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Identification: Vusi Mbokane
Caption: The CIDA ICT Academy was founded in 2003 with support from Cisco. It has become a pipeline for graduates interested in technology and for businesses seeking skilled workers.
Secretary of State Kathy Boockvar speaking with the press. Building on his criminal justice reforms and fulfilling a recommendation to modernize job licensing, Governor Tom Wolf today signed Senate Bill 637, which removes outdated licensing barriers so skilled workers with criminal records can get a second chance and start good careers. The governor has advocated for sweeping changes to the licensing process for years. Harrisburg, PA – July 1, 2020
Roayals Footwear is the Best Footwear Company in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Roayals Footwear Deals With Extreme Verity of Men, Ladies, Kids, Women Fashion Footwear. These Footwear are Known for Their Resistance, Flexibility, Durability, Comfort. Roayals Footwear Provide These Following Footwear Category Air Sandals And Slippers, Moccasin Shoes, And Casual Belly for Men, Women And Kids. Every Product of Roayals Fashion Footwear is Manufactured With Outstanding Quality of Raw Material, Skilled Workers the product are made of the basis of Fashion trends.
Six skilled workers labour with members of 10 beneficiary families to build each house provided by PWRDF partner NCCP to families who lost their homes in Typhoon Haiyan last year.
257 Western Ave, St Johnsbury, VT
Built 1919, remodeled 1927, addition built 1942
Now the St. Johnsbury School:
"Vermont's first, and for many years only, four year vocational school opened on Western Avenue on September 3, 1918. Needing skilled workers during World War I, Fairbanks, Morse & Co. started an all-day co-operative school where your men could learn a skilled trade, earn money and obtain a high-school education. The original building, known as the Casino, was partially remodeled in 1919 and completely remodeled in 1927. The first out-of-town students arrived for vocational training in 1927. The "new" Trade School Building, built in 1942 on the site of Sir Thaddeus Fairbanks' estate, is currently the St. Johnsbury Middle School."
(for further information and pictures please go to the end of page and put the corresponding link under pressure!)
Destruction and Reconstruction
In the battles of the Second World War, the parliament building was severely affected. About half of the building structure was destroyed.
Since November 1918, the parliament building was the seat of the Parliament of the First Republic of Austria. First met Provisional and Constituent National Assembly and later the National Council, Federal Council and the Federal Assembly in the meeting rooms, which had remained unchanged until its destruction in 1945.
Massive damage after two bomb hits
View to the ruined parliament building Stadiongasse corner Reichsratsstrasse. ©
On 7 February 1945 suffered the portico by a bomb hit severe damage. Two columns were completely destroyed and other architectural features heavily affected. Among other things, the edge ceiling structure with a richly gilded coffered ceiling and a magnificent frieze painting were severely damaged. During rebuilding the reconstruction was not happening in the originally by Hansen provided equipment.
Instead of Pavonazzo marble for the wall panel covering Salzburg marble was used. The frieze painting could for the time being not be restored. Only in the 1990s, it was finally possible to restore individual surviving parts.
In addition to destructions in the Chancellery Wing at Ring Road and in the portico especially the mansion tract was marked by the consequences of war.
Redesign of the meeting room of the National Council
Lateral view from the right in the direction of the Presidium, built by the architects Fellerer and Wörle, completed in 1956. ©
The meeting room of the mansion (meeting hall of the National Council) was completely burned out. The marble statues of Greek philosophers and writers and the rich decoration of the hall could not be restored.
Therefore it was decided to make the old mansion boardroom new. The hall should be factual, elegant and above all functional.
The architects Max Fellerer and Eugen Wörle were faced with the task to achieve in the impact of the room a continuation of the main work of Theophil Hansen.
By doing so it was important to put the changing needs of a modern Parliament into consideration.
In the reconstruction of 1945-1956 was attached great importance on the fact the of Hansen desired technical autonomy further to extend and to perfect. The Parliament therefore today disposes over an emergency generator and many other technical features intended to ensure that a continuous power supply and a high degree of independence is guaranteed.
Maintenance of parliamentary operations in times of crisis
For the Austrian parliament supply autonomy is important: even In the event of an extraordinary state of emergency the work of the Austrian People's representatives must go on smoothly.
For National Council and Federal Council, it is important that ever, especially in times of crisis, the material conditions are given for their work.
Therefore, there are, among others, emergency powers (UPS), and many other facilities necessary for the self-sufficiency that are supervised by staff of the Parliamentary Administration. To the number of staff therefore belong not only academics, stenographers, administrative officers, secretaries and officials of the room service, but also the with the maintenance of the building charged technicians and skilled workers.
www.parlament.gv.at/GEBF/ARGE/Baugeschichte/ZerstoerungWi...
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Opened in1942 as Dunbar Trade School, the school was created to provide skilled workers for the war. It was considered as a "vocational branch" of Wendell Phillips High School, considering both schools were predominately African–American. CPS changed the trade school into a public high school in January 1946. Dunbar Vocational High School moved into its present location at 3000 S, King Dr. for the 1956 –1957 school year.
Australian employers are finding themselves having difficulties in filling job vacancies in numerous occupations due to a shortage of skilled workers. Visit nationalvisas.com.au for Australian visa applications.
“The UK has ample offshore wind resources that can provide clean energy for the UK as well as providing new, high-skill jobs for both GE and our suppliers in the UK,” Jeff Immelt said. “GE is ready to invest in the UK and hire the engineers, technologists and other skilled workers needed to make this a reality.” Pictured at No. 10 Downing, from left: Mark Elborne, National Executive for North Europe; Jeff Immelt; and Nani Beccalli-Falco, President and CEO of GE International.
www.gereports.com/offshore-wind-is-in-as-uk-pm-cameron-an...
Medici Chapels.
"The Chapel of the Princes
This Chapel is yet another grand and striking mausoleum erected between 1604 and 1640 by the architect Matteo Nigetti following the designs of Giovanni de Medici, who practised architecture in a semi-professional manner. The Mausoleum, with its large dome and lavish interior ornamented with marble, was conceived to celebrate the power of the Medici dynasty which had successfully ruled Florence for several centuries. The octagonal room designed to contain the bodies of the Grand Dukes is in fact almost entirely covered with semi-precious stones and different-coloured marbles. The sarcophagi of the Grand Dukes are contained in niches and complemented by bronze statues . The inlay of the semi-precious stones, partially executed by highly skilled workers from the laboratories of the Opificio delle Pietre dure (see the related section, below) took several centuries to complete due to the difficulty of obtaining such rare materials that were available only at very high cost.
The interior of the dome was planned originally to be entirely covered with lapis lazuli, but was left incomplete at the end of the Medici period; the frescoes we see today were painted by Pietro Benvenuti in 1828 and feature scenes of the Old and New Testaments; these frescoes were commissioned by the then-reigning Lorraine family."
Ride the rails to fun and adventure in Westward® IV: All Aboard, the fourth chapter in the thrilling real-time strategy franchise from Sandlot Games!
When the patriarchal owner of the Turner Railroad Company goes missing, his children, Anne and Henry, are called upon to uncover the truth behind his disappearance. Protect the family business from greedy bandits as you help the Turners expand their railway to neighboring towns. Rescue kidnapped citizens being held for exorbitant ransoms, battle greedy bandits, and guide your town to fortune and prosperity in Westward IV: All Aboard!
• 36 buildings, including all-new upgrades and features
• Train skilled workers to add building bonuses
• Produce town goods to sell at the train station
• Unlock secret items and characters hidden throughout Westward IV
Another American Cyanamid card. I don't know where I got these. "Millions of eggs are used in virus research and production, each one handled individually. Here, ehhs are injected by a skilled worker. From egg embryos such products as typhus, influenza, fowl pox, rabies and hog cholera (!) vaccines are made."
The trade guild is an institution of vocational training. One of its requirements is that the young trainees must travel for several years in order to enrich their professional and human knowledge. This is known as the “Tour de France” (Tour of France).
After several centuries of existence, the guild continues today — now made up of 3 sections which continue to offer complete vocational training.
In each city, the young trainee is lives with the head of his guild section, who finds an employer for him. There he improves his level of technical skill. In the evenings he takes classes. After a few years, he will have to present a masterwork to an assembly of guild masters who will assess his professional and personal skills. After passing this examination, he will be accepted to the guild.
Historians date the beginning of the first trade guilds to the Middle Ages during the construction of cathedrals, monasteries and castles. Skilled workers — stone masons and carpenters — moved from site to site. They would have sought each other out to adopt a system of rules and customs for each trade.
