View allAll Photos Tagged Refining
A Blessing of a new day , life was given to me this day, and time continues to refine me. xoxoxo
Leo Birthdays
July 23, 1865 - Max Heindel - Occultist
July 23, 1834 - James Gibbons - Ecclesiatic
July 24, 1895 - Robert Graves - Writer
July 24, 1897 - Amelia Earhart - Pilot
July 24, 1900 - Zelda Fitzgerald - Jazz Age Figure
July 24, 1902 - Alexandre Dumas - Writer
July 25, 1853 - David Belasco - Producer
July 25, 1887 - Florence Entwhistle - Photographer
July 26, 1856 - George B. Shaw - Writer
July 26, 1875 - Karl G. Jung - Psychiatrist
July 26, 1885 - Andre Maurois - Writer
July 26, 1894 - Aldous Huxley - Writer
July 26, 1903 - Estes Kefauver - Politician
July 26, 1943 - Mick Jagger - Musician
July 26, 1956 - Dorothy Hamill - Sports Figure
July 26, 1940 - Mary Jo Kopechne - Fatality
July 27, 1723 - Joshua Reynolds - Artist
July 27, 1906 - Leo Durocher - Sports Figure
July 27, 1948 - Peggie Fleming - Skater
July 28, 1635 - Robert Hooke - Scientist
July 28, 1878 - Guy Ballard - Religious Leader
July 28, 1929 - Jacqueline Kennedy - First Lady
July 28, 1948 - Sally Struthers - Actress
July 28, 1949 - Vida Blue - Baseball Star
July 29, 1905 - Clara Bow - Actress
July 29, 1905 - Dag Hammarskjold - Statesman
July 29, 1907 - Mevin Belli - Attorney
July 29, 1924 - Robert Horton - Actor
July 29, 1934 - Stanton Friedman - Physicist
July 29, 1938 - Benito Mussolini - Dictator
July 29, 1949 - Marilyn Quayle - V.P. Wife
July 29, 1928 - Peter Jennings - Newscaster
July 30, 1818 - Emily Bronte - Writer
July 30, 1863 - Henry Ford - Industrialist
July 30, 1930 - Joan Negas - Astrologer
July 30, 1947 - A. Schwarzennegger - Actor
July 30, 1956 - Anita Hill - Celebrity
July 30, 1956 - Delta Burke - Actress
July 31, 1931 - Milton Freeman - Economist
July 31, 1946 - Wesley Snipes - Actor
August 1, 1779 - Frances Scott Key - Attorney/Songwriter
August 1, 1819 - Herman Melville - Writer
August 1, 1866 - Claude Bragden - Architect
August 1, 1933 - Dom Deluise - Actor
August 1, 1936 - Yves St. Laurent - Designer
August 1, 1942 - Jerry Garcia - Musician
August 2, 1832 - Henry S. Olcott - Theosophist
August 2, 1905 - Myrna Loy - Actress
August 2, 1921 - Ira Progoff - Psychologist
August 2, 1924 - Carroll O'Connor - Actor
August 2, 1932 - Peter O'Toole - Actor
August 2, 1943 - Kathy Lennon - Singer
August 2, 1960 - Linda Fratianne - Skater
August 3, 1805 - William Hamilton - Scientist
August 3, 1900 - Ernie Pile - Journalist
August 3, 1905 - Dolores del Rio - Actress
August 3, 1940 - Martin Sheen - Actor
August 3, 1951 - Jay North - Child Actor
August 4, 1792 - Percy B. Shelly - Poet
August 4, 1891 - Ely Culbertson - Bridge Champion
August 4, 1900 - Queen Mother Elizabeth - Royalty
August 4, 1929 - Yassar Arafat - Political Leader
August 5, 1850 - G. Demaupassant - Writer
August 5, 1806 - John Huston - Director
August 5, 1926 - Sydney Omarr - Astrologer
August 5, 1927 - Andy Warhol - Artist
August 5, 1930 - Neil Armstrong - Astronaut
August 5, 1945 - Loni Anderson - Actress
August 6, 1809 - Alfred Tennyson - Poet
August 6, 1881 - Sir Ian Fleming - Writer
August 6, 1911 - Lucille Ball - Actress
August 7, 1860 - Alan Leo - Astrologer
August 7, 1876 - Mata Hari - Secret Agent
August 7, 1942 - Garrison Keillor - Entertainer
