamdani to help me to sort out the problem telling her that I'm going to distribute food anyway and under any circumstances.
Then, we agreed to allocate a closed area to allow us to complete our mission without problems.
In the morning of food delivery, as I planned , I found a closed area but that area wasn’t big enough to help us carrying out our food aid distribution another problem that area was full of weeds along with remnants of building that will hinder us to do our work. Our crew made it and cleaned that area in order to be suitable for our work, indeed in sorted out that matter. However, I still worried of attacking our food truck by residents in Zabid city, how can I sort out this matter.
Anyway, I hired 18 armed men to assist us to control the situation and in order to complete our work normally and also in order to prevent anyone from attacking or stealing our supplies from the truck that loading the food aid. Without these armed men Mona Relief won't able to complete its mission.
Anyway, Mona Relief Yemen had overcome all challenges and obstacles that facing us in this work. Actually that work was the hardest ever to be done by our humanitarian crew in Zabid city of Hodeidah.
After finishing our work in Zabid that morning we decided to do another humanitarian work in another area. That area was al-Turibah town in western Zabid which we distributed there 100 food aid packages with another 100 dignity kits in the next day.
Our project in Zabid city targeted 200 families with food aid packages funded by the UK based charity Khalsa aid as we delivered also 200 dignity kits funded by International Organization for Migration in Yemen (IOM Yemen).
Distributed throughout much of England and Wales and can also be found in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Gov. Beshear joined company and local officials in Winchester to break ground on an expansion for J&T Munitions, doing business as J&T Distributing. The company plans to add 15 full-time jobs and invest more than $3.6 million in the Commonwealth. July 1, 2013.
The Air Force Distributed Common Ground System (AF DCGS), also referred to as the AN/GSQ-272 SENTINEL weapon system, is the Air Force’s primary intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination (CPAD). (U.S. Air Force photo)
Following the earthquake in January, TREES began supplying farmers with agriculture seeds (beans, melon, okra, pigeon pea, sorghum), training and materials in order to address immediate needs of malnutrition. Village leaders then distributed the seeds to the community members to plant in their own fields
Designed by Arthur Umanoff for Shaver Howard. Manufactured c1950s. Distributed by Raymor. Wrought iron construction with leather straps.
Dorothy Ashby "Adore" is an exclusive 2015 digital download distributed by "tiger tom". It consists of 8 songs from the earliest releases in Dorothy Ashby's record releasing career.
Songs on this digital download include:
1.
Bohemia After Dark
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
6:15
2.
Yesterdays
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
4:18
3.
Alone Together
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
4:56
4.
Rascallity
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
3:50
5.
It's A Minor Thing
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
3:51
6.
You'd Be So Nice To Come Home To
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
3:54
7.
Autumn In Rome
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
5:28
8.
Taboo
Dorothy Ashby
Adore
6:10
Taken from the April 21, 1984 ONTV airing of the end of the 1956 movie "Around the World in 80 Days" (1956).
For Entertainment Purposes Only.
Nothing Belongs to Me As Usual.
No Copyright Infringement Is Intended.
WARNING: I do not accept rude comments, chain letters, or spam.
Greenpeace activists distribute wanted posters calling out American Petroleum Institute President Jack Gerard and Energy Lobbyist Jeffery Holmstead, former Assistant Administrator of the EPA under George W. Bush Nov. 15, 2012. Greenpeace was outside the Hamilton Hotel in Washington during the Politico Energy & the Presidency event in which both men were scheduled to speak.
Photo by Christopher Clark/Greenpeace
Almost all of Dhaka's supplies are distributed from this bazaar, located right beside a five star hotel and a major business hub.
As you can guess, this is where dreams go to die, with despair and grubbiness accompanying them to their resting places. People work day and night here, supplying a thriving yet dying city all it needs to go on for another day.
Truth be told, it's not that bad. There's a sense of color and personality to this place, which you might initially miss. Given time, the place (sort of) connects with you, offering interestoring stories from fascinating people.
This isage is a collention of these plates randomly distributed collection of tie plates on a platform at Pine Creek Railroad. In 1950 a Company in New Jersey contemplated scrapping their steam engines in favor of diesel power. Railroad tie plates are used to anchor railroad ties to rails. A small group of railroad enthusiasts bought the engines and started the Pine Creek Railroad No. 1. In 1952 the Pine Creek Railroad Museum was formed and a group volunteers added a passenger coach. In 1962 the railroad moved to Allaire State Park in Wall Township, New Jersey and the non-profit Pine Creek Railroad Division of of the New Jersey Museum of Transportation was created. Shortly thereafter a half-mile track was built. In 1967 an old railroad station from Aberdeen Township in New Jersey was relocated to the site and refurbished. Volunteers have provided many additions over the years that allow visitors to enjoy a ride through local railroad history that is still in operation today.