The principal contribution of the guild, through the centuries, was to offer highly skilled labor as a result of its training system. The guild members also knew how to assess wages and appropriate working conditions — and did not hesitate to organize a strike if needed. When a member was in difficulty, his guild came to his assistance with relief funds. The trade guild succeeded in surviving the centuries, preserving its traditions and its knowledge while adapting to the changes in the working world.
Roayals Footwear is the Best Footwear Company in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Roayals Footwear Deals With Extreme Verity of Men, Ladies, Kids, Women Fashion Footwear. These Footwear are Known for Their Resistance, Flexibility, Durability, Comfort. Roayals Footwear Provide These Following Footwear Category Air Sandals And Slippers, Moccasin Shoes, And Casual Belly for Men, Women And Kids. Every Product of Roayals Fashion Footwear is Manufactured With Outstanding Quality of Raw Material, Skilled Workers the product are made of the basis of Fashion trends.
Roayals Footwear is the Best Footwear Company in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Roayals Footwear Deals With Extreme Verity of Men, Ladies, Kids, Women Fashion Footwear. These Footwear are Known for Their Resistance, Flexibility, Durability, Comfort. Roayals Footwear Provide These Following Footwear Category Air Sandals And Slippers, Moccasin Shoes, And Casual Belly for Men, Women And Kids. Every Product of Roayals Fashion Footwear is Manufactured With Outstanding Quality of Raw Material, Skilled Workers the product are made of the basis of Fashion trends.
The Australian Skills Management Institute delivers industry-relevant training, qualifications and workforce development services to meet the demand for skilled workers. Visit Asia.edu.au for more details.
Governor Charlie Baker, Lt. Governor Karyn Polito and Secretary of Education James Peyser join state and local officials to announce investments totaling more than $120 million to four public colleges and universities to renovate and expand campus facilities that further students’ skills in STEM fields during an event at Salem State University in Salem on April 13, 2022. Salem State University, Massasoit Community College, Springfield Technical Community College, and the University of Massachusetts Lowell will each receive $30 million for major capital projects that will modernize campus facilities to support STEM instruction and expand the number of skilled workers in key STEM occupations in the Commonwealth. The improvements will increase enrollment capacity in these programs by about 2,000 students. [Joshua Qualls/Governor’s Press Office]
Premier Danielle Smith spoke to the Calgary Catholic Immigration Society (CCIS) in Calgary on Wednesday, March 6, 2024.
The Premier discussed the Alberta government’s partnership with CCIS, the shortage of skilled workers in Alberta's trades sector, and the Alberta government’s vision for the trades in the province. (photography by Chris Schwarz/Government of Alberta)
Jim Dinan, President & CEO, Bel-Aire Mechanical
"Arizona's energy efficiency sector employs about 40,000 people. As a mechanical contractor that provides HVAC systems, we employ skilled workers to install these systems.
Lat. 42° N.; Long. 71° W.
21-(16773)
SKILLED WORKERS MANUFACTURING JEWEILRY,
PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND
Most people decorate themselves with some form of jewelry. It may be a tie pin, cuff links, brooch, fancy hairpin or hatpin, a breastpin, a ring or bracelet – or what not? This is true the world round. Some wise man said that the more nearly one approached the savage state, the more jewelry he wore. It is likely that this man, somewhere about his clothing, found use for a piece of jewelry. It is true, however, that savages are especially fond of ornaments.
You recall that the American Indians were especially fond of beads. The Central African believes in wearing a large copper or brass ring in his nose. Other tribes of savages pierce the lips with some kind of bar or pin which supports a ring or spangle. Finger rings are worn by peoples in all states of civilization.
In our own country the making of jewelry has become centered in southern New England, particularly in Rhode Island. This is due to the fact that the work in this industry is done mostly by hand. It follows then that it must be carried on where the population is dense. New England has this large city population and it has also the other facilities needed for factories, such as railroads and water power.
Here you are shown how jewelry is made in one of the factories in Providence, R. I. Skill, care, and patience are all required of these busy workers. You will observe on the tables the tools of the trade. Gas jets are needed to heat the metals, and bowls of water for rapid cooling. Here, too, are hammers, forceps, saws, tweezers, – all the finer tools that you see in any jewelry store in your home town. Providence is the largest center of jewelry manufacture in the United States.
1. ROSALIA MERA (Age 69)
$6.1 billion, Spain
Zara, Fashion Retail
Young Rosalia Mera dropped out of elementary school at age 11, to work as a seamstress. When she married in 1966, the skilled worker then helped her new husband Amancio Ortega design and make dressing gowns and lingerie in their...
top10sglobal.com/top-10-richest-self-made-women-billionai...
Attending the EuroSkills Budapest Conference on 27 September 2018, EUROCHAMBRES President Christoph Leitl underlined the importance that education and training is in tune with the skills needs of the private sector.
As the economy evolves faster than ever due to technological breakthroughs, curricula content and the way it is delivered must prepare young people for emerging new opportunities and enable them to adapt to future needs that cannot yet be predicted.
The last edition of EUROCHAMBRES’ annual economic survey of over 50.000 businesses across Europe revealed a lack of skilled workers one of the greatest challenges. This is in line with a longer term trend, as the skills mismatch issue has been a problem for several years, in times of both high and low unemployment. “We have more graduates than ever in Europe and incredibly talented young people entering the labour force. But what good is this if they cannot find work and employers cannot find staff with the right skills? We must do better in ensuring that education prepares young people for current and emerging employment opportunities”, President Leitl said.
Euroskills plays an important role in addressing this persistent skills mismatch across Europe by showcasing the professional skills sought by many employers across a wide range of sectors. It is also based on a pan-European approach, which Chambers consider an important element in matching supply and demand. “Employers, policy-makers and educators must work together to ensure that vocational education is perceived by young people as a positive option that opens up excellent career opportunities and offers an international perspective. Euroskills is a fantastic way to do this”, President Leitl stated.
Professional training must be dynamic, not static
A World Economic Forum report this month set out how the labour market is set for radical changes as technological advances and artificial intelligence accelerate. President Leitl argued that this underlines the need for reforms: “The economy is evolving faster than ever, but unfortunately our education and training systems generally are not keeping up. Curricula must adapt based on feedback from the economy and so must the way in which curricula is taught. As well as acquiring technical skills, young people need transversal skills that will allow them to adapt throughout their career”.
EUROCHAMBRES calls in particular for the development of more effective vocational training and apprenticeship schemes in many member states, for the closer involvement of businesses in the design of curricula and for more dynamic and interoperable skills forecasting tools to be developed across Europe.
Peter I commonly known as Peter the Great, was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V until 1696. From this year, Peter was an absolute monarch who remained the ultimate authority. His methods were often harsh and autocratic.
Most of Peter's reign was consumed by long wars against the Ottoman and Swedish Empires. Despite initial difficulties, the wars were ultimately successful and led to expansion to the Sea of Azov and the Baltic Sea, thus laying the groundwork for the Imperial Russian Navy. His victory in the Great Northern War ended Sweden's era as a great power and its domination of the Baltic region while elevating Russia's standing to the extent it came to be acknowledged as an empire. Peter led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernized, and based on radical Enlightenment.
In 1700, he introduced the Gregorian calendar but the Russian Orthodox Church was particularly resistant to this change; they wanted to maintain its distinct identity and avoid appearing influenced by Catholic practices.[citation needed] In 1703, he introduced the first Russian newspaper, Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti, and ordered the civil script, a reform of Russian orthography largely designed by himself. He founded the city of Saint Petersburg on the shore of the Neva as a "window to the West" in May 1703. In 1712 Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, where it remained – with only a brief interruption – until 1918. He promoted higher education and industrialization in the Russian Empire.
Peter had a great interest in plants, animals and minerals, in malformed creatures or exceptions to the law of nature for his cabinet of curiosities. He encouraged research of deformities, all along trying to debunk the superstitious fear of monsters. The Russian Academy of Sciences and the Saint Petersburg State University were founded in 1724, a year before his death.
Peter is primarily credited with the modernization of the country, transforming it into a major European power. His administrative reforms, creating a Governing Senate in 1711, the Collegium in 1717 and the Table of Ranks in 1722 had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign.
Early life
Peter was named after the apostle. He grew up at Izmaylovo Estate and was educated from an early age by several tutors commissioned by his father, Tsar Alexis of Russia, most notably Nikita Zotov, Patrick Gordon, and Paul Menesius. On 29 January 1676, Alexis died, leaving the sovereignty to Peter's elder half-brother, the weak and sickly Feodor III of Russia. Throughout this period, the government was largely run by Artamon Matveev, an enlightened friend of Alexis, the political head of the Naryshkin family and one of Peter's greatest childhood benefactors.