August 8, 1937 - Dustin Hofman - Actor
August 8, 1940 - Keith Carradine - Actor
August 9, 1963 - Whitney Huston - Singer
August 10, 1874 - Herbert Hoover - U.S. President
August 10. 1904 - Norma Shearer - Actress
August 10, 1928 - Eddie Fisher - Singer
August 10, 1959 - Rosanna Arquette - Actress
August 11, 1933 - Jerry Falwell - Religious Leader
August 11, 1921 - Alex Haley - Writer
August 11, 1925 - Arleen Dahl - Actress
August 11, 1925 - Mike Douglas - T.V. Personality
August 11, 1925 - Karl Rowan - Journalist
August 11, 1926 - Claus Von Bulow - Celebrity
August 11, 1953 - Hulk Hogan - Wrestler
August 12, 1831 - Helena Blavatski - Occultist
August 12, 1881 - Cecil B. De Mille - Producer
August 12, 1913 - Jane Wyatt - Actress
August 12, 1939 - George Hamilton - Actor
August 12, 1926 - John Derek - Actor
August 13, 1860 - Annie Oakley - Sharpshooter
August 13, 1899 - Alfred Hitchcock - Director
August 13, 1927 - Fidel Castro - Political Leader
August 13, 1930 - Don Ho - Entertainer
August 13, 1938 - Steve Brown - Pilot
August 14, 1944 - Robyn Smith - Jockey
August 14, 1946 - Susan Saint James - Actress
August 14, 1969 - Magic Johnson - Sports Figure
August 15, 1769 - Napoleon - Emperor
August 15, 1872 - Sri Aurobindo - Religious Leader
August 15, 1879 - Ethel Barrymore - Actress
August 15, 1885 - Edna Ferber - Writer
Auguat 15, 1892 - Louis de Broglie - Physicist
August 15, 1913 - Menachem Begin - Prime Minister
August 15, 1950 - Princess Anne - Royalty
August 15, 1923 - Rose Marie Guy - Comedienne
August 15, 1944 - Linda Ellerbee - Newscaster
August 16, 1888 - T.E. Lawrence - Adventurer
August 16, 1928 - Ann Blyth - Actress
August 16, 1930 - Frank Gifford - Sports Figure
August 16, 1946 - Leslie Ann Warren - Actress
August 16, 1953 - Kathie Lee Gifford - TV Personality
August 16, 1960 - Timothy Hutton - Actor
August 17, 1786 - Davey Crockett - Frontiersman
August 17, 1876 - George Llewellyn - Astrologer
August 17, 1943 - Robert De Niro - Actor
August 18, 1834 - Marshall Fields - Entrepreneur
August 18, 1917 - Casper Weinberger - Politician
August 18, 1922 - Shelley Winters - Actress
August 18, 1927 - Rosalyn Carter - First Lady
August 18, 1933 - Roman Polanski - Director
August 18, 1936 - Robert Redford - Actor
August 18, 1952 - Elayne Boosler - Comedienne
August 18, 1952 - Patrick Swayze - Actor
August 18, 1969 - Christian Slater - Actor
August 19, 1743 - Mme. Du Barry - Courtesan
August 19, 1870 - Bernard Baruch - Entrepreneur
August 19, 1882 - Cocoa Chanel - Designer
August 19, 1902 - Ogden Nash - Poet
August 19, 1924 - Phylis Schlafly - Celebrity
August 19, 1931 - Willy Shoemaker - Jockey
August 19, 1940 - Jill Saint John - Actress
August 19, 1946 - Bill Clinton - President, USA
August 19, 1948 - Tipper Gore - V.P. Wife
August 20, 1930 - Mario Bernardi - Conductor
August 20, 1946 - Conning Chung - Newscaster
August 21, 1906 - Count Basie - Musician
August 22, 1904 - Deng Xiaoping - Political Figure
August 21, 1936 - Wilt Chamberlain - Sports Figure
August 21, 1938 - Kenny Rodgers - Singer
August 21, 1950 - Arthur Bremer - Criminal
August 21, 1962 - Mathew Broderick - Actor
Let the refining and improving of your own life keep you so busy that you have little time to criticize others. - H. Jackson Brown Jr.
