Another location i had on the bucket-list for a while.

This old sanatorium was built somewhere in the beginning of 1900. It started as an tuberculosis clinic.

Although it started under the name "home for breast patients". Around 160 beds where availible. During the years the clinic extended several times.

Until it had to close her doors 100 years after they opend.

The decay in this place is amazing. I had almost the same feeling as in Beelitz. Wonderfull place.

Visited this location in September 2014

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Henryton State Hospital is a now-closed hospital complex in Marriottsville, in southern Carroll County, Maryland, just across the Howard County line. The complex is located within Patapsco Valley State Park and along its southern end runs CSX's Old Main Line Subdivision and is very close to the Henryton Tunnel. The Henryton State Hospital center, or the Henryton Tuberculosis Sanatorium as it was called, was erected in 1922 by the Maryland Board of Mental Hygiene. It was established as a facility to treat African Americans suffering from tuberculosis.[1] This was one of the first such facilities in Maryland erected to provide African Americans with the same level of treatment as whites.

 

The original complex opened in 1922 and consisted of 6 main buildings and one utility plant. These buildings were erected between the years of 1921 and 1923. The establishment of the Henryton Sanatorium was one of the final steps in Maryland’s program to treat all of the state's tubercular patients. In the late twenties and early thirties the tuberculosis rate among African Americans in Maryland was quadruple what the rate was among whites.[1] This placed a heavy burden on the hospital to deal with the increasing number of patients. In 1938 the hospital was budgeted $270,000 for the construction of new buildings to house 200 more patients.[1] The new buildings roughly doubled the size of the overall facility, and several more municipal buildings added even more space to the complex. However, by the time the new buildings were completed in 1946, the tuberculosis rates had dropped, leaving much more room than was necessary.

 

In the decades since the facility’s closure, the Henryton State Hospital complex has become a haven for vandals, drifters, and drug addicts. The façade of most of the buildings have been extensively damaged and are covered in graffiti. Most of the windows have been broken out, making the grounds around the hospital very dangerous. The doors to all of the buildings have been broken in, allowing access to the inside. Although the furnishings and equipment were removed before the facility closed, there is still remarkable damage from people going through. Henryton has been the site of many suspicious fires since its closure, the most well-known of them taking place in the early morning of December 19, 2007.[citation needed] Henryton caught fire on April 28, 2011.[2] Initial speculation of this fire was believed to be suspicious in nature, but after fire marshalls conducted their investigation, it was believed to have been sparked by a lightning strike in the roof area.[citation needed] Firefighters arrived on the scene with heavy fire throughout the roof. Severe storms had passed through the area during the time that the fire was reported.

 

Henryton has suffered from extensive damage over the years

 

In this incident, the auditorium and cafeteria sections of the complex were engulfed with flames. The blaze took 80 firefighters from 3 counties to extinguish. The burned areas have since been demolished and removed. The 2011 fire affected the Physician and Nurses Cottage, destroying the roof. Visiting the Henryton State Hospital complex without the expressed written consent of the Maryland DHMH is trespassing, but the possible charges and fines seem not to deter most vandals. However, the decades of wear on the buildings without maintenance and the presence of large quantities of asbestos make Henryton a dangerous place to explore.

 

Since its closing, many attempts to purchase the land have been made, but most potential buyers, after having been approved to buy, have had their proposal for usage vetoed by local government and the like.[citation needed] The land on which the old Henryton Center rests goes on the market occasionally (every 5–6 years or so) and then is removed from the market. The state of Maryland spends a large amount of money to maintain the property minimally and occasionally patrol, and it is an expense that the state seems eager to be rid of.

Introduction.

William Julian Light has to be considered as one of the main founders of our city and state although he lived here for only three years until his death in October 1839. His vision, planning and surveying has left an indelible mark across the state. Sadly his time here was fraught with conflict, disrespect by many and ill health. He clearly knew that he was dying of tuberculosis for some time but he could not return to England so he died at his house in Thebarton. The South Australian newspaper in 1839 reported in mid September that “this highly esteemed colonist still continues in a very precarious state” and that there was little hope of recovery. When he died the government arranged a state funeral with the body carried from his home at Thebarton to Trinity Church where the service was conducted by the Colonial Chaplain Rev C Howard. Shops and banks closed for the day. The government offered £100 before the funeral to start a public memorial fund. The funeral was the largest congregation of people in the colony to that time. 423 gentlemen and state officials took part in the funeral procession and around 3,000 colonists followed. The body was appropriately interred in Light Square. Left is a

1904 painting of William Light owned by the Royal Geographical Society of SA.

 

Colonel William Light – his family heritage.

Francis Light, the father of William, was in the British navy and began the British settlement of Malaysia when he leased the Island of Penang from 1786. Francis Light founded the town of Georgetown and British Penang for the East India Company. Francis took a princess of Thai (Siamese) and Portuguese heritage from neighbouring Kedah as his bride whom he married in a local ceremony not recognised by the British. He had four daughters and two sons with Marina Rozells including William Light. Francis died in 1794 in Penang. Young William was born in 1786 in Penang and sent back to England for his schooling in 1792 to Theberton in Suffolk where he stayed in Theberton Hall owned by the aristocratic Doughty family. Francis Light’s Penang had a street grid pattern around a swamp, drains and a couple of hills. Church and mosque were allocated a zone with a cemetery further away etc and open ground was left around the fort and the public buildings. Undoubtedly Colonel William Light was very aware of his father’s design of Penang.

William Light joined the navy early and then the British Army from 1808-1814 when he served in Spain and elsewhere in the Napoleonic Wars under the Duke of Wellington. He was a brave leader and highly respected. When he left the Army in 1821 he married 19 year old E Perois in Northern Ireland. Her parents were probably Caesar and Mary Perois who are buried in the Londonderry Protestant Cathedral. She probably died a short time afterwards but nothing is known about her demise. He remarried in 1824 to nineteen year old Mary Bennet the illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Richmond. At that time Light was 38 years old. Light and Mary moved in literary and artistic circles. Light and his wealthy bride bought a yacht and sailed the Mediterranean for several years. They finally explored Egypt. Light painted, wrote and published his work. When he returned to England on business his wife took up a new lover and the Light marriage ended in 1832. She later had three children with the surname of Light but they were fathered by two other men. William Light in 1832 began an affair with Maria Gandy who was 21 years old when Light was 45 years old. William Light returned to Egypt in 1834 to captain the steamer the Nile and it was at this time that he met John Hindmarsh and John Morphett. In fact it was in Egypt that Hindmarsh heard that Light was going to be offered the post of governor of the new colony. Hindmarsh returned to England with a letter of introduction to Sir Charles Napier, a friend of Light, who was going to be involved in the decision about the governorship and Hindmarsh put himself forward- successfully. Light was then offered the position of Surveyor-General. Maria voyaged out to South Australia in 1836 on the Rapid with Colonel Light and others as his housekeeper. Her two brothers Edward and William were on the Rapid. Another brother George who arrived in 1838 named his child William Light Gandy in 1840. Maria stayed with Light until his death in Adelaide when she inherited his estate. Her brothers stayed in Thebarton with William being the Hindmarsh pound keeper. Edward went to California and then the Victorian gold fields and was quite successful. He bought two hotels which he managed for the rest of his life. He was mourned when he died as an 1836 pioneer of SA. In 1840 a few months after Light’s death Maria Gandy married Dr George Mayo. She had four children with Dr Mayo before her own death of tuberculosis, probably caught from Colonel Light, in 1847. It was the Mayo family who inherited William Light’s land portfolio, his papers and paintings etc and they benefited from the sale and development of Lights section 1. A granddaughter of Dr Mayo and Maria Gandy was the well-known South Australia Dr Helen Mayo. Dr George Mayo became the chief surgeon at the Royal Adelaide Hospital for most of his life. He remarried in 1853.

