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Tolka River Valley Park, Finglas, Dublin, Ireland 20th/Jan/2017
Siberian chiffchaff (Phylloscopus (collybita) tristis) is a leaf-warbler which is usually considered a subspecies of the common chiffchaff, but may be a species in its own right.
Range
Siberian chiffchaff breeds in Siberia east of the Pechora River and winters in the lower Himalayas.
Status in Europe
It is also regularly recorded in western Europe in winter, and it is likely that the numbers involved have been underestimated due to uncertainties over identification criteria, lack of good data and recording policies (Sweden and Finland only accept trapped birds).
Because of their unfamiliar appearance, British records in the 1950s and 1960s were originally thought to be greenish warblers, and accepted as such by BBRC, the national rarities committee, until the records were reviewed in the 1980s.
vocalisations
It is a dull bird, grey or brownish above and whitish below, with little yellow in the plumage, and the buff-white supercilium is often longer than in the western subspecies. It has a higher pitched suitsistsuisit song and a short high-pitched cheet call. It is sometimes considered to be a full species due to its distinctive plumage and vocalisations, being similar to P. s. sindianus in these respects.
Taxonomy
Common chiffchaffs (of the nominate race) and Siberian chiffchaffs do not recognize each others songs. Pending resolution of the status of the form fulvescens, which is found where the ranges of common chiffchaff (of the race abietinus) and Siberian chiffchaff connect and may, or may not, be a hybrid between these, tristis is maintained in P. collybita by most checklists
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
Печоры, Свято-Успенский Псково-Печерский Мужской Монастырь
Holy Dormition Pskov-Caves Monastery. Pechora
白背鷚 1齡冬羽，背部白色條紋沒有非常明顯，易與赤喉鷚(1齡鳥及粉色不明顯的＞1齡)混淆：繫放時應特別注意易於與赤喉鷚區別的重點：1）初級飛羽明顯突出於最長之三級飛羽；2）嘴基粉色，相較於赤喉鷚，較粗長；3）尾上覆羽黑色條紋為棒狀，赤喉為鈍三角形；4）外側數來第2根尾羽(T5)白色明顯，長度13-37mm, 赤喉鷚不明顯，僅約0.5-15mm
The 9K33 Osa (Russian: 9К33 «Оса»; English: "wasp"; NATO reporting name SA-8 Gecko) is a highly mobile, low-altitude, short-range tactical surface-to-air missile system developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and fielded in 1972. Its export version name is Romb.
The Osa was the first mobile air defense missile system incorporating its own engagement radars on a single vehicle.
All versions of the 9K33 feature all-in-one 9A33 transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) vehicles which can detect, track and engage aircraft independently or with the aid of regimental surveillance radars. The six-wheeled transport vehicles BAZ-5937 are fully amphibious and air transportable. The road range is about 500 km.
The 1S51M3-2 radar system of the 9K33 Osa TELAR received the NATO codename Land Roll. It was derived from the naval 'Pop Group' radar system but is smaller as it does not require a stabilisation system. An improved system, the Osa-AKM (NATO reporting name SA-8B 'Gecko' Mod 1) was first seen in Germany in 1980. It had improvements to the launcher configuration, carrying six missiles in ribbed containers.
The system is reported to be of the frequency-agile monopulse type. It consists of an elliptical rotating surveillance antenna mounted on top of the array, operates in H band (6 to 8 GHz) and has a 30 km acquisition range against most targets. The large pulsed J band (14.5 GHz) engagement antenna is mounted below it in the centre of the array and has a maximum tracking range of about 20 km.
Mounted on either side of the tracking radar antenna is a small J band parabolic dish antenna to track the missile. Below it is a small circular antenna which emits an I band uplink capture beam to gather the missile shortly after launch. The final antennas in the array are two small white rectangular ones, one on either side of the array mounted alongside the I band, used for command uplink to the missile. The twin antenna system permits the 'Land Roll' radar to control up to two missiles simultaneously against a single target.
Two missiles can be guided on different frequencies to further complicate electronic countermeasures (ECM). The 9Sh33 electro optical tracker is fitted to and above the tracking radar, used to track the target when the main tracking radar is jammed by ECM.
A 9K33 battery comprises four 9A33B TELAR vehicles and two 9T217 transloader vehicles on BAZ-5939 chassis with reload missiles and a crane. A reload time of five minutes has been reported per TELAR.
In addition to the TELARs, each regiment is assigned a 9V914 radar collimation vehicle (initially on the BAZ-5938 chassis but more often found on the ZiL-131 truck) that assists in the alignment of the TELAR's radar systems, ensuring accurate target tracking and engagement.