This is refined sample of magnetite sand I've collected a week ago on the beach in Columbia river mouth. It could be collected there from top "blue" layer of beach sand just by hand. Percentage there varying around 50%, but after magnetic separation you could refine it up to 99%.
Magnetite is a mineral, that consists of Iron oxide, Fe₃O₄. This sand could be used to produce thermite - very hot combustible substance, capable to melt through steel when burning.
Another thing it could be used for is iron (and steel) production. Therefore, I'm wondering, why native American tribes from this region (Chinook tribes) did not invent own way to produce steel and did not meet the first settlers, armed with steel spears, arrowheads, swords and tomahawks.
A hydrocracker at Hunt Refining Co. in Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA. I later added the rocket from another picture and added the film grain for effect. I thought about removing the cranes, but it would have taken too much time. It took me a good 2 hours to get this right.
Best viewed in Original resolution for details.
Title: Atlantic Refining Co.
Creator: Richie, Robert Yarnall
Date: July 1957
Part Of: Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection
Physical Description: 1 negative: film, black and white; 10.2 x 13 cm.
File: ag1982_0234_4496_011_atlanticrefiningco_sm_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ryr/id/632
View the Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/ryr/
Rep. Huffman announces plans to introduce a bill to refinance the groundfish fleet buyback loan on the Eureka waterfront March 26, 2013.
With him are (left to right) Eureka City Councilman Mike Newman, Fishermen’s Marketing Association.
Title: Humble Oil & Refining Co., Aerial
Creator: Richie, Robert Yarnall
Date: November 25, 1951
Part Of: Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection
Place: Texas
Physical Description: 1 negative: film, black and white; 10.6 x 13 cm.
File: ag1982_0234_3422_01_humbleoilrefineco_sm_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ryr/id/660
View the Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/ryr/
New post: "Skip A Mortgage Payment For Holiday Expenses? If You Refinance - The Mortgage Reports (blog)" t.co/wSidvrlFW0 (via Twitter twitter.com/downpaymentaz/status/806483201493520384)
Title: Atlantic Refining Co.
Creator: Richie, Robert Yarnall
Date: July 1957
Part Of: Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection
Physical Description: 1 negative: film, black and white; 13 x 10.6 cm.
File: ag1982_0234_4496_038_atlanticrefiningco_sm_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ryr/id/639
View the Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/ryr/
Car Care Range | Detailing Services | Instagram | Twitter | Tumblr | Facebook | YouTube |
Honda DC2 Integra Type R before & after receiving an AMDetails major enhancement at AMDetails. Elgin. Moray.
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AMDetails Major Enhancement - 2 stage polish (1 cutting & 1 refine).
Finished in a light coat of AM Seal then 2 coats of AM Wax.
Interior Valet.
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Bowden's Sugar Works in Sydney, (Invoice dated 1848), competed with the Australasian Sugar Company which Edward Knox managed.
South Pacific Enterprise 1956.
The history of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR Co.)
This Centenary commemorative book was issued to shareholders listed on the share Register in 1955.
An Australian enterprise founded 1855 by Edward Knox, a Danish immigrant, from earlier origins as the Australasian Sugar Company ( 1842), which Knox managed. The company established sugar operations in Australia, Fiji, New Zealand and over the next 150 years diversified into building materials, chemicals etc.
Published by Angus & Robertson, Sydney. Cloth boards, 500 pages 16cm x 24cm.
Ohio-Colorado Smelting and Refining Company Smokestack
*** (added 1976 - Structure - #76000548)
Also known as Smeltertown Smokestack
NE of Salida at jct. of SR 150 and 152, Salida
Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering
Architect, builder, or engineer: Ohio-Colorado Smelting & Refining Co
Architectural Style: No Style Listed
Area of Significance: Industry, Engineering
Period of Significance: 1900-1924
Owner: Local Gov't
Historic Function: Industry/Processing/Extraction
Historic Sub-function: Extractive Facility
Current Function: Recreation And Culture
Current Sub-function: Museum
Today I focused on refining the panelling I glued up yesterday, machining a prototype drogue, and improving the form-tool for the RCS thrusters.
The angle on the drogue prototype is wrong, I need to do some more research to work out what angle it should be. I think I bored it out at 35°.
