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www.tourduvalat.org/en/newsletter/la_reserve_naturelle_re...
A remarkable site for temporary ponds
The Tour du Valat Foundation is the owner of a 2560 ha estate made up of natural and agricultural lands, grazed by some 450 Camargue cattle and 80 Camargue horses. The natural zones form a mosaic of the emblematic and now rare habitats of the fluviolacustrine Camargue, the area at the interface between riverine and maritime influences.
These relatively non-saline habitats were largely destroyed in the past for the development of agriculture. The result is a natural heritage of exceptional value, adapted to the particular conditions of the area. Since July 2008, 1845 ha of the Estate (i.e., 72% of its total surface area) have been granted the protection status Réserve naturelle régionale or Regional Natural Reserve (RNR).
Of the many natural habitats that make up the site, the temporary ponds are among the most remarkable. Some of them (the least saline) are examples of a habitat of priority community interest under the European Habitats Directive, which are in sharp decline around the Mediterranean basin, Mediterranean Temporary Ponds (MTP)1. Such ponds cover a total surface area of 18.3 ha on the Tour du Valat Estate, i.e. 65% of all the MTPs in the Camargue.
In all, there are 65 ponds of various kinds on the Estate covering a total surface area of about 60 ha (their size is highly variable in function of water level). They vary considerably in size, shape, depth, level of isolation, and salinity, with consequent influences on the plant and animal communities that live in and around them.
In particular, there is a wide diversity of plant species, certain of which are highly threatened. Among the eleven protected species (four at national level, and seven at regional level) found in the Tour du Valat RNR, two are of major importance for conservation:
The Starfruit or Water star (Damasonium polyspermum) is an attractive little white-flowered annual plant, a member of the Alismataceae family. This Western Mediterranean endemic is typical of Mediterranean temporary ponds. Its world conservation status is listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and it is protected by ministerial decree in France, where it is present at some ten sites, including the Tour du Valat. In the RNR, it is found, sometimes in populations of several thousands, in six oligosaline (very slightly salty) ponds with a sunny exposition and scattered emergent vegetation; it emerges only when flooding conditions are favourable, i.e. when there is enough water in early spring.
Riella helicophylla is a small aquatic liverwort just a few centimetres in height. Endemic to the Mediterranean basin, it is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive, and is currently being added to the list of French protected species. It is fond of distinctly saline, shallow, clear, temporary flood water, with limited plant cover. It was only recently discovered at the Tour du Valat (March 2012) in saline borrow pits and some low depressions in the flooded sansouïres bordering the Baisse Salée and the Saline ponds, covering at least 1.2 ha. Until then, it had only been found at one (former) site in the Hérault Department, and at Salin du Caban, east of
In terms of animals, the temporary ponds are also of primordial interest, for branchiopod crustaceans, odonates (dragonflies and damselflies), and amphibians. In wet springs, they literally teem with animals of kinds: from Triops cancriformis, a real living fossil, to the impressive tadpoles of the Common parsley frog or the Mediterranean/stripeless tree frog, and larvae of Zygoptera (damselflies, close relatives of the dragonflies). In this category, one of the commonest species in the Tour du Valat ponds, although highly threatened in France, is the Dark emerald damselfly or Dark spreadwing (Lestes macrostigma). This attractive damselfly, listed as Vulnerable in Europe by the IUCN, is only found in a few sites in France, along the Atlantic coast, in Corsica, and in the Camargue.
To conserve this natural heritage, it is necessary to maintain the natural hydrological regime of these ponds, characterised by their isolation and long completely parched periods in the summer. Their appearance thus varies immensely in function of precipitation level, ranging from bare cracked soil in late summer to vast flooded areas in wet springs, verdant and teeming with life.
*Habitat type 3170 in the Habitats Directive n° 3170.