 

Light – the man and his personal life.

William Light had an excellent balance of practical expertise, a good geographical eye, common sense and vision. He was a painter and writer. He kept meticulous diaries. He was known for his hard work, loyalty and commitment to his tasks in South Australia. He persisted against the wishes of Governor Hindmarsh who instigated a public meeting to have the site of Adelaide changed to Port Adelaide and the constant backstabbing and lies of his Deputy Surveyor General George Kingston and public criticism of his choice of the Adelaide site and the slow rate at which land was trigonometrically surveyed ready for sale. Unable to cope with the frustrations of his office and the lack of surveyors to speed up the work he resigned in June 1838 just before Governor Hindmarsh was recalled in July 1838. Colonel Light then established his own private surveying firm with Boyle Travers Finniss (who became in effect the first SA premier although that term was not used then). One of their major employees from the original survey team was Henry Nixon. When Governor Gawler arrived in October 1838 the survey department under the control of the incompetent Kingston was in disarray and Gawler appointed Captain Charles Sturt as Surveyor General. William Light was a religious man and along with Maria Gandy they were both among the original 32 subscriber donors to Trinity Church on North Terrace. Yet when Light was on his death bed Reverend Charles Howard of that church refused to visit Colonel Light. Colonel Light established Light Finniss and Co in July 1838 with their offices in Stephen’s Place. The new company received private commission to lay out several important SA towns namely Gawler which still has a Light Square and an Anglican Church in a central square (Orleana Square); and Glenelg which was a private town on the land of William Finke. Light’s company laid out Glenelg by 30 March 1839 with a central square (Torrens Square) for the Church of England (Anglican) as he had done in Gawler. Governor Gawler approved this town plan of Glenelg on 18 May 1839 and his wife proposed the name of St Peters for the church. Glenelg had earlier been set aside as a town reserve but it was thrown open to selection by ballot in February 1839 when Finke and others won the ballot. Light Finniss and Co also laid out the village of Marion along the banks of the Sturt River. Colonel Light died in October 1839 and Boyle Finniss returned to the public service as Deputy Surveyor General also in late 1839 under direction of Edward Charles Frome who was Surveyor General from October 1839 to February 1849. Frome reported his early work was redoing the sections around Adelaide which had been inaccurately surveyed by George Kingston.

 

Light - Surveying, Mapping, Military Skills and Planning.

Colonel Light between September and December examined at least six possible sites for the siting of Adelaide. He chose the Adelaide Plains after his explorations of the harbour at Port Adelaide area at the end of September 1836 but not the actual location of the city as the River Torrens had not been discovered at that time. Kingston and John Morphett and others discovered the River Torrens in November as Holdfast Bay had also been discovered. Light then favoured the current Adelaide site but the final decision was not made until December 1836. Light’s assistant surveyor was George Kingston who lied about being a surveyor and had no skills at surveying. The areas of the city which Kingston surveyed were redone by Light because of the numerous errors. Surveying of Adelaide began on 11 January 1837 covering areas north and south of the River Torrens and covering 1,042 town acres surrounded by 2,300 acres of figure eight parklands exclusive of 32 acres for the cemetery and a further 38 acres for public squares. The city lands were sold in March 1837. The areas surrounding the city area were also surveyed in 1837 and put up for public sale. All these surveys were done by trigonometrical surveying which is the most accurate and Colonel Light’s theodolite is pictured left. All started from trig point one on the corner of North and West Terraces. This was also the location of Resident Commissioner James Hurtle Fisher’s cottage and the Surveying Office occupied by Light and Light’s cottage. Both these cottages were destroyed by fire in January 1839 when Light lost most of his papers and drawings. January 1839 was also the time when Light moved into his new house on his Thebarton lands. Most of the Adelaide metropolitan area was surveyed in 1837 creating 137 sections of land each of 134 acres. Those who bought land orders in England before colonisation at the reduced price of 12 shillings per acre could then purchase 134 acres instead of the advertised 80 acre sections which were to apply elsewhere. On 18 May 1838, just over a year since the sale of Adelaide town lots, Light declared that 150,000 acres of land was ready for settlement, or almost so. They were:

69,000 acres around Adelaide; 27,000 acres at Rapid Bay; 5,400 acres at Yankalilla; 20,000 acres on Kangaroo Island; and 28,000 acres in the Onkaparinga Valley. But a month later Colonel Light resigned as Surveyor General.

 

Light and Adelaide.

Edward Gibbon Wakefield who had played a role in promoting the concept of the colony and had had help from the Duke of Wellington to get the SA Act passed in the British parliament hoped the capital of the new colony would be named Wellington. But King William IV was asked if he wanted the capital named after himself. He declined and asked for it to be named after his wife Adelaide. Not to be deterred when Edward Gibbon Wakefield established his New Zealand Company in 1839 his first settlement was named Wellington. It later became the capital of New Zealand. Colonel William Light was given the task of selecting the site for the new capital in line with set criteria and his own expertise. The capital had to have a nearby port, a river for a water supply and a hinterland of good arable land for farmers etc. Light discounted other sites including Rapid Bay, Port Lincoln and Encounter Bay because they did not meet all of these criteria and he chose the current site. It was a few miles from a safe port at Port Adelaide, had extensive fertile lands to the north and south, and as he had spent years in the Mediterranean he knew the orthographic effect would increase the rainfall of the Mount Lofty Ranges to provide adequate water in the River Torrens and other streams. Ground water was also available from wells and bores under the proposed city. He chose a spot safe from flooding which was a problem below the city site and also one with a zone of higher rainfall between it and the foothills. Although the site was criticised by some led by Governor Hindmarsh, hindsight has shown that Light could not have chosen a better location. He sited the cemetery below the residential areas on West Terrace and he selected North Adelaide for grander residences away from the commercial areas.

 

But it was his actual plan for the city which earned him a great place in urban history. He knew from his days in the British Army that grid patterns worked well. But he introduced numerous squares and an encircling belt of parklands or green space. Colonel light was a well-read educated man and undoubtedly drew on the work of previous town planners. Perhaps he drew inspiration from the planners of beautiful Georgian Bath in the late 1700s with its grand boulevards, parks, terrace houses and arcs and curves. Or perhaps he was influenced by General James Oglethorpe, the designer of Savannah, Georgia which was done in 1733. Savannah has a grid plan, with each block divided by a narrow street and with 18 town squares. The wide main street of Savannah crosses five of the town squares, whereas in Light’s plan for Adelaide the wide main street (King William Street) only crosses Victoria Square. Savannah is not surrounded by a parkland belt. Colonel light was a world leader with this brilliant idea. At the end of the 19th century Light’s ideas were used in the garden city movement in Britain and America. Serendipitously these ideas were used by Charles Reade in the planning of Colonel Light Gardens.

 

Tuberculosis Hospital (1908)

 

Canon 5D Mk III / Rokinon 14mm f/2.8 Series II

Shot at: f/11 // 2 sec // ISO 100

 

This is cropped to 1x1 with the height staying original and uncropped.

 

I wanted to try one of these ultra wide angle prime lenses for a while - I decided on the Rokinon 14mm Series II - it's entirely manual - manual focus, manual aperture ring, no AE contacts either so there is zero EXIF information on the lens. That was the easy part with the lens, as I am extremely familiar with shooting on manual only film cameras. I also got this lens on eBay brand new for $200 which is a steal.

 

The hard part was with the extreme barrel distortion. I had never gone this wide on full frame (115 degree field-of-view), and even on APS-C a 10mm is 110 degree FOV, and I regularly shot with the Tokina 11-16mm just a smidge narrower.