Thursday, 2 April 2015: Chumling (2385 m) to Chhokang Paro (3030 m)
A mega day taking the high route via Chumchet, Yarcho, Gompa Goan, Lari and Puh, distributing LED solar lights carried by porter Henry, before dropping down to the Sardi Khola / Syar Khola / Tsum Chu at Domje and climbing back up to Chhokang Paro where we were met by Namgyal’s mum, bringing tea and snacks to help us on the final mile or so to their home.
En route, lots of Tibetan tea, tsampa, rice and veg; offers of arak and chang; ~2000m ascent… visits to homes, schools, a monastery and a nunnery, high in the mountains of Upper Tsum Valley.
Wonderful.
Map from Günter Seyfferth’s Die Berge des Himalaya (The mountains of Himalaya).
Read more about my Tsum Valley trek with Val Pitkethly.
DSC08113
Rare - Then CAPITOL was distributed to Telefunken Decca. From the mid 1950s on CAPITOL was distributed always by EMI Electrola.
One of the very first albums in Germany. A very special record sleeve. It says - This Capitol LP was delivered by your shop xy and in the field right down, normaly is a stamp from the dealer.Probably from 1953. From 1954 on they use sleeves with pictures from the artists. In that time there aren't any 30cm/12inch LPs . I think in Germany they started in 1956.--------Eine der ersten deutschen LPs. Eine 25 cm LP. Die sogenannte Rhein'sche Füllschrift Technik war noch zu kompliziert um 30 cm LPs herzustellen. Das gelang in Deutschland erst 1955/56. Das Material war noch sehr fest und ähnelte dem 1950er Schelllack-Material.
Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi Vadra distributed three-wheelers to over 200 physically challenged persons in New Delhi. On Late Rajiv Gandhi's birthday it was supposed to be distributed by Congress President Sonia Gandhi but due to her illness it got postponed.
Rahul and Priyanka, interacted with almost all the people who were given motorised three-wheelers by the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and spent some time with them.
They went to almost every single person, exchanged pleasantries with them and heard their problems.
On November 16th , 2016
As I'm still in the capital Sana'a and before our new mission in Hodeidah, I coordinated with Authorities in targeted areas telling them that Mona Releif Yemen that is going to distribute food in some areas in Hodeidah governorate and especially in Zabid , al-Turibah, Bait al-Raei, al-Jarahi and Hess areas.
Everything was good before heading to Hodeidah and especially to Zabid area. Our new area that we are going to deliver food there to 200 vulnerable families. As monareliefye.org ground crew has arrived in Zabid area in the night planning to distribute food packages in the next morning. In that night I had received a call from authorities there telling me that Mona Relief is not allowed to distribute any food in the city of Zabid and if we did that we will carry the whole responsibly towards our action. I told them then that I had coordinated with the local and security authorities before coming to Zabid city, who giving us the permission to distribute food aid along with dignity kits.
In addition, I told them that we had told all beneficiaries that we are going to distribute food supplies to them and we can't tell beneficiaries to return, because most of them came from far areas to the place of distribution, however, authorities repeated that me and my crew are not welcome in the city and we have to leave city quickly.
I wasn’t able to take any decision at that time because authorities warned me not to distribute any food. I tried to persuade them but I failed indeed.
Anyway, I tried to do my best, so I contacted my friends in the capital Sana'a and Hodeidah governorates to help me to sort out this problem with local authorities in Zabid city. After hours I make it and I succeeded in persuading authorities to allow me to distribute food baskets in the next morning after my great friends who interfered and persuaded them. The day of distribution in the morning I received a phone call telling me that I'm going to fail and authorities will send some people to hinder me along with your crew, confirming that none NGOs succeeded in distribution food in Zabid city because and due the situation of people in Zabid who they are in dire need and they are hungry, so they are always attacking trucks loading food and took the food packages inside. Saying no food aid trucks reached the area of distribution at all and I have to be careful with people's behavior there.
After I heard that I told my crew about the situation and obstacles that going to face us during the distribution process. At that time I asked my colleague and the director of Mona Relief office in Hodeidah Shukria al-Hamdani to help me to sort out the problem telling her that I'm going to distribute food anyway and under any circumstances.