Find out more:
Bigot L. 1999 Sur la réponse de Damasonium polyspermum Cosson (Alismataceae) aux variations des conditions édaphoclimatiques, d'après un suivi de 43 ans (1954-1996) dans une mare temporaire de la Tour-du- Valat (Camargue, Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Bull Soc Linn Provence 50 : 83-88 (in French)
2016 PHOTOCHALLENGE, WEEK 12: STILL LIFE – DUTCH MASTERS.
I found this an interesting challenge and one I would have never attempted without being prompted. So first of all thank you.
I went for a fruit still life with focus on lighting and texture. I placed it on a black cloth.
At the start I thought this would need lots of post processing however it turned out just a few small adjustments were needed.
Música cristiana | Dios es el único Soberano del destino del hombre
www.kingdomsalvation.org/es/videos/sole-sovereign-of-mans...
I
No importa cuán lejos has caminado en tu vida
ni cuán anciano seas,
no importa cuán largo sea el resto de tu viaje,
debes aceptar la autoridad de Dios,
tómate en serio saber que Él es tu único Señor.
No importa cuán grandes sean tus capacidades,
el destino de otros no se puede influenciar,
mucho menos orquestarlo, cambiarlo o controlarlo.
Sólo el único Dios todo lo dicta,
pues sólo Él tiene la autoridad para regir el destino del hombre,
y por eso sólo el Creador es el Señor del hombre.
II
Todos deben saber con claridad
que Dios controla el destino humano.
Es la clave para conocer la vida humana y la verdad,
conocer a Dios cada día.
No puedes tomar atajos para alcanzar este objetivo.
No importa cuán grandes sean tus capacidades,
el destino de otros no se puede influenciar,
mucho menos orquestarlo, cambiarlo o controlarlo.
Sólo el único Dios todo lo dicta,
pues sólo Él tiene la autoridad para regir el destino del hombre,
y por eso sólo el Creador es el Señor del hombre.
III
De la soberanía de Dios, no puedes escapar.
Del hombre, Dios el único Señor del destino del hombre.
Por eso el hombre no puede dictar su destino;
es imposible para él sobrepasarlo.
No importa cuán grandes sean tus capacidades,
el destino de otros no se puede influenciar,
mucho menos orquestarlo, cambiarlo o controlarlo.
Sólo el único Dios todo lo dicta,
pues sólo Él tiene la autoridad para regir el destino del hombre,
y por eso sólo el Creador es el Señor del hombre.
De “Seguir al Cordero y cantar nuevos cánticos”
Escuchar más: Canciones cristianas evangélicas
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_F1
in German:
Motor: V12
KW/PS: 460/627
0-100: 3,3 sec
Spitze: 358 km/h
ccm: 6064
Drehmoment: 650 Nm
0-200: 9,4 sec
Gewicht: 1140 kg
Karosserie: KohlefasermonocoqueMcLarenF1. Manche Leute mag es verwundern, doch dieser Renner besitzt wirklich eine Straßenzulassung. Mit seinem V12 Motor schafft es der McLaren auf eine Spitzengeschwindigkeit von 368 Km/h. Der Wahnsinn, wenn man bedenkt wie voll unsere Autobahnen sind. Aber machen Sie sich da mal keine Sorgen, denn die wenigen Exemplare die auf diesem Planeten verteilt sind (100 Exemplare wurde von 1994 bis 1997 gebaut) werden mit bis zu 1,5 Mio. Euro gehandelt. Selbst der Ferrari F50 oder der Porsche GT1 sehen neben diesem Straßenflitzer nicht so toll aus. Der F1 ist und bleibt das schnellste Auto mit Straßenzulassung. Also, ein wahres "Traum"-Auto.
McLaren-Entwickler Gordon Murray hegte Anfang der 90er Jahre einen Traum. Er wollte den ultimativen Straßensportwagen bauen. Nachdem er die Erlaubnis von McLaren-Teamchef Ron Dennis eingeholt hatte, begann er mit der Verwirklichung seiner Vision.
McLaren entwickelte fünf Prototypen des F1, bevor sie den ersten McLaren F1 im Jahre 1994 zusammenbauten. Es gab XP1 (der experimentelle Prototyp 1), zerstört in einem Feuer nach drei Monaten; XP2, verwendet für die Abbruchprüfung; XP3, verwendet für die prüfende und der Durchlauf Haltbarkeit 231 MPH Nardo; XP4 und XP5, ein Marketing-Abteilungsauto.