This position changed when Feodor died in 1682. As Feodor did not leave any children, a dispute arose between the Miloslavsky family (Maria Miloslavskaya was the first wife of Alexis I) and Naryshkin family (Natalya Naryshkina was his second) over who should inherit the throne. He jointly ruled with his elder half-brother, Ivan V, until 1696. Ivan, was next in line but was chronically ill and of infirm mind. Consequently, the Boyar Duma (a council of Russian nobles) chose the 10-year-old Peter to become Tsar, with his mother as regent.
This arrangement was brought before the people of Moscow, as ancient tradition demanded, and was ratified. Sophia, one of Alexis' daughters from his first marriage, led a rebellion of the Streltsy (Russia's elite military corps) in April–May 1682. In the subsequent conflict, some of Peter's relatives and friends were murdered, including Artamon Matveyev, and Peter witnessed some of these acts of political violence.
The Streltsy made it possible for Sophia, the Miloslavskys (the clan of Ivan) and their allies to insist that Peter and Ivan be proclaimed joint Tsars, with Ivan being acclaimed as the senior. Sophia then acted as regent during the minority of the sovereigns and exercised all power. For seven years, she ruled as an autocrat. A large hole was cut in the back of the dual-seated throne used by Ivan and Peter. Sophia would sit behind the throne and listen as Peter conversed with nobles, while feeding him information and giving him responses to questions and problems. He lived at Preobrazhenskoye. This throne can be seen in the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.
At the age of 16, Peter discovered an English boat on the estate, had it restored and learned to sail. He received a sextant, but did not know how to use the instrument. Therefore, he began a search for a foreign expert in the German Quarter. Peter befriended two Dutch carpenters, Frans Timmerman and Karsten Brandt, and several other foreigners in Russian service. Peter studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences. He was not interested in a musical education but seems to have liked fireworks and drumming.
Peter was not particularly concerned that others ruled in his name. He engaged in such pastimes as shipbuilding and sailing, as well as mock battles with his toy army. Peter's mother sought to force him to adopt a more conventional approach and arranged his marriage to Eudoxia Lopukhina in 1689. The marriage was a failure, and ten years later Peter forced his wife to become a nun and thus freed himself from the union.
By the summer of 1689, Peter, planned to take power from his half-sister Sophia, whose position had been weakened by two unsuccessful Crimean campaigns against the Crimean Khanate in an attempt to stop devastating Crimean Tatar raids into Russia's southern lands. When she learned of his designs, Sophia conspired with some leaders of the Streltsy, who continually aroused disorder and dissent. Peter, warned by others from the Streltsy, escaped in the middle of the night to the impenetrable monastery of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra; there he slowly gathered adherents who perceived he would win the power struggle. Sophia was eventually overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-tsars. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name and her position as a member of the royal family.
Still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. Power was instead exercised by his mother, Natalya Naryshkina. It was only when Natalya died in 1694 that Peter, then aged 22, became an independent sovereign. Formally, Ivan V was a co-ruler with Peter, though being ineffective. Peter became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696 without male offspring, two years later.
Peter grew to be extremely tall, especially for the time period, reportedly standing 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m). Peter had noticeable facial tics, and he may have suffered from petit mal seizures, a form of epilepsy. Meanwhile, he was a frequent guest in German quarter, where he met Anna and Willem Mons.
Ideology of Peter's reign
As a young man, Peter I adopted the Protestant model of existence in a pragmatic world of competition and personal success, which largely shaped the philosophy of his reformism. He perceived the Russian people as rude, unintelligent, stubborn in their sluggishness, a child, a lazy student. He highly appreciated the state's role in the life of society, saw it as an ideal instrument for achieving high goals, saw it as a universal institution for transforming people, with the help of violence and fear, into educated, conscious, law-abiding and useful to the whole society subjects.
He introduced into the concept of the autocrat's power the notion of the monarch's duties. He considered it necessary to take care of his subjects, to protect them from enemies, to work for their benefit. Above all, he put the interests of Russia. He saw his mission in turning it into a power similar to Western countries, and subordinated his own life and the lives of his subjects to the realization of this idea. Gradually penetrated the idea that the task should be solved with the help of reforms, which will be carried out at the autocrat's will, who creates good and punishes evil. He considered the morality of a statesman separately from the morality of a private person and believed that the sovereign in the name of state interests can go to murder, violence, forgery and deceit.
He went through the naval service, starting from the lowest ranks: bombardier (1695), captain (1696), colonel (1706), schout-bij-nacht (1709), vice-admiral (1714), admiral (1721). By hard daily work (according to the figurative expression of Peter the Great himself, he was simultaneously "forced to hold a sword and a quill in one right hand") and courageous behavior he demonstrated to his subjects his personal positive example, showed how to act, fully devoting himself to the fulfillment of duty and service to the fatherland.
Reign
Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Heavily influenced by his advisors from Western Europe, Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. He faced much opposition to these policies at home but brutally suppressed rebellions against his authority, including by the Streltsy, Bashkirs, Astrakhan, and the greatest civil uprising of his reign, the Bulavin Rebellion.
Peter implemented social modernization in an absolute manner by introducing French and western dress to his court and requiring courtiers, state officials, and the military to shave their beards and adopt modern clothing styles. One means of achieving this end was the introduction of taxes for long beards and robes in September 1698.
In his process to westernize Russia, he wanted members of his family to marry other European royalty. In the past, his ancestors had been snubbed at the idea, but now, it was proving fruitful. He negotiated with Frederick William, Duke of Courland to marry his niece, Anna Ivanovna. He used the wedding in order to launch his new capital, St Petersburg, where he had already ordered building projects of westernized palaces and buildings. Peter hired Italian and German architects to design it.
As part of his reforms, Peter started an industrialization effort that was slow but eventually successful. Russian manufacturing and main exports were based on the mining and lumber industries. For example, by the end of the century Russia came to export more iron than any other country in the world.
To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought more maritime outlets. His only outlet at the time was the White Sea at Arkhangelsk. The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by Sweden in the north, while the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea were controlled by the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire respectively in the south.
Peter attempted to acquire control of the Black Sea, which would require expelling the Tatars from the surrounding areas. As part of an agreement with Poland that ceded Kiev to Russia, Peter was forced to wage war against the Crimean Khan and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of Azov, near the Don River. In the summer of 1695 Peter organized the Azov campaigns to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure.
Peter returned to Moscow in November 1695 and began building a large navy in Voronezh. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year.
Grand Embassy
Peter knew that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone. In 1697, he traveled "incognito" to Western Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation–the so-called "Grand Embassy". He used a fake name, allowing him to escape social and diplomatic events, but since he was far taller than most others, he could not fool anyone. One goal was to seek the aid of European monarchs, but Peter's hopes were dashed. France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and Austria was eager to maintain peace in the east while conducting its own wars in the west. Peter, furthermore, had chosen an inopportune moment: the Europeans at the time were more concerned about the War of the Spanish Succession over who would succeed the childless King Charles II of Spain than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan.
In Königsberg, the Tsar was apprenticed for two months to an artillery engineer. In July he met Sophia of Hanover at Coppenbrügge castle. She described him: "The tsar is a tall, handsome man, with an attractive face. He has a lively mind is very witty. Only, someone so well endowed by nature could be a little better mannered." Peter rented a ship in Emmerich am Rhein and sailed to Zaandam, where he arrived on 18 August 1697. He studied saw-mills, manufacturing and shipbuilding but left after a week. Through the mediation of Nicolaas Witsen, an expert on Russia, the Tsar was given the opportunity to gain practical experience in shipyard, belonging to the Dutch East India Company, for a period of four months, under the supervision of Gerrit Claesz Pool. The diligent and capable Tsar assisted in the construction of an East Indiaman ship Peter and Paul specially laid down for him. During his stay the Tsar engaged many skilled workers such as builders of locks, fortresses, shipwrights, and seamen—including Cornelis Cruys, a vice-admiral who became, under Franz Lefort, the Tsar's advisor in maritime affairs. Peter later put his knowledge of shipbuilding to use in helping build Russia's navy.
Peter felt that the ship's carpenters in Holland worked too much by eye and lacked accurate construction drawings. On 11 January 1698 (Old Style) Peter arrived at Victoria Embankment with four chamberlains, three interpreters, two clock makers, a cook, a priest, six trumpeters, 70 soldiers from the Preobrazhensky regiment, four dwarfs and a monkey. Peter stayed at 21 Norfolk Street, Strand and met with King William III and Gilbert Burnet, attended a session of the Royal Society, received a doctorate from Oxford University, trained a telescope on Venus at the Greenwich Observatory, and saw a Fleet Review by Royal Navy at Deptford. He studied the English techniques of city-building he would later use to great effect at Saint Petersburg. At the end of April 1698 he left after learning to make watches, carpenting coffins and posing for Sir Godfrey Kneller.