For the RCS thruster tools I ground a stub length drill with the appropriate angle which is dedicated to boring out the tiny thrusters. They're extremely fiddly to machine, as they tend to snap off the stock before I've reached the final dimension. I will obviously fine tune the process, as I need to be able to make hundreds...
Commander 1GNC Lieutenant General Volker Halbauer visited soldiers of the Initial Command Element (ICE) preparing for their departure to Poland in Muenster-Handorf on 8 June.
NATO’s new Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) or ‘spearhead’ force is being deployed for the first time on Exercise NOBLE JUMP, taking place in Zagan, Poland from 9-19 June 2015. Over 2,100 troops from nine NATO nations are participating in the exercise, which continues the process of testing and refining the newly-formed VJTF.
via Tumblr bit.ly/17FX8Jg
via Tumblr bit.ly/11Vytl2 via Tumblr bit.ly/13arzv2 via Tumblr bit.ly/17FLnTl via Tumblr bit.ly/14yaXM4 Life after Bankruptcy While going through bankruptcy is not something that anyone plans on, it is an opportunity to change some of the ways that you have done things in the past and make better decisions going forward. After you file either Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 and are seeking a loan or credit, you may need to show your bankruptcy documents or records to put Lenders or Creditors at ease. Creditors or Lenders will want to see a bankruptcy petition to see what was included in your bankruptcy. They will probably also want to see your bankruptcy discharge to make sure that you finished your bankruptcy case and that you don’t owe on the debts anymore. Often when you need to be qualified to rent an apartment, a home, or finance a car or even to finance your next home you will be asked about your bankruptcy when you filed or when you received your discharge of your debts. Or you may need other documents for your special needs. With our Online Delivery service you will receive the Bankruptcy Documents you need FAST, EASY for a very nominal fee to process. Bankruptcy Documents Library Online Delivery service allows you to obtain the case and docket information from the federal appellate, district and bankruptcy courts pertaining to your personal bankruptcy records or documents. We use a national index for U.S. District, Bankruptcy, and Appellate courts to get you the information you need. If you need a copy of your personal Bankruptcy discharge so you can qualify for a car loan or maybe even a home loan our service will provide you exactly what you need, fast. Nothing to join, registration or long forms to fill out, just quality fast service. The purpose of bit.ly/1blwt8D website is to provide bankruptcy information as well as data about cases in U.S. federal courts with online delivery service to get you the information and details you need about your personal bankruptcy. Things you could not do before your bankruptcy may be possible now or after a little time has passed like buying a car after bankruptcy which may trigger you to ask the question “How do I get a car loan after bankruptcy?” Getting a mortgage after bankruptcy may be a choice if you have your bankruptcy documents on hand. Mortgages are a fact of life for most people because it is very difficult to finance yourself unless you are in the top 1% of our population. The same holds true for a car loan after bankruptcy as you will need to provide information about that event. A car loan after bankruptcy is available in a lot of situations because your bankruptcy has passed and you will need to be responsible again financially, for this new loan. Same with buying a house after bankruptcy because the lender and realtor will most likely want to know all the details of your bankruptcy, to complete the sale. After bankruptcy home loans are an important financial tool to help improve your quality of life. After bankruptcy home loans may also increase your satisfaction in your personal space or environment, at home. What about credit cards after bankruptcy because when used correctly, they can actually help you build higher credit scores, faster. Credit cards after bankruptcy are an invaluable tool to rebuild credit too. As your credit score rises your interest rate usually drops, which may make monthly payments less expensive if you carry a balance which is not recommended of course. Using a credit card after bankruptcy is smart if you do it right and pay off the balance every month and do not go back to bad habits that caused the bankruptcy in the first place. So if you are looking at going through bankruptcy, just remember that you will survive and there is life after bankruptcy. In fact, life after bankruptcy should be even better than life before bankruptcy if you focus on making changes in the right areas and staying away from the choices that got you there in the first place. Yes, there is life after bankruptcy! via Blogger bit.ly/14yarh3 via Flickr bit.ly/16CXrFP via Blogger bit.ly/13algYu via Flickr bit.ly/13PrKui via Blogger bit.ly/14EHIdi via Flickr bit.ly/1cVkXT2 via Blogger bit.ly/14j7kFB
via Flickr bit.ly/13PCdpx
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PT&P fabricated these special designed Split-T pipe shoes using a Figure 50 "two-bolt pipe clamp" for a refining project in Saudi Arabia. The pipe shoes are 4" height x 15.5" wide x 18" long and were fabricated from A36 carbon steel with a hot-dipped galvanized finish. They are designed for a pipe size of 14" with an operating temperature from -29°C to 316°C. The pipe shoes are capable of supporting an operating load of 34,000 lb.