Viele mechanische Bauteile wie Bremsen, Räder und Teile des Motors griffen auf exotische Metalle wie Aluminium, Magnesium und Titan zurück. Es wurde dadurch möglich, das Leergewicht bei weniger als 1100 kg anzusiedeln. Den Grundstein der Konstruktion legte deshalb ein Kohlefasermonocoque, dass für Carbon-Vorreiter McLaren eine logische Fortführung der Bauweise von Grand-Prix-Rennwagen war. Auch das Karosseriekonzept lehnt an Formel-Rennwagen an. Der Fahrer sitzt in der Mitte, die beiden Beifahrer nehmen zu seinen Seiten nach hinten versetzt Platz.
Der V12 Motor des Boliden stammt von BMW und ist hinter dem Sitz installiert. Bei der Maschine handelt es sich um eine stark modifizierte Version des BMW Zwölfzylinders, der im 850 CSi zum Einsatz kam. 627 PS bei 266 kg ist die die unglaubliche Leistung dieses Motors. Er schafft es den F1 in nur 3,3 Sec. auf 100 Km/h und in 9,4 Sec. auf 200 Km/h zu beschleunigen. Das gewaltige Drehmoment von 650 Nm ist für so ein Triebwerk nicht minder beeindruckend und liegt konstant zwischen 4000 und 7000 Umdrehungen.
6,0 Sekunden von 100 auf 200 km/h, 9,0 Sekunden von 200 auf 280 und Spitze 368 Km/h. Diese Zahlen lassen staunende Gesichter zurück. Auf einer Teststrecke wurde im Jahre 1998 sogar einmal eine Spitzengeschwindigkeit von 388 Km/h gemessen.
Das Fahrwerk, das diese Zahlen auf die Strasse zaubert besitzt kurze Überhänge, eine dem Rennsport entliehene Radaufhängung und ein wohlausgesuchtes Feder-Dämpfer-System sorgen darüber hinaus für hervorragende Handlichkeit bei hoher Fahrstabilität. Die Bremsanlage fordert den Fahrer heraus. Auf elektronische Unterstützung muss verzichtet werden. Selbst bei optimaler Verzögerung dauert eine Vollbremsung aus der Höchstgeschwindigkeit über 9 Sekunden und geht über fast 500 Meter.
Der F1 fühlte sich auf Rennstrecken so richtig zu Hause, es war seine Heimat. So holte das McLaren Team 1995 den Gesamtsieg der 24 Stunden von Le Mans. Von den 100 gebauten Stück wurden ca. 50 für Autorennen verwendet und die andere Hälfte ging an zahlungskräftige Käufer in aller Welt.
Der McLaren F1 ist ein "Über"-Auto. Das Fahrzeug ist eine gänzlich andere Ebene, ja sogar eine gänzlich andere Welt, des Automobilbaus. Anders als bei einem Porsche oder Ferrari spiegelt der Preis für so einen Wagen nicht die hohen Produktionskosten, sondern die hier verwendeten Materialien und die Meisterleistung eines Produktionsteams wieder, wie es wohl unvergleichbar sein dürfte.
Quellenhinweis:
Text: Gilth Serano (teils Klaus Reimert)
Der monathlich-herausgegebenen Insecten-Belustigung ... :
Nürnberg, :gedruckt bey J.J. Fleischmann,1746-1761.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia
Philadelphia, commonly referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the second-most populous city in the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Philadelphia is known for its extensive contributions to United States history, especially the American Revolution, and served as the nation's capital until 1800. It maintains contemporary influence in business and industry, culture, sports, and music. Philadelphia is the nation's sixth-most populous city with a population of 1,603,797 as of the 2020 census and is the urban core of the larger Delaware Valley (or Philadelphia metropolitan area), the nation's seventh-largest and one of the world's largest metropolitan regions consisting of 6.245 million residents in the metropolitan statistical area and 7.366 million residents in its combined statistical area.