The Embassy next went to Leipzig, Dresden, Prague and Vienna. Peter spoke with Augustus II the Strong and Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.[18] Peter's visit was cut short, when he was forced to rush home by a rebellion of the Streltsy. The rebellion was easily crushed before Peter returned home; of the Tsar's troops, only one was killed. Peter nevertheless acted ruthlessly towards the mutineers. Over one thousand two hundred of the rebels were tortured and executed, and Peter ordered that their bodies be publicly exhibited as a warning to future conspirators. The Streltsy were disbanded, some of the rebels were deported to Siberia, and the individual they sought to put on the Throne — Peter's half-sister Sophia — was forced to become a nun.
Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to wear European clothing and cut off their long beards, causing his Boyars, who were very fond of their beards, great upset. Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual beard tax of one hundred rubles. Peter also sought to end arranged marriages, which were the norm among the Russian nobility, because he thought such a practice was barbaric and led to domestic violence, since the partners usually resented each other.
In 1698, Peter I instituted a beard tax to modernize Russian society. In the same year Peter sent a delegation to Malta, under boyar Boris Sheremetev, to observe the training and abilities of the Knights of Malta and their fleet. Sheremetev investigated the possibility of future joint ventures with the Knights, including action against the Turks and the possibility of a future Russian naval base. On 12 September 1698, Peter officially founded the first Russian Navy base, Taganrog on the Sea of Azov.
In 1699, Peter changed the date of the celebration of the new year from 1 September to 1 January. Traditionally, the years were reckoned from the purported creation of the World, but after Peter's reforms, they were to be counted from the birth of Christ. Thus, in the year 7207 of the old Russian calendar, Peter proclaimed that the Julian Calendar was in effect and the year was 1700. On the death of Lefort in 1699, Menshikov succeeded him as Peter's prime favourite and confidant. In 1701, the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation was founded; for fifteen years, not only naval officers, but also surveyors, engineers, and gunners were educated there.
Great Northern War
First Winter Palace
Peter made a temporary peace with the Ottoman Empire that allowed him to keep the captured fort of Azov, and turned his attention to Russian maritime supremacy. He sought to acquire control of the Baltic Sea, which had been taken by the Swedish Empire a half-century earlier. Peter declared war on Sweden, which was at the time led by the young King Charles XII. Sweden was also opposed by Denmark–Norway, Saxony, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Preobrazhensky regiment took part in all major battles of the Great Northern War.
Russia was ill-prepared to fight the Swedes, and their first attempt at seizing the Baltic coast ended in disaster at the Battle of Narva in 1700. In the conflict, the forces of Charles XII, rather than employ a slow methodical siege, attacked immediately using a blinding snowstorm to their advantage. After the battle, Charles XII decided to concentrate his forces against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which gave Peter time to reorganize the Russian army. He invited Nicolaas Bidloo to organize a military hospital. In 1701, Peter the Great signed a decree on the opening of Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation.
While the Poles fought the Swedes, Peter founded the city of Saint Petersburg on 29 June 1703, in Ingermanland (a province of the Swedish Empire that he had captured). It was named after his patron saint Saint Peter. He forbade the building of stone edifices outside Saint Petersburg, which he intended to become Russia's capital, so that all stonemasons could participate in the construction of the new city. Peter moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built along the Neva he lived in a modest three-room log cabin (with a study but without a fire-place) which had to make room for the first version of the Winter palace. The first buildings which appeared were the Peter and Paul Fortress, a shipyard at the Admiralty and Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Following several defeats, Polish King Augustus II the Strong abdicated in 1706. Swedish king Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708. After crossing into Russia, Charles defeated Peter at Golovchin in July. In the Battle of Lesnaya, Charles suffered his first loss after Peter crushed a group of Swedish reinforcements marching from Riga. Deprived of this aid, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow.
Charles XII refused to retreat to Poland or back to Sweden and instead invaded Ukraine. Peter withdrew his army southward, employing scorched earth, destroying along the way anything that could assist the Swedes. Deprived of local supplies, the Swedish army was forced to halt its advance in the winter of 1708–1709. In the summer of 1709, they resumed their efforts to capture Russian-ruled Ukraine, culminating in the Battle of Poltava on 27 June. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Swedish forces, ending Charles' campaign in Ukraine and forcing him south to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Russia had defeated what was considered to be one of the world's best militaries, and the victory overturned the view that Russia was militarily incompetent. In Poland, Augustus II was restored as King.
Peter, overestimating the support he would receive from his Balkan allies, attacked the Ottoman Empire, initiating the Russo-Turkish War of 1710. Peter's campaign in the Ottoman Empire was disastrous, and in the ensuing Treaty of the Pruth, Peter was forced to return the Black Sea ports he had seized in 1697. In return, the Sultan expelled Charles XII.
The Ottomans called him Mad Peter (Turkish: deli Petro), for his willingness to sacrifice large numbers of his troops in wartime. Peter I loved all sorts of rarities and curiosities. In 1704 Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a child with Ethiopian origin, was presented to him; in 1716 Peter took him to Paris.
In 1711, Peter established by decree a new state body known as the Governing Senate. Normally, the Boyar duma would have exercised power during his absence. Peter, however, mistrusted the boyars; he instead abolished the Duma and created a Senate of ten members. The Senate was founded as the highest state institution to supervise all judicial, financial and administrative affairs. Originally established only for the time of the monarch's absence, the Senate became a permanent body after his return. A special high official, the Ober-Procurator, served as the link between the ruler and the senate and acted, in Peter own words, as "the sovereign's eye". Without his signature no Senate decision could go into effect; the Senate became one of the most important institutions of Imperial Russia.
1712, Peter I issued a decree establishing an Engineering School in Moscow, which was supposed to recruit up to 150 students, and two-thirds of them were to consist of nobles.[31] Therefore, on 28 February 1714, he issued a decree calling for compulsory education, which dictated that all Russian 10- to 15-year-old children of the nobility, government clerks, and lesser-ranked officials must learn basic mathematics and geometry, and should be tested on the subjects at the end of their studies.
Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of Livonia (the northern half of modern Latvia, and the southern half of modern Estonia), driving the Swedes out of Finland. In 1714 the Russian fleet won the Battle of Gangut. Most of Finland was occupied by the Russians.
In 1716, the Tsar visited Riga, and Danzig in January, Stettin, and obtained the assistance of the Electorate of Hanover and the Kingdom of Prussia fighting a war against Sweden at Wismar. He was forced to leave Mecklenburg. In Altona he met with Danish diplomats. He went on to Bad Pyrmont in May/June, because of an illness he stayed at this spa. He arrived in Amsterdam in December, where he bought some interesting collections: those of Frederik Ruysch, Levinus Vincent and Albertus Seba and paintings by Maria Sibylla Merian for his Kunstkamera. He visited a silk manufacture and a paper-mill, and learned to create paper and to spin silk. He visited Herman Boerhaave and Carel de Moor in Leiden and ordered two mercury thermometers from Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and instruments from Musschenbroek. In April 1717 he continued his travel from Flushing to Brussels in the Austrian Netherlands and Dunkirk, Calais, Paris, where he obtained many books and proposed a marriage between his daughter and King Louis XV. Saint-Simon described him as "tall, well-formed and slim…with a look both bewildered and fierce." Via Reims, and Spa Peter travelled on to Maastricht, at that time one of the most important fortresses in Europe, where he was received by Daniël van Dopff, the commander of the fortress. He went back to Amsterdam and visited the Hortus Botanicus and left the city early September.
The Tsar's navy was powerful enough that the Russians could penetrate Sweden. Still, Charles XII refused to yield, and not until his death in battle in 1718 did peace become feasible. After the battle near Åland, Sweden made peace with all powers but Russia by 1720. In 1721, the Treaty of Nystad ended the Great Northern War. Russia acquired Ingria, Estonia, Livonia, and a substantial portion of Karelia. In turn, Russia paid two million Riksdaler and surrendered most of Finland. The Tsar retained some Finnish lands close to Saint Petersburg, which he had made his capital in 1712. Between 1713 and 1728, and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia.
Title
Following his victory in the Great Northern War, he adopted the title of emperor in 1721.
