View allAll Photos Tagged calculations,
Arne came over for our long planned 8x10 nerd-out, and of course, I had flowers.
We had been curious about the color shade, after that many time. Thank goodness, I forgot how my favourite calculation-tool works (if used backwards) for bellows compensation, and thanks to that, this shot was 1 1/3 ƒ-stops overexposed. Good so, as this film is sooo narrow (1/4 ƒ), and today with the age, a bit awfully in the shadows, as I found out later.
We liked this so much, we did another one in bw, and when Arne left, we shared.
gggggGerbera is for g.
FLOWER is for Arne.
This shot is on 8x10 and the flower on the real shot in hand is 1.5x larger than lifesize.
And it's one of - 1000? I think there had just been 100 boxes with 10 sheets each produced only, worldwide, of this beta-film.
A new, non-beta color just got released.
___
Roidweek 2015.2 # day 1
Sinar P 8x10 / Symmar 210mm
"Not that I much blame Duffy. Duffy was face to face with the margin of mystery where all our calculations collapse, where the stream of time dwindles into the sands of eternity, where the formula fails in the test tube, where chaos and old night hold sway and we hear the laughter in the ether dream. But he didn't know he was, and so he said, "Yeah.""
"All The King's Men", by Robert Penn Warren; published in 1946, has been made into a movie, but as usually happens, the movie, as good as it is, does not due full justice to the novel. Robert Penn Warren reportedly told historian David Blight the novel, set in America's Deep South of the 1930's, is about "Julias Caesar".
(This photo is utilizing a miniature travel chess game set that meets the MM 3" limitation.)
Oil-based ink on Japanese paper, about A4 in size.
For more on this one, you could click here. davewhatt.wordpress.com/2022/08/31/calculation-and-random...
@ Engine Room ~ September 20 - October 20
A pile of basalt rock and rough cut crystals were placed carefully atop alchemical sigils inscribed upon the floor. Meticulous calculations were made for the perfect creation. "What good can come from summoning this unholy automaton?", the more cautious engineer asks. Will it destroy us? Only one way to find out...
This crystalline rock beast is a fully formed avatar! It comes with 2 options for feet, sickle and hoofy, a regular and animesh tail with 9 animations, and 3 shapes of different heights but similar proportions.
The included HUD will let you toggle the feet state, change the crystals to any of 9 preset texture colors and also allow you to tint any part of the avatar however you like.
This avatar will work with any humanoid AO, and the only custom animations are in the tail. Though the non animesh tail could also feasibly work with other tail animations you may have.
Lastly! As a gift this round, I've made a small figurine of this avatar in a striking, flying pose. It comes default in green, but if you've purchased the avatar, you can use the avatar's HUD to change the figurine in the same way you change the avatar. You can match!
Mod / Copy / No Trans
More from me In-World Mainstore • Marketplace
A long exposure here,taken with a Big stopper and Little Stopper.
Calculation this should have been 11 minutes(660 sec) but got side tracked with another togger who kept me talking.
Still worked out not to bad in the end !!!!!!!
Develop your senses- especially learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.
Here is an early blue hour shot from a spot I've been to many times and shot from many angles, but for once I've manage to come away with something I like. I think the buildings in the foreground have an interesting shape that anchors the image in this instance.
Thanks for checking out my work I appreciate it.
with his calculation that gives him a doctorate. Photo from 2003, worked on in Photoshop and finished in CharGPT.
Wikipedia: "In 1818 Gauss, putting his calculation skills to practical use, carried out a geodesic survey of the Kingdom of Hanover, linking up with previous Danish surveys. To aid the survey, Gauss invented the heliotrope, an instrument that uses a mirror to reflect sunlight over great distances, to measure positions".
Macro mondays theme: “Triangles”.
(IMG_5184)
A really dense early morning fog was starting to burn off by the intense rising sun, under the 271 Expressway. The spider web, bridge and fence were built with extreme calculations and science.
Calculating people are contemptable. The reason for this is that calculation deals with loss and gain, and the loss and gain mind never stops. Death is considered loss and life is considered gain. Thus, death is something that such a person does not care for, and he is contemptable.
Furthermore, scholars and their like are men who with wit and speech hide their own true cowardice and greed. People often misjudge this.
Leica M6 & Summicron 50mm & Ilford Delta 100 film.
Finally I got the reciprocity failure calculation about right. I have notes somwhere, but I recall it was f/8 and a few minutes with the ND10 filter.
No EXIF data because it's an analogue film camera.
Peter Duesberg is a "scientist" who is widely recognised as being one of the foremost idiots who thinks that HIV does not cause AIDS. He thinks that everyone gets it from taking ARVs and doing too much poppers and too many recreational drugs. Celia "Thats why they put blood on my face" Farber has spent an awful long time defending this lunatic "faith".
A new Harvard study has claimed that the deaths of around 330,000 South Africans occured as a direct result of Mbeki's HIV denial.
Peter Duesberg was on Mbeki's AIDS panel, so advised him in his murderous denial.
Of course I am not pointing the finger directly at Duesberg as the buck stopped with Mbeki and his health minister Dr Beetroot, and the policies they enacted.
However it would be wrong to completely ignore the role that Duesberg and others played in the deaths of all of these people.