Philadelphia was founded in 1682 by William Penn, an English Quaker and advocate of religious freedom. The city served as the capital of the Pennsylvania Colony during the British colonial era and went on to play a historic and vital role as the central meeting place for the nation's founding fathers whose plans and actions in Philadelphia ultimately inspired the American Revolution and the nation's independence following the Revolutionary War. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in 1774, preserved the Liberty Bell, and hosted the Second Continental Congress during which the founders signed the Declaration of Independence, which historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words in American history". Once the Revolutionary War commenced, the Battle of Germantown and the siege of Fort Mifflin were fought within Philadelphia's city limits. The U.S. Constitution was later ratified in Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, when it was surpassed by New York City, and it served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on four subsequent occasions during and following the American Revolution, including from 1790 to 1800 during the construction of the new national capital of Washington, D.C.
With 18 four-year universities and colleges, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and academic research. As of 2018, the Philadelphia metropolitan area was the state's largest and nation's ninth-largest metropolitan economy with a gross metropolitan product of US$444.1 billion. The city is home to five Fortune 500 corporate headquarters as of 2022. As of 2023, metropolitan Philadelphia ranks among the top five U.S. venture capital centers, facilitated by its proximity to New York City's entrepreneurial and financial ecosystems. The Philadelphia Stock Exchange, owned by Nasdaq since 2008, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in options trading. 30th Street Station, the city's primary rail station, is the third-busiest Amtrak hub in the nation, and the city's multimodal transport and logistics infrastructure, includes Philadelphia International Airport, and the rapidly-growing PhilaPort seaport. A migration pattern has been established from New York City to Philadelphia by residents opting for a large city with relative proximity and a lower cost of living.
Philadelphia is a national cultural center, hosting more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other city in the nation. Fairmount Park, when combined with adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed, is 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest and the world's 45th-largest urban park. The city is known for its arts, culture, cuisine, and colonial and Revolution-era history; in 2016, it attracted 42 million domestic tourists who spent $6.8 billion, representing $11 billion in economic impact to the city and its surrounding Pennsylvania counties.
With five professional sports teams and one of the nation's most loyal fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans. The city has a culturally and philanthropically active LGBTQ+ community. Philadelphia also has played an immensely influential historic and ongoing role in the development and evolution of American music, especially R&B, soul, and rock.
Philadelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first library (1731), hospital (1751), medical school (1765), national capital (1774), university (by some accounts) (1779), stock exchange (1790), zoo (1874), and business school (1881). Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks, including Independence Hall. From the city's 17th century founding through the present, Philadelphia has been the birthplace or home to an extensive number of prominent and influential Americans. In 2021, Time magazine named Philadelphia one of the world's greatest 100 places.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%27s_King_of_Steaks
Pat's King of Steaks (also known as Pat's Steaks) is a restaurant that specializes in cheesesteaks. It is located at the intersection of South 9th Street, Wharton Street and East Passyunk Avenue in the Passyunk Square section of South Philadelphia, directly across the street from rival Geno's Steaks.
It was founded in 1930 by Italian American brothers Pat and Harry Olivieri, who are credited with the invention of the cheesesteak.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis"
(Pennsylvania) "بنسلفانيا" "宾夕法尼亚州" "Pennsylvanie" "पेंसिल्वेनिया" "ペンシルベニア" "펜실베니아" "Пенсильвания" "Pensilvania"
(Philadelphia) "فيلادلفيا" "费城" "Philadelphie" "फिलाडेल्फिया" "フィラデルフィア" "필라델피아" "Филадельфия" "Filadelfia"
A visit to the National Trust property that is Penrhyn Castle
Penrhyn Castle is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s.
