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Sir Robert Houghton 1548- 1624 who bought the "demeans and park" from the Sheltons.
Sir Robert was the 3rd son of John Houghton of Gunthorpe 1584 by Agnes daughter of Robert Playford of Brinton
He was Serjeant at Law and one of the justices of the Kings Bench. At his death at his chambers in Serjeants’ Inn on 6 Feb. 1624 he also held the manors of Leffley, Threxton, Buxhall, Brettenham (from the Felton family) and Heacham.
Sir Robert m Mary daughter of rich lawyer Robert Richers 1588 of Wrotham and Elizabeth Cartwright flic.kr/p/dYvNfq daughter of Edmund Cartwright of Ossington by Agnes daughter of Thomas Cranmer www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8510161707/ , She was the widow of Reginald Peckham d1551 buried at Ossington www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8513250144/
Children - 2 sons & 3 daughters
1. Francis his heir 1593-April 13th 1629 m Helen ........... leaving a minor son & heir Robert aged 3- 6 years ++
2. John dsp
1. Elizabeth m Robert Bright
2. Mary m Richard Catlin
"Debito Honori Optimi Mariti Roberti Houghton Equitis, Judicisque de Regis Banco, cujus Cineris Divi Dunstani Templum infra Londinum Custos est, Hic quoque Locus, cum Filij sit, Patris etiam Monumentum esse Optimo Jure videtur vendicare. Memoriæ piæ, Charissimi Filij nostri Francisci Houghton Armigeri, necnon Helenæ Uxoris ejus (ut quorum Corda conjugalis Amor, Animas, Una Fides (uti spes nostra) in Æternum univit, eorum ossa Unum hoc Sepulchrum condat, conjungat.
Ego Maria Roberti Richers de Rootham in Comitatû Cantij Armigeri Filiæ, bene Merito marito, duobus Filijs, Filiabus tribus, Oh Dolor ! orbata, totiesq; partim Mortua Johanne Houghton, Unico minimoque Natû superstite, Reliquorum Consortij Avida, Potissimum verò Coronam Beatitudinis Anhelans, utq; cum Salvatore Vivam, Dissolutionis cupientissima, hoc Poni Sacrum, meas Reliquias Hìc condier Jussi. Per mortem itur ad Vitam. 1623".
His will, made a few days before his death, requested a burial ‘without funeral pomp’. He gave a life interest in his property at Norwich and his manor of Lessey Suffolk to his wife, with the remainder to his eldest son Francis, to whom he left all his other lands in Norfolk. He bequeathed gifts of money to his wife, daughters and grandchildren and his law books to Francis, whom he appointed sole executor. He was buried at St. Dunstan-in-the-West, London
His widow Mary Rychers erected the monument here at Shelton - Heraldry - Richers arg 3 annulets azure / Houghton 3 azure 2 barrulets arg between 3 helmets or
++ Robert Houghton in his will of 1660 directing his executors Robert Houghton and John Tuthill, to sell first his estates in Sussex and then those in Suffolk to pay his debts, which were numerous. He died leaving an infant heir Charles Houghton, and his father's creditors obtained a decree in Chancery for sale of Leffey Manor and the others in Suffolk. A Bill was afterwards introduced in Parliament, and against this Sir George Pretyman and wife Elizabeth widow of Robert Houghton and mother of heir Charles, presented 2 petitions, saying the Bill would deprive Elizabeth of her dower and ruin her son Charles . The Committee said the parties should desist from any further prosecution
- Church of St Mary Shelton Norfolk
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member...
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member...
www.mocavo.co.uk/The-Visitations-of-Hertfordshire-Made-by...
A Marine with Weapons Platoon, Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, sprints down the line of heavy machine guns to deliver a map after a firefight with Taliban insurgents, Feb. 9, at the "Fire Points" intersection, a key junction of roads linking the northern area of the insurgent stronghold of Marjeh with the rest of Helmand province. Marines of Charlie Company conducted a helicopter-borne assault earlier that morning to seize the area. RCS2010
Regimental Combat Team-7, 1st Marine Division Public Affairs
Photo by Sgt. Brian Tuthill
Date: 02.09.2010
Location: HELMAND PROVINCE, AF
Related News and Photos: dvidshub.net/r/4d6o7m
1965 Porsche 911.
A left-hand drive import registered in November 1992.
Chassis 301048 built in May 1965 and originally sold in the USA. When it arrived in the UK it was prepared for rallying by Tuthill Porsche and has been driven by Stig Blomqvist, Jimmy McRae, Bjorn Waldegard and Billy Coleman. in 2014 it was upgraded by Tuthill to race specification and this work was completed in 2015 at a cost of £115,000. The car can now be used for rallying and racing.
Sir Robert Houghton 1548- 1624 who bought the "demeans and park" from the Sheltons.
Sir Robert was the 3rd son of John Houghton of Gunthorpe 1584 by Agnes daughter of Robert Playford of Brinton
He was Serjeant at Law and one of the justices of the Kings Bench. At his death at his chambers in Serjeants’ Inn on 6 Feb. 1624 he also held the manors of Leffley, Threxton, Buxhall, Brettenham (from the Felton family) and Heacham.
Sir Robert m Mary daughter of rich lawyer Robert Richers 1588 of Wrotham and Elizabeth Cartwright flic.kr/p/dYvNfq daughter of Edmund Cartwright of Ossington by Agnes daughter of Thomas Cranmer www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8510161707/ , She was the widow of Reginald Peckham d1551 buried at Ossington www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8513250144/
Children - 2 sons & 3 daughters
1. Francis his heir 1593-April 13th 1629 m Helen ........... leaving a minor son & heir Robert aged 3- 6 years ++
2. John dsp
1. Elizabeth m Robert Bright
2. Mary m Richard Catlin
"Debito Honori Optimi Mariti Roberti Houghton Equitis, Judicisque de Regis Banco, cujus Cineris Divi Dunstani Templum infra Londinum Custos est, Hic quoque Locus, cum Filij sit, Patris etiam Monumentum esse Optimo Jure videtur vendicare. Memoriæ piæ, Charissimi Filij nostri Francisci Houghton Armigeri, necnon Helenæ Uxoris ejus (ut quorum Corda conjugalis Amor, Animas, Una Fides (uti spes nostra) in Æternum univit, eorum ossa Unum hoc Sepulchrum condat, conjungat.
Ego Maria Roberti Richers de Rootham in Comitatû Cantij Armigeri Filiæ, bene Merito marito, duobus Filijs, Filiabus tribus, Oh Dolor ! orbata, totiesq; partim Mortua Johanne Houghton, Unico minimoque Natû superstite, Reliquorum Consortij Avida, Potissimum verò Coronam Beatitudinis Anhelans, utq; cum Salvatore Vivam, Dissolutionis cupientissima, hoc Poni Sacrum, meas Reliquias Hìc condier Jussi. Per mortem itur ad Vitam. 1623".
His will, made a few days before his death, requested a burial ‘without funeral pomp’. He gave a life interest in his property at Norwich and his manor of Lessey Suffolk to his wife, with the remainder to his eldest son Francis, to whom he left all his other lands in Norfolk. He bequeathed gifts of money to his wife, daughters and grandchildren and his law books to Francis, whom he appointed sole executor. He was buried at St. Dunstan-in-the-West, London
His widow Mary Rychers erected the monument here at Shelton - Heraldry - Richers arg 3 annulets azure / Houghton 3 azure 2 barrulets arg between 3 helmets or
++ Robert Houghton in his will of 1660 directing his executors Robert Houghton and John Tuthill, to sell first his estates in Sussex and then those in Suffolk to pay his debts, which were numerous. He died leaving an infant heir Charles Houghton, and his father's creditors obtained a decree in Chancery for sale of Leffey Manor and the others in Suffolk. A Bill was afterwards introduced in Parliament, and against this Sir George Pretyman and wife Elizabeth widow of Robert Houghton and mother of heir Charles, presented 2 petitions, saying the Bill would deprive Elizabeth of her dower and ruin her son Charles . The Committee said the parties should desist from any further prosecution
- Church of St Mary Shelton Norfolk
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member...
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member...
www.mocavo.co.uk/The-Visitations-of-Hertfordshire-Made-by...
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Nottingham Precision Components was badly affected by the depression of the motor industry at the time of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and ceased activities.
The NPC workplace was remembered by some ex-employees as depressingly gloomy, smelly and grimy.
The former NPC building is now used by a charity that provides second hand furniture to qualifying low income persons and families . Though it has cleansed the former factory machine shop space plain evidence of its former use remains, particularly in certain places - even the floor.
Note : just a few years before, terraced houses had stood to the left of the To Let notice.
"Coming Home," which now stands at Falls Park West, was the first acquired piece from SculptureWalk in 2004.
Artist Lynn Peterson "was so excited just to be part of our SculptureWalk," says Nan Baker, executive director at the Sioux Falls Arts Council. "A bunch of community members from where he's from came to town just to vote on his piece.
"It just goes to show that support for SculptureWalk comes from all over."
As for our beloved pieces that are here to stay, support rests strongly in the hours put in by Quanbeck Etten.
So make the time, and take a walk. Just like Quanbeck Etten did, get to know these pieces of work that, along with us, call Sioux Falls home.
1. Coming Home by Lynn Peterson, Falls Park West: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2004.
2. Shepherd by Sherri Treeby, Falls Park West: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2005.
3. In Varietate Concordia by Matthew Korgol, Phillips to the Falls.
4. For Which it Stands by James Haire, Visitors Center at Falls Park: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2006.
5. American Farmer by Sondra Jonson, Falls Park. This was SculptureWalk's "Best of Show" in 2004.
6. Two Eagles by Harry Klessen, Falls Park.
7. Falls Past and Falls Today by Benjamin Victor, entrance arch at Phillips to the Falls.
8. Monarch of the Plains by Darold Bailey, Falls Park.
9. Incomplete by Edward Thompson and Jordon Thornton, Falls Park.
10. 1 > 7 by Darwin Wolf and Paul Coy, Falls Park.
11. Windmill by Stephen Fink, Falls Park.
12. R. F. Pettigrew by Darwin Wolf, entrance at Phillips to the Falls.
13. Our World by Jim Mailander, City Hall: donated to the city by Sculpt-ureWalk.
14. Hungry Bears by Jim Dehne, Great Plains Zoo and Delbridge Museum.
15. Kids Turtle by Mary Zimmerman, Great Plains Zoo and Delbridge Museum.
16. Sitting Cheetah by Joe Palumbo, Great Plains Zoo and Delbridge Museum.
17. Gum Drops by Carrie Gantt Quade, Great Plains Zoo and Delbridge Museum.
18. Potato Man by Susan Giessler, McKennan Park: donated to the city by SculptureWalk.
19. Statue of Liberty by Seguri Lourov, McKennan Park.
20. Helen McKennan by Martin Wanserski, McKennan Park.
21. Hall of Fame by Robin Miller, Yankton Trail Park.
22. Eternal Sentry by John Wightman, Veterans' Memorial Park.
23. Going Home by Sondra Jonson, Veterans' Memorial Park.
24. Bronze Eagle by Franco F. Omme, Veterans' Memorial Park.
25. Hot Air Balloon Rock by unknown artist, Tuthill Park.
26. Granite Lantern South by Joseph Maddox, off Covell Lake at Terrace Park.
27. Granite Lantern North by Joseph Maddox, off Covell Lake at Terrace Park.
28. Edwin Sherman Bust by J.K. Daniels, West Indian Mound Drive (south of the zoo).
29. Petrograph by Porter Williams, West Indian Mound Drive (south of the zoo).
30. Whaling Ship Anchor by unknown artist, West Indian Mound Drive (south of the zoo).
31. I've Been Kissed by Pokey Park, Sertoma Park.
32. Summer Garden (Butterfly) by Chon Love, Sertoma Butterfly House.
33. Sea Dream by Steve Thomas, Fort Sod Plaza at Second Avenue and East 10th Street.
34. Sundial by Erickson Memorial Co., Second and Third avenues.
35. Statue of David by Michelangelo, cast by Felix W. deWeldon, Fawick Park.
36. Steel Family by A.J. Douma, crosswalk above 11th Street.
37. Obtuse by Harry Klessen, 11th Street and Grange Avenue.
38. Summer Distractions by Lee Luening and Sherri Treeby, Caille Library: donated by SculptureWalk.
39. Bold Eagle by Jurek Jakowicz, Carnegie Town Hall: donated to the city by SculptureWalk.
40. Flower Dancing by Jerry McKellar, Great Outdoor Store: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2010.
41. A Helping Hand by Lee Luening and Sherri Treeby, Police Law Enforcement Center.
42. Jack's Storytime by Gregory Johnson, Main Library: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2007.
43. Summer Distractions II by Lee Luening and Sherri Treeby, Main Library: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2009.
44. Circle of Friends by Karen Crane, Orpheum Theater: SculptureWalk People's Choice Award in 2008.
45. Dakota Wind by Martha Pettigrew, Sioux Falls Arena.
46. Around the Town Termesphere by Dick Termes, Sioux Falls Arena.
Caernarfon Castle is a medieval fortress in Caernarfon, Gwynedd, north-west Wales cared for by Cadw, the Welsh Government's historic environment service. It was a motte-and-bailey castle from the late 11th century until 1283 when King Edward I of England began to replace it with the current stone structure. The Edwardian town and castle acted as the administrative centre of north Wales, and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past, and the Roman fort of Segontium is nearby.
While the castle was under construction, town walls were built around Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the work ended in 1330. Although the castle appears mostly complete from the outside, the interior buildings no longer survive and many of the building plans were never finished. The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English. Caernarfon was recaptured the following year. During the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–1415, the castle was besieged. When the Tudor dynasty ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair. Despite its dilapidated condition, during the English Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists, and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war. The castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. The castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1911 and again in 1969. It is part of the World Heritage Site "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd".
The first fortifications at Caernarfon were built by the Romans. Their fort, which they named Segontium, is on the outskirts of the modern town. The fort sat near the bank of the River Seiont; the fort was probably built here due to the sheltered position and because it could be resupplied via the river Seiont. Caernarfon derives its name from the Roman fortifications. In Welsh, the place was called y gaer (lenition of caer) yn Arfon, meaning "the stronghold in the land over against Môn"; Môn is the Welsh name for Anglesey. Little is known about the fate of Segontium and its associated civilian settlement after the Romans departed from Britain in the early 5th century.
Following the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror turned his attention to Wales. According to the Domesday Survey of 1086, the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan was nominally in command of the whole of northern Wales. He was killed by the Welsh in 1088. His cousin Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester, reasserted Norman control of north Wales by building three castles: one at an unknown location somewhere in Meirionnydd, one at Aberlleiniog on Anglesey, and another at Caernarfon. This early castle was built on a peninsula, bounded by the River Seiont and the Menai Strait; it would have been a motte and bailey, defended by a timber palisade and earthworks. The motte, or mound, was integrated into the later Edwardian castle, but the location of the original bailey is uncertain, although it may have been to the north-east of the motte. Excavations on top of the motte in 1969 revealed no traces of medieval occupation, suggesting any evidence had been removed. It is likely that the motte was surmounted by a wooden tower known as a keep. The Welsh recaptured Gwynedd in 1115, and Caernarfon Castle came into the possession of the Welsh princes. From contemporary documents written at the castle, it is known that Llywelyn the Great and later Llywelyn ap Gruffudd occasionally stayed at Caernarfon.
War broke out again between England and Wales on 22 March 1282. The Welsh leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, died later that year on 11 December. His brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd continued to fight against the English, but in 1283 Edward I was victorious. Edward marched through northern Wales, capturing castles such as that at Dolwyddelan, and establishing his own at Conwy. War finally drew to a close in May 1283 when Dolbadarn Castle, Dafydd ap Gruffudd's last castle, was captured. Shortly afterwards, Edward began building castles at Harlech and Caernarfon. The castles of Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech were the most impressive of their time in Wales, and their construction—along with other Edwardian castles in the country—helped establish English rule. The master mason responsible for the design and construction of the castle was probably James of Saint George, an experienced architect and military engineer who played an important role in building the Edwardian castles in Wales. According to the Flores Historiarum, during the construction of the castle and planned town, the body of the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus was discovered, and Edward I ordered its reburial in a local church.
The construction of the new stone castle was part of a programme of building which transformed Caernarfon; town walls were added, connected to the castle, and a new quay was built. The earliest reference to building at Caernarfon dates from 24 June 1283, when a ditch had been dug separating the site of the castle from the town to the north. A bretagium, a type of stockade, was created around the site to protect it while the permanent defences were under construction. Timber was shipped from as far away as Liverpool. Stone was quarried from nearby places, such as from Anglesey and around the town. A force of hundreds worked on the excavation of the moat and digging the foundations for the castle. As the site expanded, it began to encroach on the town; houses were cleared to allow the construction. Residents were not paid compensation until three years later. While the foundations for the stone walls were being created, timber-framed apartments were built for Edward I and Eleanor of Castile, his queen. They arrived at Caernarfon on either 11 or 12 July 1283 and stayed for over a month.
Construction at Caernarfon Castle continued over the winter of 1283–84. The extent of completion is uncertain, although architectural historian Arnold Taylor speculated that when Edward and Eleanor visited again in Easter 1284 the Eagle Tower may have been complete. The Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3 March 1284, made Caernarfon a borough and the administrative centre of the county of Gwynedd.[Gwynedd was not a county.] According to tradition, Edward II was born at Caernarfon on 25 April 1284. Edward was created Prince of Wales in 1301, with control over Wales and its incomes. Since then the title has traditionally been held by the eldest son of the monarch. According to a famous legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of English" and then produced his infant son to their surprise; but the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century. In 1284, Caernarfon was defended by a garrison of forty men, more than the thirty-strong garrisons at Conwy and Harlech. Even in peace time, when most castles would have a guard of only a few men, Caernarfon was defended by between twenty and forty people due to its importance.
By 1285, Caernarfon's town walls were mostly complete. At the same time work continued on the castle. Spending on construction was negligible from 1289 and accounts end in 1292. Edward I's campaign of castle-building in Wales cost £80,000 between 1277 and 1304, and £95,000 between 1277 and 1329; by 1292 £12,000 had been spent on the construction of Caernarfon's castle—of which the southern façade was furthest along—and town walls. As the southern wall and town walls completed a defensive circuit around Caernarfon, the plan was to build the castle's northern façade last.
In 1294, Wales broke out in rebellion led by Madog ap Llywelyn, Prince of Wales. As Caernarfon was the centre of administration in Gwynedd and a symbol of English power, it was targeted by the Welsh. Madog's forces captured the town in September, and in the process heavily damaged the town walls. The castle was defended by just a ditch and a temporary barricade. It was quickly taken and anything flammable was set alight. Fire raged across Caernarfon, leaving destruction in its wake. In the summer of 1295, the English moved to retake Caernarfon. By November the same year, the English began refortifying the town. Rebuilding the town walls was a high priority, and £1,195 (nearly half the sum initially spent on the walls) was spent on completing the job two months ahead of schedule. Attention then shifted to the castle and on finishing the work that had halted in 1292. Once the rebellion was put down, Edward began building Beaumaris Castle on the Isle of Anglesey. The work was overseen by James of Saint George; as a result, Walter of Hereford took over as master mason for the new phase of construction. By the end of 1301, a further £4,500 had been spent on the work; the focus of the work was on the northern wall and towers. The accounts between November 1301 and September 1304 are missing, possibly because there was a hiatus in work while labour moved north to help out with England's war against Scotland. Records show that Walter of Hereford had left Caernarfon and was in Carlisle in October 1300; he remained occupied with the Scottish wars until the autumn of 1304 when building at Caernarfon resumed. Walter died in 1309 and his immediate subordinate, Henry of Ellerton, took over the position of master mason. Construction continued at a steady rate until 1330.
From 1284 to 1330, when accounts end, between £20,000 and £25,000 was spent on Caernarfon's castle and town walls. Such a sum was enormous and dwarfed the spending on castles such as Dover and Château Gaillard, which were amongst the most expensive and impressive fortifications of the later 12th and early 13th centuries. Subsequent additions to Caernarfon were not major, and what remains of the castle is substantially from the Edwardian period. Despite the expense, much of what was planned for the castle was never carried out. The rears of the King's Gate (the entrance from the town) and the Queen's Gate (the entrance from the south-east) were left unfinished, and foundations in the castle's interior mark where buildings would have stood had work continued.