Duesberg is currently employed by the University of California Berkeley. Maybe in light of this new evidence they should seriously consider his position within their (ANY!) teaching institution.
Mbeki Aids policy 'led to 330,000 deaths'
Sarah Boseley Thursday November 27 2008 00.01 GMT
The Aids policies of former president Thabo Mbeki's government were directly responsible for the avoidable deaths of a third of a million people in South Africa, according to research from Harvard University.
South Africa has one of the most severe HIV/Aids epidemics in the world. About 5.5 million people, or 18.8% of the adult population, have HIV, according to the UN. In 2005 there were 900 deaths a day.
But from the late 90s Mbeki turned his back on the scientific consensus that Aids was caused by a viral infection which could be combated, though not cured, by sophisticated and expensive drugs. He came under the influence of maverick scientists known as Aids-denialists, most prominent among whom was Peter Duesberg from Berkeley, California.
In 2000 Mbeki called a round-table of experts, including Duesberg and his supporters but also their opponents, to discuss the cause of Aids. Later that year, at the international Aids conference in Durban, he publicly rejected the accepted wisdom. Aids, he said, was indeed brought about by the collapse of the immune system - but not because of a virus. The cause, he said, was poverty, bad nourishment and general ill-health. The solution was not expensive western medicine but the alleviation of poverty in Africa.
In a new paper Harvard researchers have quantified the death toll resulting from Mbeki's stance, which caused him to reject offers of free drugs and grants and led to foot-dragging over a treatment programme, even after Mbeki had taken a vow of silence on the issue.
"We contend that the South African government acted as a major obstacle in the provision of medication to patients with Aids," write Pride Chigwedere and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
They have made their calculations by comparing the scale-up of treatment programmes in neighbouring Botswana and Namibia with the limited availability of drugs in South Africa from 2000-2005.
Expensive antiretrovirals came down in price dramatically as a result of activists' campaigning and public pressure. In July 2000 the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim offered to donate its drug nevirapine, which could prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child during labour. But South Africa restricted the availability of nevirapine to two pilot sites a province until December 2002.
Eventually, under international pressure, South Africa did launch a national programme for the prevention of mother to child transmission in August 2003 and a national adult treatment programme in 2004. But by 2005, the paper's authors estimate, there was still only 23% drug coverage and less than 30% prevention of mother to child transmission.
By comparison, Botswana achieved 85% treatment coverage and Namibia 71% by 2005, and both had 70% mother to child transmission programmes coverage.
The authors estimate that more than 330,000 people died unnecessarily in South Africa over the period and that 35,000 HIV-infected babies were born who could have been protected from the virus but would now probably have a limited life.
Their calculations will withstand scrutiny, they say. "The analysis is robust," said Dr Chigwedere. "We used a transparent and accessible calculation, publicly available data, and, where we made assumptions, we explained their basis. We purposely chose very conservative assumptions and performed sensitivity analyses to test whether the results would qualitatively change if a different assumption were used."
The authors conclude: "Access to appropriate public health practice is often determined by a small number of political leaders. In the case of South Africa, many lives were lost because of a failure to accept the use of available ARVs to prevent and treat HIV/Aids in a timely manner."
Since Mbeki's ousting from the leadership of the African National Congress in September South Africa has urgently pursued new policies to get treatment to as many people as possible under a new health minister, Barbara Hogan.
November 26, 2008
Study Cites Toll of AIDS Policy in South Africa
By CELIA W. DUGGER
www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/world/africa/26aids.html?_r=1
JOHANNESBURG — A new study by Harvard researchers estimates that the South African government would have prevented the premature deaths of 365,000 people earlier this decade if it had provided antiretroviral drugs to AIDS patients and widely administered drugs to help prevent pregnant women from infecting their babies.
The Harvard study concluded that the policies grew out of President Thabo Mbeki’s denial of the well-established scientific consensus about the viral cause of AIDS and the essential role of antiretroviral drugs in treating it.
Coming in the wake of Mr. Mbeki’s ouster in September after a power struggle in his party, the African National Congress, the report has reignited questions about why Mr. Mbeki, a man of great acumen, was so influenced by AIDS denialists.
And it has again caused soul-searching about why his colleagues in the party did not act earlier to challenge his resistance to broadly accepted methods of treating and preventing AIDS.
Reckoning with a legacy of such policies, Mr. Mbeki’s’s successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, acted on the first day of his presidency two months ago to remove the health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, a polarizing figure who had proposed garlic, lemon juice and beetroot as AIDS remedies.
He replaced her with Barbara Hogan, who has brought South Africa — the most powerful country in a region at the epicenter of the world’s AIDS pandemic — back into the mainstream.
“I feel ashamed that we have to own up to what Harvard is saying,” Ms. Hogan, an A.N.C. stalwart who was imprisoned for a decade during the anti-apartheid struggle, said in a recent interview. “The era of denialism is over completely in South Africa.”
For years, the South African government did not provide antiretroviral medicines, even as Botswana and Namibia, neighboring countries with epidemics of similar scale, took action, the Harvard study reported.
The Harvard researchers quantified the human cost of that inaction by comparing the number of people who got antiretrovirals in South Africa from 2000 to 2005 with the number the government could have reached had it put in place a workable treatment and prevention program.