Engagement range for early versions is approximately 2–9 km (1.3–5.6 mi) with engagement altitudes of between 50 and 5,000 m (164–16,400 ft). The 9M33M2 "Osa-A" missile extends the ranges to 1.5–10 km (1–6.2 mi) and engagement altitudes to 25–5,000 m (82–16,400 ft). The 9M33M3 missile greatly enhances the altitude engagement envelope to 10–12,000 m (33–42,500 ft), and are able to travel further (about 15 km/9 mi). However, the system is unable to engage targets at longer ranges, due to other factors such as the limitations of the radar tracking of the missiles. The system is designed for use primarily against jet aircraft and helicopters in any weather.
The 9M33 missiles are 3.158 m (10.3 ft) long, weigh 126 kg (278 lb) and use command guidance. A backup low-light optical tracking system is available for heavy ECM environments. The latest 9M33M3 missiles have an increased total weight of 170 kg (375 lb) in order to provide extended range coverage and larger warhead. Propulsion is provided by a dual-thrust solid fuel rocket motor. Both versions feature a missile speed of around Mach 2.4 (peaking at around Mach 3) for a maximum target engagement speed of around Mach 1.4 for the original 9M33 missile and Mach 1.6 for the 9M33M2\M3 missiles. The warhead for 9M33/M2 versions weighs 19 kg (42 lb), increased to 40 kg (88 lb) in the M3 version to improve performance against helicopters. All versions have impact and proximity fuzes.
Each TELAR is able to launch and guide two missiles against one target simultaneously. Kill probability is quoted as 0.35–0.85 for the Osa and 0.55–0.85 for the Osa-AK and Osa-AKM (presumably depending upon target aspect, speed, maneuverability and radar cross section). Reaction time (from target detection to launch) is around 26 seconds. Preparation time for engagements from transit is around 4 minutes and missile reloading takes around 5 minutes. Each battery of four TELARs is usually accompanied by two reload vehicles carrying 18 missiles in sets of three, with a crane mounted on the reload vehicles to assist in moving the missiles.
When launched, the booster motor burns for two seconds, permitting the radar to gather and control it at very short ranges (about 1.6 km). The sustainer motor burns for 15 seconds, bringing the missile to a top speed of about Mach 2. Once launched, the missile is command-guided for the whole flight, and the warhead is detonated by its proximity fuze or possibly command. The warhead is said to have a lethal radius of 5 m at low altitude against an F-4 Phantom II size target.
Radars
1S51M3 ("Land Roll") – C band target acquisition radar, H band conical scan target tracking radar and two J band pulse mode fire control radars (range 35 km/22 mi for acquisition, 30 km/19 mi for tracking and 25 km/16 mi for guidance). Mounted on the TELAR.
P-40 ("Long Track") – E band early warning radar (also used by 2K11 Krug and 2K12 Kub, range 175 km/108 mi), mounted on a tracked vehicle (a modified AT-T).
P-15 ("Flat Face A") or P-19 ("Flat Face B") or P-15M(2) ("Squat Eye") – 380 kW C band target acquisition radar (also used by the S-125 Neva/Pechora and 2K12 Kub, range 250 km/155 mi), mounted on a ZiL-131 truck.
PRV-9 or PRV-16 ("Thin Skin") – E band height finding radar (also used by 2K11 Krug and 2K12 Kub, range 240 km/148 mi), mounted on a KrAZ-255B truck.
Produced by the Soviet Union/Russia, the system was exported to many countries, including Cuba, Greece (from the former East Germany), Poland, Syria, Ecuador and Iraq.
During the 1982 Lebanon war in which Syrian air defenses were obliterated by a massive air campaign against Syrian SAM sites in the Beqaa valley, the Syrians deployed Osas. An F-4 Phantom in a SEAD mission was shot down on 24 July 1982 by an Osa system. The WSO (back seater), Aharon Katz was killed, while the pilot, Gil Fogel, survived and was held captive by the Syrians for two years.
In the late 1980s, Cuba deployed several 9K33 Osa units in southern Angola, which posed a significant threat to South African air superiority at shorter ranges. The South African 61 Mechanised Battalion Group captured an intact 9K33 Osa anti-aircraft missile system on 3 October 1987 during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. This was the first time that such a system had fallen into possession of non-Warsaw Pact forces, giving Western intelligence agencies an opportunity to examine an important Soviet-bloc weapon system.
Iraq fielded Osa systems during the 1991 Gulf War. The Russians claimed that it was the most effective system alongside the ZSU-23-4 Shilka at shooting down Tomahawk cruise missiles, with several downings credited to hits from Osa weapons.
The system also saw use in the 2008 Russo-Georgian War by both the Georgian and Russian militaries.