By the grace of God, the most excellent and great sovereign emperor Pyotr Alekseevich the ruler of all the Russias: of Moscow, of Kiev, of Vladimir, of Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan and Tsar of Siberia, sovereign of Pskov, great prince of Smolensk, of Tver, of Yugorsk, of Perm, of Vyatka, of Bulgaria and others, sovereign and great prince of the Novgorod Lower lands, of Chernigov, of Ryazan, of Rostov, of Yaroslavl, of Belozersk, of Udora, of Kondia and the sovereign of all the northern lands, and the sovereign of the Iverian lands, of the Kartlian and Georgian Kings, of the Kabardin lands, of the Circassian and Mountain princes and many other states and lands western and eastern here and there and the successor and sovereign and ruler.
Later years
In 1717, Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia against the Khanate of Khiva. The expedition ended in complete disaster when the entire expeditionary force was slaughtered.
In 1718, Peter investigated why the formerly Swedish province of Livonia was so orderly. He discovered that the Swedes spent as much administering Livonia (300 times smaller than his empire) as he spent on the entire Russian bureaucracy. He was forced to dismantle the province's government.
To the end of 1717, the preparatory phase of administrative reform in Russia was completed. After 1718, Peter established colleges in place of the old central agencies of government, including foreign affairs, war, navy, expense, income, justice, and inspection. Later others were added, to regulate mining and industry. Each college consisted of a president, a vice-president, a number of councilors and assessors, and a procurator. Some foreigners were included in various colleges but not as president. Peter did not have enough loyal, talented or educated persons to put in full charge of the various departments. Peter preferred to rely on groups of individuals who would keep check on one another. Decisions depended on the majority vote.
Peter's last years were marked by further reform in Russia. On 22 October 1721, soon after peace was made with Sweden, he was officially proclaimed Emperor of All Russia. Some proposed that he take the title Emperor of the East, but he refused. Gavrila Golovkin, the State Chancellor, was the first to add "the Great, Father of His Country, Emperor of All the Russias" to Peter's traditional title Tsar following a speech by the archbishop of Pskov in 1721. Peter's imperial title was recognized by Augustus II of Poland, Frederick William I of Prussia, and Frederick I of Sweden, but not by the other European monarchs. In the minds of many, the word emperor connoted superiority or pre-eminence over kings. Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the Holy Roman Emperor had claimed suzerainty over all Christian nations.
In 1722, Peter created a new order of precedence known as the Table of Ranks. Formerly, precedence had been determined by birth. To deprive the Boyars of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor. The Table of Ranks continued to remain in effect until the Russian monarchy was overthrown in 1917.
The once powerful Persian Safavid Empire to the south was in deep decline. Taking advantage of the profitable situation, Peter launched the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723, otherwise known as "The Persian Expedition of Peter the Great", which drastically increased Russian influence for the first time in the Caucasus and Caspian Sea region, and prevented the Ottoman Empire from making territorial gains in the region. After considerable success and the capture of many provinces and cities in the Caucasus and northern mainland Persia, the Safavids were forced to hand over territory to Russia, comprising Derbent, Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Baku, and Astrabad. Within twelve years all the territories were ceded back to Persia, now led by the charismatic military genius Nader Shah, as part of the Treaty of Resht, the Treaty of Ganja, and as the result of a Russo-Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire, which was the common enemy of both.
Peter introduced new taxes to fund improvements in Saint Petersburg. He abolished the land tax and household tax and replaced them with a poll tax. The taxes on land and on households were payable only by individuals who owned property or maintained families. The new head taxes were payable by serfs and paupers. In 1725 the construction of Peterhof, a palace near Saint Petersburg, was completed. Peterhof (Dutch for "Peter's Court") was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian Versailles".
In the winter of 1723, Peter, whose overall health was never robust, began having problems with his urinary tract and bladder. In the summer of 1724, a team of doctors performed surgery releasing upwards of four pounds of blocked urine. Peter remained bedridden until late autumn. In the first week of October, restless and certain he was cured, Peter began a lengthy inspection tour of various projects. According to legend, in November, at Lakhta along the Gulf of Finland to inspect some ironworks, Peter saw a group of soldiers drowning near shore and, wading out into near-waist deep water, came to their rescue.
This icy water rescue is said to have exacerbated Peter's bladder problems and caused his death. The story, however, has been viewed with skepticism by some historians, pointing out that the German chronicler Jacob von Staehlin is the only source for the story, and it seems unlikely that no one else would have documented such an act of heroism. This, plus the interval of time between these actions and Peter's death seems to preclude any direct link.
In early January 1725, Peter was struck once again with uremia. Legend has it that before lapsing into unconsciousness Peter asked for a paper and pen and scrawled an unfinished note that read: "Leave all to ..." and then, exhausted by the effort, asked for his daughter Anna to be summoned.
Peter died between four and five in the morning 8 February 1725. An autopsy revealed his bladder to be infected with gangrene. He was fifty-two years, seven months old when he died, having reigned forty-two years. He is interred in Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
After the death of Peter I, there were immediately students who came to the Military College with a request to "leave science" under the pretext of "unconsciousness and incomprehensibility."
Religion
Peter did not believe in miracles and founded The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters, an organization that mocked the Orthodox and Catholic Church when he was eighteen. In January 1695, Peter refused to partake in a traditional Russian Orthodox ceremony of the Epiphany Ceremony, and would often schedule events for The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters to directly conflict with the Church. He often used the nickname Pakhom Mikhailov (Russian: Пахом Михайлов) among the ministers of religion who made up his relatively close circle of long-term drinking companions. He drank less than the others, deliberately getting the others drunk in order to listen to their drunken conversations.
Peter was brought up in the Russian Orthodox faith, but he had low regard for the Church hierarchy, which he kept under tight governmental control. The traditional leader of the Church was the Patriarch of Moscow. In 1700, when the office fell vacant, Peter refused to name a replacement, allowing the patriarch's coadjutor (or deputy) to discharge the duties of the office. Peter could not tolerate the patriarch exercising power superior to the tsar, as indeed had happened in the case of Philaret (1619–1633) and Nikon (1652–66). In 1716 he invited Theophan Prokopovich to come to the capital. In 1718 he ordered to translate the "Introduction to European History" (a work by Samuel Pufendorf); the Ecclesiastical Regulations of 1721 are based on it. The Church reform of Peter the Great therefore abolished the patriarchate, replacing it with a Holy Synod that was under the control of a Procurator, and the tsar appointed all bishops.
In 1721, Peter followed the advice of Prokopovich in designing the Holy Synod as a council of ten clergymen. For leadership in the Church, Peter turned increasingly to Ukrainians, who were more open to reform, but were not well loved by the Russian clergy. Peter implemented a law that stipulated that no Russian man could join a monastery before the age of fifty. He felt that too many able Russian men were being wasted on clerical work when they could be joining his new and improved army.
A clerical career was not a route chosen by upper-class society. Most parish priests were sons of priests and were very poorly educated and paid. The monks in the monasteries had a slightly higher status; they were not allowed to marry. Politically, the Church was impotent.
Marriages and family
Peter the Great had two wives, with whom he had fifteen children, three of whom survived to adulthood. Peter's mother selected his first wife, Eudoxia Lopukhina, with the advice of other nobles in 1689. This was consistent with previous Romanov tradition by choosing a daughter of a minor noble. This was done to prevent fighting between the stronger noble houses and to bring fresh blood into the family. He also had a mistress from Westphalia, Anna Mons.
Upon his return from his European tour in 1698, Peter sought to end his unhappy marriage. He divorced the Tsaritsa and forced her to join a convent. She had borne him three children, although only one, Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, had survived past his childhood.
Menshikov introduced him to Marta Helena Skowrońska, a Polish-Lithuanian peasant, and took her as a mistress some time between 1702 and 1704. Marta converted to the Russian Orthodox Church and was given the name Catherine. Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter married secretly between 23 Oct and 1 December 1707 in St. Petersburg. Peter valued Catherine and married officially, at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in Saint Petersburg on 19 February 1712.
His eldest child and heir, Alexei, was suspected of being involved in a plot to overthrow the Emperor. Alexei was tried and confessed under torture during questioning conducted by a secular court (count Tolstoy). He was convicted and sentenced to be executed. The sentence could only be carried out with Peter's signed authorization, and Alexei died in prison, as Peter hesitated before making the decision. Alexei's death most likely resulted from injuries suffered during his torture. Alexei's mother Eudoxia was punished. She was dragged from her home, tried on false charges of adultery, publicly flogged, and confined in monasteries while being forbidden to be talked to.
In 1724, Peter had his second wife, Catherine, crowned as Empress, although he remained Russia's actual ruler.