 

I processed the RAW in Adobe Camera RAW (using Photoshop 2024) and was able to correct much of the distortion using the proper correction profile. Because of how far away the center can be, one must really slow down and spend time and a couple extra clanks of the mirror to get your shots centered properly. I'm a notoriously slow shooter, be it with digital or film and I took about 6 minutes to get this shot right. For architecture/exploring I always use manual focus as I typically shoot using the hyperfocal distance (I do not focus stack) and with how wide this lens is, that takes a little time to ensure focusing is accurate as it must be precise.

 

Anyways, enough of that - I am relatively happy with the results of this shot. The lighting was not ideal in here at the time of day, but Rokinon definitely delivers with its vivid and saturated colors that they are known for. Sharpness is quite good, though it will take a little trial and error to perfect with proper focusing.

Mr Jinnah and his secret battle against tuberculosis

 

Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi, September 9, 2019

 

As Mohammad Ali Jinnah walked into the Viceregal Lodge in Delhi to meet its new tenant, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, on April 5, 1947, history will always record that he was haughty and disdainful. Earl Mountbatten of Burma, as he was called, was a cousin of the King of England, and had only spent a couple of weeks on his new job that gave him absolute command over one-fifth of mankind. Jinnah was almost at the end of his patience. Ostensibly, Lord Minto was the first Viceroy he met in a Muslim League delegation in 1906, led by Aga Khan III, when the party did not have sufficient credibility, but was yet clamouring for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from an ‘unsympathetic majority’. More than one hundred and ten years later, that stance is being validated with every passing day.

 

Mountbatten was the tenth viceroy Jinnah was meeting over the space of over forty years,almost entirely with the same set of arguments. There was a gap of a quarter century between the ages of the two men. Mountbatten was six years old when the All India Muslim League was formed, and Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah, Aga Khan III, had met Lord Minto. He had been only ten when during a parliamentary debate Jinnah clashed directly with Lord Minto when the latter objected to his using the word ‘cruelty’ in relation to the attitude of the British in South Africa, provoking Jinnah to say that he was inclined to use much stronger language.

 

On that April 1947 day, that particular exchange may not have figured in Jinnah’s thoughts. What was of greater significance was his agreement with the terms of the Cabinet Mission in 1946,whose proposals were rejected by the All India National Congress, and more specifically,by Jawaharlal Nehru, prime minister of the interim government of India. Perhaps Nehru felt his acceptance would strengthen Sir Stafford Cripps’ chances of becoming the last Viceroy, while he was actively lobbying for the appointment of Louis Mountbatten. And what Mountbatten could not have guessed then, Jinnah had another thing on his mind.

 

Tuberculosis was just about to take his life in a year or two as his trusted Parsi physician had informed him. It turned out to be the best-kept secret in India during that year. Come what may, Jinnah was now determined to get Pakistan, as soon as practicable, and guide its destiny until fate would allow him to do so.

 

The first meeting was therefore a disaster. While Gandhi, Nehru and Patel were all thrilled at the appointment of Louis Mountbatten, and expected the best possible consideration from him, Jinnah was naturally both wary and weary towards the new Viceroy. It was only a group photo of his with Louis and Edwina Mountbatten that helped to break the ice, but his main message was sent across. Pakistan had to come into being! Actually, this was agreed to by all the leaders of India’s main political parties less than two months later in what came to be known as the ‘June 3 Plan’.

 

What was in fact not in the plan was the date for India’s independence. There was a lot of work required to be done prior to independence in order to ensure that the partition proceeded smoothly. Unfortunately, the vainglorious Mountbatten, who had the mandate to grant Indian independence by June 30, 1948, was guided by his personal ambitions. He hoped to continue on as Governor-General of the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan after relinquishing the Viceregal appointment that gave him more powers than the president of the USA who ruled or the king of Great Britain who reigned. He both ruled and reigned.

 

Therefore, when specifically, a correspondent asked Mountbatten about this date during his press conference, his mind went into a twirl. On the one hand, the date had not been fixed, yet he wanted to show that he was no weakling like his predecessor Lord Wavell, who had the British Secretary of State for India breathing down his neck. So to announce a date there became an imperative in an attempt to show that he was fully in charge. He remembered the day the Japanese had surrendered to him in Burma, and announced August 15, 1947 as the day for Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan. The date proved to be a disaster.

 

More than a million people would die, specifically on both sides of the line dividing the states of Punjab and Bengal, and generally, all over India because of the hasty move of preponing the date by ten months. The greatest travesty of all was that people in Punjab and Bengal would not know to which country they belonged until a few days after independence. Many would perish in the fires lit after the announcement of that unfortunate award. More importantly, India and Pakistan would never be friends thereafter, and would need to sacrifice their human development needs to address their existential threats.

 

It is also common knowledge now that Mountbatten and Jinnah had a bitter verbal duel when the latter refused to accept him as Governor-General of Pakistan. Irked by Jinnah’s rejection, Mountbatten yelled, “Do you know what this decision may cost you?” to which Jinnah replied, “Yes, a few thousand square miles.” Mountbatten retorted, “You may lose the whole of Pakistan.” All of this is on record in the India Office Library in London.

 

While on August 14, 1947, Mountbatten hoped, in his speech to the Constituent Assembly in Karachi,that Pakistan may live long he was working exactly towards the opposite in his own actions, guided by Prime Minister Nehru,and more significantly, his wife Edwina. Both husband and wife had low and erratic morals. While close to the fortieth anniversary of his assassination a few weeks ago, the American FBI has pointed to the evidence of Mountbatten’s lust for young boys,and his emotional devastation due to his wife’s love affairs were already well known. Suffice it to say that Pakistan was stifled at birth by an unscrupulous couple that would go to any lengths to pacify Nehru.

 

It is generally believed that still nursing his bruised ego, Louis Mountbatten gave a parting kick to Pakistan by tampering with the Radcliffe Award, in complicity with his military secretary Lord Ismay and Private Secretary Sir George Abell, and handed over Punjab’s Gurdaspur district to India, giving the latter a passage to Kashmir. Conscious of the Mountbattens’ amorous and political liaisons, Jinnah refused to intervene on a matter of principle, while Sir Cyril Radcliffe simply tore up the cheque containing his fees.

 

Jinnah’s main concern was the safety of the people and later, the refugees, although the migration of the minority populations was not foreseen in the ‘Partition Plan’.It was Mountbatten’s policies alone that made such a massive movement inevitable. Furthermore, the animosity between the two new dominions of the British Commonwealth was cemented by the struggle for Kashmir and would continue over seven decades later. Today, after 72 years, the whole world is taking greater cognizance of Jinnah’s correct apprehension as they watch the unparalleled ethnic cleansing and prejudices of India.

 

But let us go back in time. Dr Jal Ratanji Patel was a highly knowledgeable and a well-decorated Indian physician; he was Jinnah’s friend, and attended to him for his tuberculosis and other health problems. Dr Patel was a professor of pharmacology and therapeutics, and was later the dean at the prestigious Grant Medical College in Bombay. Some of my senior most teachers were amongst his students.

 

The other person involved in the ‘secret’ was Patel’s fellow Zoroastrian and radiologist, Dr Jal Daeboo. Both kept the medical files and X-ray films of Jinnah so confidential that neither the intelligence agencies nor the political parties had any knowledge of the illness. Pakistan perhaps owes its existence to the professional ethics of these two gentlemen.

 

It was much later when Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre were researching for their book Freedom at Midnight during the early 1970s that Dr Patel shared the confidential file with them.It was titled “M A Jinnah”; the X-ray film was sealed in an unmarked envelope, as mentioned by Dr Daeboo’s daughter, Homi. Jinnah was virtually under a death sentence while he went about bravely arguing his case for Pakistan at all forums with dignity and honour.