Then, we agreed to allocate a closed area to allow us to complete our mission without problems.
In the morning of food delivery, as I planned , I found a closed area but that area wasn’t big enough to help us carrying out our food aid distribution another problem that area was full of weeds along with remnants of building that will hinder us to do our work. Our crew made it and cleaned that area in order to be suitable for our work, indeed in sorted out that matter. However, I still worried of attacking our food truck by residents in Zabid city, how can I sort out this matter.
Anyway, I hired 18 armed men to assist us to control the situation and in order to complete our work normally and also in order to prevent anyone from attacking or stealing our supplies from the truck that loading the food aid. Without these armed men Mona Relief won't able to complete its mission.
Anyway, Mona Relief Yemen had overcome all challenges and obstacles that facing us in this work. Actually that work was the hardest ever to be done by our humanitarian crew in Zabid city of Hodeidah.
After finishing our work in Zabid that morning we decided to do another humanitarian work in another area. That area was al-Turibah town in western Zabid which we distributed there 100 food aid packages with another 100 dignity kits in the next day.
Our project in Zabid city targeted 200 families with food aid packages funded by the UK based charity Khalsa aid as we delivered also 200 dignity kits funded by International Organization for Migration in Yemen (IOM Yemen).
The Postcard
A postcard that was printed by the Prince Lithograph Co. of Arlington, Virginia and distributed by the L. B. Prince Co. of Arlington, Virginia.
On the back of the card is printed:
'United States Capitol.
The cornerstone was laid in
1793. Burned by the British
in 1812. The house and
Senate Chambers, Statuary
Hall, the Rotunda and the
President's Room are most
interesting.'
The card was posted in Washington on Sunday the 15th. March 1964 to a recipient who lived in Israel. The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Dear Mum,
Thanks for your letter - I
was very happy to receive
it. It arrived on the same
day your letter to Esther
arrived.
Good to know you make
fun of my English - wait
until you hear it as it's
not too Americanized!
I'm writing just to tell you
that five minutes ago
........................................
Love to all the family,
Bad Epp."
We will never know what had happened five minutes previously, as it was heavily blocked out on the card. Probably nothing too traumatic or it would not have been preceded by the lighthearted part of the message.
The United States Capitol
The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the meeting place of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government.
It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the federal district, the Capitol forms the origin point for the district's street-numbering system and the district's four quadrants.
Central sections of the present building were completed in 1800. These were partly destroyed in the 1814 burning of Washington, then were fully restored within five years. The building was later enlarged by extending the wings, the House of Representatives in the south wing, and the Senate in the north wing.
The massive dome was completed around 1866 just after the American Civil War. The Capitol is built in a neoclassical style and has a white exterior.
The architect Francis Willford Fitzpatrick described the Capitol building as follows:
"Grand in the glaring sun, magnificent in a storm,
weird and specter-like of a dark night, and a dream
of loveliness by moonlight, it stands unsurpassed,
from any point of view, by any building in the world."
History of the Capitol Building
Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city of Washington. L'Enfant chose Jenkin's Hill as the site for the "Congress House", with a "grand avenue" (now Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting it with the President's House, and a public space containing a broader "grand avenue" (now the National Mall) stretching westward to the Potomac River.
The Name
In reviewing L'Enfant's plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted that the legislative building be called the "Capitol" rather than "Congress House". The word "Capitol" comes from Latin, and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The connection between the two is not clear.
In addition to coming up with a city plan, L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President's House; however, he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners, and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol.
The Design Competition
In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition for the Capitol and the "President's House", and set a four-month deadline. The prize for the competition was $500, and a lot in the Federal City.
At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish, reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time.
The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, and were deemed too costly.
A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on the 31st. January 31 1793, to much praise for its "Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty" by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson.
Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design.
Thornton's design was officially approved in a letter dated 5th. April 1793 from Washington, and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol (and in fact later as the first Superintendent of the United States Patent and Trademark Office).
In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, and serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton's design, which he saw as costly to build and problematic.
In July 1793, Jefferson convened a five-member commission, bringing Hallet and Thornton together, along with James Hoban (winning architect of the "President's Palace") to address problems with and revise Thornton's plan.
Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton. The revised plan was accepted, except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front, which was part of Thornton's original plan.
The original design by Thornton was later modified by the British-American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe Sr., and then Charles Bulfinch.
The current cast-iron dome and the House's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas Ustick Walter and August Schoenborn, a German immigrant, in the 1850's, and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark.