Issue
By his two wives, he had fifteen children: three by Eudoxia and twelve by Catherine. These included four sons named Pavel and three sons named Peter, all of whom died in infancy. Only three of his children survived to adulthood. He also had three grandchildren: Tsar Peter II and Grand Duchess Natalia by Alexei and Tsar Peter III by Anna.
Mistresses and illegitimate children
Princess Maria Dmitrievna Cantemirovna of Moldavia (1700–1754), daughter of Dimitrie Cantemir
Unnamed son (1722 - 1723?) – different sources say that the baby was stillborn or died before he was one year old.
Lady Mary Hamilton, Catherine I's lady in waiting of Scottish descent.
Miscarriage (1715)
Unnamed child (1717 - 1718?)
Legacy
Peter's legacy has always been a major concern of Russian intellectuals. Riasanovsky points to a "paradoxical dichotomy" in the black and white images such as God/Antichrist, educator/ignoramus, architect of Russia's greatness/destroyer of national culture, father of his country/scourge of the common man. Voltaire's 1759 biography gave 18th-century Russians a man of the Enlightenment, while Alexander Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman" poem of 1833 gave a powerful romantic image of a creator-god. Slavophiles in mid-19th century deplored Peter's westernization of Russia.
Western writers and political analysts recounted "The Testimony" or secret will of Peter the Great. It supposedly revealed his grand evil plot for Russia to control the world via conquest of Constantinople, Afghanistan and India. It was a forgery made in Paris at Napoleon's command when he started his invasion of Russia in 1812. Nevertheless, it is still quoted in foreign policy circles.
The Communists executed the last Romanovs, and their historians such as Mikhail Pokrovsky presented strongly negative views of the entire dynasty. Stalin however admired how Peter strengthened the state, and wartime, diplomacy, industry, higher education, and government administration. Stalin wrote in 1928, "when Peter the Great, who had to deal with more developed countries in the West, feverishly built works in factories for supplying the army and strengthening the country's defenses, this was an original attempt to leap out of the framework of backwardness." As a result, Soviet historiography emphasizes both the positive achievement and the negative factor of oppressing the common people.
After the fall of Communism in 1991, scholars and the general public in Russia and the West gave fresh attention to Peter and his role in Russian history. His reign is now seen as the decisive formative event in the Russian imperial past. Many new ideas have merged, such as whether he strengthened the autocratic state or whether the tsarist regime was not statist enough given its small bureaucracy. Modernization models have become contested ground.
He initiated a wide range of economic, social, political, administrative, educational and military reforms which ended the dominance of traditionalism and religion in Russia and initiated its westernization. His efforts included secularization of education, organization of administration for effective governance, enhanced use of technology, establishing an industrial economy, modernization of the army and establishment of a strong navy.
Historian Y. Vodarsky said in 1993 that Peter, "did not lead the country on the path of accelerated economic, political and social development, did not force it to 'achieve a leap' through several stages.... On the contrary, these actions to the greatest degree put a brake on Russia's progress and created conditions for holding it back for one and a half centuries!" The autocratic powers that Stalin admired appeared as a liability to Evgeny Anisimov, who complained that Peter was, "the creator of the administrative command system and the true ancestor of Stalin."
According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "He did not completely bridge the gulf between Russia and the Western countries, but he achieved considerable progress in development of the national economy and trade, education, science and culture, and foreign policy. Russia became a great power, without whose concurrence no important European problem could thenceforth be settled. His internal reforms achieved progress to an extent that no earlier innovator could have envisaged."
While the cultural turn in historiography has downplayed diplomatic, economic and constitutional issues, new cultural roles have been found for Peter, for example in architecture and dress. James Cracraft argues:
The Petrine revolution in Russia—subsuming in this phrase the many military, naval, governmental, educational, architectural, linguistic, and other internal reforms enacted by Peter's regime to promote Russia's rise as a major European power—was essentially a cultural revolution, one that profoundly impacted both the basic constitution of the Russian Empire and, perforce, its subsequent development.
In popular culture
Peter has been featured in many histories, novels, plays, films, monuments and paintings. They include the poems The Bronze Horseman, Poltava and the unfinished novel The Moor of Peter the Great, all by Alexander Pushkin. The former dealt with The Bronze Horseman, an equestrian statue raised in Peter's honour. Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote a biographical historical novel about him, named Peter I, in the 1930s.
The 1922 German silent film Peter the Great directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki and starring Emil Jannings as Peter
In 1929 A.N. Tolstoy's play was true to the party line, depicting Peter as a tyrant who "suppressed everyone and everything as if he had been possessed by demons, sowed fear, and put both his son and his country on the rack."
The 1937–1938 Soviet film Peter the Great
The 1976 film How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor, starring Aleksey Petrenko as Peter, and Vladimir Vysotsky as Abram Petrovich Gannibal, shows Peter's attempt to build the Baltic Fleet.
Peter was played by Jan Niklas and Maximilian Schell in the 1986 NBC miniseries Peter the Great.
The 2007 film The Sovereign's Servant depicts the unsavoury brutal side of Peter during the campaign.
A character based on Peter plays a major role in The Age of Unreason, a series of four alternate history novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author Gregory Keyes.
Peter is one of many supporting characters in Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle – mainly featuring in the third novel, The System of the World.
Peter was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 by Isaac Rouse as a boy, Will Howard as a young adult and Elliot Cowan as an adult in the radio plays Peter the Great: The Gamblers and Peter the Great: The Queen of Spades, written by Mike Walker and which were the last two plays in the first series of Tsar. The plays were broadcast on 25 September and 2 October 2016.
A verse in the "Engineers' Drinking Song" references Peter the Great:
There was a man named Peter the Great who was a Russian Tzar;
When remodeling his the castle put the throne behind the bar;
He lined the walls with vodka, rum, and 40 kinds of beers;
And advanced the Russian culture by 120 years!
Peter was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2020 'antihistory' Hulu series The Great.
Peter is featured as the leader of the Russian civilization in the computer game Sid Meier's Civilization VI.
Peter was played by Ivan Kolesnikov in the 2022 Russian historical documentary film Peter I: The Last Tsar and the First Emperor.
Back in the 13th Century, Kharkhorin was constructed as a capital city of Mongol Empire (Yuan Dynasty) which attracted traders, dignitaries and skilled workers from across Asia and even Europe.
Yuan was the first dynasty to make Beijing (called Dadu by the Yuan) its capital, moving it there from Karakorum (now in Mongolia) in 1267.
哈爾和林, 蒙古古都
早在 13 世紀，哈爾和林就被建成為蒙古帝國（元朝）的首都，吸引了來自亞洲乃至歐洲的商人、政要和技術工人。
元朝是第一個將北京（元朝稱為大都）定都的朝代，並於 1267 年從喀喇崑崙（今蒙古境內）遷至北京。
Mongolia
2023/6/22
hx24599
dans.photo@gmail.com
Griffith Observatory
The monument is an enduring product of the great economic depression of the 1930s, when New Deal initiatives created federally funded work programs to employ skilled workers in many fields at a time when they would otherwise remain idle and without income. One of the first of these programs, the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), began in December 1933. Soon thereafter, in cooperation with the Los Angeles Park Commission, PWAP commissioned a sculpture project on the grounds of the new Observatory (which was under construction). Using a design by local artist Archibald Garner and materials donated by the Women's' Auxiliary of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, Garner and five other artists sculpted and cast the concrete monument and figures. Each artist was responsible for sculpting one astronomer; one of the artists, George Stanley, was also the creator of the famous "Oscar" statuette.
Another day dawns in the urban sprawl of El Alto, one of the poorest cities in Bolivia, and 4,100 metres above sea level. The cold air and exhaust fumes mingle with the smell of food sold by street vendors gently rousing the city's 700,000 inhabitants out of sleep.
El Alto - Bolivia's poorest,
and most complex and misundersttod city
The majority of the residents of El Alto are migrants who had left behind
failing subsistence agriculture and disintegrating kin networks in order to
make a decent living in the city below. My first reaction upon entering the
center of El Alto was one of sadness and disbelief, because of the poverty
that I was seeing. Eighty percent of the buildings in El Alto lack
electricity; 70% don't have running water. Most of the buildings in El Alto
are adobe shacks with corrugated metal roofs.
Despite the wide-spread adverse conditions in El Alto, women suffer from the
greatest poverty because of the country's patriarchal society which promotes
subordination of women and limits women's access to economic and educational
resources. The majority of Bolivian women work in service activities or as
domestic workers. Only 2.1% work as skilled workers.