 

Lapierre would later recall: “One day we showed [Mountbatten] a report of our meeting with the Indian doctor who, in 1947, had treated the founder of Pakistan, Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Reading it made him blanch suddenly. ‘I can’t believe it!’ he gasped. ‘Good God’. When he looked up again, the blue eyes that were usually so calm were shrinking with intense emotion. He swiped the air several times with our sheets of paper. ‘If I had only known all this at the time, the course of history would have been different. I would have delayed the granting of independence for several months. There would have been no Pakistan. Pakistan would not have existed. India would have remained united. Three wars would have been avoided.'” What the Earl didn’t know then was that both countries were well on their way to becoming nuclear powers.

 

So Jinnah got his coveted dream of Pakistan but there was one duty to perform. Alone as ever and immaculately dressed while all journalists searched for him all over Bombay, he remained seated, upright on a wooden bench for three-four hours, gazing silently, at the tombstone of his departed wife until it started getting dark. He silently conveyed to Ruttie Jinnah that he had fulfilled his ambition and vision of the ‘promised land’, which he had often discussed with her during her lifetime.

 

Jinnah landed in Karachi on the August 7, 1947, and literally worked himself to death, knowing better than anyone the fragile nature of his health due to tuberculosis. It was such a well-guarded secret that even his sister who lived with him had no inkling, and found out about it only at the end of July 1948.

 

Jinnah worked beyond his mandate. He presided over cabinet meetings, and guided the people now leading the country, never disguising his disappointment when they performed poorly. He went to Lahore where refugees had poured in. According to his official biographer, Hector Bolitho, he went to Lahore looking sixty and came back after a few weeks looking eighty. He had lost weight as well.

 

It is amazing and a credit to Jinnah’s craving for privacy that while precious little is known about his early life, the trend seems to have persisted even when he was apparently under the glare of significant publicity as the founder Governor-General of Pakistan. His last official event was the inauguration of the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1, 1948. And it was not until a whopping 20 days later that the secretary general of the cabinet ordered a physician to report in Ziarat for a patient. When the doctor asked him who the patient was, he was told it was Quaid-e-Azam.

 

No one will ever know what transpired in those 20 days. It is true that there was no medication for tuberculosis at that time; the first vials of Streptomycin were sent to Pakistan courtesy of our ambassador in the USA, M A H Ispahani, to treat the founder of Pakistan. But who advised a pulmonary compromised person to travel to a hill station and make his breathing even more laboured will remain an unanswered question.

 

Colonel Illahi Bakhsh, belonging to the elite Indian medical service, equivalent of the Indian Civil Service in the sector of health, reached Ziarat on July 23, 1948, on the orders of Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, secretary general of the cabinet. Certain preliminary tests performed by his team confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. On September 12, one day after our own 9/11 in 1948, the seemingly brave colonel would burst out crying as he heard a narrative of the funeral of the most distinguished citizen and the Great Leader of Pakistan over radio. Tuberculosis had struck once again and taken away the best of us.

 

In 1949, Colonel Bakhsh would write a book on his experiences in Ziarat, Quetta, and Karachi with Quaid-e-Azam. In a few months’ time, it was banned. In 1976, on the occasion of the centenary of Pakistan’s foremost founding father, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto advised the Quaid-i-Azam Academy to publish some books. The ban on the colonel’s book was withdrawn yet mysteriously revealed very little. Fatima Jinnah’s book My Brother was also allowed publication, but only after two of its pages had been censored for being against the ideology of Pakistan. Those two pages are now quite well read having been published in another book.

 

Without dwelling too much on the uncomfortable details, the only thing that came out clearly in the two books was the trust deficit between the Governor-General and his prime minister. The day after the prime minister and the secretary general of the cabinet came unannounced to see the Governor-General, Jinnah didn’t want to live anymore. There were tears in his eyes, signalling to Illahi Bakhsh that he was losing his patient. On 9/11, Military Secretary Colonel Birnie came to the airport with an ambulance that lacked either fuel or a nurse. Earlier, he had called the prime minister and told him not to come to the aerodrome. There was nobody else from the Government of Pakistan. Under whose orders was the military secretary working and why is not known even to this day.

 

Colonel Illahi Bakhsh has expressed his helplessness as the driver fiddled with the engine for about twenty minutes, but the ambulance would not start in the oppressive heat and flies around the refugee camps. His nurse, Sister Phyllis Dunham, later recalled how she found a piece of cardboard and fanned Jinnah’s face to keep the flies away. “I was alone with him for a few minutes and he made a gesture I shall never forget. He moved his arm free of the sheet, and placed his hand on my arm. He did not speak, but there was such a look of gratitude in his eyes. It was all the reward I needed, for anything I had done. His soul was in his eyes at that moment.”

 

The plane had landed at Mauripur at 4:15 pm. It took two hours to reach the Government House. At around 9:45 pm, the colonel said reassuringly to Quaid-e-Azam, “Sir, we have given you an injection to strengthen you, and it will soon have effect. God willing, you are going to live.” True to his spirit, Jinnah shook his head and said faintly, “No, I am not.” Jinnah never spoke again. A few minutes later, he passed away. It remained for the unfortunate nation, kept in ignorance, to mourn his death. And the few who knew also wept with them.

 

As we observe the 71st death anniversary of our great leader, let us not forget the ravages of tuberculosis in our own national life. But for tuberculosis the course of our national life could have been much different, the foundations of the state laid along solid lines.It is a problem that we swept under the carpet for too long, and finally accepted it less than two decades ago. Even today, tuberculosis affects over 500,000, and kills 58,000 of our countrymen every year. Although it can affect anybody, it is essentially a disease of poverty that further perpetuates poverty. We have pledged to address this public health menace in a summit meeting at the United Nations held in September 2018. Let us proceed to do so through more concrete affirmative action. If for no other reason, at least for the sake of our leader whom we will always admire and revere!

 

The writer is a senior public health specialist of Pakistan

Abdullah frères, photographer.

 

[Tuberculosis ward of the Hasköy Hospital for Women]

 

[between 1880 and 1893]

 

1 photographic print : albumen.

 

Notes:

Captioned in Ottoman Turkish and French.

Title translated from album caption.

No. 7.

No. 550.

In album: Hasköy Hospital for Women, fountains, mausoleums, and other buildings and views, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire.

Forms part of: Abdul-Hamid II Collection (Library of Congress).

 

Subjects:

Hospital wards--Turkey--Istanbul--1880-1900.

Hospitals--Turkey--Istanbul--1880-1900.

Sick persons--Turkey--Istanbul--1880-1900.

Stoves--Turkey--Istanbul--1880-1900.

Tuberculosis--Turkey--Istanbul--1880-1900.

Women--Health & welfare--Turkey--Istanbul--1880-1900.

 

Format: Albumen prints--1880-1900.

 

Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.

 

Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

 

More information about the Abdul Hamid Collection is available at www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ahii

 

Persistent URL: hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3g11658

 

Call Number: LOT 9534, no. 7 [item]

Tuberculosis Hospital (1908)

 

Tuberculosis asylum, Blue Mountains.

X-Raying for Tuberculosis

(Original Caption) What is believed to be the largest mass x-raying project in industry ever attempted in the United States got under way on this morning, October 8th, when a group of 1,000 Manhattan fur workers and their families marched before x-ray machines in the Furriers Joint Council of New York auditorium. X-ray machines that could take 200 pictures an hour were used in the huge voluntary tuberculosis detecting program. Here women are in line for the x-ray attendant, who is Sal Morano.