The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition. However a spiral staircase from the original property can still be seen, and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure. Hopper's client was George Hay Dawkins-Pennant, who had inherited the Penrhyn estate on the death of his second cousin, Richard Pennant, who had made his fortune from slavery in Jamaica and local slate quarries. The eldest of George's two daughters, Juliana, married Grenadier Guard, Edward Gordon Douglas, who, on inheriting the estate on George's death in 1845, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. The cost of the construction of this vast 'castle' is disputed, and very difficult to work out accurately, as much of the timber came from the family's own forestry, and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry. It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000. This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000.
Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century; Christopher Hussey called it, "the outstanding instance of Norman revival." The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables.
It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows. Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859.
Hugh Napier Douglas-Pennant, 4th Lord Penrhyn, died in 1949, and the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, on inheritance, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet. It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public. The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017.
Grade I Listed Building
History
The present house, built in the form of a vast Norman castle, was constructed to the design of Thomas Hopper for George Hay Dawkins-Pennant between 1820 and 1837. It has been very little altered since.
The original house on the site was a medieval manor house of C14 origin, for which a licence to crenellate was given at an unknown date between 1410 and 1431. This house survived until c1782 when it was remodelled in castellated Gothick style, replete with yellow mathematical tiles, by Samuel Wyatt for Richard Pennant. This house, the great hall of which is incorporated in the present drawing room, was remodelled in c1800, but the vast profits from the Penrhyn slate quarries enabled all the rest to be completely swept away by Hopper's vast neo-Norman fantasy, sited and built so that it could be seen not only from the quarries, but most parts of the surrounding estate, thereby emphasizing the local dominance of the Dawkins-Pennant family. The total cost is unknown but it cannot have been less than the £123,000 claimed by Catherine Sinclair in 1839.
Since 1951 the house has belonged to the National Trust, together with over 40,000 acres of the family estates around Ysbyty Ifan and the Ogwen valley.
Exterior
Country house built in the style of a vast Norman castle with other later medieval influences, so huge (its 70 roofs cover an area of over an acre (0.4ha)) that it almost defies meaningful description. The main components of the house, which is built on a north-south axis with the main elevations to east and west, are the 124ft (37.8m) high keep, based on Castle Hedingham (Essex) containing the family quarters on the south, the central range, protected by a 'barbican' terrace on the east, housing the state apartments, and the rectangular-shaped staff/service buildings and stables to the north. The whole is constructed of local rubblestone with internal brick lining, but all elevations are faced in tooled Anglesey limestone ashlar of the finest quality jointing; flat lead roofs concealed by castellated parapets. Close to, the extreme length of the building (it is about 200 yards (182.88m) long) and the fact that the ground slopes away on all sides mean that almost no complete elevation can be seen. That the most frequent views of the exterior are oblique also offered Hopper the opportunity to deploy his towers for picturesque effect, the relationship between the keep and the other towers and turrets frequently obscuring the distances between them. Another significant external feature of the castle is that it actually looks defensible making it secure at least from Pugin's famous slur of 1841 on contemporary "castles" - "Who would hammer against nailed portals, when he could kick his way through the greenhouse?" Certainly, this could never be achieved at Penrhyn and it looks every inch the impregnable fortress both architect and patron intended it to be.
East elevation: to the left is the loosely attached 4-storey keep on battered plinth with 4 tiers of deeply splayed Norman windows, 2 to each face, with chevron decoration and nook-shafts, topped by 4 square corner turrets. The dining room (distinguished by the intersecting tracery above the windows) and breakfast room to the right of the entrance gallery are protected by the long sweep of the machicolated 'barbican' terrace (carriage forecourt), curved in front of the 2 rooms and then running northwards before returning at right-angles to the west to include the gatehouse, which formed the original main entrance to the castle, and ending in a tall rectangular tower with machicolated parapet. To the right of the gatehouse are the recessed buildings of the kitchen court and to the right again the long, largely unbroken outer wall of the stable court, terminated by the square footmen's tower to the left and the rather more exuberant projecting circular dung tower with its spectacularly cantilevered bartizan on the right. From here the wall runs at right-angles to the west incorporating the impressive gatehouse to the stable court.