They estimated that by 2005, South Africa could have been helping half those in need but had reached only 23 percent. By comparison, Botswana was already providing treatment to 85 percent of those in need, and Namibia to 71 percent.
The 330,000 South Africans who died for lack of treatment and the 35,000 babies who perished because they were infected with H.I.V. together lost at least 3.8 million years of life, the study concluded.
Epidemiologists and biostatisticians who reviewed the study for The New York Times said the researchers had based their estimates on conservative assumptions and used a sound methodology.
“They have truly used conservative estimates for their calculations, and I would consider their numbers quite reasonable,” James Chin, a professor of epidemiology at the University of California at Berkeley’s School of Public Health, said in an e-mail message.
The report was posted online last month and will be published on Monday in the peer-reviewed Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes.
Max Essex, the virologist who has led the Harvard School of Public Health’s AIDS research program for the past 20 years and who oversaw the study, called South Africa’s response to AIDS under Mr. Mbeki “a case of bad, or even evil, public health.”
Mr. Mbeki has maintained a silence on his AIDS legacy since his forced resignation. His spokesman, Mukoni Ratshitanga, said Mr. Mbeki would not discuss his thinking on H.I.V. and AIDS, explaining that policy decisions were made collectively by the cabinet and so questions should be addressed to the government.
The new government is now trying to hasten the expansion of antiretroviral treatments. The task is urgent. South Africa today is home to 5.7 million people who are H.I.V.-positive — more than any other nation, almost one in five adults. More than 900 people a day die here as a result of AIDS, the United Nations estimates.
Since the party forced Mr. Mbeki from office and some of his loyalists split off to start a new party, rivalries have flared and stories about what happened inside the A.N.C. have begun to tumble out, offering unsettling glimpses of how South Africa’s AIDS policies went so wrong.
From the first year of his presidency in 1999, Mr. Mbeki became consumed with the thinking of a small group of dissident scientists who argued that H.I.V. was not the cause of AIDS, his biographers say.
As president he wielded enormous power, and those who disagreed with him said they feared they would be sidelined if they spoke out. Even Nelson Mandela, the revered former president, was not immune from opprobrium.
In a column in The Sunday Times of Johannesburg on Oct. 19, Ngoako Ramatlhodi, a senior party member now running the party’s 2009 election campaign, recounted how Mr. Mandela, known affectionately as Madiba, was humiliated during a 2002 A.N.C. meeting after he made a rare appearance to question the party’s stance on AIDS.
Mr. Ramatlhodi described speakers competing to show greater loyalty to Mr. Mbeki by verbally attacking Mr. Mandela as Mr. Mbeki looked on silently. “After his vicious mauling, Madiba looked twice his age, old and ashen,” Mr. Ramatlhodi wrote.
Mr. Ramatlhodi himself acknowledged in a recent interview that in 2001 he sent a 22-page letter, drafted by Mr. Mbeki’s office, to another of Mr. Mbeki’s most credible critics, Prof. Malegapuru Makgoba, an immunologist who was one of South Africa’s leading scientists. The letter accused Professor Makgoba of defending Western science and its racist ideas about Africans at the expense of Mr. Mbeki.
In 2000 Mr. Mbeki had provided Professor Makgoba with two bound volumes containing 1,500 pages of documents written by AIDS denialists. After reading them, Professor Makgoba said in an interview that he wrote back to warn Mr. Mbeki that if he adopted the denialists’ ideas, South Africa would “become the laughingstock, if not the pariah, of the world again.”
But Mr. Mbeki indicated last year to one of his biographers, Mark Gevisser, that his views on AIDS were essentially unchanged, pointing the writer to a document that, he said, was drafted by A.N.C. leaders and accurately reflected his position.
The document’s authors conceded that H.I.V. might be one cause of AIDS but contended that there were many others, like other diseases and malnutrition.
The document maintained that antiretrovirals were toxic. And it suggested that powerful vested interests — drug companies, governments, scientists — pushed the consensus view of AIDS in a quest for money and power, while peddling centuries-old white racist beliefs that depicted Africans as sexually rapacious.
“Yes, we are sex crazy!” the document’s authors bitterly exclaimed. “Yes, we are diseased! Yes, we spread the deadly H.I. virus through our uncontrolled heterosexual sex!”
In 2002, after a prolonged outcry over Mr. Mbeki’s comments about AIDS and the government’s policies, Mr. Mbeki agreed to requests from within his party to withdraw from the public debate. That same year, the Constitutional Court ruled that the government had to provide antiretroviral drugs to prevent the infection of newborns. And in 2003, the cabinet announced plans to go forward with an antiretroviral treatment program.
“We did an enormous amount of good in the early days in South Africa, not because of the Health Ministry, but in spite of the Health Ministry,” said Randall L. Tobias, who was appointed by President Bush in 2003 to lead the United States’ $15 billion global AIDS undertaking.
In the same years, former President Clinton and his foundation were also deeply involved in helping South Africa get a treatment program going. Mr. Clinton attended Mr. Mandela’s 85th birthday celebration in Johannesburg in 2003. During the dinner, he and Mr. Mbeki slipped away to talk about AIDS, Mr. Clinton recalled in a recent interview.