 

Line of Men for X-Ray Experimentation

10/08/1945-New York: What is believed to be the largest mass X-raying project in industry ever attempted in the United States got under way Manhattan fur workers and their families marched before X-Ray machines in the Furriers Joint Council of New York auditorium. X-Ray machines that can take 200 pictures an hour were used in the huge voluntary tuberculosis detection program. Here, Vivian Sansevero, of 1909 52nd St., Brooklyn, NY, has her chest photographed as other women stand in line. X-ray attendant is Sal Morano. ACME Photo.

 

Credit:

Bettmann / Contributor

Editorial #:

514968802

Collection:

Bettmann

Date created:

08 October, 1945

Source:

Bettmann

 

www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/what-is-believed-...

 

One of the brothers in this family caught MDR-Tuberculosis and passed it to the remaining members of the group. I visited them last November to document their story. It was really sad. The boy was fired from his job due to his illness, and they were struggling to make a living. The five people pictured here, along with two others, live in this very very small room in the suburbs of Cairo, Egypt.

 

*image taken for World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office.

 

A clinical trial testing a freeze-dried, temperature-stable experimental tuberculosis (TB) vaccine in healthy adults found that it was safe and stimulated an immune response. Thermostable vaccines are desirable in settings where maintaining cold or frozen vaccines for long periods can be costly and difficult. The Phase 1 trial was supported by NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).

 

Image: Scanning electron micrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which cause TB. Credit: NIAID/NIH

tuberculosistumblrwebsiteinstagram

Edvard Munch (Norwegian 1863-1944)

Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway.

 

======================================================

Edvard Munch is best known as being a Norwegian born, expressionist painter, and printer. In the late 20th century, he played a great role in German expressionism, and the art form that later followed; namely because of the strong mental anguish that was displayed in many of the pieces that he created.

  

Edvard Munch was born in Norway in 1863, and was raised in Christiania (known as Oslo today). He was related to famous painters and artists in their own right, Jacob Munch (painter), and Peter Munch (historian).

  

Only a few years after he was born, Edvard Munch's mother died of tuberculosis in 1868, and he was raised by his father.

  

Edvard's father suffered of mental illness, and this played a role in the way he and his siblings were raised. Their father raised them with the fears of deep seated issues, which is part of the reason why the work of Edvard Munch took a deeper tone, and why the artist was known to have so many repressed emotions as he grew up.

  

In 1885, Edvard Munch traveled to Paris, and was extremely influenced by Impressionists such as Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, and followed by the post-impressionism artists Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, and Paul Gauguin. In fact, the main style of Munch's work is post-impressionism, and focused on this style.

  

From about 1892, to 1908, Munch split most of his time between Paris and Berlin; it was in 1909 that he decided to return to his hometown, and go back to Norway.

  

During this period, much of the work that was created by Edvard Munch depicted his interest in nature, and it was also noted that the tones and colors that he used in these pieces, did add more color, and seemed a bit more cheerful, than most of the previous works he had created in years past.

  

The pessimistic under toning which was quite prominent in much of his earlier works, had faded quite a bit, and it seems he took more of a colorful, playful, and fun tone with the pieces that he was creating, as opposed to the dark and somber style which he tended to work with earlier on during the course of his career.

  

From this period, up to his death, Edvard Munch remained in Norway, and much of his work that was created from this period on, seemed to take on the similar, colorful approach which he had adopted, since returning home in 1909.

  

A majority of the works which Edvard Munch created, were referred to as the style known as symbolism. This is mainly because of the fact that the the paintings he made focused on the internal view of the objects, as opposed to the exterior, and what the eye could see.

  

Symbolist painters believed that art should reflect an emotion or idea rather than represent the natural world in the objective, quasi-scientific manner embodied by Realism and Impressionism. In painting, Symbolism represents a synthesis of form and feeling, of reality and the artist's inner subjectivity.

  

Many of Munch's works depict life and death scenes, love and terror, and the feeling of loneliness was often a feeling which viewers would note that his work patterns focused on.

  

These emotions were depicted by the contrasting lines, the darker colors, blocks of color, somber tones, and a concise and exaggerated form, which depicted the darker side of the art which he was designing.

  

Munch is often and rightly compared with Van Gogh, who was one of the first artists to paint what the French artist called "the mysterious centers of the mind."

  

But perhaps a more overreaching influence was Sigmund Freud, a very close contemporary. Freud explained much human behavior by relating it to childhood experiences.

  

Munch saw his mother die of tuberculosis when he was 5, and his sister Sophie die of the same disease when he was 14. Munch gives the By the Death Bed and Death in the Sickroom a universal cast by not specifically depicting what he had witnessed. Several versions of The Sick Child are surely his sister.

  

Nature is not only all that is visible to the eye... it also includes the inner pictures of the soul.”- Edvard Munch

  

Edvard Munch passed away in 1944, in a small town which was just outside of his home town in Oslo.

  

Upon his death, the works which he had created, were not given to family, but they were instead donated to the Norwegian government, and were placed in museums, in shows, and in various local public buildings in Norway.

  

In fact, after his death, more than 1000 paintings which Edvard Munch had created were donated to the government. In addition to the paintings that he had created during the course of his career, all other art forms he created were also donated to the government.

  

A total of 15,400 prints were donated, 4500 drawings and water color art was donated, and six sculptures which Edvard Munch had created, were all turned over to the Oslo government, and were used as display pieces in many locations.

  

Due to the fact that all of this work which Edvard Munch had created, was donated to the Norwegian government, the country decided to build the Munch Museum of Art.

  

This was done to commemorate his work, his life, and the generosity which he showed, in passing his art work over to the government, so that it could be enjoyed by the general public, rather than be kept locked up by the family.

  

Although the art which he did donate, was spread throughout a number of museums and art exhibits, a majority of them were kept in Oslo.

  

And, most of the works which were donated by Munch, were placed in the Munch Museum of Art, to commemorate the work he did, as well as the unique style, and the distinct movements which he introduced to the world, through the creations which he had crafted.

  

www.edvardmunch.org

TUBERCULOSIS MILIAR

Part of: "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" - Mirror Ground, Spiegel Grund am Steinhof, Annenheim // Esoterik-, Astrologie-Entlarvung Runen

 

DMC-G2 - P1250274 12.1.2012

Henryton Tuberculosis Sanatorium entrance now abandoned and very much in ruins. Lots of mindless vandalism and destruction by fire.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryton_State_Hospital

 

Taken with iPhone, Hipstamatic app.

www.contaminationzone.com/Gallery55.php

Radiograph accompanying the file HOSP/STAN/07/01/02/1855, a patient at Stannington Sanatorium being treated for primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the left lung. Read more about this file on the album description.

 

Date: 1947-1948.

 

This image is part of our Stannington Sanatorium Flickr collection of albums of patient files, as part of our Stannington Sanatorium project. They are from our archive collections at Northumberland Archives. Feel free to share them within the spirit of the Commons. If you have any enquiries or would like copies please contact collections@woodhorn.org.uk for more information.

 

Hasselblad 500CM + Expired Ilford XP2 400

 

Abandoned Sanatorium , used to treath tubercolosis. Founded in 1920 in Serra do Caramulo, Portugal.

www.contaminationzone.com/Gallery55.php

Collection:

Images from the History of Medicine (IHM)

 

Publication:

1959

 

Language(s):

English

 

Format:

Still image

 

Subject(s):

Radiography,

Tuberculosis -- diagnostic imaging.

Emigration and Immigration

Global Health

 

Genre(s):

Pictorial Works

 

Exhibition:

Exhibited: "Images from the History of the Public Health Service," organized by Ronald J. Kostraba, Parklawn Conference Center, 1989.

 

Extent:

1 photographic print : 21 x 26 cm.