Construction of the Capitol
L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791.
Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted. On the 18th. September 1793, President George Washington, along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia, laid the cornerstone, which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley.
Construction proceeded with Hallet working under the supervision of James Hoban, who was also busy working on construction of the "President's House" (also later known as the "Executive Mansion").
Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President, Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center, with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies. Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on the 15th. November 1794.
George Hadfield was hired on the 15th. October 1795 as Superintendent of Construction, but resigned three years later in May 1798, because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton's plan and the quality of work done thus far.
The Senate (north) wing was completed in 1800. The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in, until the House of Representatives (south) wing was finally completed in 1811.
There was a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be.
However, the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807. Though the Senate wing building was incomplete, the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on the 17th. November 1800.
The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely, at the urging of President John Adams, in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as president.
The War of 1812
Not long after the completion of both wings, the Capitol was partially burned by the British on the 24th. August 1814, during the War of 1812.
George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift, both military engineers, were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol. Reconstruction began in 1815, and included re-designed chambers for both Senate and House wings (now sides), which were completed by 1819.
Construction continued through to 1826, with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda rising above the first low dome of the Capitol.
Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features; his successor Bulfinch also played a major role, such as design of the first low dome covered in copper.
The House and Senate Wings
By 1850, it was clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states.
A new design competition was held, and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion. Two new wings were added: a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side, and a new chamber for the Senate on the north.
When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850's, some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves "who cut the logs, laid the stones and baked the bricks".
The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe, but there was a poor response to recruitment efforts. African Americans, some free and some enslaved, along with Scottish stonemasons, comprised most of the workforce.
The Capitol Dome
The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the United States Capitol; it dwarfed the original, timber-framed, copper-sheeted, low dome of 1818, designed by Charles Bulfinch which was no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building.
In 1855, the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the "wedding-cake style" cast-iron dome that stands today. Also designed by Thomas U. Walter, the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers.
Like Mansart's dome at Les Invalides in Paris (which he had visited in 1838), Walter's dome is double, with a large oculus in the inner dome.
Through the oculus can be seen The Apotheosis of Washington painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs, which also support the visible exterior structure.
They also support the tholos that supports the Statue of Freedom, a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863. The statue invokes the goddesses Minerva or Athena.
The cast iron for the dome weighs 8,909,200 pounds (4,041,100 kg). The dome's cast iron frame was supplied and constructed by the iron foundry Janes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co.
A steep, metal staircase, totaling 365 steps, leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol's dome. The number of steps represents each day of the year.
Later Expansion of the Capitol
When the Capitol's new dome was finally completed, its massive size overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico, built in 1828.
Accordingly in 1904, the East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt, following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings.
In 1958, the next major expansion to the Capitol started, with a 33.5-foot (10.2 m) extension of the East Portico. In 1960, two years into the project, the dome underwent a restoration. A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet (10.2 m) from the old Front.
In 1962, a connecting extension repurposed what had been an outside wall as an inside wall. In the process, the original sandstone Corinthian columns were removed and replaced with marble.
It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns, where they were combined with a reflecting pool into an ensemble that is reminiscent of the ruins of Persepolis, in Persia.
Besides the columns, hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park.
The Capitol Building was ranked Number 6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects' "America's Favorite Architecture" list.
The Capitol draws heavily on other notable buildings, especially churches and landmarks in Europe, including the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag whenever either is in session.
On the 18th. September 1993, to commemorate the Capitol's bicentennial, the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was re-enacted by Freemason politicians.
The Capitol Visitor Center (CVC)
On the 20th. June 2000, ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center, which opened on the 2nd. December 2008. From 2001 through 2008, the East Front of the Capitol (site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex, designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol.
Prior to the center being built, visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building. The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall, a visitors' theater, room for exhibits, and dining and restroom facilities, in addition to space for building necessities such as a service tunnel.
The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors, including those with disabilities. The complex contains 580,000 square feet (13.3 acres or 54,000 m2) of space below ground on three floors, and offers visitors a food court and educational exhibits, including an 11-foot scale model of the Capitol dome. It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome.
Long in the planning stages, construction began in the fall of 2001, following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998. The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $621 million.
Dome Restoration
A large-scale Capitol dome restoration project, the first extensive such work since 1959–1960, began in 2014, with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration.
As of 2012, $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed, but other deterioration, including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside, needed to be addressed.
Before the August 2012 recess, the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome. In late 2013, it was announced that renovations would take place over two years, starting in spring 2014. Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014, enclosing and obscuring the dome. All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016.