Mr. Clinton said he told Mr. Mbeki how antiretroviral treatment had reduced the AIDS mortality rate in the United States and reminded him, “I’m your friend and I haven’t joined in the public condemnation.” That evening, when Mr. Clinton offered to send in a team of experts to help the country put together a national treatment plan, Mr. Mbeki took him up on it.
The Clinton Foundation helped devise a plan and mobilized 20 people to travel to South Africa in 2004 to help carry it out. But the South African government never invited them, Mr. Clinton said. So the foundation, which had projects all over Africa, was to have none in South Africa.
Changes since Mr. Mbeki’s fall from power have prompted many to hope for forceful South African political leadership on AIDS. Mr. Mbeki’s rival and successor as head of the party, Jacob Zuma, who is expected to become president after next year’s election, himself made a famously questionable remark about AIDS.
In his 2006 rape trial, in which he was acquitted of sexually assaulting a family friend, he testified that he sought to reduce his chances of being infected with H.I.V. by taking a shower after sex. Nonetheless, he seems to have more conventional views on the pandemic.
“Who would have thought Jacob Zuma would be better than Mbeki, but he is,” said Richard C. Holbrooke, the former ambassador to the United Nations in the Clinton administration who heads a coalition of businesses fighting AIDS. “The tragedy of Thabo Mbeki is that he’s a smart man who could have been an international statesman on this issue. To this day, you wonder what got into him.”
For South Africans who watched the dying and were powerless to stop it, the grief is still raw. Zackie Achmat, the country’s most prominent advocate for people with AIDS, became sick during the almost five years he refused to take antiretrovirals until they were made widely available. He cast Mr. Mbeki as the leading man in this African tragedy.
“He is like Macbeth,” Mr. Achmat said. “It’s easier to walk through the blood than to turn back and admit you made a mistake.”
Mbeki's opposition to ARVs cost 330,000 lives, shows study
Michael Carter, Thursday, November 27, 2008
www.aidsmap.com/en/news/97BFC49D-E43C-4028-8E4D-CACF15F82...
The refusal of the Mbeki government to roll-out antiretroviral therapy and treatment to prevent mother-to child transmission in South Africa resulted in 330,000 needlessly premature HIV-related deaths and 35,000 avoidable case of mother-to-child HIV transmission according to estimates published in the December 1st edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes.
South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit by HIV. UNAIDS estimates that 19% of the adult population is HIV-positive, some 5.5 million individuals. In 2005, an estimated 320,000 individuals died because of HIV.
President Thabo Mbeki’s government consistently resisted the provision of antiretroviral therapy. The first important evidence of this was in 1999 when, under pressure to provide AZT monotherapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, President Mbeki announced that the drug was dangerous and that it would therefore not be provided by his government. This was followed by Mbeki publicly questioning that HIV caused AIDS and the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. The Mbeki administration then resisted the use of nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child transmission and obstructed the acquisition of grants from the Global Fund.
US investigators estimated the lost benefits resulting from the Mbeki government’s opposition to provision of antiretroviral therapy and treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission. To do this, they compared the actual number of people who received HIV treatment or therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission between 2000 and 2005 and compared this to the number that could feasibly have been treated during this period. This difference was multiplied by the average efficacy of antiretroviral treatment and treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission to give the lost benefits consequent upon the South African government’s decision to prevent access to anti-HIV drugs.
“Our overriding values in choosing methods were transparency and minimization of assumptions and we were purposely conservative”, write the investigators.
When estimating the number of people who could reasonably have been provided with antiretroviral therapy or treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission, the investigators noted that HIV treatment became significantly more accessible between 2000-2005. This was because:
* The price of anti-HIV drugs fell significantly in this period.
* More money was available for donor organisations, such as the Global Fund and PEPFAR, to purchase antiretroviral drugs.
Nevertheless, the South African government still maintained opposition to the provision of HIV drugs.
To estimate the number of people who should have been eligible to receive antiretroviral therapy, the investigators obtained from UNAIDS the number of HIV-related deaths in South Africa between 2000-2005. Patients who died of HIV without receiving anti-HIV drugs lost the entire potential benefits of antiretroviral therapy.
Next, the investigators obtained figures showing how many individuals received antiretroviral therapy in the same period. Their sources were UNAIDS and the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) “3 x 5” antiretroviral treatment access programme. These figures showed that fewer than 3% of patients received antiretroviral treatment in 2000, increasing to approximately 10% in 2003 and 23% in 2005.
The researchers considered it reasonable that South Africa could have treated no more than 5% of eligible patients with HIV in 2000. However, because drugs became less expensive and more international funding became available, “ramping up” access to treatment was feasible, meaning that by 2005, 50% of HIV-positive patients in South Africa should have been receiving antiretroviral therapy. They note that the maximum of 50% treatment coverage is significantly lower than the 71% achieved by Namibia and the 85% achieved by Botswana.
Finally they estimated the number of life years that would be gained per patient due to antiretroviral therapy. They used the most conservative estimate of 6.7 years.
Their calculations showed that 330,000 lives and 2.2 million person years were lost because the Mbeki government resisted the implementation of a reasonable antiretroviral treatment programme.