 

Technique:

black and white

 

NLM Unique ID:

101447543

 

NLM Image ID:

A018699

 

Permanent Link:

resource.nlm.nih.gov/101447543

About the book

 

In Zambia, due to the rise of tuberculosis and the closely connected HIV epidemic, a large number of children have experienced the illness or death of at least one parent. Children as Caregivers examines how well intentioned practitioners fail to realize that children take on active caregiving roles when their guardians become seriously ill and demonstrates why understanding children’s care is crucial for global health policy.

 

Using ethnographic methods, and listening to the voices of the young as well as adults, Jean Hunleth makes the caregiving work of children visible. She shows how children actively seek to “get closer” to ill guardians by providing good care. Both children and ill adults define good care as attentiveness of the young to adults’ physical needs, the ability to carry out treatment and medication programs in the home, and above all, the need to maintain physical closeness and proximity. Children understand that losing their guardians will not only be emotionally devastating, but that such loss is likely to set them adrift in Zambian society, where education and advancement depend on maintaining familial, reciprocal relationships.

 

Awards

 

Winner of the 2018 Elliott P. Skinner Award from the Association for Africanist Anthropology.

 

Reviews

 

"Hunleth presents a moving, yet clear-eyed, account of children's hitherto unacknowledged caregiving in the tuberculosis and HIV epidemic. Children as Caregivers is a spectacular demonstration of the vital importance of detailed ethnography for policy development."

 

--Anthony Simpson, author of Boys to Men in the Shadow of AIDS: Masculinities and HIV Risk in Zambia

 

"Children as Caregivers: The Global Fight against Tuberculosis and HIV in Zambia by Jean Hunleth is a major contribution to our understanding of how children conceptualize illness as well as negotiate and manage the roles, responsibilities and risks they take on as caregivers in difficult and adverse situations. These are issues that children and families confront in both national and international settings but researchers have only recently begun to address them. Hunleth’s research is a model for how this field should move forward."

 

--Helen Schwartzman, Professor Emerita of Anthropology, Northwestern University

 

About the author

 

Jean Hunleth has worked on issues related to health and infectious disease in Zambia since 1999, when she first lived in rural Eastern Province, Zambia, as a Peace Corps volunteer. Hunleth’s published works focus on children’s caregiving roles, children’s participation in health care programming, research methods for working with children in adversity, and the lived experience of healthcare inequalities in the United States and Zambia. She is a former Fulbright fellow and has received funding for her research and training from the National Science Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the American Association of University Women (AAUW), and the National Institutes of Health. Hunleth holds a doctorate degree in cultural anthropology and a master’s degree in public health from Northwestern University and received postdoctoral training in community-based cancer research at Washington University in St. Louis. She is currently Instructor of Surgery in the Division of Public Health Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. Read more about Jean Hunleth's work.

 

To purchase Children as Caregivers, please visit Rutgers University Press, Amazon. com, www.amazon. uk, BarnesandNoble.com, or other online booksellers. For discount codes, press here.

Miliary tuberculosis can occur when tuberculous lung lesions erode pulmonary veins or when when extrapulmonary tuberculous lesions erode systemic veins.This results in hematogenous dissemination of tubercle bacilli producing myriads of 1-2 mm. lesions throughout the body in susceptible hosts. Miliary spread limited to the lungs can occur following erosion of pulmonary arteries by tuberculous lung lesions.

Monkey diagnosed with TB.

This building now houses the park district gymnastics program, but it originally served as an auditorium...periodically, entertainers came in and put on shows for the sanitarium residents who were well enough to attend.

 

The Chicago Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitarium was founded in 1915, and located on Chicago's northwest side. The grounds included a large facility that had a capacity of 950 residents, along with buildings dedicated to all the services needed to keep the facility up and running. The facility closed in 1974, but the majority of the buildings are still intact. The patient housing complex has been renovated and turned into a senior citizens residential facility, and some of the additional buildings have been repurposed by the park district to serve the adjacent North Park Village Nature Center.

 

If interested to learn more about the sanitarium, check out: francesarcher.com/serial-stories/municipal-tuberculosis-s...

Abandoned hospital in Beelitz, southwest of Berlin.

This chest clinic was built between 1898 and 1930 by the 'Landesversicherungsanstalt' of Berlin and is one of the biggest hospitals in and around Berlin. It is a landmarked hospital complex with over 60 buildings.

 

In the two world wars the hospital was being used for wounded soldiers and Adolf Hitler was a patient in 1916.

 

After WWII the hospital was taken over by the Russian military and served as the biggest Russian hospital outside of the USSR.

 

Today most of the buildings are abandoned but there are plans to renovate parts of it.

 

Famous movies like 'The Pianist' with Adrien Brody and 'Stauffenberg' with Tom Cruise were filmed there.

 

Picture published on the website of histudio Architects.

Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, Siberia, the youngest of 14 children. He studied in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he became a professor of chemistry at the university in 1863. He published his initial periodic table in 1869. Although his table was not the first, his version is the one that had the biggest impact on the scientific community. He also championed the system, defending its validity and devoting time to its elaboration. Mendeleev died just over 100 years ago, in 1907. A statue of him with his table stands in St. Petersburg.

www.researchgate.net/figure/Dimitri-Ivanovich-Mendeleev-w...

---

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev 8 February 1834 – 2 February 1907 [OS 27 January 1834 – 20 January 1907]) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.

 

Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia, to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev (1783–1847) and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva) (1793–1850). His paternal grandfather Pavel Maximovich Sokolov was a Russian Orthodox priest from the Tver region. Ivan, along with his brothers and sisters, obtained new family names while attending the theological seminary. He worked as a school principal and a teacher of fine arts, politics and philosophy at the Tambov and Saratov gymnasiums.

 

Maria Kornilieva came from a well-known dynasty of Tobolsk merchants, founders of the first Siberian printing house who traced their ancestry to Yakov Korniliev, a 17th-century posad man turned a wealthy merchant. In 1889 a local librarian published an article in the Tobolsk newspaper where he claimed that Yakov was a baptized Teleut, an ethnic minority known as "white Kalmyks" at the time. Since no sources were provided and no documented facts of Yakov's life were ever revealed, biographers generally dismiss it as a myth. In 1908, shortly after Mendeleev's death, one of his nieces published Family Chronicles. Memories about D. I. Mendeleev where she voiced "a family legend" about Maria's grandfather who married "a Kyrgyz or Tatar beauty whom he loved so much that when she died, he also died from grief". This, however, contradicts the documented family chronicles, and neither of those legends is supported by Mendeleev's autobiography, his daughter's or his wife's memoirs. Yet some Western scholars still refer to Mendeleev's supposed "Mongol", "Tatar", "Tartarian" or simply "Asian" ancestry as a fact.

 

Mendeleev was raised as an Orthodox Christian, his mother encouraging him to "patiently search divine and scientific truth". His son would later inform that he departed from the Church and embraced a form of "romanticized deism".

 

Mendeleev was the youngest of 17 siblings, of whom "only 14 stayed alive to be baptized" according to Mendeleev's brother Pavel, meaning the others died soon after their birth. The exact number of Mendeleev's siblings differs among sources and is still a matter of some historical dispute. Unfortunately for the family's financial well being, his father became blind and lost his teaching position. His mother was forced to work and she restarted her family's abandoned glass factory. At the age of 13, after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.

 

In 1849, his mother took Mendeleev across Russia from Siberia to Moscow with the aim of getting Mendeleev a higher education. The university in Moscow did not accept him. The mother and son continued to Saint Petersburg to the father's alma mater. The now poor Mendeleev family relocated to Saint Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After graduation, he contracted tuberculosis, causing him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there, he became a science master of the 1st Simferopol Gymnasium. In 1857, he returned to Saint Petersburg with fully restored health.