For around two centuries after the conquest of Wales, the arrangements established by Edward I for the governance of the country remained in place. During this time the castle was constantly garrisoned, and Caernarfon was effectively the capital of north Wales.[30] There was a degree of discrimination, with the most important administrative jobs in Wales usually closed to Welsh people. Tension between the Welsh and their English conquerors spilled over at the start of the 15th century with the outbreak of the Glyndŵr Rising (1400–1415). During the revolt, Caernarfon was one of the targets of Owain Glyndŵr's army. The town and castle were besieged in 1401, and in November that year the Battle of Tuthill was fought nearby between Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force. In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon was besieged by Welsh troops with support from French forces;[30] the garrison at the time was around thirty. The accession of the Tudor dynasty to the English throne in 1485 heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. The Tudors were Welsh in origin, and their rule eased hostilities between the Welsh and English. As a result, castles such as Caernarfon, which provided secure centres from which the country could be administered, became less important. They were neglected, and in 1538 it was reported that many castles in Wales were "moche ruynous and ferre in decaye for lakke of tymely reparations".
In Caernarfon's case the walls of the town and castle remained in good condition, while features which required maintenance—such as roofs—were in a state of decay and much timber was rotten. Conditions were so poor that of the castle's seven towers and two gatehouses, only the Eagle Tower and the King's Gate had roofs by 1620. The domestic buildings inside the castle had been stripped of anything valuable, such as glass and iron. Despite the disrepair of the domestic buildings, the castle's defences were in a good enough state that during the English Civil War in the mid-17th century it was garrisoned by Royalists. Caernarfon Castle was besieged three times during the war. The constable was John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, who surrendered Caernarfon to Parliamentarian forces in 1646. It was the last time Caernarfon Castle saw fighting. Although it was ordered in 1660 that the castle and town walls should be dismantled, the work was aborted early on and may never have started.
Despite avoiding slighting, the castle was neglected until the late 19th century. From the 1870s onwards, the government funded repairs to Caernarfon Castle. The deputy-constable Llewellyn Turner oversaw the work, in many cases controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework. Steps, battlements, and roofs were repaired, and the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-medieval buildings that were considered to spoil the view, despite the protest of locals. Under the auspices of the Office of Works and its successors since 1908, the castle was preserved due to its historic significance. In 1911, Caernarfon was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales for the first time for Prince Edward (later Edward VIII), eldest son of the newly crowned King George V; the ceremony was held there at the insistence of the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George, a Welshman raised in Caernarfonshire. In 1969, the precedent was repeated with the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales. Although Caernarfon Castle has been the property of the Crown since it was built, it is currently cared for by Cadw (English: to keep), the Welsh Government's historic environment division, responsible for the maintenance and care of Wales' historic buildings. In 1986, Caernarfon was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as part of the "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd" in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site. The castle houses the Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum. During 2015 a new "entrance pavilion" was built, designed by architects Donald Insall Associates.
Caernarfon Castle is now a major tourist attraction, with over 205,000 people visiting the attraction in 2018.
Caernarfon is a royal town, community and port in Gwynedd, Wales. It has a population of 9,852 (with Caeathro). It lies along the A487 road, on the eastern shore of the Menai Strait, opposite the island of Anglesey. The city of Bangor is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) to the north-east, while Snowdonia (Eryri) fringes Caernarfon to the east and south-east.
Abundant natural resources in and around the Menai Strait enabled human habitation in prehistoric Britain. The Ordovices, a Celtic tribe, lived in the region during the period known as Roman Britain. The Roman fort Segontium was established around AD 80 to subjugate the Ordovices during the Roman conquest of Britain. The Romans occupied the region until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 382, after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. In the late 11th century, William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a motte-and-bailey castle at Caernarfon as part of the Norman invasion of Wales. He was unsuccessful, and Wales remained independent until around 1283.
In the 13th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Gwynedd, refused to pay homage to Edward I of England, prompting the English conquest of Gwynedd. This was followed by the construction of Caernarfon Castle, one of the largest and most imposing fortifications built by the English in Wales. In 1284, the English-style county of Caernarfonshire was established by the Statute of Rhuddlan; the same year, Caernarfon was made a borough, a county and market town, and the seat of English government in north Wales.
The ascent of the House of Tudor to the throne of England eased hostilities with the English and resulted in Caernarfon Castle falling into a state of disrepair. The town has flourished,[when?] leading to its status as a major tourist centre and seat of Gwynedd Council, with a thriving harbour and marina. Caernarfon has expanded beyond its medieval walls and experienced heavy suburbanisation. The community of Caernarfon's population includes the highest percentage of Welsh-speaking citizens anywhere in Wales. The status of Royal Borough was granted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1963 and amended to Royal Town in 1974. The castle and town walls are part of a World Heritage Site described as the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd.
The town's name consists of three elements: caer , yn, and arfon. "Caer' means 'fortress", in this case either the Roman fort of Segontium, which lies on the outskirts of the modern town, or the Norman castle erected near the mouth of the Afon Seiont. "Arfon" means "opposite Môn (Anglesey)", and the full name therefore means "the fortress in the land opposite Anglesey".
The earlier British and Romano-British settlement at Segontium was named Cair Segeint ("Fort Seiont") after the river. It was also known as Cair Custoient ("Fortress of Constantine"), after a belief that it was the capital of Gwynedd under Constantine, a supposed son of Saint Elen and the Emperor Magnus Maximus. Both names appear in the Historia Brittonum traditionally ascribed to Nennius. A medieval romance about Maximus and Elen, Macsen's Dream, calls her home Caer Aber Sein ("Fort Seiontmouth" or "the fortress at the mouth of the Seiont") and other pre-conquest poets such as Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd used the name Caer Gystennin. A 1221 charter by Llywelyn the Great to the canons of Penmon priory on Anglesey mentions Kaerinarfon, and the Welsh chronicle Brut y Tywysogion mentions both Kaerenarvon and Caerenarvon.
The town and the county named after it were officially spelled "Carnarvon" until 1926. At a meeting on 10 November 1925 the borough council resolved to ask the county council to change the spelling to "Caernarvon". The county council gave permission for the change of spelling for the name of the borough with effect from 14 January 1926, and at the same time decided to ask the government to also change the spelling of the county's name to Caernarvon. The government confirmed the change in the spelling of the county's name with effect from 1 July 1926.
The municipal borough was designated a royal borough in 1963. When the borough was abolished in 1974 the status of "royal town" was granted to the new community which succeeded it. The spelling of both borough and county remained "Caernarvon" until they were abolished in 1974. The spelling of the community's name was changed from "Caernarvon" to "Caernarfon" with effect from 2 June 1975 by order of Arfon Borough Council.
Caernarfon contains a Roman fort, Segontium, and a Norman motte-and-bailey castle was built at the mouth of the River Seiont.
In 1283, King Edward I completed his conquest of Wales which he secured by a chain of castles and walled towns. The construction of a new stone Caernarfon Castle seems to have started as soon as the campaign had finished. Edward's architect, James of St. George, may well have modelled the castle on the walls of Constantinople, possibly being aware of the town's legendary associations. Edward's fourth son, Edward of Caernarfon, later Edward II of England, was born at the castle in April 1284 and made Prince of Wales in 1301. A story recorded in the 16th century suggests that the new prince was offered to the native Welsh on the premise "that [he] was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", however, there is no contemporary evidence to support this.
Caernarfon was constituted a borough in 1284 by a charter of Edward I. The charter, which was confirmed on a number of occasions, appointed the mayor of the borough Constable of the Castle ex officio.
On 2 November 1401, 'Y Ddraig Aur' (The golden dragon) of Owain Glyndŵr was attested to have been flown during the Battle of Tuthill at Caernarfon, it is also likely that it was also flown throughout the Welsh independence campaign.
In 1911, David Lloyd George, then Member of Parliament (MP) for Caernarfon boroughs, which included various towns from Llŷn to Conwy, agreed to the British Royal Family's idea of holding the investiture of the Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony took place on 13 July, with the royal family visiting Wales, and the future Edward VIII was duly invested.
In 1955, Caernarfon was in the running for the title of Capital of Wales on historical grounds but the town's campaign was heavily defeated in a ballot of Welsh local authorities, with 11 votes compared to Cardiff's 136. Cardiff therefore became the Welsh capital.
On 1 July 1969, the investiture ceremony for Charles, Prince of Wales was again held at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony went ahead without incident despite terrorist threats and protests, which culminated in the death of two members of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (Welsh Defence Movement), Alwyn Jones and George Taylor, who were killed when their bomb – intended for the railway line at Abergele in order to stop the British Royal Train – exploded prematurely. The bombing campaign (one in Abergele, two in Caernarfon and finally one on Llandudno Pier) was organised by the movement's leader, John Jenkins. He was later arrested after a tip-off and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment.
In July 2019, Caernarfon hosted a rally for Welsh independence. The event, organised by AUOB (All Under One Banner) Cymru, included a march through the town centre. Organisers estimated that roughly 8,000 people joined the march on the town square; local authorities confirmed at least 5,000 attendees. The event featured a number of speakers including Hardeep Singh Kohli, Evra Rose, Dafydd Iwan, Lleuwen Steffan, Siôn Jobbins, Beth Angell, Gwion Hallam, Meleri Davies and Elfed Wyn Jones. Talks covered criticism of Brexit and Westminster with advocating Welsh Independence.
The history of Caernarfon, as an example where the rise and fall of different civilizations can be seen from one hilltop, is discussed in John Michael Greer's book The Long Descent. He writes of Caernarfon:
Spread out below us in an unexpected glory of sunlight was the whole recorded history of that little corner of the world. The ground beneath us still rippled with earthworks from the Celtic hill fort that guarded the Menai Strait more than two and a half millennia ago. The Roman fort that replaced it was now the dim brown mark of an old archaeological site on low hills off to the left. Edward I’s great grey castle rose up in the middle foreground, and the high contrails of RAF jets on a training exercise out over the Irish Sea showed that the town’s current overlords still maintained the old watch. Houses and shops from more than half a dozen centuries spread eastward as they rose through the waters of time, from the cramped medieval buildings of the old castle town straight ahead to the gaudy sign and sprawling parking lot of the supermarket back behind us.
Caernarfon is situated on the southern bank of the Menai Strait facing the Isle of Anglesey. It is situated 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of Bangor, 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog and approximately 8.0 miles (12.9 km) west of Llanberis and Snowdonia National Park. The mouth of the River Seiont is in the town, creating a natural harbour where it flows into the Menai Strait. Caernarfon Castle stands at the mouth of the river. The A487 passes directly through Caernarfon, with Bangor to the north and Porthmadog to the south.
As the crow flies, the summit of Snowdon lies a little over 9.6 miles (15.4 km) to the southeast of the town centre.
Caernarfon's historical prominence and landmarks have made it a major tourist centre. As a result, many of the local businesses cater for the tourist trade. Caernarfon has numerous guest houses, inns and pubs, hotels, restaurants and shops. The majority of shops in the town are located either in the centre of town around Pool Street and Castle Square (Y Maes), on Doc Fictoria (Victoria Dock) or in Cei Llechi (Slate Quay). A number of shops are also located within the Town Walls.
The majority of the retail and residential section of Doc Fictoria was opened in 2008. The retail and residential section of Doc Fictoria is built directly beside a Blue Flag beach marina. It contains numerous homes, bars and bistros, cafés and restaurants, an award-winning arts centre, a maritime museum and a range of shops and stores.
Pool Street and Castle Square contain a number of large, national retail shops and smaller independent stores. Pool Street is pedestrianised and serves as the town's main shopping street. Castle Square, commonly referred to as the 'Maes' by both Welsh and English speakers, is the market square of the town. A market is held every Saturday throughout the year and also on Mondays in the summer. The square was revamped at a cost of £2.4 million in 2009. However, since its revamp the square has caused controversy due to traffic and parking difficulties. During the revamp, it was decided to remove barriers between traffic and pedestrians creating a 'shared space', to force drivers to be more considerate of pedestrians and other vehicles. This is the first use of this kind of arrangement in Wales, but it has been described by councillor Bob Anderson as being 'too ambiguous' for road users. Another controversy caused by the revamp of the Maes was that a historic old oak tree was taken down from outside the HSBC bank. When the Maes was re-opened in July 2009 by the local politician and Heritage Minister of Wales, Alun Ffred Jones AM, he said, "the use of beautiful local slate is very prominent in the new Maes."
There are many old public houses serving the town, including The Four Alls, The Anglesey Arms Hotel, The Castle Hotel, The Crown, Morgan Lloyd, Pen Deitch and The Twthill Vaults. The oldest public house in Caernarfon is the Black Boy Inn, which remained in the same family for over 40 years until sold in 2003 to a local independent family business. The pub has stood inside Caernarfon's Town Walls since the 16th century, and many people claim to have seen ghosts within the building.
In and around the Town Walls are numerous restaurants, public houses and inns, and guest houses and hostels.
Gwynedd Council's head offices are situated in the town. The Caernarfon parliamentary constituency was a former electoral area centred on Caernarfon. Caernarfon is now part of the Arfon constituency for both the UK Parliament and the Senedd. The town is twinned with Landerneau in Brittany. Caernarfon was the county town of the historic county of Caernarfonshire.
At the local level, Caernarfon Royal Town Council consists of 17 town councillors, elected from the wards of Cadnant (3), Canol Tref Caernarfon (3), Hendre (3), Menai (4) and Peblig (4). The current Mayor is Councillor Maria Veronica Sarnacki.
The population in 1841 was 8,001.
The population of Caernarfon Community Parish in 2001 was 9,611. Caernarfon residents are known colloquially as "Cofis". The word "Cofi" /ˈkɒvi/ is also used locally in Caernarfon to describe the local Welsh dialect, notable for a number of words, not in use elsewhere.
Within Wales, Gwynedd has the highest proportion of speakers of the Welsh language. The greatest concentration of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd is found in and around Caernarfon.
According to the 2011 census, 85.8% of residents were born in Wales, one of the highest proportions in Gwynedd, and 77.0% reported a 'Welsh only' national identity.
The present castle building was constructed between 1283 and 1330 by the order of King Edward I. The banded stonework and polygonal towers are thought to have been in imitation of the Walls of Constantinople. The impressive curtain wall with nine towers and two gatehouses survive largely intact. Caernarfon Castle is now under the care of Cadw and is open to the public. The castle includes the regimental museum of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.
The medieval town walls, including eight towers and two twin-towered gateways, form a complete circuit of 800 yards (730 m) around the old town and were built between 1283 and 1285. The walls are in the care of Cadw but only a small section is accessible to the public. The town walls and castle at Caernarfon were declared part of a World Heritage Site in 1986. According to UNESCO, the castle and walls together with other royal castles in Gwynedd "are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe".
Dedicated to Saint Peblig, the son of Saint Elen and Macsen Wledig (Magnus Maximus), the church is built on an important early Christian site, itself built on a Roman Mithraeum or temple of Mithras, close to the Segontium Roman Fort (200m away, in the care of Cadw). A Roman altar was found in one of the walls during 19th-century restoration work. The present church dates mainly from the 14th century and is a Grade I listed building.
The statue in Castle Square was sculpted by W. Goscombe John and was erected in 1921 when Lloyd George was Prime Minister. David Lloyd George was the Member of Parliament for the area from 1890 to 1945.
The Old Market Hall in Hole-in-the-Wall Street and Crown Street was built in 1832, but the interior and roof were rebuilt later in that century. It is a Grade II listed building. It now acts as a pub and music venue.
A small Victorian urban park, Morfa was laid out in 1888. It stands to the south of the town, bordered by the 'Ysbyty Eryri' hospital [see below] at its southern edge. It is listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.
The old County Hall, which went on to become a courthouse, is situated inside the castle walls, next door to the Anglesey Arms Hotel. The old courthouse was built in the Neo-classical style. The courthouse was replaced by the new Caernarfon Criminal Justice Centre on the former Segontium School site in Llanberis Road in 2009. The old courthouse adjoins what used to be Caernarfon Gaol, which has been closed since the early 20th century and was subsequently converted into council offices.
There is a small hospital in the town, 'Ysbyty Eryri' (i.e. "Snowdonia Hospital"). The nearest large regional hospital is Ysbyty Gwynedd, in Bangor.
Caernarfon Barracks was commissioned by John Lloyd, County Surveyor of Caernarfonshire, as a military headquarters and completed in 1855.
Caernarfon was at one time an important port, exporting slate from the Dyffryn Nantlle quarries. This traffic was facilitated from 1828 by the Nantlle Railway which predated far more widely known ventures such as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Ffestiniog Railway.
Five passenger stations have served the town. Caernarvon railway station opened in 1852 as the western terminus of the Bangor and Carnarvon Railway. This connected the town with the North Wales coast and the expanding national network. Carnarvon Castle railway station opened in 1856 as the northern passenger terminus of the 3ft 6in narrow gauge Nantlle Railway. This service ended in 1865 when the line being built from the south by the standard gauge Carnarvonshire Railway took over most of its trackbed. The Carnarvonshire Railway's temporary northern terminus was at Pant to the south of the town. Pant station opened in 1867. At the same time, the Carnarvon and Llanberis Railway built its line from Llanberis to Caernarfon. Its temporary western terminus was called Carnarvon (Morfa). It opened in 1869 near the modern road bridges over the Afon Seiont. For a short period, therefore, Caernarfon had three terminating stations on its edges. Records are contradictory, but this ended in either 1870 or 1871 when they were connected by a line through the town using the tunnel which survives, having been converted in 1995 for road traffic. When the through route was opened Pant and Morfa stations closed and the original station became the town's only station. The London and North Western Railway also took over all the lines mentioned leaving one station and one service provider by 1871.
The services to Llanberis and south to Afon Wen closed progressively from the 1930s, with tracks being lifted in the mid-1960s, but Caernarvon station survived until 1970, with Bangor to Caernarvon one of the last passenger services to be closed under the Beeching Axe; it is now the site of a Morrisons supermarket. In November 2020 the Welsh Government stated 'further consideration' should be given to reopening the line. The fifth station was opened in 1997 on the old trackbed in St. Helen's Road. It is the northern terminus of the 2ft narrow gauge Rheilffordd Eryri / Welsh Highland Railway. Work began on a permanent station for the town in February 2017. The new station opened to passengers in the Spring of 2019. Heritage steam services provide links to Porthmadog, where passengers can change for services on the Ffestiniog Railway to Blaenau Ffestiniog.
Bus services in the town are provided by Arriva Buses Wales, and a number of smaller, local operators. Longer distance, cross-country services are operated by Lloyds Coaches, and connect the town with Bangor to the north, and Aberystwyth via Porthmadog, Dolgellau and Machynlleth to the south. These services are part of the Welsh Government funded TrawsCymru network.
The A487 trunk road bisects the town, providing access to major urban areas along the North Wales coast and the Port of Holyhead, via the A55 expressway. Llanberis at the foot of Snowdon can be reached via the A4086, which heads east out of the town towards Capel Curig.
Heading north out of the town is the Lôn Las Menai cycle path to nearby Y Felinheli. Heading south out of the town is the Lôn Eifion cycle path, which leads to Bryncir, near Criccieth. The route provides views into the Snowdonia mountains, down along the Llŷn Peninsula and across to the Isle of Anglesey.
Caernarfon Airport is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to the southwest, and offers pleasure flights and an aviation museum.
The Aber Swing Bridge is a pedestrian swing bridge that crosses over the Afon Seiont to connect pedestrians from the foreshore to the Watergate entrance in the centre of Caernarfon by the Caernarfon Castle.
There are four primary schools in Caernarfon, Ysgol yr Hendre being the largest. The others are Ysgol y Gelli, Ysgol Santes Helen and Ysgol Maesincla. Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen is the single secondary school serving Caernarfon and the surrounding areas and currently has between 900 and 1000 pupils from ages 11 to 18. Ysgol Pendalar is a school for children with special needs. Coleg Menai is a further education college for adult learners.