West elevation: beginning at the left is the hexagonal smithy tower, followed by the long run of the stable court, well provided with windows on this side as the stables lie directly behind. At the end of this the wall turns at right-angles to the west, incorporating the narrow circular-turreted gatehouse to the outer court and terminating in the machicolated circular ice tower. From here the wall runs again at a lower height enclosing the remainder of the outer court. It is, of course, the state apartments which make up the chief architectural display on the central part of this elevation, beginning with a strongly articulated but essentially rectangular tower to the left, while both the drawing room and the library have Norman windows leading directly onto the lawns, the latter terminating in a slender machicolated circular corner tower. To the right is the keep, considerably set back on this side.
Interior
Only those parts of the castle generally accessible to visitors are recorded in this description. Although not described here much of the furniture and many of the paintings (including family portraits) are also original to the house. Similarly, it should be noted that in the interests of brevity and clarity, not all significant architectural features are itemised in the following description.
Entrance gallery: one of the last parts of the castle to be built, this narrow cloister-like passage was added to the main block to heighten the sensation of entering the vast Grand Hall, which is made only partly visible by the deliberate offsetting of the intervening doorways; bronze lamp standards with wolf-heads on stone bases. Grand Hall: entering the columned aisle of this huge space, the visitor stands at a cross-roads between the 3 principal areas of the castle's plan; to the left the passage leads up to the family's private apartments on the 4 floors of the keep, to the right the door at the end leads to the extensive service quarters while ahead lies the sequence of state rooms used for entertaining guests and displayed to the public ever since the castle was built. The hall itself resembles in form, style and scale the transept of a great Norman cathedral, the great clustered columns extending upwards to a "triforium" formed on 2 sides of extraordinary compound arches; stained glass with signs of the zodiac and months of the year as in a book of hours by Thomas Willement (completed 1835). Library: has very much the atmosphere of a gentlemen’s London club with walls, columned arches and ceilings covered in the most lavish ornamentation; superb architectural bookcases and panelled walls are of oak but the arches are plaster grained to match; ornamental bosses and other devices to the rich plaster ceiling refer to the ancestry of the Dawkins and Pennant families, as do the stained glass lunettes above the windows, possibly by David Evans of Shrewsbury; 4 chimneypieces of polished Anglesey "marble", one with a frieze of fantastical carved mummers in the capitals. Drawing room (great hall of the late C18 house and its medieval predecessor): again in a neo-Norman style but the decoration is lighter and the columns more slender, the spirit of the room reflected in the 2000 delicate Maltese gilt crosses to the vaulted ceiling. Ebony room: so called on account of its furniture and "ebonised" chimneypiece and plasterwork, has at its entrance a spiral staircase from the medieval house. Grand Staircase hall: in many ways the greatest architectural achievement at Penrhyn, taking 10 years to complete, the carving in 2 contrasting stones of the highest quality; repeating abstract decorative motifs contrast with the infinitely inventive figurative carving in the newels and capitals; to the top the intricate plaster panels of the domed lantern are formed in exceptionally high relief and display both Norse and Celtic influences. Next to the grand stair is the secondary stair, itself a magnificent structure in grey sandstone with lantern, built immediately next to the grand stair so that family or guests should not meet staff on the same staircase. Reached from the columned aisle of the grand hall are the 2 remaining principal ground-floor rooms, the dining room and the breakfast room, among the last parts of the castle to be completed and clearly intended to be picture galleries as much as dining areas, the stencilled treatment of the walls in the dining room allowing both the provision of an appropriately elaborate "Norman" scheme and a large flat surface for the hanging of paintings; black marble fireplace carved by Richard Westmacott and extremely ornate ceiling with leaf bosses encircled by bands of figurative mouldings derived from the Romanesque church of Kilpeck, Herefordshire. Breakfast room has cambered beam ceiling with oak-grained finish.