Libya deployed 9K33 Osa, with some destroyed during the 2011 Libyan Civil War by NATO airstrikes.
One of the ambition birds for birders visiting Shetland, Pechora Pipit is a "Sibe" misdirected from the breeding grounds of Siberia so that instead of reaching wintering areas in Southern Asia it pitches up pretty much annually on Britain's Northern Isles. Ths one arrived in Quendale near the Southern end of Mainland Shetland where it remained for a few days showing unusually well (they are inveterate skulkers) intermittently on a drystone wall.
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
A less than usually elusive but still difficult to photograph bird at Loch of Norby, Shetland Mainland.
IJmuiden, Holland on 5th February 2016.
IMO number :9488322
Name of ship :PECHORA STAR
Call Sign :9HA2788
MMSI :215760000
Gross tonnage :8581
DWT :13013
Type of ship :Chemical/Oil Products Tanker
Year of build :2011
Flag :Malta
Coincidentally the night before we arrived...
Glad I got up at 03.30, drove to Fishguard and stood in a bog for 5 hours then.
Humph.
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
Печоры, Свято-Успенский Псково-Печерский Мужской Монастырь
Holy Dormition Pskov-Caves Monastery. Pechora
IJmuiden, Holland on 5th February 2016.
IMO number :9488322
Name of ship :PECHORA STAR
Call Sign :9HA2788
MMSI :215760000
Gross tonnage :8581
DWT :13013
Type of ship :Chemical/Oil Products Tanker
Year of build :2011
Flag :Malta
Pechora Star - En face de Ste-Foy Qc. En montée sur le fleuve St-Laurent.
Rigel Sschiffahrt - Pétrolier - IMO 9488322 - Pavillon: Malte
Prise de Vue: Olympus OM-D E-M10 M II - Usine de filtration St-Romuald Qc.
Pechora Star - In front of Ste-Foy - Upbound on the St-Lawrence River.
Rigel Sschiffahrt - Oil/Chem Tanker - IMO 9488322 - Flag: Malta
Photo Taken: Olympus OM-D E-M10 M II - Filtration plant St-Romuald Qc.
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
On Oct. 5, 2013, Greenpeace supporters stood in solidarity with the crew of the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. Tens of thousands of people have taken part in an emergency global day of solidarity with the 'Arctic 30' in well over 80 cities in 50 countries throughout the world. 28 Greenpeace International activists and two journalists were charged with piracy this week by a Russian court, following a peaceful protest against Arctic oil drilling at a Gazprom oil platform in the Pechora Sea.
Печоры, Свято-Успенский Псково-Печерский Мужской Монастырь
Holy Dormition Pskov-Caves Monastery. Pechora
Pechora Pipit
The Pechora pipit (Anthus gustavi) is a small passerine bird which breeds in the tundra of northern Asia, eastwards of Russia. It is a long-distance migrant, moving in winter to Indonesia.
This species creeps in long grass, and is reluctant to fly even when disturbed. Its call is a distinctive electrical zip. Although the call is generally helpful when identifying pipits, this species calls far less than most. This, combined with its skulking habits, makes this a difficult species to find and identify away from its breeding grounds in the Arctic.
Tolka River Valley Park, Finglas, Dublin, Ireland 20th/Jan/2017
Siberian chiffchaff (Phylloscopus (collybita) tristis) is a leaf-warbler which is usually considered a subspecies of the common chiffchaff, but may be a species in its own right.
Range
Siberian chiffchaff breeds in Siberia east of the Pechora River and winters in the lower Himalayas.
Status in Europe
It is also regularly recorded in western Europe in winter, and it is likely that the numbers involved have been underestimated due to uncertainties over identification criteria, lack of good data and recording policies (Sweden and Finland only accept trapped birds).
Because of their unfamiliar appearance, British records in the 1950s and 1960s were originally thought to be greenish warblers, and accepted as such by BBRC, the national rarities committee, until the records were reviewed in the 1980s.
vocalisations
It is a dull bird, grey or brownish above and whitish below, with little yellow in the plumage, and the buff-white supercilium is often longer than in the western subspecies. It has a higher pitched suitsistsuisit song and a short high-pitched cheet call. It is sometimes considered to be a full species due to its distinctive plumage and vocalisations, being similar to P. s. sindianus in these respects.
Taxonomy
Common chiffchaffs (of the nominate race) and Siberian chiffchaffs do not recognize each others songs. Pending resolution of the status of the form fulvescens, which is found where the ranges of common chiffchaff (of the race abietinus) and Siberian chiffchaff connect and may, or may not, be a hybrid between these, tristis is maintained in P. collybita by most checklists