Notable people
Lewis Jones, 1898
Saint Elen, late 4th-century founder of churches in Wales.
Edward II of England (1284–1327), King of England from 1307 to 1327.
Morris Williams (1809–1874), clergyman and writer, known by his bardic name Nicander
William Henry Preece (1834–1913), an electrical engineer and inventor.
Lewis Jones (1837-1904), one of the founders of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia.
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), Prime Minister of the UK from 1916 to 1922.
Gwilym Edwards (1881–1963), Presbyterian minister, writer and academic
Lionel Rees (1884–1955), aviator, flying ace and recipient of the Victoria Cross
Maureen Peters (1935–2008), an historical novelist
Dafydd Wigley (born 1943), politician, MP for Caernarfon from 1974 until 2001
Sian Eleri, BBC Radio 1 presenter
Sport
Bryan Orritt (1937–2014), a professional footballer with over 370 club caps
Barry Hughes (1937–2019), a professional footballer and manager, active primarily in the Netherlands
Wyn Davies (born 1942), a footballer with 611 club caps and 34 for Wales
Tom Walley (born 1945) footballer with over 410 club caps
Catrin Thomas (born 1964), ski mountaineer and mountain climber.
Waynne Phillips (born 1970), a professional footballer with over 470 club caps
Nathan Craig (born 1991), a professional footballer.
Osian Dwyfor Jones Wales Commonwealth Hammer Thrower
Caernarfon Town F.C. (Welsh: Clwb Pêl Droed Tref Caernarfon) is a Welsh football club based in the town, which currently plays in the Cymru Premier, the top level for football in Wales. The club is nicknamed "the Canaries" because of its yellow and green strip. Caernarfon Town plays at The Oval which has a capacity of 3000 people and 250 seated people.
Caernarfon hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1862, 1894, 1906, 1921, 1935, 1959 and 1979. Unofficial National Eisteddfod events were also held there in 1877 and 1880. Caernarfon also hosted the 30th annual Celtic Media Festival in March 2009. Cultural destinations include Galeri and Oriel Pendeitsh. Galeri is a creative enterprise centre that houses a gallery, a concert hall, a cinema, a number of companies, and a range of other creative and cultural spaces. Oriel Pendeitsh is a ground-floor exhibition space adjoining the Tourist Information Centre opposite Caernarfon Castle. The gallery has a varied and changing programme of exhibitions throughout the year.
The Caernarfon Food Festival takes place in the town's streets including The Slate Quay (Cei Llechi) and Castle Square (the Maes), which is pedestrianised for the event. Stalls are also located along the promenade next to the Menai Strait towards the marina and Doc Fictoria.
The festival was formed in 2015 as a result of public consultation within the town. The first festival was held in 2016. It is organised by the Caernarfon Food Festival Group which is made up of local volunteers who hold regular meetings to plan each festival. The festival has a number of support groups, including a content group, sponsorship group, technical group, communication group and volunteer group. These groups feed into the main group's monthly meetings. The festival logo was inspired by contributions from pupils at Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen and designed by Iestyn Lloyd of Cwmni Da. The festival has been supported by Welsh Government through the Food Festival Grant Scheme and was highly commended by Food Awards Wales in 2019, Car parking is provided at the Slate Quay (Cei Llechi) and at other car parks around the town while the Welsh Highland Railway provides transport from Porthmadog. Cycle access is by the cycle tracks along the disused railway lines which include Lôn Las Eifion, which runs from Porthmadog, by-passing Penygroes and on to Caernarfon, Lôn Las Menai from Y Felinheli to Caernarfon and Lôn Las Peris from Llanberis to Caernarfon.
Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.
Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of 979 square miles (2,540 km2) and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.
The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; 3,560 feet, 1,090 m). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).
The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word Gwynedd meant 'collection of tribes' – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning 'tribe'. Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, 'company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader'. Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə ('strive, hope, wish') is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ('Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd'). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.
Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.
The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.
The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.
A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.
The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.
There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.
Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.
The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.
Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.
The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.
Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh,[7] while 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.
It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales.[9] The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.
The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001,[10] from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.
The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.
Notable people
Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI
Not sure what flower this is from Tuthill Park gardens. I do like the depth of the blue on my 30+ year old manual lens.
Barclay diesel ticking over at Tuthill while the crew have a cuppa, before taking empties back to Hawthorn. 1991
Francis Houghton 1629 & widow Helen, Francis was the son & heir of Sir Robert Houghton 1548- 1623 who bought the "demeans and park" from the Sheltons.
Sir Robert was the 3rd son of John Houghton of Gunthorpe 1584 by Agnes daughter of Robert Playford of Brinton
He was Serjeant at Law and one of the justices of the Kings Bench. At his death at his chambers in Serjeants’ Inn on 6 Feb. 1624 he also held the manors of Leffley, Threxton, Buxhall, Brettenham (from the Felton family) and Heacham.
Sir Robert m Mary flic.kr/p/zEhfx8 daughter of rich lawyer Robert Richers 1588 of Wrotham and Elizabeth Cartwright flic.kr/p/dYvNfq daughter of Edmund Cartwright of Ossington by Agnes daughter of Thomas Cranmer www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8510161707/ , She was the widow of Reginald Peckham d1551 buried at Ossington www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8513250144/
Children - 2 sons & 3 daughters
1. Francis his heir 1593-April 13th 1629 m Helen ........... leaving a minor son & heir Robert aged 3- 6 ++
2. John dsp
His widow Mary Rychers erected the monument - Heraldry - Richers arg 3 annulets azure / Houghton 3 azure 2 barrulets arg between 3 helmets or
++ Robert Houghton in his will of 1660 directing his executors Robert Houghton and John Tuthill, to sell first his estates in Sussex and then those in Suffolk to pay his debts, which were numerous. He died leaving an infant heir Charles Houghton, and his father's creditors obtained a decree in Chancery for sale of Leffey Manor and the others in Suffolk. A Bill was afterwards introduced in Parliament, and against this Sir George Pretyman and wife Elizabeth widow of Robert Houghton and mother of heir Charles, presented 2 petitions, saying the Bill would deprive Elizabeth of her dower and ruin her son Charles . The Committee said the parties should desist from any further prosecution
- Church of St Mary Shelton Norfolk
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member...
NCB built tank wagon. This was used to take fuel up the Tuthill branch to replenish the tank at the isolated tippler site.
Carnegie Hall at 881 7th Ave. was designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. The venue has 3,671 seats, divided among three auditoriums: Stern Auditorium, a five-story auditorium with 2,804 seats; 599-seat Zankel Hall; and 268-seat Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall.
Carnegie Hall, originally the Music Hall, was constructed between 1889 and 1891 as a venue shared by the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society. The hall was owned by the Carnegie family until 1925, after which Robert E. Simon and then his son, Robert E. Simon Jr., became owner. Carnegie Hall was proposed for demolition in the 1950s in advance of the New York Philharmonic relocating to Lincoln Center in 1962. Though Carnegie Hall is designated a National Historic Landmark and protected by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, it has not had a resident company since the New York Philharmonic moved out. Carnegie Hall was renovated multiple times throughout its history, including in the 1940s and 1980s.
Photographs during the highly recommended tour of the Stern Auditorium and Carnegie Hall Museum.
Built in 1924, this Art Deco and Classical Revival-style monument was built around the tomb of William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). Harrison was the ninth United States President, a General in the United States Army, and first governor of Indiana Territory. Harrison died in 1841, a month after being sworn in as president, after falling ill, in what remains the shortest presidency in the nation’s history. Harrison was the first president to die while in office, causing a constitutional crisis, as the specifics of presidential succession had not been made clear in the constitution. Harrison was many things during his life, but spent much of his adult life owning a farm North Bend, Ohio, a town founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, and which his wife, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison, was an early resident, which included the land where his tomb now stands.
The legacy of Harrison is a complicated and controversial one, as he was inconsistent and acted with great contradiction on one of the most significant issues of his lifetime - Slavery in the United States. Harrison was born in Virginia in 1773 to a wealthy slave-owning planter family, and inherited slaves when his mother died in 1793. Thereafter, despite selling the property and slaves he inherited to his brother, he still tried to legalize slavery in Indiana Territory between 1803 and 1810, claiming it would boost the economic development of the state, but was unsuccessful in these attempt. Despite slavery not being legal in Ohio or Indiana, Harrison continued to own slaves whom lived on property outside those two states, which are the same two states where he primarily resided during his adult life. In 1822, he told Ohio voters that he opposed slavery to get elected as a representative, and he later wrote a statement that suggests that he did not support slavery lasting indefinitely and wished for eventual abolition. However, as a politician, did not take a hard stance for or against slavery, often making the assertion that states should decide for themselves. He made few concrete actions that challenged the status quo of slavery existing as an institution within the United States. However, to keep this in context, the time, a politician wanting to get elected as President of the United States would not have succeeded if they had been too pro-slavery or too pro-abolition, and thus a neutral middle ground was the most pragmatic choice, especially as a Whig like Harrison. Being neutral was far from the best choice or most moral choice, which would have been a pro-abolition stance on the issue. In addition to his problematic relationship with slavery, Harrison also participated in wars against indigenous peoples in Indiana and Ohio, being a lieutenant during the Battle of Fallen Timbers of the Northwest Indian War in 1794, at what is today Maumee, Ohio, as well as being a general during Tecumseh’s War during the period between 1810 and 1813, defeating Tecumseh’s Confederacy, and destroying the indigenous village of Prophetstown near what is today Battle Ground, Indiana during the notable Battle of Tippecanoe, a victory that Harrison later played up with his catchy presidential campaign slogan, “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too,” celebrating the slaughter and displacement of the indigenous people of the land conquered in favor of white settlement. Harrison would later defeat Tecumseh’s Confederacy at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, during the War of 1812, which resulted in the death of the confederacy’s leader, Tecumseh, and the signing of a peace treaty that ceded vast areas of land previously inhabited by indigenous peoples to white settlement.
Harrison primarily became the President of the United States during the 1840 election due to his neutrality on Slavery and his reputation as a victorious military commander whom conquered land for additional white settlement, which were both seen as politically expedient in the United States in the first half of the 19th Century. Harrison also served as the Clerk of Courts for Hamilton County, Ohio from 1836 to 1840, the third United States Minister to Gran Colombia, a diplomatic position, in 1829, a Senator representing the state of Ohio from 1825 to 1828, member of the Ohio State Senate representing Hamilton County from 1819 to 1821, member of the United States House of Representatives representing Ohio’s 1st District from 1816 to 1819, a delegate to the United States House of Representatives representing the Northwest Territory from 1799 to 1800, and as the second Secretary of the Northwest Territory from 1798 to 1799. His biggest legacies, however, are the treaties he signed with indigenous tribes that ceded large areas of the Midwest in the modern states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois to white settlement, turning the former Northwest Territory of the late 18th Century into the modern-day Midwest. Harrison’s usage of novel and effective campaign tactics when running for president was precedent-setting, with many of those tactics still utilized today, and was the oldest person to be elected president, doing so at age 68, until Ronald Regan became president at age 69 in 1981. His son, John Scott Harrison, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1857, representing Ohio, and his grandson, Benjamin Harrison, was the 23rd President of the United States, serving from 1889 to 1893.
The tomb sits atop a hill known as Mount Neo on the former Harrison family farm in North Bend, and was initially a simple rusticated stone vault partially buried in the hillside with a gated entrance. In 1871, John Scott Harrison sold all of the farm except the six acres surrounding the tomb, and offered it to the State of Ohio in exchange for the state taking on the maintenance of the tomb. However, the state was not very concerned with these obligations, and the site was severely neglected, with the tomb in disrepair and the surrounding area becoming overgrown. In 1919, the Ohio General Assembly, driven by the fervor of American Nationalism in the wake of World War I, finally allocated funding for the maintenance and repair of the tomb, with the newfound attention leading to the reconstruction and expansion of the tomb. By 1924, the tomb had been repaired, with a new limestone monolith pillar, Art Deco in character, being built in front of the tomb’s entrance that bears several carved writings that list the various accomplishments and important positions held by Harrison, with his military positions and victories listed on the north side of the pillar and his political positions listed on the south side of the pillar. The sides of the pillar feature two pilasters, with two stars on the taller, wider pilaster and the dates 1773 and 1841 engraved at the top of the shorter and narrower pilaster, with the north and south facades of the pillar featuring arrow slit openings at the top, and the base of the monument featuring a wrought iron gate that serves as an entrance to the tomb, with an antechamber in the bottom of the pillar and the original tomb belong, which still features the original arched brick burial vaults, the rusticated stone walls, and the stone lintel over the entrance with the name “Harrison” emblazoned on it. South of the tomb is an elliptical stone terrace, enclosed by a stone balustrade on the south side and a stone bench to the north, centered on the pillar and tomb. To the west of the terrace is a stone walkway to the parking area on Cliff Road, which features an ornate cast iron flagpole on an octagonal concrete base in the middle of the walkway slightly east of the terrace, on which are displayed the flags of the United States of America and the State of Ohio, with a series of three stone steps with intermediate landings cascading down to the west of the flagpole, framed by Magnolia Trees. Next to Cliff Road is a set of steps leading up to a stadium-shaped lower terrace that is partially covered in grass with a stone walkway in the middle, at which are located two pillars with statues of eagles atop them which have his various accomplishments carved into their western faces, with stone benches running around the east side for he terrace and a stone wall with bushes running around the west side of the terrace. Additionally, a more modern asphalt path with no stairs runs to the north of the historic grand entrance walk, before looping around to the east side of the upper terrace at the tomb, allowing for access to the site for people with physical disabilities and to allow better pedestrian traffic circulation through the site. This modern path connects directly to both parking areas of the site, as well as the site’s nature trail, located in the valley behind the hill.
The tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and today is managed by the Harrison-Symmes Memorial Foundation, in partnership with the Ohio History Connection. The site does not appear to see a ton of visitation, as Harrison is not as significant of a historical figure as many other presidents from the early United States, but nonetheless, he did make some major contributions to history, both for better and for worse.
Ruins of Catholic Church
East Gary, Indiana
Date: 1910
Source Type: Postcard
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: August F. Haase (#4)
Postmark: July 20, 1910, East Gary, Indiana
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: This Catholic church was referred to as Church of St. Margaret's, and occasionally as Church at Lake. It was established in 1861 with a membership of twenty families, and a property valuation of $2,000. The church was abandoned as early as 1908.
The following article, which concerns this church, was published in the May 21, 1908, edition of The Chesterton Tribune:
LAKE COUNTY OFFICERS DRAG WESTCHESTER MAN INTO GRAVE MYSTERY
Sheriff Carter and Assistants Say That Frank VanDeusen, Wellknown [sic] Nurseryman, Can Tell Something of How Young Girl’s Body Research Abandoned Grave in Cemetery at Lake Station.
Henry VanKuren and Mrs. VanDeusen Are Also Sought by Officers -- They Are Working on the Theory that Body Found is that of Mildred Stewart -- VanDeusen Says Young Woman is Still Alive in Canadian Town.
Story of Many Matrimonial Alliances of Mrs. VanDeusen -- The History of “St. Margaret’s Parish,” as Told by an Indianapolis News Man -- Tribune Locates the Parties Desired by the Lake County Officers.
Through the caprices of fate the Lake Station grave mystery, involving the finding of the headless body of old Joe Schneider, an abandoned grave in the cemetery of St. Margaret’s parish, and the disintegrating body of a young woman, has been brought home to Chesterton, and as a result the whereabouts of Frank Van Deusen, the well known Westchester township nurseryman, is being sought with all possible diligence by Sheriff Carter and other police officers of Lake county. Fate has not only seen to connect Mr. Van Deusen’s name with the mystery that shook the little hamlet across the county line, but also involved in its meshes the divorced wife of the latter, her daughter, Mildred Stewart, and Henry Van Kuren, with whom Mrs. Van Deusen resided for years as his wife, but between whom the sacred vows of wedlock were never spoken, and as equally desirous of finding this trio is Mr. Van Deusen, are the Lake county officials.
Today The Tribune proposes to not only divulge the present whereabouts of the principals of the supposed solution of the grave mystery, but also to explode the theory upon which the Lake county authorities promised to solve the mystery surrounding the graveyard enigma.
More than a quarter of a century ago there resided in London, Ont., a comely young miss of 17 years by the name of Mary Hobbs. The girl was pretty of figure and fair of face and was considered the belle of her home community. Adjoining the property of her step-father was a well-to-do farmer of past middle age who, attracted by the grace and beauty of little Mary Mobbs [Hobbs?], sought her hand in marriage. The girl found not in the aged suitor the ideal sweetheart of her girlhood dreams, but a stern parent forced her into an unwilling matrimonial alliance with the aged man and in the due course of time she became Mrs. Stewart. One child was born to this union, a daughter, christened Mildred. Shortly after the child-wife became a mother the aged husband and father died and for three years Mrs. Stewart wore widow’s weeds.
Eventually a man named Fletcher met, wooed and won the pretty young widow and by this marriage a son was born. The happiness of the little home had been completely restored when one day, a woman came to the Stewart home and claimed she was the wife of Stewart by a marriage of several years prior. Fletcher admitted the claim and escaped prosecution through the generosity of Mrs. Stewart, No. 2. His departure from the hearthstone in the little Ontario town followed the discovery of his duplicity. After a time the abandoned wife left London and went to Detroit where she secured a position in a hotel and where she met Henry Van Kuren. A warm friendship grew up between the two and resulted in their departure from Detroit some weeks later. All trace of the couple is obliterated after their departure from Detroit until their arrival at Lake Station about nine or ten years ago where they and their family, then consisting f five children, resided for several months. From Lake Station the family oved to Hobart where Frank Van Deusen was drawn into the kaleidoscopic matrimonial career of the former pretty little Mary Hobbs. Through being a neighbor of the Van Kuren family, Van Deusen became intimately acquainted with their relations which, at that time, were more or less tempestious [sic]. By that time the daughter, Mildred Stewart, had grown to be a beautiful young girl of 18 years. Upon being acquainted with the cross currents in the family circle, Van Duesen [sic] says he offered the daughter Mildred financial assistance to return to her grandmother in London, Ont. He claims she accepted the offer and one night in the spring of 1901 or 1902 she departed from Hobart for Valparaiso. In the latter place she spent two or three days, so says Van Deusen, before going to Milwaukee, where she resided for a few weeks when she left for her old Canadian home. According to Mr. Van Deusen she was latter married at Londan [sic] to a well-to-do farmer and at the present time is residing in the country near that place.
Following the disappearance of Miss Stewart from Hobart, Van Kuren preferred [sic] a charge of adultery against his wife and Frank Van Deusen and their arrest on that charge followed. The case was venued to Porter county and came to trial in Judge H. B. Tuthill’s court in Valparaiso. Prior to the trial Mrs. Van Kuren and Van Deusen were married and at the hearing it was established that Van Kuren and the former Mary Hobbs were never married, notwithstanding the fact that they had resided together as man and wife for 15 years or so, during which time five children had been born to them. The jury, after hearing the facts, acquitted both Mr. and Mrs. Van Deusen on the charge of adultery, while the court scored Van Kuren unmercifully for exposing the fact that only a common law marriage had existed between him and the mother of his five children.
Mr. and Mrs. Van Deusen resided together until three years ago when the latter sought a divorce in both the Porter and Lake county courts, but was refused in both counties. During last March Van Deusen applied for a divorce and was granted legal separation in the Porter superior court. Though Mrs. Van Deusen was not present at the hearing, her whereabouts was well known at that time, a well known and prominent Valparaiso lawyer having communicated with her relative to the divorce suit of her husband, she then being at Rochester, Mich.
The Lake county authorities have been working on the theory that the body found in the abandoned grave in the cemetery of St. Margaret’s parish, Lake Station, is either that of Miss Mildred Stewart, or her mother, Mrs. Van Deusen, and it is for the purpose of throwing some light on this supposed solution that they may have been making a search for Van Deusen, his divorced wife, and Henry Van Kuren the past several days. The following dispatch from Crown Point gives the theory upon which Lake county officials are working:
“Officials of Lake county this week began a search for Mr. and Mrs. Henry Van Kuren, formerly of Hobart, Ind., in an effort to solve one of the most baffling mysteries of years -- that of how the body of a young girl came to be in a grave which was believed to be empty but had once been occupied by the corpse of Philip Schneider of Lake Station. A similarity, which is believed to exist between the 18-year-old daughter of the Van Kurens and the body found in the grave, led to the search of the Lake county officials have been unsuccessful.