Grand hall gallery: at the top of the grand staircase is vaulted and continues around the grand hall below to link with the passage to the keep, which at this level (as on the other floors) contains a suite of rooms comprising a sitting room, dressing room, bedroom and small ante-chamber, the room containing the famous slate bed also with a red Mona marble chimneypiece, one of the most spectacular in the castle. Returning to the grand hall gallery and continuing straight on rather than returning to the grand staircase the Lower India room is reached to the right: this contains an Anglesey limestone chimneypiece painted to match the ground colour of the room's Chinese wallpaper. Coming out of this room, the chapel corridor leads to the chapel gallery (used by the family) and the chapel proper below (used by staff), the latter with encaustic tiles probably reused from the old medieval chapel; stained and painted glass by David Evans (c1833).
The domestic quarters of the castle are reached along the passage from the breakfast room, which turns at right-angles to the right at the foot of the secondary staircase, the most important areas being the butler's pantry, steward's office, servants' hall, housekeeper's room, still room, housekeeper's store and housemaids' tower, while the kitchen (with its cast-iron range flanked by large and hygienic vertical slabs of Penrhyn slate) is housed on the lower ground floor. From this kitchen court, which also includes a coal store, oil vaults, brushing room, lamp room, pastry room, larder, scullery and laundry are reached the outer court with its soup kitchen, brewhouse and 2-storey ice tower and the much larger stables court which, along with the stables themselves containing their extensive slate-partitioned stalls and loose boxes, incorporates the coach house, covered ride, smithy tower, dung tower with gardeners' messroom above and footmen's tower.
Reasons for Listing
Included at Grade I as one of the most important large country houses in Wales; a superb example of the relatively short-lived Norman Revival of the early C19 and generally regarded as the masterpiece of its architect, Thomas Hopper.
First views of the castle.
Towards the Railway Museum
www.kingdomsalvation.org/ru/videos/the-happiness-in-the-g...
Хвала и поклонение | «Радость на доброй земле Ханаана» Преданно приветствуйте возвращение Бога
Я вернулась в Божью семью, рада и вдохновлена.
Сердце лишь принадлежит Ему, честь большая счастье знать Тебя.
И пройдя через долину слез, увидела я Божью красоту.
Любовь к Нему растет день ото дня, источник радости – мой Бог.
Мое сердце привязано к Нему, красотой Божьей я поражена.
Вечной любви песнь хвалы звучит в сердце моем для Тебя.
Мое сердце привязано к Нему, красотой Божьей я поражена.
Вечной любви песнь хвалы звучит в сердце моем для Тебя.
На этой Ханаанской земле полно радости и все оживлено.
Всемогущий дарит слово Свое, и ведет нас в Царство Его.
В Его словах находим мы путь, и узнаем как поступать.
Сны о Небесах становятся явью, и нечего искать и желать.
Наслаждаюсь ликом Творца, и в словах понимаю Его.
Познавая Божью справедливость и верность, милость Бога приятней всего.
Как прекрасен возлюбленный мой! Изумленная Его красотой,
аромат любимого моего не позволит покинуть Его.
Звезды смеются в небесах, и солнце кивает мне в такт.
Плоды жизни крепнут и растут с солнцем, росой и дождем.
Божьи щедрые слова приглашают на Свой пир.
Божия поддержка и забота приносят радость и мир.
Ханаан мир Божьих слов радость вечную дарит нам.
Ханаан мир Божьих слов радость вечную дарит нам.
Ароматами плодов земля полна,
и всего за нескольло дней, ты полюбишь их больше всего на свете,
никогда не захочешь уйти.
Дарит свет яркая луна и возлюбленный в сердце моем.
Жизнь моя счастлива и полна, красота Твоя превыше всяких слов.
Сердце мое любит Тебя, Ты всегда будешь в сердце моем.
И я не могу, не могу не танцевать, и я буду всю жизнь свою с Тобой.
Мое сердце скучает по Тебе и Тебя любит день за днем.
Я Тебе свою любовь отдала, мой возлюбленный, Ты в сердце моем.
Мое сердце скучает по Тебе и Тебя любит день за днем.
Я Тебе свою любовь отдала, мой возлюбленный, Ты в сердце моем.