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People form strong attachments to their homes. Walking away is never a decision they take lightly. We can discuss the pros and cons and come up with our own beliefs and attitudes about it, but the turnover of our housing stock caused by the housing crash will be very painful for those who go... at Accelerated default, what strategic default really is
Visit the OC Housing News, and read the OC Housing News blog. Learn why you should use a home guide. Meet the Akason Realty Consulting home guides and housing market analysts, and read our real estate agent testimonials. Discover why you should register with the OC Housing News and how to use the OC Housing News. Utilize the advanced property search, or the MLS map search.
See our special real estate offers: property search guide, housing market reports, home ownership cost guide, guide to rent or own decision, home financing guide, foreclosure 101, short sale guide, how to sell your home without a realtor, The Great Housing Bubble free PDF, 1.5% rebate on new home construction, no cost home sale program, and maximum impact real estate marketing.
Also read Renter News, SD Housing News, Housing Bubble News & Information, Housing Market Forecast US, Housing Market News & Information, Real Estate Ruin, USA Housing News, California Real Estate News, Housing Market News, USA Foreclosure News, Mortgage and Foreclosure News, Mortgage Refinance News, Real Estate Loan News, Debt Default News, Ponzi Debt, Loan Modification and Default News, Mortgage News Clips, and Fay Mortgage News.
The Peroni company was established under the founding family name in the town of Vigevano, Italy (1846). The company was moved to Rome by Giovanni Peroni in 1864, six years prior to the establishment of the city as a capital centre in 1870. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the company became one of the most prominent brewing companies in the newly unified Italian nation.
The company’s brand strategy continued to refine itself to match industry trends of the 1980s. By the 1990s, both the Peroni brand name and product line were distributed and known worldwide.
The London-based brewing giant SABMiller bought the company in 2005, making it one of the few international brands in its portfolio. To re-launch the brand, SABMiller hired an empty boutique on 202 Sloane Street, London to align it with other Italian fashion brands; the boutique was entitled "Emporio Peroni".
Beers under the Peroni brand include: Crystall, a 5.6% abv pale lager; Peroni Gran Riserva, a 6.6% abv strong lager; Peroncino, a 5% pale lager; Peroni Leggera, a 3.5% pale lager. The company also produces the Wuhrer brand - a 4.7% pale lager launched in Brescia in 1829.
The main brands are Nastro Azzurro and Peroni.
Nastro Azzurro is a 5.1% alcohol by volume pale lager. It is the Peroni Brewery's premium lager brand which was launched in 1963[1].
The name means "Blue Ribbon" in Italian, in honor of the Blue Riband won by Italian ocean liner SS Rex in 1933.
Nastro Azzurro has also sponsored teams in Grand Prix motorcycle racing. In 1997 they sponsored a 125cc Aprilia team with rider Valentino Rossi, who won the championship in that season [2]. In 2000 and 2001 they sponsored a 500cc Honda team, again with Rossi as the rider. Rossi placed second and first in the championship in 2000[3] and 2001[4] respectively.
Peroni is the Peroni company's original brand, and the best selling pale lager in Italy. It is 4.7% abv, and is made with barley malt, corn grits, hop pellets and hop extract. By the 1950s and 1960s, Peroni had become the brand of beer most recognized throughout the Italian peninsula. The following decade saw the expansion of Peroni into foreign markets through international distribution, itself spurred by recognition of the increasingly popular advertising for the Peroni brand. Today, market research confirms Peroni as the most recognized and most widely consumed Italian beer.
BRABUS refines the Mercedes-AMG GT S 441 kW / 600 HP, 750 Nm of torque, a top speed of 325 km/h, carbon components and 21-inch high-tech forged wheels
Lending an exclusive car an even more thrilling appearance has been the domain of BRABUS (Brabus-Allee, D-46240 Bottrop, phone + 49 (0) 2041 /...