They tested their model using a number of other assumptions. For example, if they reduced the number of patients who could reasonably be expected to receive antiretroviral therapy in 2005 to 40%, then the number of lives lost fell to 226,800 or 1.5 million person years.
Consequences of opposition to treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission
The researchers' model to test the impact of the Mbeki administration’s opposition to treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission also included a number of conservative assumptions.
First, they calculated the number of children infected with HIV vertically. They looked at a number of sources and selected the lowest estimate of 68,000 per year and revised this down to 60,000 to take into account the high adult HIV population and marginal increase in population growth in South Africa during this period.
A number of sources suggested that in 2005, coverage of treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission was 30%, having increased from below 3% before 2000.
To estimate the proportion of women who could have received treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission, they considered that treatment would have been free during this period, that it is easy to administer and that 84% of pregnant women in South Africa receive antenatal care.
Based on these assumptions, the investigators calculated that no more than 5% of women would have received treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission in 2000, but that this could have increased to 55% by 2005.
Next the investigators estimated the efficacy of such therapy, taking as their benchmark the HIVNET 012 study which showed that single-dose nevirapine reduced the risk of transmission by 47% compared to short-course AZT amongst women who breastfeed.
Finally, they assumed an average life-expectancy at birth of 48 years, and subtracted from this the average three year life-expectancy of infants infected with HIV at birth.
The investigators therefore estimated that 35,000 cases of mother-to-child transmission (or 1.6 million life years) were the result of the Mbeki administration’s policies.
One again, the investigators tested their results using other assumptions. If they accepted 40% coverage of treatment as acceptable, then the excess number of babies infected because of government policies was 18,000, a loss of 800,00 life years. However, had there been 70% coverage (still below what was achieved in Namibia and Botswana), then HIV infections in 44,000 babies (or 2 million life years), would have been avoided.
When the investigators combined their two estimates – years of life lost because of opposition to antiretroviral treatment, and life years lost because of the failure to provide treatment to prevent vertical transmission – they found that some 3.8 million life years were lost because of the Mbeki administration’s policies.
They conclude, “in the case of South Africa, many lives were lost because of failure to accept the use of available antiretrovirals to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in a timely manner.”
Reference
Chigwedere, P. et al. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49: 410-15, 2008.
Ironically I was never very fond of math when I was still in school. Although instinctively, even back then, I was attracted to the visual quality of patterns and numbers. Perhaps they were too distracting for me to fully concentrate on calculations.
The hike to the summit of Arthur's Seat is performed by people of various ages. Based on my humble calculations, I estimated on this particular day that more than half of the hikers were students from the nearby University of Edinburgh.
Built for the 2nd Blitz'ard flash MOC contest, "Best battle scene" category.
____________________________________________
It was that time of the year once again...
The famous Elken warrior R.N.R.* Rudolph, who led the Great Reindeer Revolution that overthrew the malicious regime of the reigning Santa Claus, was gathering his elves and santas to go on his annual destructive rampage across the Urtican Planes.
Throughout the year Rudolph makes a list of the Urticans, categorizing them according to their behavior: the nice Urticans will become a bacon-wrapped turkey** and the naughty ones a lump of coal. In the head...
Unfortunately, due to a computational error*** the threshold for being nice has been set way too high, so practically all Urticans are being classified as naughty.
So beware Urticans, Rudolph is on his way and his sack is full of coal!
Hit Urticans with lumps of co-al.
Fa-la-la-la-la, la-la-la-la!
'Tis the season to be jolly.
Fa-la-la-la-la, la-la-la-la!
____________________________________________
As for the sleigh: ironically enough, the lead Santa of the sleigh was chosen to be the rebellious S-ain't-a Claus, who has been dishonorably discharged after the great fiasco of 2015, where he forgot to show up on his only working day of the year due to a heated darts game with his buddies in the local pub. He has been charged with the horrendous crime of "Bros before Ho-ho-hos" and he pleaded guilty.
Just like R.N.R. Rudolph, he also has a red nose, but in his case it is not genetical, but a result of his excessive consume of mulled wine.
____________________________________________
*: no, not Rock'N'Roll Rudolph, more like the Red-Nosed Reindeer.
**: © Gary
***: the Elken are not great in arithmetic calculations because they can't write the numbers down and, unlike human with a total of 20 fingers and toes, only have two hooves on each foot
Bronwyn held her breath as she slowly raised the helmet, if her calculations were correct Sparky should be alive.
Vast unending loneliness
The anomaly's shifting, hallucinatory colours are no longer confined to the viewport; they seep into the dialogue itself. A logical assessment of the capsule’s trajectory begins—Vector calculation indicates…—but a deep, resonant purple, a feeling of vast, unending loneliness swallows this thought. I attempt to regain control. Focus, stay calm. This command, my own mental voice, should be a sharp, definitive anchor. Instead, the words dissolve into a blinding wash of orange, a raw, non-verbal wave of pure, unanalysable urgency that screams move without direction or reason.