It is very much a symbiotic relationship that exists between Singapore and its South East Asian/South Asian neighbours when it comes to economic and manpower needs. Where would our island nation be without its Filipina hospitality, healthcare and domestic workers, Indian construction and IT workers, and semi-skilled workers from Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
The brakemen jump off the train to operate the manual switches after the train cleared the tail track and headed north. No signals, no towers, no lever machines - just skilled workers.
The Ontario government is providing financial support to workers by expanding the Second Career Program and proposing to extend the Ontario Jobs Training Tax Credit. The training program would be expanded to serve more people on social assistance, those who are self-employed, gig workers, youth, newcomers, and others who need a hand up, while the tax credit would be extended to 2022.
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Le gouvernement de l’Ontario offre du soutien financier aux travailleurs et travailleuses en élargissant le programme de formation Deuxième carrière et en proposant de prolonger le crédit d’impôt de l’Ontario pour la formation. Le programme de formation serait élargi afin d’être accessible à plus de gens, notamment aux personnes bénéficiant de l’aide sociale, aux travailleurs autonomes, aux pigistes, aux jeunes, aux nouveaux arrivants et à toute autre personne ayant besoin d’un coup de pouce, tandis que le crédit d’impôt serait prolongé jusqu’en 2022.
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This official Ontario Government photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way.
© Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2021
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Cette photographie officielle du Gouvernement de l’Ontario n'est disponible que pour la publication par les organismes de nouvelles ou l'impression, pour un usage personnel, par le ou les sujets de la photographie. Interdiction formelle de manipuler la photographie
© Imprimeur de la Reine pour l'Ontario, 2021
Roayals Footwear is the Best Footwear Company in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Roayals Footwear Deals With Extreme Verity of Men, Ladies, Kids, Women Fashion Footwear. These Footwear are Known for Their Resistance, Flexibility, Durability, Comfort. Roayals Footwear Provide These Following Footwear Category Air Sandals And Slippers, Moccasin Shoes, And Casual Belly for Men, Women And Kids. Every Product of Roayals Fashion Footwear is Manufactured With Outstanding Quality of Raw Material, Skilled Workers the product are made of the basis of Fashion trends.
Roayals Footwear is the Best Footwear Company in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Roayals Footwear Deals With Extreme Verity of Men, Ladies, Kids, Women Fashion Footwear. These Footwear are Known for Their Resistance, Flexibility, Durability, Comfort. Roayals Footwear Provide These Following Footwear Category Air Sandals And Slippers, Moccasin Shoes, And Casual Belly for Men, Women And Kids. Every Product of Roayals Fashion Footwear is Manufactured With Outstanding Quality of Raw Material, Skilled Workers the product are made of the basis of Fashion trends.
Premier Danielle Smith spoke to the Calgary Catholic Immigration Society (CCIS) in Calgary on Wednesday, March 6, 2024.
The Premier discussed the Alberta government’s partnership with CCIS, the shortage of skilled workers in Alberta's trades sector, and the Alberta government’s vision for the trades in the province. (photography by Chris Schwarz/Government of Alberta)
There were four Chad Valley jigsaws in the Tyler auction.
Left: Lot 4 - Chad Valley, 'Resting Time', approx 600pc. Est £65 - sold for £50. The beautiful portrait of the dogs was this jigsaw's attraction for Tom and the relatively high piece count.
Lot 6 - Chad Valley, 'The Elfin Jigsaw', 1933 57pc, c15x17in, no original box but original box label. Est £125 - sold for £105.
The original packaging had a box with three trays and at least two designs of label.
Sadly, without all of its original packaging except for a box label, but this follow up jigsaw to the successful Chad Valley Dragon's Land is rare so I was happy to win it in the auction. I also won Tom's Chad Valley Dragon's Land, which had some documentation about Elfin inside the box.
These photos come from the only two other sales of Elfin I've recorded in a decade of ebay watching - from December 2018 (when a hefty price tag meant in didn't sell) and Oct 2017 when it sold for twice what I paid. A lucky person who used to be on flickr found a copy of Elfin in a charity shop, hesitated, then raced back to buy it and fell out with a jealous friend as a result.
Tom said that there was a third one - even rarer than Elfin and rumours of a fourth (Robin Hood), but I've never seen a copy of those.
The Jigasaurus entry for Dragon's Land:
www.thejigasaurus.com/jigasaurus/v/chad_valley/dragons_land/
"Wonderful example of the combined artistry of cutter and the talented illustrator Elspeth Eagle-Clarke, who created this fascinating fantasy painting. Every individual character or shape has been intricately line-cut around and when assembled, all fit neatly together in an interlocking frame surround.
Categorised by Chad Valley in their own words as: "Puzzle for the Connoisseur", they go on to describe it as:
"This fantasy reproduced in glowing hues by a gifted artist, has been cunningly cut from wood by skilled workers. Every, elf, swan, mermaid and fish, is a picture in itself, colourful and complete, yet each dovetailing together into the brilliant design we illustrate".
The box includes separate trays to help store and sort the pieces. A companion puzzle, "Elfin" was also produced."
A modern jigsaw in the spirit of Elfin & Dragon's Land can be found at Infinity Puzzles - 96pc Awe , 95pc Dune , 183pc Leap (with two small taster puzzles of 16pc & 32pc). These also tile like wallpaper, so have a large number of possible outlines.
The bronze "Metal Men" sculpture was a popular meeting point for shoppers on Market Street in Meadowhall ever since it opened in September 1990, but controversially they were moved outside in August 2011 during construction work and they remain outside to this day.
The sculpture was created by Robin Bell and depicts steel teemers (highly skilled workers responsible for pouring steel into ingot moulds) at work. It is dedicated to Benjamin Huntsman (1704-1770) and it was originally unveiled by a real-life teemer, George Dalton.
Quality assurance:
1.Professional in make all kinds blow moulding mould and process production for 18 years
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A team of skilled workers demonstrate the Rolling Mill in operation at the Black Country Museum during the Home of Metal Weekend in September 2011.
At the end the strip of metal is transferred to the stack of finished metal.
After Hitler's October 1941 order to fortify the Channel Islands (as part of the Atlantic Wall), work began on a string of fortifications all around Jersey. Ho8 was intended to be a vast network of underground tunnels that would allow the German occupying infantry to withstand Allied air raids and bombardment (in preparation for an invasion). Forced labourers from the Organisation Todt (as well as paid labourers and skilled workers) were shipped in to Jersey and put to work building the complex. Many of the workers were Polish, French, Russian or Republican Spaniards. Conditions were terrible, although Russian and Ukrainian POWs were treated the worst, with cases of malnutrition, death by exhaustion and disease among them becoming common. On the other hand, the voluntary workers often had much better conditions, being offered over four times the wages that they would have earned working in similar jobs for the States of Jersey, and often receiving extra food rations.
In late 1943, with the threat of an Allied invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord) becoming clear, Ho8 was to be converted into a casualty clearing station and emergency hospital. The hospital had 500 beds for patients, with a full heating and air conditioning system (although the rest of the tunnel complex usually maintained a constant temperature of about 17 °C (63 °F), due to its being built deep into the hillside). A system of gas-proof doors was installed to maintain a clean airflow in the tunnels, and a fully equipped operating theatre was installed. Unfinished tunnels were sealed off.
Despite the huge preparations and fortifications made to the Channel Islands, none were ever utilised. The occupying forces in the Channel Islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 (one day after the rest of the German forces surrendered). Ho8 fell into disuse, with British soldiers and souvenir hunters stripping the tunnels of equipment.
After Hitler's October 1941 order to fortify the Channel Islands (as part of the Atlantic Wall), work began on a string of fortifications all around Jersey. Ho8 was intended to be a vast network of underground tunnels that would allow the German occupying infantry to withstand Allied air raids and bombardment (in preparation for an invasion). Forced labourers from the Organisation Todt (as well as paid labourers and skilled workers) were shipped in to Jersey and put to work building the complex. Many of the workers were Polish, French, Russian or Republican Spaniards. Conditions were terrible, although Russian and Ukrainian POWs were treated the worst, with cases of malnutrition, death by exhaustion and disease among them becoming common. On the other hand, the voluntary workers often had much better conditions, being offered over four times the wages that they would have earned working in similar jobs for the States of Jersey, and often receiving extra food rations.
In late 1943, with the threat of an Allied invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord) becoming clear, Ho8 was to be converted into a casualty clearing station and emergency hospital. The hospital had 500 beds for patients, with a full heating and air conditioning system (although the rest of the tunnel complex usually maintained a constant temperature of about 17 °C (63 °F), due to its being built deep into the hillside). A system of gas-proof doors was installed to maintain a clean airflow in the tunnels, and a fully equipped operating theatre was installed. Unfinished tunnels were sealed off.