The Van Kuren family was traced to Hobart from Lake Station, where they had lived prior to the disappearance of their daughter, and then to Whiting. No one in Whiting could tell where they had gone and for a time at least the trail has been lost.
The search for the Van Kurens began when Sheriff Carter and Coroner Shankland learned of the strange resemblance between the body found in the supposedly deserted grave and that of Mrs. Van Kuren. Both the body and the girl were 5 feet 6 inches in height, both had auburn hair and other resemblances were traced.
It was recalled that shortly before the Van Kurens left Lake Station in 1904 their daughter had not been seen around the house. It was found that they had gone to Hobart, Ind., but inquiries there developed that the girl had not accompanied them there.
All other efforts to find traces of the Van Kuren girl have as yet failed to meet with any success.
Coroner Shankland is also puzzled by another feature of the mystery -- the disappearance of a necklace which was grasped in the girl’s hand when the body was first discovered. This necklace seems to have been torn from the hand of the body, as a few beads from it remained in the rough box in which the body was buried.
The circumstances which followed and preceded the discovery of the body have convinced Coroner Shankland, he says, that he is on the trace of a crime.
“Everything connect with the finding of the body is strange,” he declared today. “The body was first discovered after the suicide of Joseph Schneider. The Schneider family owned a lot in the cemetery at Lake Station and they wanted to bury the decedent there. Joseph Schneider, a nephew, remembered that the grave which had formerly contained the body of Phillip Schneider, his father, had been opened six years ago and the body disinterred by relatives and buried elsewhere. He decided to bury his uncle in the grace of his father’s body had formerly occupied.”
“Young Schneider had the sexton of the cemetery started to dig and they had gone down less than three feet when they struck what they supposed was a coffin, but which appeared to be rather a strong box. This was broken open and in it was the body of the young woman.
“I am convinced from all the evi-circumstances [sic] connected with the discovery of the body that the finding of it has led to the unearthing of a crime. The fact that the box containing the body was only three feet below the ground seems to indicate that the persons who buried it expected to find a coffin if they went deeper. They, evidently did not know that the body of Schneider had been removed from the grave and thought that they had covered their traces safely by putting the body of the girl where no one would look for it.”
If the story told by Frank Van Deusen is true then the Lake county officials will be required to look to another quarter for the solution of the grave mystery. The truthfulness of Mr. Van Deusen’s statements can be easily determined by writing to the authorities at London, Ont., or Mrs. Mary Hobbs, of the same place, who is the grandmother of the supposed dead girl.
W. H. Herschell, a special writer with the Indianapolis News, was sent to Lake Station by his paper and his story of the tragedies of the little hamlet is as follows:
The Gunness tragedy at Laporte has revived interest in the mysteries and tragedies of the little parish of St. Margaret’s known on the railroad maps as Lake Station, a village of less than 200 inhabitants, lying here in the sand dunes, 35 miles east of Chicago.
“The parish of St. Margaret’s is one of the oldest settlements in northern Indiana, having been established back in Indian trading-post days. The village was founded by French traders on the banks of Deep river, a winding stream that empties into the Calumet, which disposes of its waters in Lake Michigan. When the Michigan Central railroad was built through here the company gave the perish the name of Lake Station because of its proximity to Lake Michigan, a short distance to the north. The village is an agricultural community, quiet and unprogressive, but it has had enough tragedy and mystery to make it take rank with the most austere city. A few years ago the Catholics of the community joined their brethren in the town of Hebron, 14 miles south, and built a new church in Hobart. This meant the abandonment of the church of St. Margaret’s, a quaint old wooden structure that has stood on the southern side of the village for 70 years.
Voices of the Dead Haunt the Parish.
“The voice of the dead seems to haunt the old parish of St. Margaret’s. The stranger here is at once impressed with the atmosphere which welds yesterday to today. The history of the village is one of sorrow and tragedy. The sun shines brightly on Deep river, and its silver reflections glow on the white sands of the dunes, yet life is not bright here. The old church of St. Margaret’s stands in a corner of the graveyard and the shadow of its tall tower darkens moss-grown tombstones that stand above the heads of citizens departed scores of years ago. The old cemetery is a tangle of trees and vines, of shrubbery and wild flowers. From the broken windows of the decaying church one looks out upon the town and its old-fashioned homes and streets. The picture is one that tells of a long ago.
Finding of Recluse’s Body.
“A continuation of the tragedies of St. Margaret’s came a few weeks after a lull of several months. Joseph Schneider, one of the pioneer settlers of the community, known as a recluse and loiterer, was found dead on a sand dune a mile east of town. Conrad Peterson, a citizen, found the body on the dune while inspecting some scrub oak trees on the property, which he had bought a few days before. Peterson examined the body and found the Schneider had evidently been dead several days. The throat was cut from ear to ear. Schneider had not been missed from the village, for he was a man of strange habits and made his home in the deserted church of St. Margaret’s.
“Schneider was an uncle of Philip Schneider, a young farmer living north east of Lake Station. The nephew had refused the old man a home because of his bad habits, but not until repeated efforts had been made by the nephew to make the old man be cleanly and of good deportment. Old Schneider was quarrelsome and fault-finding and the nephew finally had to tell him to seek another home. The separation between nephew and son [uncle?] came several months ago. The old man sullenly made his way to the deserted church in the graveyard, and there, behind the altar, made his nightly bed. From the good-hearted people of the community he got his daily bread.
Broods Near Forsaken Altar.
“There was something pathetic about the last days of the old man. He sought no company other than the old church and the tombstones in the graveyard. He walked among the stone as if they gave him communion with old friends that were dead. When the night came on he would steal through the creaking doors of St. Margaret’s and tramp down the plastered-covered floor to the altar. The wind whistled through the broken windows and sometimes grew so strong that it made the old bell in the belfry toll. This old bell, one of the sweetest toned in Indiana, is today the object of contention between the Catholics of St. Margaret’s and Hobart, the latter seeking it for the belfry of their new church. The parishoners [sic] of the old church cling to it, for it called them to worship for more than a half century. It was hauled across the sand dunes to St. Margaret’s on a wagon drawn by many oxen many years ago. The loving sentiment attaches the old parishioners of St. Margaret’s to it.
“The decaying church that gave Schneider his last earthly home is built of huge ax-hewn timbers that seem to stand the storms with the same fortitude that its builders withstood hardship. The plastering, however, and the old altar is a wreck. A few images yet remain on it. Above it hang several ecclesiastical pictures that are entwined by a withered wreath. In this solemn spot “old man Schneider” spent his last days.
“One morning early in April he was seen leaving the church by children on the way to school. They saw him turn to the east and follow a lane to the sand dunes along Deep river. That was the last seen of him alive. After the finding of the body Philip Schneider, the nephew, had it prepared for burial. Young Schneider remembered that [sic] his own father’s estate included the ownership of a lot in St. Margaret’s churchyard. His father had been buried in it years ago. Later the body had been removed to another lot in which other members of the family were buried. Young Schneider decided to give his uncle a grave in the place formerly occupied by his father. That decision brought to the parish of St. Margaret’s another mystery.
Find “The Woman of the Rosary.”
On the morning following the finding of the body of Joseph Schneider, two young men, Davy McMichael and Samuel Akers, went to St. Margaret’s churchyard to dig a grave for the suicide. They were digging away quite busily when suddenly young McMichael’s spade struck something that was hard. He called the attention of Akers to the incident and they carefully removed the earth from around the obstacle. To their utter amazement they covered a skull. Hurriedly summoning other citizens from the village as witnesses, the young men went on with the work and soon uncovered a skeleton that is now known in the parish as “The Woman of the Rosary.” Around the skull twined long strands of auburn hair. On the breast lay a rosary and a cross. The teeth of the cadaver were white and perfect, indicating that youth had been buried there.
“The find mystified the village. Hundreds gathered to see the skeleton and to try to reason out its story. The only trace of a clew was offered by Albert Smith, a carpenter, who a few years before had built a fence around the churchyard. Part of the fence was of wire. Smith recalled that one morning while he was building the fence, he came to work to find that several strands had been cut. He thought it the work of mischievous boys and made repairs. A few hours later several school children playing in the cemetery found a part of a white dress covered with blood. Smith paid not attention to the find and finished his fence without reporting to the county authorities.
“The finding of the skeleton leads many to believe that a murder has been committed near St. Margaret’s and that the perpetrators, familiar with the fact that the body of Philip Schneider’s father had been moved, threw the body into the grave and closed it. The work evidently was done quickly for the skeleton was lying in a half-crouched position. No marks on the skull or skeleton gave a clew to the cause of death. The young men soon replaced the body in the grave and covered it with board. Then they threw earth upon it and the mysterious “Woman of the Rosary” went back to sleep. The body has been placed there within the last seven years, for up to that time the body of Philip Schneider’s father had rested there. The coroner believes the boy to be that of Mrs. H. M. Van Deusen, who disappeared from Hobart, Ind., five years ago. Just before her disappearance she was married to Van Deusen, after she had been living with a man Van Kuren.
The Queer Case of Thompson.
“One of the most interesting of the tragedies in the parish of St. Margaret’s centers on George Thompson, known around here as ‘the meanest man that ever lived.’ Thompson, until a few months ago, owned a small farm adjoining Philip Schneider. He was of the hermit type and had no friends.
On day about a year ago Thompson became sick. The neighbors, in their largeness of heart, went to him. He would have none of their help, but asked that a nurse be sent him. A nurse was obtained from a nearby town. Thompson thought he was going to die and deeded his farm to the nurse. He got better, however, and took the farm away from her. Soon he was sick again and a woman from Lake Station nursed him She pulled him through a long siege. During his illness he again deeded his farm to his nurse. This one was not so easy as the other nurse. She immediately had the deed recorded.
“The loss of the farm angered Thompson. The woman offered it back if he would pay her for her services. He refused. The day following the recording of the deed Thompson went to Hobart and bought 200 half-galloon glass fruit jars. He also bought a large quantity of dynamite and dynamite caps. He then returned home and began making little engines of death to plant on the farm. He placed a quantity of dynamite in ach jar, together with some matched and paper. In the lid of each can he placed a dynamite cap and sealed the lid with beeswax. The 200 jars were then planted in the cornfields surrounding the place. The barn was literally mined with the explosive, as was also the house. Then Thompson poisoned his faithful old horse, ‘Prince.’ After seeing the animal die in great agony he went to the barn, set it on fire, cut his own throat and fell in a corner where he was found cremated after the fire. The neighbors, who had hurried to the place, where driven back by the explosion of the dynamite.
“Philip Schneider bought the farm from the nurse to whom Thompson had deeded it. The purchase came near proving a sorrowful one. Schneider’s plow came into contact with one of the glass fruit jars one morning last fall and the explosion blinded him for a time. He has partially recovered his sight. Since that time Davy McMichael, who has been doing most of the plowing on the place, has plowed up 67 of the would-be death dealers. He takes no chances, however. The plow he uses is one of the riding type, but he does not ride. He has tied long ropes to the lines and walks fully 40 feet back of the plow. Every now and then the plow turns up a can, but the horses were not hurt. The farm is now known in the community as “The dynamite Farm.”
Other Gloomy Mysteries.
“Dynamite played a mysterious part in another bit of the parish history. Federick Kappleman was a local reformer. Lake Station has several saloons, and Kappleman went after them. He also made war on other evils that he thought the community should be rid of. One night Kappleman’s home was wrecked by dynamite. One end of it was blown out. Kappleman thought that was enough and moved to another city.
“Not long ago Mrs. Frank Brock, the wife of a prominent and influential citizen, died in terrible agony, the result of an operation. Mrs. Brock’s husband became temporarily insane, and during a moment of deep grief, one morning last January, shot himself. He recovered, but is still grieving and his case is one that hold the pity of the community.
During the past two weeks two bodies of unknown dead were found in the sand dunes and in Deep river, and their identity is still a mystery. While Oren Simon, a young man living her, was crossing one of the sand dunes he came upon the dead body of a man whose throat was cut. He had evidently been dead for days. The coroner has thus far failed to learn whose body it is.
“Twenty-four hours after, William Kitzman saw the nude body of a man floating among the willows in Deep river. He pulled the body ashore, and called citizens of Lake Station to view it. Nobody could tell whose it was. The clothing was lying nearby under a tree, but no mark that would lead to identification was found. And the dead man’s name is still a mystery.”
Sources:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; May 21, 1908; Volume 25, Number 8, Page 1, Columns 3-4, and Page 6, Columns 1-5.
Copyright 2019. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
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Lance Cpls. Keith B. Lawson and Spence G. Press, scout snipers attached to Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, work together to identify targets as Taliban fighters approached from Marjeh toward their position at the “Five Points” intersection Feb. 9. Marines of Charlie Co. conducted a helicopter-borne assault earlier that morning to seize the key intersection of roads linking the northern area of the insurgent stronghold of Marjeh with the rest of Helmand province. Lawson, 25, is from Reedly, Calif., and Press, 20, is from Newbury Park, Calif. (Official Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Brian A. Tuthill)
Sir Robert Houghton 1548- 1624 who bought the "demeans and park" from the Sheltons.
Sir Robert was the 3rd son of John Houghton of Gunthorpe 1584 by Agnes daughter of Robert Playford of Brinton
He was Serjeant at Law and one of the justices of the Kings Bench. At his death at his chambers in Serjeants’ Inn on 6 Feb. 1624 he also held the manors of Leffley, Threxton, Buxhall, Brettenham (from the Felton family) and Heacham.
Sir Robert m Mary daughter of rich lawyer Robert Richers 1588 of Wrotham and Elizabeth Cartwright flic.kr/p/dYvNfq daughter of Edmund Cartwright of Ossington by Agnes daughter of Thomas Cranmer www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8510161707/ , She was the widow of Reginald Peckham d1551 buried at Ossington www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8513250144/
Children - 2 sons & 3 daughters
1. Francis his heir 1593-April 13th 1629 m Helen ........... leaving a minor son & heir Robert aged 3- 6 years ++
2. John dsp
1. Elizabeth m Robert Bright
2. Mary m Richard Catlin
"Debito Honori Optimi Mariti Roberti Houghton Equitis, Judicisque de Regis Banco, cujus Cineris Divi Dunstani Templum infra Londinum Custos est, Hic quoque Locus, cum Filij sit, Patris etiam Monumentum esse Optimo Jure videtur vendicare. Memoriæ piæ, Charissimi Filij nostri Francisci Houghton Armigeri, necnon Helenæ Uxoris ejus (ut quorum Corda conjugalis Amor, Animas, Una Fides (uti spes nostra) in Æternum univit, eorum ossa Unum hoc Sepulchrum condat, conjungat.
Ego Maria Roberti Richers de Rootham in Comitatû Cantij Armigeri Filiæ, bene Merito marito, duobus Filijs, Filiabus tribus, Oh Dolor ! orbata, totiesq; partim Mortua Johanne Houghton, Unico minimoque Natû superstite, Reliquorum Consortij Avida, Potissimum verò Coronam Beatitudinis Anhelans, utq; cum Salvatore Vivam, Dissolutionis cupientissima, hoc Poni Sacrum, meas Reliquias Hìc condier Jussi. Per mortem itur ad Vitam. 1623".
His will, made a few days before his death, requested a burial ‘without funeral pomp’. He gave a life interest in his property at Norwich and his manor of Lessey Suffolk to his wife, with the remainder to his eldest son Francis, to whom he left all his other lands in Norfolk. He bequeathed gifts of money to his wife, daughters and grandchildren and his law books to Francis, whom he appointed sole executor. He was buried at St. Dunstan-in-the-West, London
His widow Mary Rychers erected the monument here at Shelton - Heraldry - Richers arg 3 annulets azure / Houghton 3 azure 2 barrulets arg between 3 helmets or
++ Robert Houghton in his will of 1660 directing his executors Robert Houghton and John Tuthill, to sell first his estates in Sussex and then those in Suffolk to pay his debts, which were numerous. He died leaving an infant heir Charles Houghton, and his father's creditors obtained a decree in Chancery for sale of Leffey Manor and the others in Suffolk. A Bill was afterwards introduced in Parliament, and against this Sir George Pretyman and wife Elizabeth widow of Robert Houghton and mother of heir Charles, presented 2 petitions, saying the Bill would deprive Elizabeth of her dower and ruin her son Charles . The Committee said the parties should desist from any further prosecution
- Church of St Mary Shelton Norfolk
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member...
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member...
www.mocavo.co.uk/The-Visitations-of-Hertfordshire-Made-by...
Built in 1924, this Art Deco and Classical Revival-style monument was built around the tomb of William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). Harrison was the ninth United States President, a General in the United States Army, and first governor of Indiana Territory. Harrison died in 1841, a month after being sworn in as president, after falling ill, in what remains the shortest presidency in the nation’s history. Harrison was the first president to die while in office, causing a constitutional crisis, as the specifics of presidential succession had not been made clear in the constitution. Harrison was many things during his life, but spent much of his adult life owning a farm North Bend, Ohio, a town founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, and which his wife, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison, was an early resident, which included the land where his tomb now stands.
The legacy of Harrison is a complicated and controversial one, as he was inconsistent and acted with great contradiction on one of the most significant issues of his lifetime - Slavery in the United States. Harrison was born in Virginia in 1773 to a wealthy slave-owning planter family, and inherited slaves when his mother died in 1793. Thereafter, despite selling the property and slaves he inherited to his brother, he still tried to legalize slavery in Indiana Territory between 1803 and 1810, claiming it would boost the economic development of the state, but was unsuccessful in these attempt. Despite slavery not being legal in Ohio or Indiana, Harrison continued to own slaves whom lived on property outside those two states, which are the same two states where he primarily resided during his adult life. In 1822, he told Ohio voters that he opposed slavery to get elected as a representative, and he later wrote a statement that suggests that he did not support slavery lasting indefinitely and wished for eventual abolition. However, as a politician, did not take a hard stance for or against slavery, often making the assertion that states should decide for themselves. He made few concrete actions that challenged the status quo of slavery existing as an institution within the United States. However, to keep this in context, the time, a politician wanting to get elected as President of the United States would not have succeeded if they had been too pro-slavery or too pro-abolition, and thus a neutral middle ground was the most pragmatic choice, especially as a Whig like Harrison. Being neutral was far from the best choice or most moral choice, which would have been a pro-abolition stance on the issue. In addition to his problematic relationship with slavery, Harrison also participated in wars against indigenous peoples in Indiana and Ohio, being a lieutenant during the Battle of Fallen Timbers of the Northwest Indian War in 1794, at what is today Maumee, Ohio, as well as being a general during Tecumseh’s War during the period between 1810 and 1813, defeating Tecumseh’s Confederacy, and destroying the indigenous village of Prophetstown near what is today Battle Ground, Indiana during the notable Battle of Tippecanoe, a victory that Harrison later played up with his catchy presidential campaign slogan, “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too,” celebrating the slaughter and displacement of the indigenous people of the land conquered in favor of white settlement. Harrison would later defeat Tecumseh’s Confederacy at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, during the War of 1812, which resulted in the death of the confederacy’s leader, Tecumseh, and the signing of a peace treaty that ceded vast areas of land previously inhabited by indigenous peoples to white settlement.
Harrison primarily became the President of the United States during the 1840 election due to his neutrality on Slavery and his reputation as a victorious military commander whom conquered land for additional white settlement, which were both seen as politically expedient in the United States in the first half of the 19th Century. Harrison also served as the Clerk of Courts for Hamilton County, Ohio from 1836 to 1840, the third United States Minister to Gran Colombia, a diplomatic position, in 1829, a Senator representing the state of Ohio from 1825 to 1828, member of the Ohio State Senate representing Hamilton County from 1819 to 1821, member of the United States House of Representatives representing Ohio’s 1st District from 1816 to 1819, a delegate to the United States House of Representatives representing the Northwest Territory from 1799 to 1800, and as the second Secretary of the Northwest Territory from 1798 to 1799. His biggest legacies, however, are the treaties he signed with indigenous tribes that ceded large areas of the Midwest in the modern states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois to white settlement, turning the former Northwest Territory of the late 18th Century into the modern-day Midwest. Harrison’s usage of novel and effective campaign tactics when running for president was precedent-setting, with many of those tactics still utilized today, and was the oldest person to be elected president, doing so at age 68, until Ronald Regan became president at age 69 in 1981. His son, John Scott Harrison, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1857, representing Ohio, and his grandson, Benjamin Harrison, was the 23rd President of the United States, serving from 1889 to 1893.