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Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Part of a Bucket-wheel excavator
On our way back home we past ‘Tagebau Garzweiler’, an active brown coal mine. Strip mining started here in 2006 and wil be finished in 2044, according to calculations. In the meantime 12 villages, with a total of nearly 8000 residents, simply have to go. The first villages are already gone. There’s a public lookout next to the highway where we stopped. A nice view, but those impressive bucket-wheel excavators where all the way over at the other side of the mine.
We got back in the car and drove a full 45 minutes to the other side of the mine. The area is 48 Km2. We found the main entrance and there where not to many people about. We stop the car at the side of the road. We’re excited. Let’s just go in. Sure?! Why not?! Ok, let’s go and see how far we can get.
Bart hits the gas and keeps driving. We pass the first gate, wich is open. We pass a second one, with a security boot at the side. There’s no-one and the gate’s open. Inside the mine we pass other cars with either workers or security, or maybe both. We’re surprised that no-one really takes notice of us. We even have foreign license plate. First we park the car not far from the video-security building and take a short walk to take some pictures. We can’t go any further with our car, so we’re heading the other way. One of the bucket-wheel excavators is not to far away and we’ll go and try to get closer. When a car drives behind we get a bit paranoid, but then he passes us.
We see the huge machine getting bigger and bigger and then we’re right next to it and nobody’s there! We get out and take some pictures, we are so close to the machine that it’s very hard to get it all in one shot and to catch the immenseness of it.
In total we got about one and a half hour infiltration tension. It was great!
when: march 2009
with: Bartje
North Church Street, Bakewell, Derbyshire.
Processed by equalising the histogram - and applying my own idiosyncratic "passivation" which effectively applies a tone-curve calculation - but only for higher greyscale values. Written in C#.
set up the equipment here, my boy.
yes, herr doktor.
now go sit in that chair. if my calculations are correct (and they always are), I am about to unleash a force the power of which the world has never before witnessed.
really?
let's see. I think I just push 'start.' ah. there we go.
doktor! my chair is. . . vibrating!
behold the pent-up fury of dark matter! you see, I designed your chair to attract non-baryonic particles! brilliant!
I'm feeling. . . heavy!
precisely! the mass of non-baryonic matter is hundreds of times that of a proton!
it. . . is?
indeed! we are about to forever alter the nature of all matter in the universe!
we. . . are?
well, at least the part you occupy, my boy.
agggh! dok. . . !
hmmm. look at that mess. I should have brought a second assistant. very forgetful of me.
"Bokeh Panorama" ,
Nikon Z6+Samyang 85mmF1.4,
x 9pcs
Stitching by MS-ICE
Outputs*
Effective focal length
43.64788176143314
Effective aperture
0.7189062878353693
Between Land's End and Porthcurno.
Zwischen Land's End und Porthcurno.
The South West Coast Path is England's longest waymarked long-distance footpath and a National Trail. It stretches for 630 miles (1,014 km), running from Minehead in Somerset, along the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, to Poole Harbour in Dorset. Since it rises and falls with every river mouth, it is also one of the more challenging trails. The total height climbed has been calculated to be 114,931 ft (35,031 m), almost four times the height of Mount Everest. It has been voted 'Britain's Best Walking route' twice in a row by readers of the Ramblers Walk magazine, and regularly features in lists of the world's best walks.
The final section of the path was designated as a National Trail in 1978. Many of the landscapes which the South West Coast Path crosses have special status, either as a national park or one of the heritage coasts. The path passes through two World Heritage Sites: the Dorset and East Devon Coast, known as the Jurassic Coast, was designated in 2001, and the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape in 2007.
In the 1990s it was thought that the path brought £150 million into the area each year, but new research in 2003 indicated that it generated around £300 million a year in total, which could support more than 7,500 jobs. This research also recorded that 27.6% of visitors to the region came because of the Path, and they spent £136 million in a year. Local people took 23 million walks on the Path and spent a further £116 million, and other visitors contributed the remainder. A further study in 2005 estimated this figure to have risen to around £300 million. Following investment through the Rural Development Programme for England, more detailed research was undertaken in 2012, and this found the annual spend by walkers to have risen to £439 million which sustains 9771 full-time equivalent jobs.
The path originated as a route for the Coastguard to walk from lighthouse to lighthouse patrolling for smugglers. They needed to be able to look down into every bay and cove: as a result, the path closely hugs the coast providing excellent views but rarely the most direct path between two points. The South West Coast Path is no longer used by the Coastguard but it has been transformed from a practical defence system into a resource for recreational walkers. The path is covered by England's right-of-way laws, as amended by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, which keep historic footpaths open to the public even when they pass through private property. Sections of the path are maintained by the National Trust, which owns parts of the coast.
The path is a designated National Trail, largely funded by Natural England. It was created in stages, with its final section, Somerset and North Devon, opening in 1978. It is maintained by a dedicated South West Coast Path Team.
The South West Coast Path Association, a registered charity, exists to support the interests of users of the path. The Association was formed in 1973 and since then it has campaigned for improvements to the path and undertakes considerable fundraising to help care for and improve the path. Its services include accommodation guides and completion certificates.
The route is described here anticlockwise, from Minehead to Poole. The distance and total ascent between any two points, in either direction, can be obtained from The South West Coast Path Association Distance Reckoner. A survey carried out in 1999 and 2000 found that at that time the path had 2,473 signposts or waymarks, and included 302 bridges, 921 stiles, and 26,719 steps. In practice, any such calculation is soon out of date because of path diversions due to landslips or access changes.