Despite the huge preparations and fortifications made to the Channel Islands, none were ever utilised. The occupying forces in the Channel Islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 (one day after the rest of the German forces surrendered). Ho8 fell into disuse, with British soldiers and souvenir hunters stripping the tunnels of equipment.
The Ontario government is providing financial support to workers by expanding the Second Career Program and proposing to extend the Ontario Jobs Training Tax Credit. The training program would be expanded to serve more people on social assistance, those who are self-employed, gig workers, youth, newcomers, and others who need a hand up, while the tax credit would be extended to 2022.
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Le gouvernement de l’Ontario offre du soutien financier aux travailleurs et travailleuses en élargissant le programme de formation Deuxième carrière et en proposant de prolonger le crédit d’impôt de l’Ontario pour la formation. Le programme de formation serait élargi afin d’être accessible à plus de gens, notamment aux personnes bénéficiant de l’aide sociale, aux travailleurs autonomes, aux pigistes, aux jeunes, aux nouveaux arrivants et à toute autre personne ayant besoin d’un coup de pouce, tandis que le crédit d’impôt serait prolongé jusqu’en 2022.
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This official Ontario Government photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way.
© Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2021
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Cette photographie officielle du Gouvernement de l’Ontario n'est disponible que pour la publication par les organismes de nouvelles ou l'impression, pour un usage personnel, par le ou les sujets de la photographie. Interdiction formelle de manipuler la photographie
© Imprimeur de la Reine pour l'Ontario, 2021
The Ontario government is providing financial support to workers by expanding the Second Career Program and proposing to extend the Ontario Jobs Training Tax Credit. The training program would be expanded to serve more people on social assistance, those who are self-employed, gig workers, youth, newcomers, and others who need a hand up, while the tax credit would be extended to 2022.
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Le gouvernement de l’Ontario offre du soutien financier aux travailleurs et travailleuses en élargissant le programme de formation Deuxième carrière et en proposant de prolonger le crédit d’impôt de l’Ontario pour la formation. Le programme de formation serait élargi afin d’être accessible à plus de gens, notamment aux personnes bénéficiant de l’aide sociale, aux travailleurs autonomes, aux pigistes, aux jeunes, aux nouveaux arrivants et à toute autre personne ayant besoin d’un coup de pouce, tandis que le crédit d’impôt serait prolongé jusqu’en 2022.
--
This official Ontario Government photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way.
© Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2021
--
Cette photographie officielle du Gouvernement de l’Ontario n'est disponible que pour la publication par les organismes de nouvelles ou l'impression, pour un usage personnel, par le ou les sujets de la photographie. Interdiction formelle de manipuler la photographie
© Imprimeur de la Reine pour l'Ontario, 2021
Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT) and Congressman Joe Courtney (CT-2) met with members of the Metal Trades Council and Marine Draftsmen’s Association to discuss Secretary of Defense Robert Gates’ recent announcement on his recommendations to President Obama for the 2010 defense budget, which included support for the development of a new generation of strategic submarines. The Metal Trades Council and Marine Draftsmen’s Association represent thousands of the highly skilled workers at Electric Boat who are instrumental in the production of our country’s submarines.
Dodd and Courtney have secured over $8 million in funding over the past two years to support the design of the Ohio Class replacement submarine. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced last week during his budget recommendation that he supports continued funding for this program in FY2010, which would ensure that the next class of strategic submarines meets the requirements of our Navy.
Attending the EuroSkills Budapest Conference on 27 September 2018, EUROCHAMBRES President Christoph Leitl underlined the importance that education and training is in tune with the skills needs of the private sector.
As the economy evolves faster than ever due to technological breakthroughs, curricula content and the way it is delivered must prepare young people for emerging new opportunities and enable them to adapt to future needs that cannot yet be predicted.
The last edition of EUROCHAMBRES’ annual economic survey of over 50.000 businesses across Europe revealed a lack of skilled workers one of the greatest challenges. This is in line with a longer term trend, as the skills mismatch issue has been a problem for several years, in times of both high and low unemployment. “We have more graduates than ever in Europe and incredibly talented young people entering the labour force. But what good is this if they cannot find work and employers cannot find staff with the right skills? We must do better in ensuring that education prepares young people for current and emerging employment opportunities”, President Leitl said.
Euroskills plays an important role in addressing this persistent skills mismatch across Europe by showcasing the professional skills sought by many employers across a wide range of sectors. It is also based on a pan-European approach, which Chambers consider an important element in matching supply and demand. “Employers, policy-makers and educators must work together to ensure that vocational education is perceived by young people as a positive option that opens up excellent career opportunities and offers an international perspective. Euroskills is a fantastic way to do this”, President Leitl stated.
Professional training must be dynamic, not static
A World Economic Forum report this month set out how the labour market is set for radical changes as technological advances and artificial intelligence accelerate. President Leitl argued that this underlines the need for reforms: “The economy is evolving faster than ever, but unfortunately our education and training systems generally are not keeping up. Curricula must adapt based on feedback from the economy and so must the way in which curricula is taught. As well as acquiring technical skills, young people need transversal skills that will allow them to adapt throughout their career”.
EUROCHAMBRES calls in particular for the development of more effective vocational training and apprenticeship schemes in many member states, for the closer involvement of businesses in the design of curricula and for more dynamic and interoperable skills forecasting tools to be developed across Europe.
chinadilemma.com/china-skilled-worker-vs-unskilled-worker...
If you couldn't recruit skilled workers hence only way is to recruit anyone to train them into skilled workers! So how to train unskilled workers?
Mill Road Cemetery
John Edward Langworthy (1896–1918), Australian munitions worker (2400), died on 30 July 1918 at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge. Nothing is known about where he carried out the work that he did.
John was born on 28 December 1896 in Annandale, New South Wales, Australia. He was the seventh of the nine children of Arthur Langworthy and Ellen Langworthy (née Spooner). He was known as Jack. His father had emigrated as a child from St Helier, Jersey to Australia with his parents and siblings where he eventually became a seaman. Jack’s father remained in Australia where he met and married Jack’s mother, who was known as Nellie. Their family and descendants still live in Australia.
During the First World War Jack was one of a number of munitions workers posted overseas from Australia to work in England. This was because the British Government required skilled workers for munitions work from the Dominions and Colonies to make up for the shortages as a result of military service in Britain. Jack died on 30 July 1918 at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge. According to his family the cause of death was pneumonia or dysentery, which in turn resulted in malnutrition.
His funeral in Cambridge was attended by one of his brothers, Arthur Langworthy, who had fought at Gallipoli, and in France with the 18th Bttn (5th Machine Gun), and their uncle, Arthur William Ethric Spooner. Jack was granted a Commonwealth War Graves Commission grave because the Australian government decided that their munitions workers, women as well as men, qualified for war grave treatment. This is because they were recruited as a body and were posted overseas for the war effort. Notice of his death was posted by Jack’s family on Saturday, 17 August 1918 in the Sydney Morning Herald, which stated the usual personal details along with the phrase “Beloved by all who knew him.” He was 21 years and 7 months old when he died.
After Hitler's October 1941 order to fortify the Channel Islands (as part of the Atlantic Wall), work began on a string of fortifications all around Jersey. Ho8 was intended to be a vast network of underground tunnels that would allow the German occupying infantry to withstand Allied air raids and bombardment (in preparation for an invasion). Forced labourers from the Organisation Todt (as well as paid labourers and skilled workers) were shipped in to Jersey and put to work building the complex. Many of the workers were Polish, French, Russian or Republican Spaniards. Conditions were terrible, although Russian and Ukrainian POWs were treated the worst, with cases of malnutrition, death by exhaustion and disease among them becoming common. On the other hand, the voluntary workers often had much better conditions, being offered over four times the wages that they would have earned working in similar jobs for the States of Jersey, and often receiving extra food rations.
In late 1943, with the threat of an Allied invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord) becoming clear, Ho8 was to be converted into a casualty clearing station and emergency hospital. The hospital had 500 beds for patients, with a full heating and air conditioning system (although the rest of the tunnel complex usually maintained a constant temperature of about 17 °C (63 °F), due to its being built deep into the hillside). A system of gas-proof doors was installed to maintain a clean airflow in the tunnels, and a fully equipped operating theatre was installed. Unfinished tunnels were sealed off.
Despite the huge preparations and fortifications made to the Channel Islands, none were ever utilised. The occupying forces in the Channel Islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 (one day after the rest of the German forces surrendered). Ho8 fell into disuse, with British soldiers and souvenir hunters stripping the tunnels of equipment.