The tomb sits atop a hill known as Mount Neo on the former Harrison family farm in North Bend, and was initially a simple rusticated stone vault partially buried in the hillside with a gated entrance. In 1871, John Scott Harrison sold all of the farm except the six acres surrounding the tomb, and offered it to the State of Ohio in exchange for the state taking on the maintenance of the tomb. However, the state was not very concerned with these obligations, and the site was severely neglected, with the tomb in disrepair and the surrounding area becoming overgrown. In 1919, the Ohio General Assembly, driven by the fervor of American Nationalism in the wake of World War I, finally allocated funding for the maintenance and repair of the tomb, with the newfound attention leading to the reconstruction and expansion of the tomb. By 1924, the tomb had been repaired, with a new limestone monolith pillar, Art Deco in character, being built in front of the tomb’s entrance that bears several carved writings that list the various accomplishments and important positions held by Harrison, with his military positions and victories listed on the north side of the pillar and his political positions listed on the south side of the pillar. The sides of the pillar feature two pilasters, with two stars on the taller, wider pilaster and the dates 1773 and 1841 engraved at the top of the shorter and narrower pilaster, with the north and south facades of the pillar featuring arrow slit openings at the top, and the base of the monument featuring a wrought iron gate that serves as an entrance to the tomb, with an antechamber in the bottom of the pillar and the original tomb belong, which still features the original arched brick burial vaults, the rusticated stone walls, and the stone lintel over the entrance with the name “Harrison” emblazoned on it. South of the tomb is an elliptical stone terrace, enclosed by a stone balustrade on the south side and a stone bench to the north, centered on the pillar and tomb. To the west of the terrace is a stone walkway to the parking area on Cliff Road, which features an ornate cast iron flagpole on an octagonal concrete base in the middle of the walkway slightly east of the terrace, on which are displayed the flags of the United States of America and the State of Ohio, with a series of three stone steps with intermediate landings cascading down to the west of the flagpole, framed by Magnolia Trees. Next to Cliff Road is a set of steps leading up to a stadium-shaped lower terrace that is partially covered in grass with a stone walkway in the middle, at which are located two pillars with statues of eagles atop them which have his various accomplishments carved into their western faces, with stone benches running around the east side for he terrace and a stone wall with bushes running around the west side of the terrace. Additionally, a more modern asphalt path with no stairs runs to the north of the historic grand entrance walk, before looping around to the east side of the upper terrace at the tomb, allowing for access to the site for people with physical disabilities and to allow better pedestrian traffic circulation through the site. This modern path connects directly to both parking areas of the site, as well as the site’s nature trail, located in the valley behind the hill.
The tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and today is managed by the Harrison-Symmes Memorial Foundation, in partnership with the Ohio History Connection. The site does not appear to see a ton of visitation, as Harrison is not as significant of a historical figure as many other presidents from the early United States, but nonetheless, he did make some major contributions to history, both for better and for worse.
Built in 1924, this Art Deco and Classical Revival-style monument was built around the tomb of William Henry Harrison (1773-1841). Harrison was the ninth United States President, a General in the United States Army, and first governor of Indiana Territory. Harrison died in 1841, a month after being sworn in as president, after falling ill, in what remains the shortest presidency in the nation’s history. Harrison was the first president to die while in office, causing a constitutional crisis, as the specifics of presidential succession had not been made clear in the constitution. Harrison was many things during his life, but spent much of his adult life owning a farm North Bend, Ohio, a town founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, and which his wife, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison, was an early resident, which included the land where his tomb now stands.
The legacy of Harrison is a complicated and controversial one, as he was inconsistent and acted with great contradiction on one of the most significant issues of his lifetime - Slavery in the United States. Harrison was born in Virginia in 1773 to a wealthy slave-owning planter family, and inherited slaves when his mother died in 1793. Thereafter, despite selling the property and slaves he inherited to his brother, he still tried to legalize slavery in Indiana Territory between 1803 and 1810, claiming it would boost the economic development of the state, but was unsuccessful in these attempt. Despite slavery not being legal in Ohio or Indiana, Harrison continued to own slaves whom lived on property outside those two states, which are the same two states where he primarily resided during his adult life. In 1822, he told Ohio voters that he opposed slavery to get elected as a representative, and he later wrote a statement that suggests that he did not support slavery lasting indefinitely and wished for eventual abolition. However, as a politician, did not take a hard stance for or against slavery, often making the assertion that states should decide for themselves. He made few concrete actions that challenged the status quo of slavery existing as an institution within the United States. However, to keep this in context, the time, a politician wanting to get elected as President of the United States would not have succeeded if they had been too pro-slavery or too pro-abolition, and thus a neutral middle ground was the most pragmatic choice, especially as a Whig like Harrison. Being neutral was far from the best choice or most moral choice, which would have been a pro-abolition stance on the issue. In addition to his problematic relationship with slavery, Harrison also participated in wars against indigenous peoples in Indiana and Ohio, being a lieutenant during the Battle of Fallen Timbers of the Northwest Indian War in 1794, at what is today Maumee, Ohio, as well as being a general during Tecumseh’s War during the period between 1810 and 1813, defeating Tecumseh’s Confederacy, and destroying the indigenous village of Prophetstown near what is today Battle Ground, Indiana during the notable Battle of Tippecanoe, a victory that Harrison later played up with his catchy presidential campaign slogan, “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too,” celebrating the slaughter and displacement of the indigenous people of the land conquered in favor of white settlement. Harrison would later defeat Tecumseh’s Confederacy at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, during the War of 1812, which resulted in the death of the confederacy’s leader, Tecumseh, and the signing of a peace treaty that ceded vast areas of land previously inhabited by indigenous peoples to white settlement.
Harrison primarily became the President of the United States during the 1840 election due to his neutrality on Slavery and his reputation as a victorious military commander whom conquered land for additional white settlement, which were both seen as politically expedient in the United States in the first half of the 19th Century. Harrison also served as the Clerk of Courts for Hamilton County, Ohio from 1836 to 1840, the third United States Minister to Gran Colombia, a diplomatic position, in 1829, a Senator representing the state of Ohio from 1825 to 1828, member of the Ohio State Senate representing Hamilton County from 1819 to 1821, member of the United States House of Representatives representing Ohio’s 1st District from 1816 to 1819, a delegate to the United States House of Representatives representing the Northwest Territory from 1799 to 1800, and as the second Secretary of the Northwest Territory from 1798 to 1799. His biggest legacies, however, are the treaties he signed with indigenous tribes that ceded large areas of the Midwest in the modern states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois to white settlement, turning the former Northwest Territory of the late 18th Century into the modern-day Midwest. Harrison’s usage of novel and effective campaign tactics when running for president was precedent-setting, with many of those tactics still utilized today, and was the oldest person to be elected president, doing so at age 68, until Ronald Regan became president at age 69 in 1981. His son, John Scott Harrison, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1857, representing Ohio, and his grandson, Benjamin Harrison, was the 23rd President of the United States, serving from 1889 to 1893.
The tomb sits atop a hill known as Mount Neo on the former Harrison family farm in North Bend, and was initially a simple rusticated stone vault partially buried in the hillside with a gated entrance. In 1871, John Scott Harrison sold all of the farm except the six acres surrounding the tomb, and offered it to the State of Ohio in exchange for the state taking on the maintenance of the tomb. However, the state was not very concerned with these obligations, and the site was severely neglected, with the tomb in disrepair and the surrounding area becoming overgrown. In 1919, the Ohio General Assembly, driven by the fervor of American Nationalism in the wake of World War I, finally allocated funding for the maintenance and repair of the tomb, with the newfound attention leading to the reconstruction and expansion of the tomb. By 1924, the tomb had been repaired, with a new limestone monolith pillar, Art Deco in character, being built in front of the tomb’s entrance that bears several carved writings that list the various accomplishments and important positions held by Harrison, with his military positions and victories listed on the north side of the pillar and his political positions listed on the south side of the pillar. The sides of the pillar feature two pilasters, with two stars on the taller, wider pilaster and the dates 1773 and 1841 engraved at the top of the shorter and narrower pilaster, with the north and south facades of the pillar featuring arrow slit openings at the top, and the base of the monument featuring a wrought iron gate that serves as an entrance to the tomb, with an antechamber in the bottom of the pillar and the original tomb belong, which still features the original arched brick burial vaults, the rusticated stone walls, and the stone lintel over the entrance with the name “Harrison” emblazoned on it. South of the tomb is an elliptical stone terrace, enclosed by a stone balustrade on the south side and a stone bench to the north, centered on the pillar and tomb. To the west of the terrace is a stone walkway to the parking area on Cliff Road, which features an ornate cast iron flagpole on an octagonal concrete base in the middle of the walkway slightly east of the terrace, on which are displayed the flags of the United States of America and the State of Ohio, with a series of three stone steps with intermediate landings cascading down to the west of the flagpole, framed by Magnolia Trees. Next to Cliff Road is a set of steps leading up to a stadium-shaped lower terrace that is partially covered in grass with a stone walkway in the middle, at which are located two pillars with statues of eagles atop them which have his various accomplishments carved into their western faces, with stone benches running around the east side for he terrace and a stone wall with bushes running around the west side of the terrace. Additionally, a more modern asphalt path with no stairs runs to the north of the historic grand entrance walk, before looping around to the east side of the upper terrace at the tomb, allowing for access to the site for people with physical disabilities and to allow better pedestrian traffic circulation through the site. This modern path connects directly to both parking areas of the site, as well as the site’s nature trail, located in the valley behind the hill.
The tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and today is managed by the Harrison-Symmes Memorial Foundation, in partnership with the Ohio History Connection. The site does not appear to see a ton of visitation, as Harrison is not as significant of a historical figure as many other presidents from the early United States, but nonetheless, he did make some major contributions to history, both for better and for worse.
A standing figure holding a rolled parchment in the left hand, the right leg slightly forward and the left hand holding upright book which is balanced on a pile of four books on small pedestal. They are wearing an overcoat with a shorter coat underneath and there are what looks like papers in the outer top pocket of the overcoat. The statue was unveiled by the Honourable Mrs Wynne Jones in October 1888 and was accepted by the Mayor on behalf of the Corporation. The cost of the monument was defrayed by public subscriptions, the town providing the pedestal. Sir Hugh Owen (1804–1881) was born at Llangeinwen. He went to school in Caernarfon and was briefly apprenticed to a saddler. His father organised the movement of cattle to London and at the age of 21 Hugh Owen became a drover.He subsequently found work in London and in 1836 moved to Somerset House where he had been appointed under the newly established Poor Law Board. He was promoted to Chief Clerk in 1853, remaining in post until his retirement in 1872. He worked to promote secondary and higher education in Wales, was interested in the development of the National Eisteddfod and the Cymmrodrion Society, and his association with the London Welsh Society resulted in the founding of the London Welsh Charitable Aid Society. He was instrumental in founding the University College Aberystwyth in 1872. He was knighted in 1881 shortly before his death.
James Milo Griffith (11 June 1843 – 8 September 1897) was a Welsh sculptor who, after originally training as an artisan mason, became notable for his memorial statues.
Griffith was born in Pont-seli, Pembrokeshire, in 1843. During the restoration of Llandaff Cathedral, undertaken by the Welsh architect John Prichard, Griffith was apprenticed by the Bishop of Llandaff as an artisan stonemason. At the age of twenty, Griffith was admitted to Royal Academy Schools in London.
Griffith produced several works placed on public view, notably on the Holborn Viaduct and Bristol Cathedral. Among other notable works are the Statue of John Batchelor in Cardiff, that of Sir Hugh Owen in Caernarfon, and the Sabrina fountain in the grounds of Bridgnorth Castle, Shropshire. In 1875 his work Summer Flowers was bought by Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot and displayed at Margam Castle. Griffith later moved the United States and became a professor of arts in San Francisco. He returned to London in 1896 and died there in 1897. He was buried in the suburb of Morden.
Sir Hugh Owen (14 January 1804 – 20 November 1881) was a pioneer of higher education in Wales. He was the main founder of the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth.
He was born in Llangeinwen, on Anglesey and moved to London at the age of 21 to work as a solicitor's clerk. He went to work for the Poor Law Commission in 1836, eventually becoming its Chief Clerk in 1853.
Owen became involved in the British and Foreign School Society in London and in 1843 published an open letter to the people of Wales, advocating the need to establish British and Foreign schools in Wales. As a non-conformist he supported the idea of non-denominational day schools. In 1843 he was instrumental in the appointing of an agent for the British and Foreign schools Society in North Wales, and then in South Wales at a later date.
In 1846 Owen became honorary secretary of the Cambrian Educational Society and published another letter advocating the establishment of schools in Wales. His campaign led to the establishment of a number of schools, but highlighted another problem: a shortage of trained teachers. In 1856 he was one of the founder member of a movement to establish the Normal College at Bangor for teacher training. His vision included another teacher training college in South Wales, one specifically for women in Swansea and a university for Wales. In 1863 a committee was formed to raise the funds to establish a University for Wales in Aberystwyth. In 1867 the Committee were able to buy the old Castle Hotel cheaply and by 1872 the University opened. It was not financially stable and Hugh Owen retired in order to raise funds, to clear the debt, and secure the future of the University.
Owen was briefly a member of the London School Board, elected to fill a casual vacancy in April 1872, he stood down at the November 1873 school board elections.
Owen saw the need to improve the education in intermediate schools, so that there were suitably qualified entrants for the new University. At the National Eisteddfod in Caernarfon in 1880, he read a paper to members of the Society of Cymmrodorion on Intermediate Education in Ireland and Secondary Education in Wales. This eventually led to the passing of the Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889.
Owen was knighted in August 1881 but died 3 months later.
The main library at Aberystwyth University is named after Hugh Owen, as is Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen, a secondary school in Caernarfon ('ysgol' is the Welsh word for school).
The Learned Society of Wales awards the Hugh Owen Medal annually to celebrate outstanding educational research in Wales. The medal is supported by Welsh Government and is awarded in recognition of significant contributions to educational research, or the application of research to produce significant innovations in education policy or professional educational practice in Wales.
Caernarfon is a royal town, community and port in Gwynedd, Wales. It has a population of 9,852 (with Caeathro). It lies along the A487 road, on the eastern shore of the Menai Strait, opposite the island of Anglesey. The city of Bangor is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) to the north-east, while Snowdonia (Eryri) fringes Caernarfon to the east and south-east.
Abundant natural resources in and around the Menai Strait enabled human habitation in prehistoric Britain. The Ordovices, a Celtic tribe, lived in the region during the period known as Roman Britain. The Roman fort Segontium was established around AD 80 to subjugate the Ordovices during the Roman conquest of Britain. The Romans occupied the region until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 382, after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. In the late 11th century, William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a motte-and-bailey castle at Caernarfon as part of the Norman invasion of Wales. He was unsuccessful, and Wales remained independent until around 1283.
In the 13th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Gwynedd, refused to pay homage to Edward I of England, prompting the English conquest of Gwynedd. This was followed by the construction of Caernarfon Castle, one of the largest and most imposing fortifications built by the English in Wales. In 1284, the English-style county of Caernarfonshire was established by the Statute of Rhuddlan; the same year, Caernarfon was made a borough, a county and market town, and the seat of English government in north Wales.
The ascent of the House of Tudor to the throne of England eased hostilities with the English and resulted in Caernarfon Castle falling into a state of disrepair. The town has flourished,[when?] leading to its status as a major tourist centre and seat of Gwynedd Council, with a thriving harbour and marina. Caernarfon has expanded beyond its medieval walls and experienced heavy suburbanisation. The community of Caernarfon's population includes the highest percentage of Welsh-speaking citizens anywhere in Wales. The status of Royal Borough was granted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1963 and amended to Royal Town in 1974. The castle and town walls are part of a World Heritage Site described as the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd.
The town's name consists of three elements: caer , yn, and arfon. "Caer' means 'fortress", in this case either the Roman fort of Segontium, which lies on the outskirts of the modern town, or the Norman castle erected near the mouth of the Afon Seiont. "Arfon" means "opposite Môn (Anglesey)", and the full name therefore means "the fortress in the land opposite Anglesey".
The earlier British and Romano-British settlement at Segontium was named Cair Segeint ("Fort Seiont") after the river. It was also known as Cair Custoient ("Fortress of Constantine"), after a belief that it was the capital of Gwynedd under Constantine, a supposed son of Saint Elen and the Emperor Magnus Maximus. Both names appear in the Historia Brittonum traditionally ascribed to Nennius. A medieval romance about Maximus and Elen, Macsen's Dream, calls her home Caer Aber Sein ("Fort Seiontmouth" or "the fortress at the mouth of the Seiont") and other pre-conquest poets such as Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd used the name Caer Gystennin. A 1221 charter by Llywelyn the Great to the canons of Penmon priory on Anglesey mentions Kaerinarfon, and the Welsh chronicle Brut y Tywysogion mentions both Kaerenarvon and Caerenarvon.
The town and the county named after it were officially spelled "Carnarvon" until 1926. At a meeting on 10 November 1925 the borough council resolved to ask the county council to change the spelling to "Caernarvon". The county council gave permission for the change of spelling for the name of the borough with effect from 14 January 1926, and at the same time decided to ask the government to also change the spelling of the county's name to Caernarvon. The government confirmed the change in the spelling of the county's name with effect from 1 July 1926.
The municipal borough was designated a royal borough in 1963. When the borough was abolished in 1974 the status of "royal town" was granted to the new community which succeeded it. The spelling of both borough and county remained "Caernarvon" until they were abolished in 1974. The spelling of the community's name was changed from "Caernarvon" to "Caernarfon" with effect from 2 June 1975 by order of Arfon Borough Council.
Caernarfon contains a Roman fort, Segontium, and a Norman motte-and-bailey castle was built at the mouth of the River Seiont.
In 1283, King Edward I completed his conquest of Wales which he secured by a chain of castles and walled towns. The construction of a new stone Caernarfon Castle seems to have started as soon as the campaign had finished. Edward's architect, James of St. George, may well have modelled the castle on the walls of Constantinople, possibly being aware of the town's legendary associations. Edward's fourth son, Edward of Caernarfon, later Edward II of England, was born at the castle in April 1284 and made Prince of Wales in 1301. A story recorded in the 16th century suggests that the new prince was offered to the native Welsh on the premise "that [he] was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", however, there is no contemporary evidence to support this.
Caernarfon was constituted a borough in 1284 by a charter of Edward I. The charter, which was confirmed on a number of occasions, appointed the mayor of the borough Constable of the Castle ex officio.
On 2 November 1401, 'Y Ddraig Aur' (The golden dragon) of Owain Glyndŵr was attested to have been flown during the Battle of Tuthill at Caernarfon, it is also likely that it was also flown throughout the Welsh independence campaign.
In 1911, David Lloyd George, then Member of Parliament (MP) for Caernarfon boroughs, which included various towns from Llŷn to Conwy, agreed to the British Royal Family's idea of holding the investiture of the Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony took place on 13 July, with the royal family visiting Wales, and the future Edward VIII was duly invested.
In 1955, Caernarfon was in the running for the title of Capital of Wales on historical grounds but the town's campaign was heavily defeated in a ballot of Welsh local authorities, with 11 votes compared to Cardiff's 136. Cardiff therefore became the Welsh capital.
On 1 July 1969, the investiture ceremony for Charles, Prince of Wales was again held at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony went ahead without incident despite terrorist threats and protests, which culminated in the death of two members of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (Welsh Defence Movement), Alwyn Jones and George Taylor, who were killed when their bomb – intended for the railway line at Abergele in order to stop the British Royal Train – exploded prematurely. The bombing campaign (one in Abergele, two in Caernarfon and finally one on Llandudno Pier) was organised by the movement's leader, John Jenkins. He was later arrested after a tip-off and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment.