Many walkers take about eight weeks to complete the path, often dividing this into sections walked over several years. In contrast, a team of six Royal Marines, taking turns in pairs to run two-hour sections, completed the path in six days in 2004 and in 2012 a runner ran the entire path in 16 days, 9 hours and 57 minutes. New records for completing the path were set on 11 May 2013, when two runners completed the trail in 14 days, 14 hours and 45 minutes and 23 April 2015, when a runner completed the trail in 14 days, 8 hours and 2 minutes. This record was however quickly broken by Mark Berry, who ran it in 11 days, 8 hours and 15 minutes. On 24 May 2016 outdoor journalist and GB ultra runner Damian Hall set a new fastest known time of 10 days, 15 hours and 18 minutes.
(Wikipedia)
Der South West Coast Path ist Großbritanniens längster ausgeschilderter Fernwanderweg und ein National Trail. Er verläuft über 1.014 km (630 Meilen) von Minehead in Somerset entlang der Küsten von Devon und Cornwall nach Poole Harbour in Dorset.
Da er bei jeder Flussmündung steigt und fällt, gilt er als eine vergleichsweise anstrengende Langstreckenwanderung. Die zu erklimmende Gesamthöhe wurde mit 35.031 m (114.931 ft) berechnet, fast das Vierfache der Höhe des Mount Everest.
Der letzte Abschnitt des Weges wurde 1978 als National Trail anerkannt. Viele der Landschaften, die der South West Coast Path durchquert, haben einen Sonderstatus, entweder als Nationalpark oder als Heritage Coast. Der Weg führt durch zwei UNESCO-Welterbe-Stätten: Die Küste von Dorset und East Devon, die als Jurassic Coast bekannt ist, bekam im Jahr 2001 den UNESCO-Welterbe-Status, und die Bergbaulandschaft von Cornwall und West Devon im Jahr 2007.
In den 1990er Jahren hat man berechnet, dass der Weg jährlich jeweils 15.000.000 £ für die Region eingebracht hat, aber neuere Untersuchungen haben im Jahr 2003 darauf hingewiesen, dass insgesamt rund 300.000.000 £ pro Jahr erzeugt werden, was mehr als 7.500 Arbeitsplätze unterstützt. Diese Arbeit dokumentiert auch, dass 27,6 % der Besucher wegen dieses Weges in die Region kamen und 136.000.000 £ pro Jahr dort ausgaben. Die örtliche Bevölkerung hat 23 Millionen Spaziergänge auf dem Weg gemacht und gab weitere 116.000.000 £ aus, und andere Besucher trugen den Rest bei. Eine weitere Studie im Jahr 2005 schätzte, dass diese Zahl inzwischen auf rund 300.000.000 £ angestiegen sei.
Der Weg wurde für die Coast Guard angelegt, um im Kampf gegen Schmuggler zu Fuß von Leuchtturm zu Leuchtturm zu patrouillieren. Die Küstenwächer mussten in der Lage sein, einen Blick nach unten in jede Bucht zu werfen. Als Ergebnis schmiegt sich der Weg eng an die Küste an und bietet eine hervorragende Aussicht, aber nur selten einen direkten Weg zwischen zwei Punkten. Der South West Coast Path wird von der Küstenwache nicht mehr zur Schmugglerabwehr verwendet, sondern hat sich in ein Angebot für Freizeit-Wanderer verwandelt.
Der Pfad wird durch ein öffentliches Wegerecht abgedeckt, aktuell durch den Countryside and Rights of Way Act, das historische Wanderwege für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich hält, auch wenn sie über Privateigentum führen. Abschnitte des Weges werden durch den National Trust gepflegt, der Teile der Küstengrundstücke besitzt.
Der Pfad ist ein ausgewiesener National Trail, der weitgehend von Natural England finanziert wird. Er wurde in Etappen erstellt, mit der Eröffnung des letzten Abschnitts in Somerset und North Devon im Jahr 1978. Er wird von einem engagierten South West Coast Path Team betreut.
Die South West Coast Path Association existiert, um die Interessen der Nutzer des Weges zu unterstützen. Der eingetragene Verein wurde 1973 gegründet und ist seither um Verbesserungen des Weges bemüht. Die Dienstleistungen umfassen unter anderem Unterkunftsvermittlung, Führer und Abschluss-Zertifikate.
(Wikipedia)
its that first bit of limb that tells you that you have picked the right spot and the calculations were right!
Just to the left of the main tower of Mount Shuksan, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. This was taken from Huntoon ridge near Artists Point. There were throngs of people up there, even a wonderful serenading trumpeter. Picture Lake could only be described as "Combat Photography" as everyone stopped there to get the alpenglow before heading up to the end of the road.
model: Izzy
Low key portrait of a mysterious woman with a lace collar amd a calculating gaze
All rights reserved: Spoken in Red/ Jennifer Rhoades Photography
You may not alter, modify, change, use, or post my work without my written authorization and consent.