 

Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. Later in 1861, he published a textbook named Organic Chemistry. This won him the Demidov Prize of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

 

On 4 April 1862 he became engaged to Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva, and they married on 27 April 1862 at Nikolaev Engineering Institute's church in Saint Petersburg (where he taught).

 

Mendeleev became a professor at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and Saint Petersburg State University in 1864, and 1865, respectively. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation "On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol". He achieved tenure in 1867 at St. Petersburg University and started to teach inorganic chemistry, while succeeding Voskresenskii to this post. and by 1871 he had transformed Saint Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research.

 

In 1863, there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at a rate of approximately one per year. Other scientists had previously identified periodicity of elements. John Newlands described a Law of Octaves, noting their periodicity according to relative atomic weight in 1864, publishing it in 1865. His proposal identified the potential for new elements such as germanium. The concept was criticized and his innovation was not recognized by the Society of Chemists until 1887. Another person to propose a periodic table was Lothar Meyer, who published a paper in 1864 describing 28 elements classified by their valence, but with no predictions of new elements.

 

After becoming a teacher in 1867, Mendeleev wrote the definitive textbook of his time: Principles of Chemistry (two volumes, 1868–1870). It was written as he was preparing a textbook for his course. This is when he made his most important discovery. As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to postulate his periodic table; he claimed to have envisioned the complete arrangement of the elements in a dream:

 

I saw in a dream a table where all elements fell into place as required. Awakening, I immediately wrote it down on a piece of paper, only in one place did a correction later seem necessary.

— Mendeleev, as quoted by Inostrantzev

 

Unaware of the earlier work on periodic tables going on in the 1860s, he made the following table:

Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40

Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 88

I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137

 

By adding additional elements following this pattern, Mendeleev developed his extended version of the periodic table. On 6 March 1869, he made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, titled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both atomic weight (now called relative atomic mass) and valence. This presentation stated that

 

The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weight, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.

Elements which are similar regarding their chemical properties either have similar atomic weights (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or have their atomic weights increasing regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).

The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.

The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.

The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.

We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, two elements, analogous to aluminum and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.

The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. (Tellurium's atomic weight is 127.6, and Mendeleev was incorrect in his assumption that atomic weight must increase with position within a period.)

Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.

 

Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements and predicted several new elements to complete the table in a Russian-language journal. Only a few months after, Meyer published a virtually identical table in a German-language journal. Mendeleev has the distinction of accurately predicting the qualities of what he called ekasilicon, ekaaluminium and ekaboron (germanium, gallium and scandium, respectively).

 

For his predicted eight elements, he used the prefixes of eka, dvi, and tri (Sanskrit one, two, three) in their naming. Mendeleev questioned some of the currently accepted atomic weights (they could be measured only with a relatively low accuracy at that time), pointing out that they did not correspond to those suggested by his Periodic Law. He noted that tellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine, but he placed them in the right order, incorrectly predicting that the accepted atomic weights at the time were at fault. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table which were the actinides which were some of the heaviest in atomic weight. Some people dismissed Mendeleev for predicting that there would be more elements, but he was proven to be correct when Ga (gallium) and Ge (germanium) were found in 1875 and 1886 respectively, fitting perfectly into the two missing spaces.

 

By giving Sanskrit names to his "missing" elements, Mendeleev showed his appreciation and debt to the Sanskrit grammarians of ancient India, who had created sophisticated theories of language based on their discovery of the two-dimensional patterns in basic sounds. Mendeleev was a friend and colleague of the Sanskritist Otto von Böhtlingk, who was preparing the second edition of his book on Pāṇini at about this time, and Mendeleev wished to honor Pāṇini with his nomenclature. Noting that there are striking similarities between the periodic table and the introductory Śiva Sūtras in Pāṇini's grammar, Prof. Kiparsky says:

 

[T]he analogies between the two systems are striking. Just as Panini found that the phonological patterning of sounds in the language is a function of their articulatory properties, so Mendeleev found that the chemical properties of elements are a function of their atomic weights.

 

Like Panini, Mendeleev arrived at his discovery through a search for the "grammar" of the elements (using what he called the principle of isomorphism, and looking for general formulas to generate the possible chemical compounds).

 

Just as Panini arranged the sounds in order of increasing phonetic complexity (e.g. with the simple stops k,p... preceding the other stops, and representing all of them in expressions like kU, pU) so Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weights, and called the first row (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon etc.) "typical (or representative) elements".

 

Just as Panini broke the phonetic parallelism of sounds when the simplicity of the system required it, e.g. putting the velar to the right of the labial in the nasal row, so Mendeleev gave priority to isomorphism over atomic weights when they conflicted, e.g. putting beryllium in the magnesium family because it patterns with it even though by atomic weight it seemed to belong with nitrogen and phosphorus. In both cases, the periodicities they discovered would later be explained by a theory of the internal structure of the elements.

 

The original draft made by Mendeleev would be found years later and published under the name Tentative System of Elements.

 

Dmitri Mendeleev is often referred to as the Father of the Periodic Table. He called his table or matrix, "the Periodic System".

 

Later life - Dmitri Mendeleev

 

In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova (on 2 April) in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least seven years before lawful remarriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable Eastern journey of Nicholas II) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and twins from Anna.

 

Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including (in 1882) the Davy Medal from the Royal Society of London (which later also awarded him the Copley Medal in 1905), he resigned from Saint Petersburg University on 17 August 1890. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1892, and in 1893 he was appointed director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures, a post which he occupied until his death.

 

Mendeleev also investigated the composition of petroleum, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia. He recognized the importance of petroleum as a feedstock for petrochemicals. He is credited with a remark that burning petroleum as a fuel "would be akin to firing up a kitchen stove with bank notes".

 

In 1905, Mendeleev was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The following year the Nobel Committee for Chemistry recommended to the Swedish Academy to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1906 to Mendeleev for his discovery of the periodic system. The Chemistry Section of the Swedish Academy supported this recommendation. The Academy was then supposed to approve the Committee's choice, as it has done in almost every case. Unexpectedly, at the full meeting of the Academy, a dissenting member of the Nobel Committee, Peter Klason, proposed the candidacy of Henri Moissan whom he favored. Svante Arrhenius, although not a member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, had a great deal of influence in the Academy and also pressed for the rejection of Mendeleev, arguing that the periodic system was too old to acknowledge its discovery in 1906. According to the contemporaries, Arrhenius was motivated by the grudge he held against Mendeleev for his critique of Arrhenius's dissociation theory. After heated arguments, the majority of the Academy chose Moissan by a margin of one vote. The attempts to nominate Mendeleev in 1907 were again frustrated by the absolute opposition of Arrhenius.

 

In 1907, Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg from influenza. His last words were to his physician: "Doctor, you have science, I have faith," which is possibly a Jules Verne quote.

 

Other achievements

 

Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian Lev Chugaev has characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy." Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.

 

In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium.

 

Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions.

 

Mendeleev Medal

 

In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while in 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.

 

Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.

 

He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.

 

Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth – see Abiogenic petroleum origin. He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin." (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877).

 

Intellectual activities beyond chemistry

 

Beginning in the 1870s, he published widely beyond chemistry, looking at aspects of Russian industry, and technical issues in agricultural productivity. He explored demographic issues, sponsored studies of the Arctic Sea, tried to measure the value of chemical fertilizers, and promoted the a merchant navy. He was especially active in promoting the Russian petroleum industry, making careful detail comparisons with the more advanced industry in Pennsylvania. He joined in the debate about the scientific claims of spiritualism, arguing that metaphysical idealism was no more than ignorant superstition. He bemoaned the widespread acceptance of spiritualism in Russian culture, and its negative effects on the study of science. Although he was not well grounded in economic theory, he helped convince the Ministry of Finance in 1887-1891 to impose a temporary tariff in 1891 which, based on his wide travels in Europe, suggested it would allow Russian industry to mature faster. After resigning his professorship at at St. Petersburg University following a dispute with officials at the Ministry of Education in 1907, he became director of Russia's Central Bureau of Weights and Measures, he led the way to standardize fundamental prototypes and measurement procedures. He set up an inspection system, and introduced the metric system to Russia.