In July 2019, Caernarfon hosted a rally for Welsh independence. The event, organised by AUOB (All Under One Banner) Cymru, included a march through the town centre. Organisers estimated that roughly 8,000 people joined the march on the town square; local authorities confirmed at least 5,000 attendees. The event featured a number of speakers including Hardeep Singh Kohli, Evra Rose, Dafydd Iwan, Lleuwen Steffan, Siôn Jobbins, Beth Angell, Gwion Hallam, Meleri Davies and Elfed Wyn Jones. Talks covered criticism of Brexit and Westminster with advocating Welsh Independence.
The history of Caernarfon, as an example where the rise and fall of different civilizations can be seen from one hilltop, is discussed in John Michael Greer's book The Long Descent. He writes of Caernarfon:
Spread out below us in an unexpected glory of sunlight was the whole recorded history of that little corner of the world. The ground beneath us still rippled with earthworks from the Celtic hill fort that guarded the Menai Strait more than two and a half millennia ago. The Roman fort that replaced it was now the dim brown mark of an old archaeological site on low hills off to the left. Edward I’s great grey castle rose up in the middle foreground, and the high contrails of RAF jets on a training exercise out over the Irish Sea showed that the town’s current overlords still maintained the old watch. Houses and shops from more than half a dozen centuries spread eastward as they rose through the waters of time, from the cramped medieval buildings of the old castle town straight ahead to the gaudy sign and sprawling parking lot of the supermarket back behind us.
Caernarfon is situated on the southern bank of the Menai Strait facing the Isle of Anglesey. It is situated 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of Bangor, 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog and approximately 8.0 miles (12.9 km) west of Llanberis and Snowdonia National Park. The mouth of the River Seiont is in the town, creating a natural harbour where it flows into the Menai Strait. Caernarfon Castle stands at the mouth of the river. The A487 passes directly through Caernarfon, with Bangor to the north and Porthmadog to the south.
As the crow flies, the summit of Snowdon lies a little over 9.6 miles (15.4 km) to the southeast of the town centre.
Caernarfon's historical prominence and landmarks have made it a major tourist centre. As a result, many of the local businesses cater for the tourist trade. Caernarfon has numerous guest houses, inns and pubs, hotels, restaurants and shops. The majority of shops in the town are located either in the centre of town around Pool Street and Castle Square (Y Maes), on Doc Fictoria (Victoria Dock) or in Cei Llechi (Slate Quay). A number of shops are also located within the Town Walls.
The majority of the retail and residential section of Doc Fictoria was opened in 2008. The retail and residential section of Doc Fictoria is built directly beside a Blue Flag beach marina. It contains numerous homes, bars and bistros, cafés and restaurants, an award-winning arts centre, a maritime museum and a range of shops and stores.
Pool Street and Castle Square contain a number of large, national retail shops and smaller independent stores. Pool Street is pedestrianised and serves as the town's main shopping street. Castle Square, commonly referred to as the 'Maes' by both Welsh and English speakers, is the market square of the town. A market is held every Saturday throughout the year and also on Mondays in the summer. The square was revamped at a cost of £2.4 million in 2009. However, since its revamp the square has caused controversy due to traffic and parking difficulties. During the revamp, it was decided to remove barriers between traffic and pedestrians creating a 'shared space', to force drivers to be more considerate of pedestrians and other vehicles. This is the first use of this kind of arrangement in Wales, but it has been described by councillor Bob Anderson as being 'too ambiguous' for road users. Another controversy caused by the revamp of the Maes was that a historic old oak tree was taken down from outside the HSBC bank. When the Maes was re-opened in July 2009 by the local politician and Heritage Minister of Wales, Alun Ffred Jones AM, he said, "the use of beautiful local slate is very prominent in the new Maes."
There are many old public houses serving the town, including The Four Alls, The Anglesey Arms Hotel, The Castle Hotel, The Crown, Morgan Lloyd, Pen Deitch and The Twthill Vaults. The oldest public house in Caernarfon is the Black Boy Inn, which remained in the same family for over 40 years until sold in 2003 to a local independent family business. The pub has stood inside Caernarfon's Town Walls since the 16th century, and many people claim to have seen ghosts within the building.
In and around the Town Walls are numerous restaurants, public houses and inns, and guest houses and hostels.
Gwynedd Council's head offices are situated in the town. The Caernarfon parliamentary constituency was a former electoral area centred on Caernarfon. Caernarfon is now part of the Arfon constituency for both the UK Parliament and the Senedd. The town is twinned with Landerneau in Brittany. Caernarfon was the county town of the historic county of Caernarfonshire.
At the local level, Caernarfon Royal Town Council consists of 17 town councillors, elected from the wards of Cadnant (3), Canol Tref Caernarfon (3), Hendre (3), Menai (4) and Peblig (4). The current Mayor is Councillor Maria Veronica Sarnacki.
The population in 1841 was 8,001.
The population of Caernarfon Community Parish in 2001 was 9,611. Caernarfon residents are known colloquially as "Cofis". The word "Cofi" /ˈkɒvi/ is also used locally in Caernarfon to describe the local Welsh dialect, notable for a number of words, not in use elsewhere.
Within Wales, Gwynedd has the highest proportion of speakers of the Welsh language. The greatest concentration of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd is found in and around Caernarfon.
According to the 2011 census, 85.8% of residents were born in Wales, one of the highest proportions in Gwynedd, and 77.0% reported a 'Welsh only' national identity.
The present castle building was constructed between 1283 and 1330 by the order of King Edward I. The banded stonework and polygonal towers are thought to have been in imitation of the Walls of Constantinople. The impressive curtain wall with nine towers and two gatehouses survive largely intact. Caernarfon Castle is now under the care of Cadw and is open to the public. The castle includes the regimental museum of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.
The medieval town walls, including eight towers and two twin-towered gateways, form a complete circuit of 800 yards (730 m) around the old town and were built between 1283 and 1285. The walls are in the care of Cadw but only a small section is accessible to the public. The town walls and castle at Caernarfon were declared part of a World Heritage Site in 1986. According to UNESCO, the castle and walls together with other royal castles in Gwynedd "are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe".
Dedicated to Saint Peblig, the son of Saint Elen and Macsen Wledig (Magnus Maximus), the church is built on an important early Christian site, itself built on a Roman Mithraeum or temple of Mithras, close to the Segontium Roman Fort (200m away, in the care of Cadw). A Roman altar was found in one of the walls during 19th-century restoration work. The present church dates mainly from the 14th century and is a Grade I listed building.
The statue in Castle Square was sculpted by W. Goscombe John and was erected in 1921 when Lloyd George was Prime Minister. David Lloyd George was the Member of Parliament for the area from 1890 to 1945.
The Old Market Hall in Hole-in-the-Wall Street and Crown Street was built in 1832, but the interior and roof were rebuilt later in that century. It is a Grade II listed building. It now acts as a pub and music venue.
A small Victorian urban park, Morfa was laid out in 1888. It stands to the south of the town, bordered by the 'Ysbyty Eryri' hospital [see below] at its southern edge. It is listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.
The old County Hall, which went on to become a courthouse, is situated inside the castle walls, next door to the Anglesey Arms Hotel. The old courthouse was built in the Neo-classical style. The courthouse was replaced by the new Caernarfon Criminal Justice Centre on the former Segontium School site in Llanberis Road in 2009. The old courthouse adjoins what used to be Caernarfon Gaol, which has been closed since the early 20th century and was subsequently converted into council offices.
There is a small hospital in the town, 'Ysbyty Eryri' (i.e. "Snowdonia Hospital"). The nearest large regional hospital is Ysbyty Gwynedd, in Bangor.
Caernarfon Barracks was commissioned by John Lloyd, County Surveyor of Caernarfonshire, as a military headquarters and completed in 1855.
Caernarfon was at one time an important port, exporting slate from the Dyffryn Nantlle quarries. This traffic was facilitated from 1828 by the Nantlle Railway which predated far more widely known ventures such as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Ffestiniog Railway.
Five passenger stations have served the town. Caernarvon railway station opened in 1852 as the western terminus of the Bangor and Carnarvon Railway. This connected the town with the North Wales coast and the expanding national network. Carnarvon Castle railway station opened in 1856 as the northern passenger terminus of the 3ft 6in narrow gauge Nantlle Railway. This service ended in 1865 when the line being built from the south by the standard gauge Carnarvonshire Railway took over most of its trackbed. The Carnarvonshire Railway's temporary northern terminus was at Pant to the south of the town. Pant station opened in 1867. At the same time, the Carnarvon and Llanberis Railway built its line from Llanberis to Caernarfon. Its temporary western terminus was called Carnarvon (Morfa). It opened in 1869 near the modern road bridges over the Afon Seiont. For a short period, therefore, Caernarfon had three terminating stations on its edges. Records are contradictory, but this ended in either 1870 or 1871 when they were connected by a line through the town using the tunnel which survives, having been converted in 1995 for road traffic. When the through route was opened Pant and Morfa stations closed and the original station became the town's only station. The London and North Western Railway also took over all the lines mentioned leaving one station and one service provider by 1871.
The services to Llanberis and south to Afon Wen closed progressively from the 1930s, with tracks being lifted in the mid-1960s, but Caernarvon station survived until 1970, with Bangor to Caernarvon one of the last passenger services to be closed under the Beeching Axe; it is now the site of a Morrisons supermarket. In November 2020 the Welsh Government stated 'further consideration' should be given to reopening the line. The fifth station was opened in 1997 on the old trackbed in St. Helen's Road. It is the northern terminus of the 2ft narrow gauge Rheilffordd Eryri / Welsh Highland Railway. Work began on a permanent station for the town in February 2017. The new station opened to passengers in the Spring of 2019. Heritage steam services provide links to Porthmadog, where passengers can change for services on the Ffestiniog Railway to Blaenau Ffestiniog.
Bus services in the town are provided by Arriva Buses Wales, and a number of smaller, local operators. Longer distance, cross-country services are operated by Lloyds Coaches, and connect the town with Bangor to the north, and Aberystwyth via Porthmadog, Dolgellau and Machynlleth to the south. These services are part of the Welsh Government funded TrawsCymru network.
The A487 trunk road bisects the town, providing access to major urban areas along the North Wales coast and the Port of Holyhead, via the A55 expressway. Llanberis at the foot of Snowdon can be reached via the A4086, which heads east out of the town towards Capel Curig.
Heading north out of the town is the Lôn Las Menai cycle path to nearby Y Felinheli. Heading south out of the town is the Lôn Eifion cycle path, which leads to Bryncir, near Criccieth. The route provides views into the Snowdonia mountains, down along the Llŷn Peninsula and across to the Isle of Anglesey.
Caernarfon Airport is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to the southwest, and offers pleasure flights and an aviation museum.
The Aber Swing Bridge is a pedestrian swing bridge that crosses over the Afon Seiont to connect pedestrians from the foreshore to the Watergate entrance in the centre of Caernarfon by the Caernarfon Castle.
There are four primary schools in Caernarfon, Ysgol yr Hendre being the largest. The others are Ysgol y Gelli, Ysgol Santes Helen and Ysgol Maesincla. Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen is the single secondary school serving Caernarfon and the surrounding areas and currently has between 900 and 1000 pupils from ages 11 to 18. Ysgol Pendalar is a school for children with special needs. Coleg Menai is a further education college for adult learners.
Notable people
Lewis Jones, 1898
Saint Elen, late 4th-century founder of churches in Wales.
Edward II of England (1284–1327), King of England from 1307 to 1327.
Morris Williams (1809–1874), clergyman and writer, known by his bardic name Nicander
William Henry Preece (1834–1913), an electrical engineer and inventor.
Lewis Jones (1837-1904), one of the founders of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia.
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), Prime Minister of the UK from 1916 to 1922.
Gwilym Edwards (1881–1963), Presbyterian minister, writer and academic
Lionel Rees (1884–1955), aviator, flying ace and recipient of the Victoria Cross
Maureen Peters (1935–2008), an historical novelist
Dafydd Wigley (born 1943), politician, MP for Caernarfon from 1974 until 2001
Sian Eleri, BBC Radio 1 presenter
Sport
Bryan Orritt (1937–2014), a professional footballer with over 370 club caps
Barry Hughes (1937–2019), a professional footballer and manager, active primarily in the Netherlands
Wyn Davies (born 1942), a footballer with 611 club caps and 34 for Wales
Tom Walley (born 1945) footballer with over 410 club caps
Catrin Thomas (born 1964), ski mountaineer and mountain climber.
Waynne Phillips (born 1970), a professional footballer with over 470 club caps
Nathan Craig (born 1991), a professional footballer.
Osian Dwyfor Jones Wales Commonwealth Hammer Thrower
Caernarfon Town F.C. (Welsh: Clwb Pêl Droed Tref Caernarfon) is a Welsh football club based in the town, which currently plays in the Cymru Premier, the top level for football in Wales. The club is nicknamed "the Canaries" because of its yellow and green strip. Caernarfon Town plays at The Oval which has a capacity of 3000 people and 250 seated people.
Caernarfon hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1862, 1894, 1906, 1921, 1935, 1959 and 1979. Unofficial National Eisteddfod events were also held there in 1877 and 1880. Caernarfon also hosted the 30th annual Celtic Media Festival in March 2009. Cultural destinations include Galeri and Oriel Pendeitsh. Galeri is a creative enterprise centre that houses a gallery, a concert hall, a cinema, a number of companies, and a range of other creative and cultural spaces. Oriel Pendeitsh is a ground-floor exhibition space adjoining the Tourist Information Centre opposite Caernarfon Castle. The gallery has a varied and changing programme of exhibitions throughout the year.
The Caernarfon Food Festival takes place in the town's streets including The Slate Quay (Cei Llechi) and Castle Square (the Maes), which is pedestrianised for the event. Stalls are also located along the promenade next to the Menai Strait towards the marina and Doc Fictoria.
The festival was formed in 2015 as a result of public consultation within the town. The first festival was held in 2016. It is organised by the Caernarfon Food Festival Group which is made up of local volunteers who hold regular meetings to plan each festival. The festival has a number of support groups, including a content group, sponsorship group, technical group, communication group and volunteer group. These groups feed into the main group's monthly meetings. The festival logo was inspired by contributions from pupils at Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen and designed by Iestyn Lloyd of Cwmni Da. The festival has been supported by Welsh Government through the Food Festival Grant Scheme and was highly commended by Food Awards Wales in 2019, Car parking is provided at the Slate Quay (Cei Llechi) and at other car parks around the town while the Welsh Highland Railway provides transport from Porthmadog. Cycle access is by the cycle tracks along the disused railway lines which include Lôn Las Eifion, which runs from Porthmadog, by-passing Penygroes and on to Caernarfon, Lôn Las Menai from Y Felinheli to Caernarfon and Lôn Las Peris from Llanberis to Caernarfon.
Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.
Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of 979 square miles (2,540 km2) and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.
The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; 3,560 feet, 1,090 m). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).
The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word Gwynedd meant 'collection of tribes' – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning 'tribe'. Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, 'company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader'. Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə ('strive, hope, wish') is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ('Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd'). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.
Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.
The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.
The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.
A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.
The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.
There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.
Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.
The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.
Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.
The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.
Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh,[7] while 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.
It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales.[9] The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.
The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001,[10] from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.
The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.
Notable people
Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI
The dog tags of Lance Cpl. Mark D. Juarez, Trucks Platoon, Headquarters and Service Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, hang from an upturned M-16A4 service rifle during a memorial service at Forward Operating Base Geronimo Jan. 19. Juarez, a 23-year-old from San Antonio, was killed Jan. 9 while conducting combat operations in Afghanistan’s Helmand province. (Official Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Brian A. Tuthill)
Sparrows Newsstand and Coffeehouse
Grand Rapids, Michigan
the new 40mm pancake lens attacks the coffeehouse...
Mary Richers widow of Sir Robert Houghton 1548- 1623 who bought the "demeans and park" from the Sheltons, faces her daughter in law Helen widow of Francis Houghton 1629
Sir Robert was the 3rd son of John Houghton of Gunthorpe 1584 by Agnes daughter of Robert Playford of Brinton
He was Serjeant at Law and one of the justices of the Kings Bench. At his death at his chambers in Serjeants’ Inn on 6 Feb. 1624 he also held the manors of Leffley, Threxton, Buxhall, Brettenham (from the Felton family) and Heacham.
.Sir Robert m Mary daughter of rich lawyer Robert Richers 1588 of Wrotham and Elizabeth Cartwright flic.kr/p/dYvNfq daughter of Edmund Cartwright of Ossington by Agnes daughter of Thomas Cranmer www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8510161707/ , She was the widow of Reginald Peckham d1551 buried at Ossington www.flickr.com/photos/52219527@N00/8513250144/
Children - 2 sons & 3 daughters
1. Francis his heir 1593-April 13th 1629 m Helen ........... leaving a minor son & heir Robert aged 3- 6 years ++
2. John dsp
"Debito Honori
Optimi Mariti Roberti Houghton Equitis, Judicisque de Regis Banco, cujus Cineris Divi Dunstani Templum infra Londinum Custos est, Hic quoque Locus, cum Filij sit, Patris etiam Monumentum esse Optimo Jure videtur vendicare. Memoriæ piæ, Charissimi Filij nostri Francisci Houghton Armigeri, necnon Helenæ Uxoris ejus (ut quorum Corda conjugalis Amor, Animas, Una Fides (uti spes nostra) in Æternum univit, eorum ossa Unum hoc Sepulchrum condat, conjungat.
Ego Maria Roberti Richers de Rootham in Comitatû Cantij Armigeri Filiæ, bene Merito marito, duobus Filijs, Filiabus tribus, Oh Dolor ! orbata, totiesq; partim Mortua Johanne Houghton, Unico minimoque Natû superstite, Reliquorum Consortij Avida, Potissimum verò Coronam Beatitudinis Anhelans, utq; cum Salvatore Vivam, Dissolutionis cupientissima, hoc Poni Sacrum, meas Reliquias Hìc condier Jussi. Per mortem itur ad Vitam. 1623".
His widow Mary Rychers erected the monument - Heraldry - Richers arg 3 annulets azure / Houghton 3 azure 2 barrulets arg between 3 helmets or
++ Robert Houghton in his will of 1660 directing his executors Robert Houghton and John Tuthill, to sell first his estates in Sussex and then those in Suffolk to pay his debts, which were numerous. He died leaving an infant heir Charles Houghton, and his father's creditors obtained a decree in Chancery for sale of Leffey Manor and the others in Suffolk. A Bill was afterwards introduced in Parliament, and against this Sir George Pretyman and wife Elizabeth widow of Robert Houghton and mother of heir Charles, presented 2 petitions, saying the Bill would deprive Elizabeth of her dower and ruin her son Charles . The Committee said the parties should desist from any further prosecution
- Church of St Mary Shelton Norfolk
www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member...
Caernarfon is a royal town, community and port in Gwynedd, Wales. It has a population of 9,852 (with Caeathro). It lies along the A487 road, on the eastern shore of the Menai Strait, opposite the island of Anglesey. The city of Bangor is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) to the north-east, while Snowdonia (Eryri) fringes Caernarfon to the east and south-east.
Abundant natural resources in and around the Menai Strait enabled human habitation in prehistoric Britain. The Ordovices, a Celtic tribe, lived in the region during the period known as Roman Britain. The Roman fort Segontium was established around AD 80 to subjugate the Ordovices during the Roman conquest of Britain. The Romans occupied the region until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 382, after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. In the late 11th century, William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a motte-and-bailey castle at Caernarfon as part of the Norman invasion of Wales. He was unsuccessful, and Wales remained independent until around 1283.
In the 13th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Gwynedd, refused to pay homage to Edward I of England, prompting the English conquest of Gwynedd. This was followed by the construction of Caernarfon Castle, one of the largest and most imposing fortifications built by the English in Wales. In 1284, the English-style county of Caernarfonshire was established by the Statute of Rhuddlan; the same year, Caernarfon was made a borough, a county and market town, and the seat of English government in north Wales.