With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet, a bid tendering process was approved in 2001/2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network for Wi-Fi and mobile-phones within the Capitol Building and annexes, followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center.
Capitol Building Art
The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States, beginning in 1856 with Italian/Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol. The murals, known as the Brumidi Corridors, reflect great moments and people in United States history.
Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin, John Fitch, Robert Fulton, and events such as the Cession of Louisiana. Also decorating the walls are animals, insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States. Brumidi's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added. Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis, the Moon landing, and the Space Shuttle Challenger crew.
Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda. He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome, and also the Frieze of American History. The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet (55 m) in the air. It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father.
Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring. The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological, pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers's flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953. The frieze was painted by four different artists: Brumidi, Filippo Costaggini, Charles Ayer Whipple, and Allyn Cox. The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History.
Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation. On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America. On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States. The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman, The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir, The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell, and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn.
The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull: Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War; he painted a self-portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.
The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection, comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories. One of the most notable statues is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959.
The statue's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds (6,800 kg) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor, so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center.
The Capitol Crypt
On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt. It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington, with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb. However, under the stipulations of his last will, Washington was buried at Mount Vernon.
The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol. A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington, D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington, D.C., are designated (NE, NW, SE, or SW).
Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust. The sculptor had a fascination with large-scale art and themes of heroic nationalism, and carved the piece from a six-ton block of marble. Borglum carved the bust in 1908, and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer Jr.
Borglum was a patriot; believing that "The monuments we have built are not our own", he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement", according to a 1908 interview article.
Borglum's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate, that Robert Todd Lincoln, the president's son, praised the bust as:
"The most extraordinarily good portrait
of my father that I have ever seen".
According to legend, the marble head remains unfinished (missing the left ear) to symbolize Lincoln's unfinished life.
The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911. The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when, after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda, they were placed in the Crypt.
At one end of the Crypt is a statue of John C. Calhoun. On the right leg of the statue, a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible. The bullet also left a mark on the cape, located on the back right side of the statue.
Twelve presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing, most recently George H. W. Bush. The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol. The catafalque now on display in the Exhibition Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center was used for President Lincoln.
The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol, home to twenty-eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection.
In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs, which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths. These baths were a spa-like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing. The facilities included several bathtubs, a barbershop, and a massage parlor.
Height of the Capitol Building
Contrary to a popular myth, D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building, which rises to 289 feet (88 m). Indeed, the Capitol is only the fourth-tallest structure in Washington.
The House of Representatives Chamber
The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats. Unlike senators, representatives do not have assigned seats. The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events.
The Chamber is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers throughout history. The United States national motto "In God We Trust" is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag. Of the twenty-three relief portraits, only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits.
There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber, as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster:
"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth
its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its
great interests, and see whether we also, in our day
and generation, may not perform something worthy
to be remembered."
The Senate Chamber
The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859 and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate.
The Capitol Grounds
The Capitol Grounds cover 274 acres (1.11 km2), with the grounds consisting mostly of lawns, walkways, streets, drives, and planting areas. The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who planned the landscaping from 1874 to 1892. In 1875, as one of his first recommendations, Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north, west, and south sides of the building that exist today.
Olmsted also designed the Summerhouse, the open-air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol. Three arches open into the hexagonal structure, which encloses a fountain and twenty-two brick chairs. A fourth wall holds a small window which looks onto an artificial grotto.
Built between 1879 and 1881, the Summerhouse was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had nowhere to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves. Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted's fountain for the latter purpose. Olmsted intended to build a second, matching Summerhouse on the southern side of the Capitol, but congressional objections led to the project's cancellation.
Security
The U.S. Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of United Airlines Flight 93, one of the four planes that were hijacked on the 11th. September 2001. The plane crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after passengers tried to regain control of the plane from the hijackers.
Since the 9/11 attacks, the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes. The Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill, and have closed a section of one street indefinitely.
The level of screening employed varies. On the main east–west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues, barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency. Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police, and are instructed to use other routes.
On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets, the barriers are typically kept in a permanent "emergency" position, and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass.
All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer, and all items that visitors bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device.
In both chambers, gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency.
Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers made of pre-cast concrete to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways.
After the 2021 United States Capitol attack, security increased again. Additional security fences were installed around the perimeter, and National Guard troops were deployed to bolster security.