3d-car-shows.com/brabus-mercedes-benz-amg-gt-world-premie...
Many different precipitants can be used. I chose SMB (sodium metabisulfite), available at brewery stores. The solution is no longer yellow. The gold has precipitated as a brown dirt at the bottom of the beaker.
Title: Humble Oil & Refining Co., Aerial
Creator: Richie, Robert Yarnall
Date: November 25, 1951
Part Of: Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection
Place: Texas
Physical Description: 1 negative: film, black and white; 10.2 x 12.7 cm.
File: ag1982_0234_3422_02_humbleoilrefineco_sm_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ryr/id/661
View the Robert Yarnall Richie Photograph Collection digitalcollections.smu.edu/all/cul/ryr/
Using a Dremel tool to refine each of the petals of the sunflower before sanding them smooth and then sealing them. I guess my whole body must be vibrating along with the vibrations from the Dremel tool!
Further refining. Adjusted colors a bit, for better contrast, and playbutton has light lines now.
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More of my artwork can be found in my online portfolio
and some prints are available
Datan siivousta tehokkaasti – Eduskuntavaaliehdokkaiden itse ilmoittamat arvot/ammatit/asemat siivottuna
Google Refine Tutoriaali
Antti Poikola – Otavan Opisto
Kuva: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak (wikipedia)
An over-pressure event caused this 29-thousand-barrel oil tank to rupture at the Holly Refining and Marketing site in Woods Cross, Utah on August 30, 2012. Roughly 200 barrels escaped as an aerosol, drifting east onto homes, businesses and part of Interstate 15.
Title: Wyatt Metal and Boiler Works, at Humble Oil and Refining Co., Tomball refinery
Creator: Richie, Robert Yarnall (1908-1984)
Date: June 1940
Part Of: Robert Yarnall Richie photograph collection
Place: Tomball, Texas
Physical Description: 1 negative: film, black and white; 12.6 x 10 cm
File Name: ag1982_0234_2162_21_wyattwks_sm_opt.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information and to view the image in high resolution, see:
digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ryr/id/1997
View Robert Yarnall Richie photograph collection at:
This is the part where I use a razor blade and sand paper to make the left side of the face and the right side of the face match. If you look a few pictures back, they really didn't. On one side, the top um... lash thingy was the longest, on the other side the bottom was. And they didn't really even point in the same directions, so...right. Needed fixing.
Enrico Caruso’s ascendancy coincided with the dawn of the twentieth century, when the world of opera was moving away from the contrived bel canto (“beautiful singing”) style, with its emphasis on artifice and vibrato, to a verismo (“realism”) approach. The warmth and sincerity of his voice—and personality— shone in this more natural style and set the standard for contemporary greats like Luciano Pavarotti, Placido Domingo, and José Carreras. Through his exploitation of the nascent phonograph industry, Caruso is also largely responsible for the sweeping interest in opera of the 1910s and ’20s. And for this, Stanley Jackson wrote in his book Caruso, he may never be rivaled, for later tenors could not hope to find themselves in a similarly fortuitous position and thus would most certainly “find it more difficult to win such universal affection as the bubbly, warm-hearted little Neapolitan whose voice soared and sobbed from the first wheezy phonographs to bring a new magic into countless lives.”
Born in Naples, Italy, in 1873, the third of seven children (early sources erroneously state that he was the 18th of 21), Caruso was raised in squalor. His birthplace, according to Jackson, was a “two-storeyed house, flaky with peeling stucco, [accommodating] several families, who shared a solitary cold-water tap on the landing, and like every other dwelling in that locality it lacked indoor sanitation.” As a boy, Caruso received very little formal education; his only training in a social setting came from his church choir, where he displayed a pure voice and a keen memory for songs. More often than not, however, he skipped choir practice to sing with street minstrels for café patrons.