The ascent of the House of Tudor to the throne of England eased hostilities with the English and resulted in Caernarfon Castle falling into a state of disrepair. The town has flourished,[when?] leading to its status as a major tourist centre and seat of Gwynedd Council, with a thriving harbour and marina. Caernarfon has expanded beyond its medieval walls and experienced heavy suburbanisation. The community of Caernarfon's population includes the highest percentage of Welsh-speaking citizens anywhere in Wales. The status of Royal Borough was granted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1963 and amended to Royal Town in 1974. The castle and town walls are part of a World Heritage Site described as the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd.
The town's name consists of three elements: caer , yn, and arfon. "Caer' means 'fortress", in this case either the Roman fort of Segontium, which lies on the outskirts of the modern town, or the Norman castle erected near the mouth of the Afon Seiont. "Arfon" means "opposite Môn (Anglesey)", and the full name therefore means "the fortress in the land opposite Anglesey".
The earlier British and Romano-British settlement at Segontium was named Cair Segeint ("Fort Seiont") after the river. It was also known as Cair Custoient ("Fortress of Constantine"), after a belief that it was the capital of Gwynedd under Constantine, a supposed son of Saint Elen and the Emperor Magnus Maximus. Both names appear in the Historia Brittonum traditionally ascribed to Nennius. A medieval romance about Maximus and Elen, Macsen's Dream, calls her home Caer Aber Sein ("Fort Seiontmouth" or "the fortress at the mouth of the Seiont") and other pre-conquest poets such as Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd used the name Caer Gystennin. A 1221 charter by Llywelyn the Great to the canons of Penmon priory on Anglesey mentions Kaerinarfon, and the Welsh chronicle Brut y Tywysogion mentions both Kaerenarvon and Caerenarvon.
The town and the county named after it were officially spelled "Carnarvon" until 1926. At a meeting on 10 November 1925 the borough council resolved to ask the county council to change the spelling to "Caernarvon". The county council gave permission for the change of spelling for the name of the borough with effect from 14 January 1926, and at the same time decided to ask the government to also change the spelling of the county's name to Caernarvon. The government confirmed the change in the spelling of the county's name with effect from 1 July 1926.
The municipal borough was designated a royal borough in 1963. When the borough was abolished in 1974 the status of "royal town" was granted to the new community which succeeded it. The spelling of both borough and county remained "Caernarvon" until they were abolished in 1974. The spelling of the community's name was changed from "Caernarvon" to "Caernarfon" with effect from 2 June 1975 by order of Arfon Borough Council.
Caernarfon contains a Roman fort, Segontium, and a Norman motte-and-bailey castle was built at the mouth of the River Seiont.
In 1283, King Edward I completed his conquest of Wales which he secured by a chain of castles and walled towns. The construction of a new stone Caernarfon Castle seems to have started as soon as the campaign had finished. Edward's architect, James of St. George, may well have modelled the castle on the walls of Constantinople, possibly being aware of the town's legendary associations. Edward's fourth son, Edward of Caernarfon, later Edward II of England, was born at the castle in April 1284 and made Prince of Wales in 1301. A story recorded in the 16th century suggests that the new prince was offered to the native Welsh on the premise "that [he] was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", however, there is no contemporary evidence to support this.
Caernarfon was constituted a borough in 1284 by a charter of Edward I. The charter, which was confirmed on a number of occasions, appointed the mayor of the borough Constable of the Castle ex officio.
On 2 November 1401, 'Y Ddraig Aur' (The golden dragon) of Owain Glyndŵr was attested to have been flown during the Battle of Tuthill at Caernarfon, it is also likely that it was also flown throughout the Welsh independence campaign.
In 1911, David Lloyd George, then Member of Parliament (MP) for Caernarfon boroughs, which included various towns from Llŷn to Conwy, agreed to the British Royal Family's idea of holding the investiture of the Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony took place on 13 July, with the royal family visiting Wales, and the future Edward VIII was duly invested.
In 1955, Caernarfon was in the running for the title of Capital of Wales on historical grounds but the town's campaign was heavily defeated in a ballot of Welsh local authorities, with 11 votes compared to Cardiff's 136. Cardiff therefore became the Welsh capital.
On 1 July 1969, the investiture ceremony for Charles, Prince of Wales was again held at Caernarfon Castle. The ceremony went ahead without incident despite terrorist threats and protests, which culminated in the death of two members of Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (Welsh Defence Movement), Alwyn Jones and George Taylor, who were killed when their bomb – intended for the railway line at Abergele in order to stop the British Royal Train – exploded prematurely. The bombing campaign (one in Abergele, two in Caernarfon and finally one on Llandudno Pier) was organised by the movement's leader, John Jenkins. He was later arrested after a tip-off and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment.
In July 2019, Caernarfon hosted a rally for Welsh independence. The event, organised by AUOB (All Under One Banner) Cymru, included a march through the town centre. Organisers estimated that roughly 8,000 people joined the march on the town square; local authorities confirmed at least 5,000 attendees. The event featured a number of speakers including Hardeep Singh Kohli, Evra Rose, Dafydd Iwan, Lleuwen Steffan, Siôn Jobbins, Beth Angell, Gwion Hallam, Meleri Davies and Elfed Wyn Jones. Talks covered criticism of Brexit and Westminster with advocating Welsh Independence.
The history of Caernarfon, as an example where the rise and fall of different civilizations can be seen from one hilltop, is discussed in John Michael Greer's book The Long Descent. He writes of Caernarfon:
Spread out below us in an unexpected glory of sunlight was the whole recorded history of that little corner of the world. The ground beneath us still rippled with earthworks from the Celtic hill fort that guarded the Menai Strait more than two and a half millennia ago. The Roman fort that replaced it was now the dim brown mark of an old archaeological site on low hills off to the left. Edward I’s great grey castle rose up in the middle foreground, and the high contrails of RAF jets on a training exercise out over the Irish Sea showed that the town’s current overlords still maintained the old watch. Houses and shops from more than half a dozen centuries spread eastward as they rose through the waters of time, from the cramped medieval buildings of the old castle town straight ahead to the gaudy sign and sprawling parking lot of the supermarket back behind us.
Caernarfon is situated on the southern bank of the Menai Strait facing the Isle of Anglesey. It is situated 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of Bangor, 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog and approximately 8.0 miles (12.9 km) west of Llanberis and Snowdonia National Park. The mouth of the River Seiont is in the town, creating a natural harbour where it flows into the Menai Strait. Caernarfon Castle stands at the mouth of the river. The A487 passes directly through Caernarfon, with Bangor to the north and Porthmadog to the south.
As the crow flies, the summit of Snowdon lies a little over 9.6 miles (15.4 km) to the southeast of the town centre.
Caernarfon's historical prominence and landmarks have made it a major tourist centre. As a result, many of the local businesses cater for the tourist trade. Caernarfon has numerous guest houses, inns and pubs, hotels, restaurants and shops. The majority of shops in the town are located either in the centre of town around Pool Street and Castle Square (Y Maes), on Doc Fictoria (Victoria Dock) or in Cei Llechi (Slate Quay). A number of shops are also located within the Town Walls.
The majority of the retail and residential section of Doc Fictoria was opened in 2008. The retail and residential section of Doc Fictoria is built directly beside a Blue Flag beach marina. It contains numerous homes, bars and bistros, cafés and restaurants, an award-winning arts centre, a maritime museum and a range of shops and stores.
Pool Street and Castle Square contain a number of large, national retail shops and smaller independent stores. Pool Street is pedestrianised and serves as the town's main shopping street. Castle Square, commonly referred to as the 'Maes' by both Welsh and English speakers, is the market square of the town. A market is held every Saturday throughout the year and also on Mondays in the summer. The square was revamped at a cost of £2.4 million in 2009. However, since its revamp the square has caused controversy due to traffic and parking difficulties. During the revamp, it was decided to remove barriers between traffic and pedestrians creating a 'shared space', to force drivers to be more considerate of pedestrians and other vehicles. This is the first use of this kind of arrangement in Wales, but it has been described by councillor Bob Anderson as being 'too ambiguous' for road users. Another controversy caused by the revamp of the Maes was that a historic old oak tree was taken down from outside the HSBC bank. When the Maes was re-opened in July 2009 by the local politician and Heritage Minister of Wales, Alun Ffred Jones AM, he said, "the use of beautiful local slate is very prominent in the new Maes."
There are many old public houses serving the town, including The Four Alls, The Anglesey Arms Hotel, The Castle Hotel, The Crown, Morgan Lloyd, Pen Deitch and The Twthill Vaults. The oldest public house in Caernarfon is the Black Boy Inn, which remained in the same family for over 40 years until sold in 2003 to a local independent family business. The pub has stood inside Caernarfon's Town Walls since the 16th century, and many people claim to have seen ghosts within the building.
In and around the Town Walls are numerous restaurants, public houses and inns, and guest houses and hostels.
Gwynedd Council's head offices are situated in the town. The Caernarfon parliamentary constituency was a former electoral area centred on Caernarfon. Caernarfon is now part of the Arfon constituency for both the UK Parliament and the Senedd. The town is twinned with Landerneau in Brittany. Caernarfon was the county town of the historic county of Caernarfonshire.
At the local level, Caernarfon Royal Town Council consists of 17 town councillors, elected from the wards of Cadnant (3), Canol Tref Caernarfon (3), Hendre (3), Menai (4) and Peblig (4). The current Mayor is Councillor Maria Veronica Sarnacki.
The population in 1841 was 8,001.
The population of Caernarfon Community Parish in 2001 was 9,611. Caernarfon residents are known colloquially as "Cofis". The word "Cofi" /ˈkɒvi/ is also used locally in Caernarfon to describe the local Welsh dialect, notable for a number of words, not in use elsewhere.
Within Wales, Gwynedd has the highest proportion of speakers of the Welsh language. The greatest concentration of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd is found in and around Caernarfon.
According to the 2011 census, 85.8% of residents were born in Wales, one of the highest proportions in Gwynedd, and 77.0% reported a 'Welsh only' national identity.
The present castle building was constructed between 1283 and 1330 by the order of King Edward I. The banded stonework and polygonal towers are thought to have been in imitation of the Walls of Constantinople. The impressive curtain wall with nine towers and two gatehouses survive largely intact. Caernarfon Castle is now under the care of Cadw and is open to the public. The castle includes the regimental museum of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.
The medieval town walls, including eight towers and two twin-towered gateways, form a complete circuit of 800 yards (730 m) around the old town and were built between 1283 and 1285. The walls are in the care of Cadw but only a small section is accessible to the public. The town walls and castle at Caernarfon were declared part of a World Heritage Site in 1986. According to UNESCO, the castle and walls together with other royal castles in Gwynedd "are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe".
Dedicated to Saint Peblig, the son of Saint Elen and Macsen Wledig (Magnus Maximus), the church is built on an important early Christian site, itself built on a Roman Mithraeum or temple of Mithras, close to the Segontium Roman Fort (200m away, in the care of Cadw). A Roman altar was found in one of the walls during 19th-century restoration work. The present church dates mainly from the 14th century and is a Grade I listed building.
The statue in Castle Square was sculpted by W. Goscombe John and was erected in 1921 when Lloyd George was Prime Minister. David Lloyd George was the Member of Parliament for the area from 1890 to 1945.
The Old Market Hall in Hole-in-the-Wall Street and Crown Street was built in 1832, but the interior and roof were rebuilt later in that century. It is a Grade II listed building. It now acts as a pub and music venue.
A small Victorian urban park, Morfa was laid out in 1888. It stands to the south of the town, bordered by the 'Ysbyty Eryri' hospital [see below] at its southern edge. It is listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.
The old County Hall, which went on to become a courthouse, is situated inside the castle walls, next door to the Anglesey Arms Hotel. The old courthouse was built in the Neo-classical style. The courthouse was replaced by the new Caernarfon Criminal Justice Centre on the former Segontium School site in Llanberis Road in 2009. The old courthouse adjoins what used to be Caernarfon Gaol, which has been closed since the early 20th century and was subsequently converted into council offices.
There is a small hospital in the town, 'Ysbyty Eryri' (i.e. "Snowdonia Hospital"). The nearest large regional hospital is Ysbyty Gwynedd, in Bangor.
Caernarfon Barracks was commissioned by John Lloyd, County Surveyor of Caernarfonshire, as a military headquarters and completed in 1855.
Caernarfon was at one time an important port, exporting slate from the Dyffryn Nantlle quarries. This traffic was facilitated from 1828 by the Nantlle Railway which predated far more widely known ventures such as the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Ffestiniog Railway.
Five passenger stations have served the town. Caernarvon railway station opened in 1852 as the western terminus of the Bangor and Carnarvon Railway. This connected the town with the North Wales coast and the expanding national network. Carnarvon Castle railway station opened in 1856 as the northern passenger terminus of the 3ft 6in narrow gauge Nantlle Railway. This service ended in 1865 when the line being built from the south by the standard gauge Carnarvonshire Railway took over most of its trackbed. The Carnarvonshire Railway's temporary northern terminus was at Pant to the south of the town. Pant station opened in 1867. At the same time, the Carnarvon and Llanberis Railway built its line from Llanberis to Caernarfon. Its temporary western terminus was called Carnarvon (Morfa). It opened in 1869 near the modern road bridges over the Afon Seiont. For a short period, therefore, Caernarfon had three terminating stations on its edges. Records are contradictory, but this ended in either 1870 or 1871 when they were connected by a line through the town using the tunnel which survives, having been converted in 1995 for road traffic. When the through route was opened Pant and Morfa stations closed and the original station became the town's only station. The London and North Western Railway also took over all the lines mentioned leaving one station and one service provider by 1871.
The services to Llanberis and south to Afon Wen closed progressively from the 1930s, with tracks being lifted in the mid-1960s, but Caernarvon station survived until 1970, with Bangor to Caernarvon one of the last passenger services to be closed under the Beeching Axe; it is now the site of a Morrisons supermarket. In November 2020 the Welsh Government stated 'further consideration' should be given to reopening the line. The fifth station was opened in 1997 on the old trackbed in St. Helen's Road. It is the northern terminus of the 2ft narrow gauge Rheilffordd Eryri / Welsh Highland Railway. Work began on a permanent station for the town in February 2017. The new station opened to passengers in the Spring of 2019. Heritage steam services provide links to Porthmadog, where passengers can change for services on the Ffestiniog Railway to Blaenau Ffestiniog.
Bus services in the town are provided by Arriva Buses Wales, and a number of smaller, local operators. Longer distance, cross-country services are operated by Lloyds Coaches, and connect the town with Bangor to the north, and Aberystwyth via Porthmadog, Dolgellau and Machynlleth to the south. These services are part of the Welsh Government funded TrawsCymru network.
The A487 trunk road bisects the town, providing access to major urban areas along the North Wales coast and the Port of Holyhead, via the A55 expressway. Llanberis at the foot of Snowdon can be reached via the A4086, which heads east out of the town towards Capel Curig.
Heading north out of the town is the Lôn Las Menai cycle path to nearby Y Felinheli. Heading south out of the town is the Lôn Eifion cycle path, which leads to Bryncir, near Criccieth. The route provides views into the Snowdonia mountains, down along the Llŷn Peninsula and across to the Isle of Anglesey.
Caernarfon Airport is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to the southwest, and offers pleasure flights and an aviation museum.
The Aber Swing Bridge is a pedestrian swing bridge that crosses over the Afon Seiont to connect pedestrians from the foreshore to the Watergate entrance in the centre of Caernarfon by the Caernarfon Castle.
There are four primary schools in Caernarfon, Ysgol yr Hendre being the largest. The others are Ysgol y Gelli, Ysgol Santes Helen and Ysgol Maesincla. Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen is the single secondary school serving Caernarfon and the surrounding areas and currently has between 900 and 1000 pupils from ages 11 to 18. Ysgol Pendalar is a school for children with special needs. Coleg Menai is a further education college for adult learners.
Notable people
Lewis Jones, 1898
Saint Elen, late 4th-century founder of churches in Wales.
Edward II of England (1284–1327), King of England from 1307 to 1327.
Morris Williams (1809–1874), clergyman and writer, known by his bardic name Nicander
William Henry Preece (1834–1913), an electrical engineer and inventor.
Lewis Jones (1837-1904), one of the founders of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia.
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), Prime Minister of the UK from 1916 to 1922.
Gwilym Edwards (1881–1963), Presbyterian minister, writer and academic
Lionel Rees (1884–1955), aviator, flying ace and recipient of the Victoria Cross
Maureen Peters (1935–2008), an historical novelist
Dafydd Wigley (born 1943), politician, MP for Caernarfon from 1974 until 2001
Sian Eleri, BBC Radio 1 presenter
Sport
Bryan Orritt (1937–2014), a professional footballer with over 370 club caps
Barry Hughes (1937–2019), a professional footballer and manager, active primarily in the Netherlands
Wyn Davies (born 1942), a footballer with 611 club caps and 34 for Wales
Tom Walley (born 1945) footballer with over 410 club caps
Catrin Thomas (born 1964), ski mountaineer and mountain climber.
Waynne Phillips (born 1970), a professional footballer with over 470 club caps
Nathan Craig (born 1991), a professional footballer.
Osian Dwyfor Jones Wales Commonwealth Hammer Thrower
Caernarfon Town F.C. (Welsh: Clwb Pêl Droed Tref Caernarfon) is a Welsh football club based in the town, which currently plays in the Cymru Premier, the top level for football in Wales. The club is nicknamed "the Canaries" because of its yellow and green strip. Caernarfon Town plays at The Oval which has a capacity of 3000 people and 250 seated people.
Caernarfon hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1862, 1894, 1906, 1921, 1935, 1959 and 1979. Unofficial National Eisteddfod events were also held there in 1877 and 1880. Caernarfon also hosted the 30th annual Celtic Media Festival in March 2009. Cultural destinations include Galeri and Oriel Pendeitsh. Galeri is a creative enterprise centre that houses a gallery, a concert hall, a cinema, a number of companies, and a range of other creative and cultural spaces. Oriel Pendeitsh is a ground-floor exhibition space adjoining the Tourist Information Centre opposite Caernarfon Castle. The gallery has a varied and changing programme of exhibitions throughout the year.
The Caernarfon Food Festival takes place in the town's streets including The Slate Quay (Cei Llechi) and Castle Square (the Maes), which is pedestrianised for the event. Stalls are also located along the promenade next to the Menai Strait towards the marina and Doc Fictoria.
The festival was formed in 2015 as a result of public consultation within the town. The first festival was held in 2016. It is organised by the Caernarfon Food Festival Group which is made up of local volunteers who hold regular meetings to plan each festival. The festival has a number of support groups, including a content group, sponsorship group, technical group, communication group and volunteer group. These groups feed into the main group's monthly meetings. The festival logo was inspired by contributions from pupils at Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen and designed by Iestyn Lloyd of Cwmni Da. The festival has been supported by Welsh Government through the Food Festival Grant Scheme and was highly commended by Food Awards Wales in 2019, Car parking is provided at the Slate Quay (Cei Llechi) and at other car parks around the town while the Welsh Highland Railway provides transport from Porthmadog. Cycle access is by the cycle tracks along the disused railway lines which include Lôn Las Eifion, which runs from Porthmadog, by-passing Penygroes and on to Caernarfon, Lôn Las Menai from Y Felinheli to Caernarfon and Lôn Las Peris from Llanberis to Caernarfon.
Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales. It borders Anglesey across the Menai Strait to the north, Conwy, Denbighshire, and Powys to the east, Ceredigion over the Dyfi estuary to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. The city of Bangor is the largest settlement, and the administrative centre is Caernarfon. The preserved county of Gwynedd, which is used for ceremonial purposes, includes the Isle of Anglesey.
Gwynedd is the second largest county in Wales but sparsely populated, with an area of 979 square miles (2,540 km2) and a population of 117,400. After Bangor (18,322), the largest settlements are Caernarfon (9,852), Bethesda (4,735), and Pwllheli (4,076). The county has the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 64.4%, and is considered a heartland of the language.
The geography of Gwynedd is mountainous, with a long coastline to the west. Much of the county is covered by Snowdonia National Park (Eryri), which contains Wales's highest mountain, Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa; 3,560 feet, 1,090 m). To the west, the Llŷn Peninsula is flatter and renowned for its scenic coastline, part of which is protected by the Llŷn AONB. Gwynedd also contains several of Wales's largest lakes and reservoirs, including the largest, Bala Lake (Llyn Tegid).