 

Vodka myth

 

A very popular Russian story is that it was Mendeleev who came up with the 40% standard strength of vodka in 1894, after having been appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures with the assignment to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka. This story has, for instance, been used in marketing claims by the Russian Standard vodka brand that "In 1894, Dmitri Mendeleev, the greatest scientist in all Russia, received the decree to set the Imperial quality standard for Russian vodka and the 'Russian Standard' was born", or that the vodka is "compliant with the highest quality of Russian vodka approved by the royal government commission headed by Mendeleev in 1894".

 

While it is true that Mendeleev in 1892 became head of the Archive of Weights and Measures in Saint Petersburg, and evolved it into a government bureau the following year, that institution was never involved in setting any production quality standards, but was issued with standardising Russian trade weights and measuring instruments. Furthermore, the 40% standard strength was already introduced by the Russian government in 1843, when Mendeleev was nine years old.

 

The basis for the whole story is a popular myth that Mendeleev's 1865 doctoral dissertation "A Discourse on the combination of alcohol and water" contained a statement that 38% is the ideal strength of vodka, and that this number was later rounded to 40% to simplify the calculation of alcohol tax. However, Mendeleev's dissertation was about alcohol concentrations over 70% and he never wrote anything about vodka.

 

Commemoration

Bust of Mendeleev in the city of Mendeleyevsk, Tatarstan

 

A number of places and objects are associated with the name and achievements of the scientist.

 

In Saint Petersburg his name was given to D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, the National Metrology Institute,[ dealing with establishing and supporting national and worldwide standards for precise measurements. Next to it there is a monument to him that consists of his sitting statue and a depiction of his periodic table on the wall of the establishment.

 

In the Twelve Collegia building, now being the centre of Saint Petersburg State University and in Mendeleev's time – Head Pedagogical Institute – there is Dmitry Mendeleev's Memorial Museum Apartment with his archives. The street in front of these is named after him as Mendeleevskaya liniya (Mendeleev Line).

 

In Moscow, there is the D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia.

 

After him was also named mendelevium, which is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the atomic number 101. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, usually synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles.

 

The mineral mendeleevite-Ce, Cs6(Ce22Ca6)(Si70O175)(OH,F)14(H2O)21, was named in Mendeleev's honor in 2010. The related species mendeleevite-Nd, Cs6[(Nd,REE)23Ca7](Si70O175)(OH,F)19(H2O)16, was described in 2015.

 

A large lunar impact crater Mendeleev, that is located on the far side of the Moon, also bears the name of the scientist.

 

The Russian Academy of Sciences has occasionally awarded a Mendeleev Golden Medal since 1965 (Wikipedia).

 

Tuberculosis Hospital Dormitories.

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On a hillside somewhere in Norway, overlooking a beautiful fjord, lays this abandoned building. A majestic sanatorium built to heal and cure people with tuberculosis. It opened in 1902 with 96 beds. After several renovations the maximum number of patients that could be treated was 150 in 1950.

 

Tuberculosis is an often deadly infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs. One of the treatment methods for tuberculosis was the constant exposure of fresh air. Even during the wintertime the patients laid in their beds outside underneath a shelter.

 

After WW2 effective medicines against tuberculosis were invented, people were vaccinated and the sanatorium shut down. Between 1950 and 1990 it was used as a psychiatric hospital and then the place was used as a reception center for refugees from the Balkan war. In 1994 it was abandoned completely.

 

Explored together with MartinW and ThomasP.

 

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If you are inspired to do urban exploration after seeing my pictures, do so at your own risk. It can be dangerous and illegal and I'm not responsible for your decisions and actions. Don't steal things, break in or vandalize places.

The largest known cave system in the world, the Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System, as of 2022, has 426 miles of documented passages, and sits beneath the ground in Mammoth Cave National Park, established in 1941, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981, the only designation in the state of Kentucky. The park is also an International Biosphere Reserve, designated in 1990, and an International Dark Sky Park, designated in 2021. The Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave System formed in Mississippian Limestone rock underneath a Big Clifty Sandstone cap, which has formed several stable arched passages of varying sizes from the intrusion of water into the rock layers, with the less porous sandstone cap preventing water intrusion at most locations, which have kept the caverns beneath intact and stable for eons. The water that passes through the cave system drains into the adjacent Green River, and has continuously eroded deeper into the rock along with the river. The cave is home to endemic species of organisms that have adapted to the dark conditions within the cave system. The cave system was known to indigenous people, whom mined gypsum from the walls of the caves and explored the caves, with human remains, signs of human activity, and artifacts from their presence in the cave. The cave became known to European settlers in the 1790s, and it started being mined by Valentine Simon for saltpeter to create gunpowder in 1798, with the mining activities intensifying around the time of the War of 1812, and becoming an industrial-scale operation under the ownership of Charles Wilkins and Hyman Gratz, whom used slave labor to exploit the cave’s resources. In 1838, with the decline in value of saltpeter, the cave was sold to Franklin Gorin, whom operated the cave as a tourist attraction, but was sold to Doctor John Croghan the following year. Under Gorin and Croghan, Black slaves served as tour guides for visitors, with Stephen Bishop being the most notable of these guides. Bishop made many maps of the caves during the 1840s and 1850s, and was the first known person to cross Bottomless Pit and discover the River Styx and Mammoth Dome on the other side. Croghan attempted to run a Tuberculosis Hospital within the cave in 1842-1843, believing the stable temperatures and air would assist patients, but this was short lived. In 1886, the Mammoth Cave Railroad was built between Park City and the historic Mammoth Cave Hotel, which operated until 1931. The caves were mapped more accurately by German visitor Max Kämper in 1908, whom mapped the surface topography and used instruments to document the cave, allowing for the opening of new entrances to the caverns from the surface and being the most accurate maps of the caves until the 1960s. Sadly, this was not appreciated by the Croghan family, whose historic cavern entrance was threatened in status by these maps, and Kämper returned to Germany, where he died as a soldier during World War I’s Battle of the Somme in 1916. Starting in the 1920s, the land around the caves was purchased by the private Mammoth Cave National Park Association, with the park being officially authorized in 1926. Between 1933 and 1942, the park’s landscape was reforested and infrastructure was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), part of the New Deal. Between 1954 and 1972, the cave system was further explored, culminating in the connection between the longer Flint Ridge System and wider Mammoth Cave being found, making it the longest known cave system in the world. Today, the park sees about half a million visitors annually, and contains the majority of the Mammoth-Flint Ridge Cave system, with some portions of the system extending east of the park’s boundaries under privately-owned land.

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Tuberculosis is spread from person to person by sneezing or coughing and almost always affects the lungs.

 

La tuberculosis se transmite de persona a persona por la tos y los estornudos o casi siempre afecta a los pulmones.

Radiograph accompanying the file HOSP/STAN/07/01/02/2697, a patient at Stannington Sanatorium being treated for primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis after the introduction of antibiotics at the sanatorium. Read more about this file on the album description.

 

Date: 1952 -1954.

 

This image is part of our Stannington Sanatorium Flickr collection of albums of patient files, as part of our Stannington Sanatorium project. They are from our archive collections at Northumberland Archives. Feel free to share them within the spirit of the Commons. If you have any enquiries or would like copies please contact collections@woodhorn.org.uk for more information.