At the age of ten Caruso began working a variety of menial jobs—mechanic, jute weaver—but his passion for singing often led him back to the streets. Eight years later, an aspiring baritone named Eduardo Missiano heard Caruso singing by a local swimming pool. Impressed, Missiano took Caruso to his voice teacher, Guglielmo Vergine. Vergine on hearing Caruso, compared the tenor’s voice to “the wind whistling through the chimney,” Michael Scott recounted in The Great Caruso. Although he disliked Caruso’s Neapolitan café style, flashy gestures, and unrefined and unrestrained vocalizing, Vergine finally agreed to accept Caruso as his student. But “the lessons ended after three years,” John Kobler wrote in American Heritage, “and Caruso’s formal musical training thereafter remained almost as meager as his scholastic education. He could read a score only with difficulty. He played no musical instrument. He sang largely by ear.”
On March 15, 1895, Caruso made his professional debut in L’Amico Francesco, a now-forgotten opera by an amateur composer. He was not an immediate sensation.
For the Record…
Bom Errico Caruso (adopted more formal Enrico for stage), February 27 (some sources say 25), 1873, in Naples, Italy; died of pneumonia and peritonitis in 1921 in Naples; son of Marcellino (a mechanic) and Anna (Baldini) Caruso; married Dorothy Park Benjamin, 1918; children: Gloria; (with Ada Giachetti) Rodolfo, Enrico Jr. Education: Studied voice with Guglielmo Vergine, 1891-94, and Vincenzo Lombardi, 1896-97.
Worked as laborer, including jobs as mechanic and jute weaver, beginning c. 1883; debuted in L’Amico Francesco at Teatro Nuovo, Naples, 1894; expanded repertoire to include La Traviata, Rigoletto, Aida, and Faust, among others; first sang Canio in I Pagliacci, 1896, and Rodolfo in La Bohème, 1897; debuted in La Bohème at La Scala, Milan, 1899; performed internationally, including appearances in Moscow, Buenos Aries, Monte Carlo, and London, beginning in 1899; made first recordings, 1902; debuted in U.S. at Metropolitan Opera, New York City, 1903. Appeared in silent films My Cousin and A Splendid Romance, 1918; subject of fictional film biography The Great Caruso, 1950.
Awards: Order of the Commendatore of the Crown of Italy; Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honor; Order of the Crown Eagle of Prussia; honorary captain of the New York City Police Department.
His vocal range was limited; he often had to transpose the musical score down a halftone since he had trouble in the upper register, especially hitting high C. But impresarios who heard Caruso recognized his innate gift and cast him in significant productions such as Faust, Rigoletto, and La Traviata. With stage experience and brief training with another vocal teacher, Vincenzo Lombardo, the singer made steady progress, refining the natural beauty of his voice.
“Who Has Sent You to Me? God?”
In 1897, studying for the part of Rodolpho in Giacomo Puccini’s La Bohème, Caruso went to the composer’s villa to secure Puccini’s consent of his interpretation. As told by author Jackson, after Caruso sang a few measures of the first-act aria, “Che gelida manima,” Puccini “swivelled in his chair and murmured in amazement, ’Who has sent you to me? God?’”
Caruso’s instrument was “a voice of the South, full of warmth, charm, and lusciousness,” described a commentator of the era who was quoted in Howard Greenfeld’s book Caruso. But what truly set Caruso apart—from his predecessors, contemporaries, and successors—was his ability to eliminate the space between singer and listener, to intensify “the emotional effects upon his audience,” testified American Heritage contributor Kobler. “His vocalized feelings, variously spiritual, earthy, carnal, seemed to resonate within the hearer’s body. Rosa Ponselle, the American soprano who made her debut opposite Caruso, called it “a voice that loves you.’”
And his timbre was matched by sheer power; at the height of his career, Caruso gave concerts in venues as large as New York City’s Yankee Stadium without microphones and was clearly heard by all. Still, he reached his greatest audience, across both distance and time, through the small, recorded medium of the phonograph. “Few performers deserve . . . recognition more than Caruso,” David Hamilton proclaimed in the New York Times. “[His] records made him the universal model for later generations of tenors, while his reputation played a major role in establishing the phonograph socially and economically.”
Recording Pioneer
Caruso made his first recording on April 11, 1902, in a hotel suite in Milan, Italy. Over the remaining 19 years of his life he made an additional 488 recordings, almost all for the Victor label. He earned more than two million dollars from recording alone, the company almost twice that. But, most important, his recordings brought grand opera to the uninitiated. Millions cried along with his version of Canio’s sobbing “Vesti la giubba,” from/Pagliacci. The development of the American opera audience from a rarefied community at the turn of the century to a diverse populace in modern times can be directly attributed to Caruso’s recordings.