The area which is now the county has played a prominent part in the history of Wales. It formed part of the core of the Kingdom of Gwynedd and the native Principality of Wales, which under the House of Aberffraw remained independent from the Kingdom of England until Edward I's conquest between 1277 and 1283. Edward built the castles at Caernarfon and Harlech, which form part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site. During the Industrial Revolution the slate industry rapidly developed; in the late nineteenth century the neighbouring Penrhyn and Dinorwic quarries were the largest in the world, and the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales is now a World Heritage Site. Gwynedd covers the majority of the historic counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire.
In the past, historians such as J. E. Lloyd assumed that the Celtic source of the word Gwynedd meant 'collection of tribes' – the same root as the Irish fine, meaning 'tribe'. Further, a connection is recognised between the name and the Irish Féni, an early ethnonym for the Irish themselves, related to fían, 'company of hunting and fighting men, company of warriors under a leader'. Perhaps *u̯en-, u̯enə ('strive, hope, wish') is the Indo-European stem. The Irish settled in NW Wales, and in Dyfed, at the end of the Roman era. Venedotia was the Latin form, and in Penmachno there is a memorial stone from c. AD 500 which reads: Cantiori Hic Iacit Venedotis ('Here lies Cantiorix, citizen of Gwynedd'). The name was retained by the Brythons when the kingdom of Gwynedd was formed in the 5th century, and it remained until the invasion of Edward I. This historical name was revived when the new county was formed in 1974.
Gwynedd was an independent kingdom from the end of the Roman period until the 13th century, when it was conquered by England. The modern Gwynedd was one of eight Welsh counties created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the entirety of the historic counties of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire, and all of Merionethshire apart from Edeirnion Rural District (which went to Clwyd); and also a few parishes of Denbighshire: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoged, Llanrwst and Tir Ifan.
The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county (and the five districts) on 1 April 1996, and its area was divided: the Isle of Anglesey became an independent unitary authority, and Aberconwy (which included the former Denbighshire parishes) passed to the new Conwy County Borough. The remainder of the county was constituted as a principal area, with the name Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire, as it covers most of the areas of those two historic counties. As one of its first actions, the Council renamed itself Gwynedd on 2 April 1996. The present Gwynedd local government area is governed by Gwynedd Council. As a unitary authority, the modern entity no longer has any districts, but Arfon, Dwyfor and Meirionnydd remain as area committees.
The pre-1996 boundaries were retained as a preserved county for a few purposes such as the Lieutenancy. In 2003, the boundary with Clwyd was adjusted to match the modern local government boundary, so that the preserved county now covers the two local government areas of Gwynedd and Anglesey. Conwy county borough is now entirely within Clwyd.
A Gwynedd Constabulary was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Anglesey, Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire forces. A further amalgamation took place in the 1960s when Gwynedd Constabulary was merged with the Flintshire and Denbighshire county forces, retaining the name Gwynedd. In one proposal for local government reform in Wales, Gwynedd had been proposed as a name for a local authority covering all of north Wales, but the scheme as enacted divided this area between Gwynedd and Clwyd. To prevent confusion, the Gwynedd Constabulary was therefore renamed the North Wales Police.
The Snowdonia National Park was formed in 1951. After the 1974 local authority reorganisation, the park fell entirely within the boundaries of Gwynedd, and was run as a department of Gwynedd County Council. After the 1996 local government reorganisation, part of the park fell under Conwy County Borough, and the park's administration separated from the Gwynedd council. Gwynedd Council still appoints nine of the eighteen members of the Snowdonia National Park Authority; Conwy County Borough Council appoints three; and the Welsh Government appoints the remaining six.
There has been considerable inwards migration to Gwynedd, particularly from England. According to the 2021 census, 66.6% of residents had been born in Wales whilst 27.1% were born in England.
The county has a mixed economy. An important part of the economy is based on tourism: many visitors are attracted by the many beaches and the mountains. A significant part of the county lies within the Snowdonia National Park, which extends from the north coast down to the district of Meirionnydd in the south. But tourism provides seasonal employment and thus there is a shortage of jobs in the winter.
Agriculture is less important than in the past, especially in terms of the number of people who earn their living on the land, but it remains an important element of the economy.
The most important of the traditional industries is the slate industry, but these days only a small percentage of workers earn their living in the slate quarries.
Industries which have developed more recently include TV and sound studios: the record company Sain has its HQ in the county.
The education sector is also very important for the local economy, including Bangor University and Further Education colleges, Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor and Coleg Menai, both now part of Grŵp Llandrillo Menai.
The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.
Gwynedd has the highest proportion of people in Wales who can speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 64.4% of the population aged three and over stated that they could speak Welsh,[7] while 64.4% noted that they could speak Welsh in the 2011 census.
It is estimated that 83% of the county's Welsh-speakers are fluent, the highest percentage of all counties in Wales.[9] The age group with the highest proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd were those between ages 5–15, of whom 92.3% stated that they could speak Welsh in 2011.
The proportion of Welsh speakers in Gwynedd declined between 1991 and 2001,[10] from 72.1% to 68.7%, even though the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales as a whole increased during that decade to 20.5%.
The Annual Population Survey estimated that as of March 2023, 77.0% of those in Gwynedd aged three years and above could speak Welsh.
Notable people
Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985), RAF officer, writer; originated the Welsh Harlequin duck in Criccieth
Sir Dave Brailsford (born 1964), cycling coach; grew up in Deiniolen, near Caernarfon
Duffy (born 1984), singer, songwriter and actress; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Edward II of England (1284–1327), born in Caernarfon Castle
Elin Fflur (born 1984), singer-songwriter, TV and radio presenter; went to Bangor University
Bryn Fôn (born 1954), actor and singer-songwriter; born in Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire.
Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with 108 caps for Wales; born in Bangor, Gwynedd
John Jones (c. 1530 – 1598), a Franciscan friar, Roman Catholic priest and martyr; born at Clynnog
Sir Love Jones-Parry, 1st Baronet (1832–1891), landowner and politician, co-founder of the Y Wladfa settlement in Patagonia
T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), archaeologist, army officer and inspiration for Lawrence of Arabia, born in Tremadog
David Lloyd George (1863–1945), statesman and Prime Minister; lived in Llanystumdwy from infancy
Sasha (born 1969), disc jockey, born in Bangor, Gwynedd
Sir Bryn Terfel (born 1965), bass-baritone opera and concert singer from Pant Glas
Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978), architect of Portmeirion
Owain Fôn Williams, (born 1987), footballer with 443 club caps; born and raised in Penygroes, Gwynedd.
Hedd Wyn (1887–1917), poet from the village of Trawsfynydd; killed in WWI
Two joined photos of Tuthill Scarborough, showing the Georgian facade of a cottage on Princess Street, together with the medieval rear. It ain't called the Old Town for nothing! Grade 2 listed.
Scarborough, North Yorkshire
June 2015
Among one of the oldest businesses in Burlington is the Murray factory (now Murray Turbomachinery and owned by Dresser-Rand) which has been in operation in Burlington since before 1900.
This maker of steam engines and boilers also produced a band sawmill..
Murray Iron Works is still in operation as Tuthill Corporation/Murray Turbo Machinery, and now manufactures steam turbines
George h corliss
Looking towards South Hetton along the NCB branch between Hawthorn Shaft and Tuthill Quarry. Pic was taken from the level crossing on Pesspool Lane. 1991
In February 2007, to celebrate their 150th anniversary, the American Insitute of Architects (AIA) named their America's Favorite Architecture list. For details about the methodology, see the topic posting, Methodology. For more information, see the AIA 150 website
# 1: Empire State Building - New York City (William Lamb, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon)
# 2: The White House - Washington, D.C. (James Hoban)
# 3: Washington National Cathedral - Washington, D.C. (George F. Bodley and Henry Vaughan, FAIA)
# 4: Thomas Jefferson Memorial - Washington D.C. (John Russell Pope, FAIA)
# 5: Golden Gate Bridge - San Francisco (Irving F. Morrow and Gertrude C. Morrow)
# 6: U.S. Capitol - Washington, D.C. (William Thornton, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Charles Bulfinch, Thomas U. Walter FAIA, Montgomery C. Meigs)
# 7: Lincoln Memorial - Washington, D.C. (Henry Bacon, FAIA)
# 8: Biltmore Estate (Vanderbilt Residence) - Asheville, NC (Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA)
# 9: Chrysler Building - New York City (William Van Alen, FAIA)
# 10: Vietnam Veterans Memorial - Washington, D.C. (Maya Lin with Cooper-Lecky Partnership)
# 11: St. Patrick’s Cathedral - New York City (James Renwick, FAIA)
# 12: Washington Monument - Washington, D.C. (Robert Mills)
# 13: Grand Central Station - New York City (Reed and Stern; Warren and Wetmore)
# 14: The Gateway Arch - St. Louis (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
# 15: Supreme Court of the United States - Washington, D.C. (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
# 16: St. Regis Hotel - New York City (Trowbridge & Livingston)
# 17: Metropolitan Museum of Art - New York City (Calvert Vaux, FAIA; McKim, Mead & White; Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA; Kevin Roche, FAIA; John Dinkeloo, FAIA)
# 18: Hotel Del Coronado - San Diego (James Reid, FAIA)
# 19: World Trade Center - New York City (Minoru Yamasaki, FAIA; Antonio Brittiochi; Emery Roth & Sons)
# 20: Brooklyn Bridge - New York City (John Augustus Roebling)
# 21: Philadelphia City Hall - Philadelphia (John McArthur Jr., FAIA)
# 22: Bellagio Hotel and Casino - Las Vegas (Deruyter Butler; Atlandia Design)
# 23: Cathedral of St. John the Divine - New York City (Heins & La Farge; Ralph Adams Cram)
# 24: Philadelphia Museum of Art - Philadelphia (Horace Trumbauer, Zantzinger, Borie, and Medary)
# 25: Trinity Church - Boston (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 26: Ahwahnee Hotel - Yosemite Valley, CA (Gilbert Stanley Underwood)
# 27: Monticello - Charlottesville, VA (Thomas Jefferson)
# 28: Library of Congress - Washington, D.C. (John L. Smithmeyer, FAIA and Paul J. Pelz, FAIA)
# 29: Kaufmann Residence (Fallingwater) - Bear Run, PA (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 30: Taliesin - Spring Green, WI (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 31: Wrigley Field - Chicago (Zachary Taylor Davis)
# 32: Wanamaker’s Department Store - Philadelphia (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 33: Rose Center for Earth and Space - New York City (James Stewart Polshek, FAIA)
# 34: National Gallery of Art, West Building - Washington, D.C. (John Russell Pope, FAIA)
# 35: Allegheny County Courthouse - Pittsburgh (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 36: Old Faithful Inn - Yellowstone National Park, WY (Robert Reamer)
# 37: Union Station - Washington, D.C. (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 38: Tribune Tower - Chicago (Howells & Hood)
# 39: Delano Hotel - Miami Beach (Robert Swartburg; Philippe Starck (interior))
# 40: Union Station - St. Louis (Theodore C. Link, FAIA)
# 41: Hearst Residence (Hearst Castle) - San Simeon, CA (Julia Morgan)
# 42: Sears Tower - Chicago (Bruce Graham, FAIA, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 43: Crane Library - Quincy, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 44: Woolworth Building - New York City (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)
# 45: Cincinnati Union Terminal - Cincinnati (Alfred Fellheimer, FAIA and Stewart Wagner, FAIA; Paul Philippe Cret,consulting architect)
# 46: Waldorf Astoria - New York City (Schultze & Weaver)
# 47: New York Public Library - New York City (Carrère & Hastings)
# 48: Carnegie Hall - New York City (William B. Tuthill, FAIA; Richard Morris Hunt, FAIA and Dankmar Adler, FAIA, consulting architects)
# 49: San Francisco City Hall - San Francisco (Arthur Brown Jr., FAIA)
# 50: Virginia State Capitol - Richmond, VA (Thomas Jefferson)
# 51: Cadet Chapel, Air Force Academy - Colorado Springs, CO (Walter Netsch, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 52: Field Museum of Natural History - Chicago (Charles B. Atwood, D. H. Burnham & Co.)
# 53: Apple Store Fifth Avenue - New York City (Bohlin Cywinski Jackson)
# 54: Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania - Philadelphia (Frank Furness, FAIA)
# 55: Mauna Kea Beach Hotel - Kohala Coast, HI (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
# 56: Rockefeller Center - New York City (Raymond Hood et al., FAIA)
# 57: Denver International Airport - Denver (Fentress Bradburn Architects)
# 58: Ames Library - North Easton, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 59: Milwaukee Art Museum - Milwaukee (Santiago Calatrava, FAIA)
# 60: Thorncrown Chapel - Eureka Springs, AK (E. Fay Jones, FAIA)
# 61: TransAmerica Pyramid - San Francisco (William Pereira, FAIA)
# 62: 333 Wacker Drive - Chicago (William E. Pedersen, FAIA, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates)
# 63: National Museum of Air and Space - Washington, D.C. (Gyo Obata, FAIA, Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
# 64: Faneuil Hall Marketplace - Boston (Benjamin Thompson, FAIA)
# 65: Crystal Cathedral - Garden Grove, CA (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
# 66: Gamble House - Pasadena, CA (Greene and Greene)
# 67: Nebraska State Capital - Lincoln, NE (Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue)
# 68: New York Times Building - New York City (Renzo Piano, Hon. FAIA)
# 69: Salt Lake City Public Library - Salt Lake City (Moshe Safdie, FAIA; VCBO Architecture Associates)
# 70: Dolphin and Swan Hotels, Walt Disney World - Orlando, FL (Michael Graves, FAIA)
# 71: Hearst Tower - New York City (George P. Post & Sons; addition Foster + Partners)
# 72: Flatiron Building (Fuller Building) - New York City (Daniel Burnham, FAIA)
# 73: Lake Point Tower - Chicago (Schipporeit-Heinrich; Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
# 74: Guggenheim Museum - New York City (Frank Lloyd Wright)
# 75: Union Station - Los Angeles (John Parkinson and Donald B. Parkinson)
# 76: Willard Hotel - Washington, D.C. (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 77: Sever Hall, Harvard University - Cambridge, MA (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 78: Broadmoor Hotel - Colorado Springs, CO (Warren & Wetmore)
# 79: Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center - Washington, D.C. (Pei Cobb Freed & Partners)
# 80: Phillips Exeter Academy Library - Exeter, NH (Louis I. Kahn, FAIA)
# 81: The Plaza Hotel - New York City (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 82: Sofitel Chicago Water Tower - Chicago (Jean-Paul Viguier, Hon. FAIA)
# 83: Glessner House - Chicago (Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA)
# 84: Yankee Stadium - New York City (Osborn Architects & Engineers)
# 85: Harold Washington Library Center - Chicago (Hammond, Beeby & Babka)
# 86: Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts - New York City (Wallace K. Harrison, FAIA, director, board of architects)
# 87: The Dakota Apartments - New York City (Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, FAIA)
# 88: Art Institute of Chicago - Chicago (Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge)
# 89: Fairmont Hotel - San Francisco (Reid & Reid; Julia Morgan)
# 90: Boston Public Library - Boston (McKim, Mead & White)
# 91: Hollywood Bowl - Hollywood (Lloyd Wright; Allied Architects; Frank Gehry; Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates with Gruen Associates)
# 92: Texas State Capitol - Austin (Elijah E. Myers)
# 93: Fontainebleau - Miami Beach (Morris Lapidus)
# 94: Legal Research Building, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI (York & Sawyer; Gunnar Birkerts (addition))
# 95: J. Paul Getty Center for the Arts - Los Angeles (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 96: High Museum - Atlanta (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 97: Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse - Islip, NY (Richard Meier, FAIA)
# 98: Humana Building - Louisville, KY (Michael Graves, FAIA)
# 99: Walt Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles (Frank Gehry, FAIA)
#100: Radio City Music Hall - New York City (Edward Durell Stone, FAIA)
#101: Paul Brown Stadium - Cincinnati (NBBJ)
#102: United Airlines Terminal, O’Hare - Chicago (Helmut Jahn, FAIA, Murphy/Jahn)
#103: Hyatt Regency Atlanta - Atlanta (John Portman, FAIA)
#104: AT&T Park (San Francisco Giants Stadium) - San Francisco (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
#105: Time Warner Center - New York City (David Childs, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
#106: Washington, D.C., Metro - Washington, D.C. (Harry Weese, FAIA)
#107: IDS Center - Minneapolis (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
#108: Seattle Public Library - Seattle (Rem Koolhaas, Office for Metropolitan Architecture)
#109: Museum of Modern Art - San Francisco (Mario Botta, Hon. FAIA)
#110: Union Station - Chicago (Daniel Burnham, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
#111: United Nations Headquarters - New York City (International Committee of Architects, Wallace K. Harrison, chairman; Oscar Niemeyer; Le Corbusier)
#112: National Building Museum (Pension Building) - Washington, D.C. (Montgomery C. Meigs)
#113: Fenway Park - Boston (Osborn Architects & Engineers)
#114: Dana Thomas House - Springfield, IL (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#115: TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport - New York City (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
#116: The Athenaeum - New Harmony, IN (Richard Meier, FAIA)
#117: Walker Art Center - Minneapolis (Herzog & de Meuron)
#118: American Airlines Center - Dallas (David M. Schwarz, FAIA; Architectural Services; HKS)
#119: Arizona Biltmore Resort and Spa - Phoenix (Albert Chase McArthur)
#120: Los Angeles Central Library - Los Angeles (Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue)
#121: San Francisco International Terminal - San Francisco (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Del Campo & Maru Architects; Michael Willis Architects)
#122: Oriole Park at Camden Yards - Baltimore (Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum)
#123: Taliesin West - Scottsdale, AZ (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#124: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Washington, D.C. (James Ingo Freed, FAIA, Pei Cobb Freed & Partners)
#125: Citicorp Center - New York City (Hugh Stubbins & Associates; Emery Roth & Sons)
#126: V. C. Morris Gift Shop (Xanadu Gallery) - San Francisco (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#127: Union Station - Kansas City, MO (Jarvis Hunt)
#128: Rookery Building - Chicago (Burnham and Root)
#129: Weisman Art Museum - Minneapolis (Frank Gehry, FAIA)
#130: Douglas House - Harbor Springs, MI (Richard Meier, FAIA)
#131: Hollyhock House - Los Angeles (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#132: Pennzoil Place - Houston (Philip Johnson, FAIA; Johnson/Burgee)
#133: Royalton Hotel - New York City (Philippe Starck)
#134: Reliant Astrodome - Houston (Hermon Lloyd, FAIA & W. B. Morgan; Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson)
#135: Safeco Field - Seattle (NBBJ)
#136: Corning Museum of Glass - Corning, NY (Gunnar Birkerts, FAIA)
#137: 30th Street Station - Philadelphia (Graham, Anderson, Probst & White)
#138: Robie House - Chicago (Frank Lloyd Wright)
#139: Williams Tower (Transco Tower) - Houston (Philip Johnson, FAIA, Johnson/Burgee)
#140: Stahl House (Case Study House #22) - Los Angeles (Pierre Koenig)
#141: Apple SoHo - New York City (Bohlin Cywinski Jackson)
#142: John Hancock Towers - Boston (Henry Cobb, FAIA, Pei Cobb Freed)
#143: Pennsylvania Station - New York City (McKim, Mead & White)
#144: Hyatt Regency San Francisco - San Francisco (John Portman, FAIA)
#145: Carson Pirie Scott - Chicago (Louis Sullivan, FAIA)
#146: Museum of Modern Art - New York City (Philip Goodwin, FAIA and Edward Durell Stone, FAIA)
#147: Auditorium Building - Chicago (Adler & Sullivan)
#148: Brown Palace Hotel - Denver, CO (Frank E. Edbrooke)
#149: Ingalls Ice Arena, Yale University - New Haven, CT (Eero Saarinen, FAIA)
#150: Battle Hall, University of Texas - Austin (Cass Gilbert, FAIA)