Violent and Dangerous Incidents at the Capitol
-- On the 30th. January 1835, the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol. As President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired.
Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It is believed that moisture from the humid weather on the day contributed to the double misfiring.
Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including Davy Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.
-- On the 23rd. April 1844, House-Speaker John White was involved in a physical confrontation on the House floor with Democratic Congressman George O. Rathbun of New York.
White was delivering a speech in defense of Senator Henry Clay, and objected to a ruling from the Speaker denying him time to conclude his remarks. When Rathbun told White to be quiet, White confronted him, and their disagreement led to a fistfight between the two, with dozens of their colleagues rushing to break up the fight.
During the disturbance, an unknown visitor fired a pistol into the crowd, wounding a police officer. Both White and Rathbun subsequently apologized for their actions.
-- On the 2nd. July 1915, prior to the United States' entry into the Great War, Eric Muenter (aka Frank Holt), a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies, exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate.
The next morning he tried to assassinate J. P. Morgan Jr., son of the financier, at his home on Long Island, New York. J.P. Morgan's company served as Great Britain's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies.
In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion, Muenter, writing under an assumed name, said:
"I hope that the detonation will make
enough noise to be heard above the
voices that clamor for war."
-- In the 1954 United States Capitol shooting, Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors' gallery, injuring five representatives.
-- On the 1st. March 1971, a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol, placed by the far-left domestic terrorist group the Weather Underground. They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos.
-- In the 1983 United States Senate bombing, a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd.
Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing.
In 1990, three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing, which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada.
-- In the 1998 United States Capitol shooting, Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire, killing two Capitol Police officers, Officer Jacob Chestnut and Det. John Gibson.
-- In 2004, the Capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then-Governor of Kentucky, Ernie Fletcher, strayed into restricted airspace above the district.
-- In 2013, Miriam Carey, 34, a dental hygienist from Stamford, Connecticut, attempted to drive through a White House security checkpoint in her black Infiniti G37 coupe, struck a U.S. Secret Service officer, and was chased by the Secret Service to the United States Capitol where she was fatally shot by law enforcement officers.
-- A shooting incident occurred in March 2016. One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested, in critical but stable condition. The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as "isolated".
-- In the 2021 United States Capitol attack, during the counting of electoral college votes for the 2020 United States presidential election, a pro-Trump rally resulted in a mob that violently stormed the Capitol.
The rioters unlawfully entered the Capitol during the joint session of Congress certifying the election of President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris, temporarily disrupting the proceedings.
This triggered a lockdown in the building. Vice President Mike Pence, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, and other staff members were evacuated, while others were instructed to barricade themselves inside offices and closets.
The rioters breached the Senate Chamber and multiple staff offices, including the office of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
One person was shot by law enforcement, and later succumbed to the injury. President-elect Joe Biden criticized the violence as "insurrection" and said democracy was "under unprecedented assault" as a result of the attack.
The attack resulted in the deaths of four rioters, including a woman who was shot as she attempted to breach the Capitol. The events ultimately led to the second impeachment of Donald Trump.
It was the first time that the Capitol had been violently seized since 1814, when it was taken by the British.
-- In the April 2021 United States Capitol car attack, a black nationalist rammed a car into barriers outside the Capitol, hitting several Capitol Police Officers before exiting his vehicle and attempting to attack others with a knife.
An officer hit by the attacker's car died shortly thereafter. The attacker was shot by Capitol Police and later died of his injuries.
Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, on the 15th. March 1964, actors Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, who had co-starred in the 1963 film Cleopatra as lovers Mark Antony and Cleopatra, married in Montreal.
The couple divorced in 1974, and then remarried in 1975 before divorcing again in 1976.
Early Anti-Vietnam War Feeling
Also on that day, in what one historian described as "the earliest expression of antiwar feeling among American college students" in response to the Vietnam War, students at Yale University concluded a three-day long conference on socialism.
The conference included members of the new Students for a Democratic Society, and launched the "May 2nd. Movement" (M2M).
The conference adjourned with plans for an antiwar demonstration in New York City for the 2nd. May 1964.
Zbigniew Jan Dunikowski
The 15th. March 1964 alsomarked the death at the age of 74 of Zbigniew Jan Dunikowski.
Dunikowski was a Polish born "alchemist" and convicted swindler who claimed that he had discovered a process for synthesizing gold from the silica in ordinary sand.
After persuading investors to purchase shares of his Belgian company, Metallex, he was arrested in 1931 and sentenced to two years in a French prison following his conviction for fraud.
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