But Caruso’s allure was not solely the result of his singing. “Quick to laughter and to tears, amorous, buffoonish,... speaking a comically fractured English, round and paunchy, Caruso presented an image that appealed enormously to multitudes of ordinary Americans,” Kobler pointed out. Indeed, his offstage behavior was as interesting to the public as that of his onstage personas. He had numerous affairs with women, which often ended in court. He had an 11-year relationship, beginning in 1897, with soprano Ada Giachetti, who had left her husband and son for the much younger tenor. She bore Caruso two sons, then ran off with the family chauffeur. Three years later, Giachetti sued Caruso for attempting to damage her career and for theft of her jewelry. The suit was eventually dismissed.
Offstage Shenanigans
Caruso was not exonerated, however, in what became known as the “Monkey House Case.” On November 16, 1906, Caruso went to the Monkey House in the Central Park Zoo, one of his favorite retreats in his adopted hometown of New York City. There a young woman accused him of pinching her bottom. A policeman on the scene immediately took Caruso—confused and sobbing—to jail. The woman failed to appear at the consequent trial, and police were unable to produce any witnesses other than the arresting officer, who turned out to have been best man at the accuser’s wedding. The judge found Caruso guilty of disorderly conduct and fined him ten dollars. The public, for its part, though initially unsure of Caruso’s innocence, soon returned to its thunderous approval of his performances.
Despite these episodes, Caruso’s life outside the theater was not entirely tumultuous. His marriage to Dorothy Park Benjamin in 1918 was happy and secure. His celebrated earnings allowed him to collect art, stamps, and coins. His clothing and furnishings were luxurious. He ate with gusto. And he was extremely generous. A gifted caricaturist, Caruso often gave drawings away. He would fill his pockets with gold coins and shower stagehands with them at the end of Christmastime productions. He also supported many family members, gave numerous charity concerts, and helped raise millions of dollars for the Allied cause during World War I. This remarkable man even paid his taxes early. “If I wait, something might happen to me, then it would be hard to collect,” Caruso reasoned, as recounted by Kobler. “Now I pay, then if something happen to me the money belongs to the United States, and that is good.”
Caruso’s expansive approach to life, however, rendered his own short. Constant recording and performance demands and the singer’s unchecked appetites took their toll on his health; he died in Naples, in 1921, from pneumonia and peritonitis. He was 48 years old. “Caruso may have been a greater master of comedy than tragedy,” Great Caruso author Scott wrote, “yet there was no levity in his approach to his art, for as each year passed and he became an ever more celebrated singer, his fame—ably demonstrated by frequent new issues of ever improving records—made increasing demands of him. In those last years he rode a tiger.”
Selected discography
Enrico Caruso: 21 Favorite Arias, RCA, 1987.
Enrico Caruso, Pearl, 1988.
Enrico Caruso in Arias, Duets, and Songs, Supraphon, 1988.
Caruso in Opera, Nimbus, 1989.
Caruso in Song, Nimbus, 1990.
The Compíete Caruso, BMG Classics, 1990.
Enrico Caruso in Opera: Early New York Recordings (1904-06), Conifer, 1990.
The Caruso Edition: Volume 1 (1902-1908), Pearl, 1991.
The Caruso Edition: Volume 2 (1908-1912), Pearl, 1991.
The Caruso Edition: Volume 3 (1912-1916), Pearl, 1991.
The Caruso Edition: Volume 4 (1916-1921),, Pearl, 1991.
Caruso in Ensemble, Nimbus, 1992.
Addio Mia Bella Napoli, Replay/Qualiton, 1993.
Sources
Books
Caruso, Enrico, Jr., and Andrew Farkas, Enrico Caruso: My Father and My Family, Amadeus Press, 1990.
Greenfeld, Howard, Caruso, Putnam, 1983.
Jackson, Stanley, Caruso, Stein & Day, 1972.
Scott, Michael, The Great Caruso, Knopf, 1988.
Periodicals
American Heritage, February/March 1984.
Economist, March 9, 1991.
New Republic, August 8, 1988.
New York Times, January 6, 1991.
—Rob Nagel
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