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⠀ It would seem that marriage is only about love and harmony (we will not take into account marriage about calculation). But it was not there😰
⠀
Psychologist Philip Litvinenko called on the authorities to oblige Russian women to take a state exam on relationships before getting married.
Litvinenko is convinced that women do not know how to manage men and constantly shift responsibility to them.
"If adults do not have the knowledge how to build harmonious relationships, then we will have weak, collapsing families, which means a weak, collapsing society. This means that it is a weak country," the psychologist wrote on his social media account. networks.
⠀
At the same time, he did not specify which knowledge will be tested 🤔
⠀
💬Well, girls, are you ready to take the exam? Write in the comments your attitude to such initiatives👇
⠀
#family photo session Moscow #photo center #studio photo session Moscow #sports photo session #instagrammers #Nikond850📷
Shrine of Remembrance roof (interior).
The Shrine of Remembrance is Victoria’s largest and most visited war memorial of National Significance. It is Melbourne’s most recognised landmark. It was built in remembrance of those who served and those who died in the Great War of 1914-1918 and armed conflicts and peacekeeping duties since. The First World War ended at the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918. Each year on Remembrance Day a natural ray of sunlight, from a small aperture in the eastern side of the ceiling, falls directly on the Stone of Remembrance. At exactly 11 am (Eastern Standard Time) it illuminates the word LOVE. It took over a hundred pages of astronomical and mathematical calculations to ensure the opening was positioned so the sun would pass at the right time for the next 5,000 years.
"It is the mark of a great man that he puts to flight all ordinary calculations. He is at once sublime and touching, childlike and of the race of giants." ~ Honore de Balzac
Who better to follow the iron giant than Andre the Giant!
Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
This newly-fledged Bald Eagle had sort of crash landed and was not happy about it. Although they were in the vacinity, neither parent was on hand and junior had to figure things out alone. It flapped up to a small dead branch and yelled for a while before launching across the water behind me to land in a tree. Awkwardly. Oh the pains of learning how to fly. It's ok, Junior, you'll get the hang of it.
An Astrolabium or Astrolabe is an ancient astronomical instrument that was a handheld model of the universe. Its various functions also make it an elaborate inclinometer and an analogue calculation device capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy.
Historically used by astronomers, it is able to measure the altitude above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time (and vice versa), to survey, or to triangulate.
It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery for all these purposes.
A sundial is a device that tells the time of day when there is sunlight by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a plate (the dial) and a gnomon, which casts a shadow onto the dial.
Usually the plate has to be in a flat horizontal position, in this case is vertical that's why there's 4 plates so one of them will be facing the sun during daylight on sunny days.
The Flight Of Calculation
by John Bracey
Abstract nebula. Oil and acrylic paste on canvas. Part of the ‘Creation’ series.
www.contemporary-artists.co.uk/paintings/the-flight-of-ca...
#art #painting #artists
By my calculations, the depth of this field is thirty nine inches exactly, and I am a scientist!
We're Here and our fields are deep.
Tripod-mounted and remote-triggered while also holding the prop and focusing manually for the second day in a row *Gasp*.
Long exposure with Olympus 35RC & Pan-F in D76 1:1
Using Ilford's published reciprocity calculations (Tc = Tmp) total exposure was 90 seconds.
Camera: Pentax K-m
Lens: Sigma Lens 70-300 + Kenko 2X
Exposure Time: 0.002 sec (1/640)
Aperture: f/11.2 (Calculated)
Focal Length: 600mm (35mm equivalent: 900mm)
ISO: 500
Exposure Bias: 0 EV
Flash: Off, Did not fire
Exposure Program: Manual
Exposure Mode: Manual
Metering Mode: Center-weighted average
White Balance: Auto
Software: K-m Ver 1.00
Aperture Calculation While using tele-converter
Aperture Diameter = Focal length/ Aperture=300/5.6=53.6mm
Focal length with 2X tele = 300 x 2 = 600mm
Aperture = Focal length / Aperture Diameter = 600/53.6 = 11.2 ie: f 11.2
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6 km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California—the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula—to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. It also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and is designated as part of U.S. Bicycle Route 95. Being declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco and California. It was initially designed by engineer Joseph Strauss in 1917.
The Frommer's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world." At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, with a main span of 4,200 feet (1,280 m) and a total height of 746 feet (227 m).Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.
The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s. Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy. The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito Ferry Terminal in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost $1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge. The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes.
Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average. Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700-foot (2,000-metre) strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water 372 ft (113 m) deep at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.
Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins. San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million (equivalent to $2.4 billion today), and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less. One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile-long (89 km) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait. At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project. Strauss's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million (equivalent to $404 million today).
Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts. A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy.
Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California. The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The US Navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. Southern Pacific Railroad, one of the most powerful business interests in California, opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project, leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service.
In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss. Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry, which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles.
The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy, city engineer of San Francisco, and Strauss. The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge. San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate.
South tower seen from walkway, with Art Deco elements
Strauss was the chief engineer in charge of the overall design and construction of the bridge project. However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs, responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff, the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City.
Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was Morrow's personal selection, winning out over other possibilities, including the US Navy's suggestion that it be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.
Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project. Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers. Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter. Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.
Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time. Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff. Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.
With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation, are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge. Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated. In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.