из сборника «Следуйте за Агнцем и пойте новые песни»
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Visit my website at www.snapi.org!
More pictures of Japan.
More pictures of Miyajima.
Tourists gathering wearing their Ryokan Yukata for some night photos in front of Itsukushima Shrine's Torii. As rain was pouring, flashes triggered under umbrellas gave nice lights and shadows.
If you're struggling with your tilt-shift lens, I've made an app just for you :) Available on the Apple App Store: Tilt Calculator!
Fonte dell'immagine: La Chiesa di Dio Onnipotente
Condizioni d'Uso: it.easternlightning.org/disclaimer.html
I
Dio ha creato ogni cosa e Lui fa sì che tutto si sottometta al Suo dominio. Dio comanda ogni cosa, controllandola nelle Sue mani. Le cose viventi, montagne, fiumi e l'uomo sono tutte sotto la Sua autorità. Tutto in cielo e in terra deve essere sotto il Suo dominio. Tutto si deve sottomettere senza nessuna scelta. È ciò che decreta, è la Sua autorità.
II
Dio ha creato ogni cosa e Lui fa sì che tutto si sottometta al Suo dominio. Dio comanda ogni cosa. Tutto ordina e dispone, classificandolo per tipo e collocandolo secondo il Suo volere. Tutto in cielo e in terra deve essere sotto il Suo dominio. Tutto si deve sottomettere senza nessuna scelta. È ciò che decreta, è la Sua autorità.
III
Non importa quanto una cosa possa essere grande, nulla supera Dio. Tutto serve colui che Dio ha creato, nessuno osare sfidarLo potrà, nessuno fare richieste potrà. Anche l'uomo, creatura di Dio deve compiere il suo dovere. Non conta quanto maestro, sovrano di tutte le cose o elevato esso sia, un piccolo uomo dinanzi a Dio egli sempre sarà. Una creatura di Dio non sarà mai al di sopra di Dio. Mai più potente di Dio sarà. Tutto in cielo e in terra deve essere sotto il Suo dominio. Tutto si deve sottomettere senza nessuna scelta. È ciò che decreta, è la Sua autorità.
da "La Parola appare nella carne"
Fonte: it.easternlightning.org/witness-God/come-under-God-s-domi...
Studio session with GWOB.org founders Willow Brugh and Johnny Diggz.
Geeks Without Bounds (GWOBorg) is a not-for-profit alliance of hackers, coders and geeks united by the common goal of assisting communities in distress.
Starfish Studios, Seattle, July 2011.
Photography by Libby Bulloff.
Hair and makeup by Lindsey Watkins.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri
Hannibal is a city in Marion and Ralls counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. Interstate 72 and U.S. Routes 24, 36, and 61 intersect in the city, which is located along the Mississippi River across from East Hannibal, Illinois. Hannibal is approximately 210 miles (340 km) east of Kansas City, 100 miles (160 km) northwest of St. Louis, and approximately 100 miles (160 km) west of Springfield, Illinois. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 17,606, making it the largest city in Marion County. The bulk of the city is in Marion County, with a tiny sliver in the south extending into Ralls County.
Hannibal is not the county seat, but it has one of two county courthouses. There is also one in Palmyra, the county seat, which is located more centrally in the county. Hannibal is the principal city of the Hannibal, Missouri micropolitan area, which consists of both Marion and Ralls counties.
Source: www.karlockskars.net/
Klassic Kars and Dream Machines
Something For Everyone
If you have an appreciation for antique or classic automobiles and motorcycles, Karlock’s Kars & Pop Culture Museum is the place for you!
From Incredible Icons To Magnificent Muscle
Karlock's Kars & Pop Culture Museum has everything from frame-off restorations of beautiful classics to one-of-a-kind American muscle cars that you just have to see for yourself.
Kar Kulture
Karlock's Kars & Pop Culture
Museum has more than just the eye-popping cars from yesteryear – we have the neon signs, pictures, and collectable memorabilia that will transport you to another era!
Of course, we’re not going to show you everything there is to see on this website, we want you to experience it firsthand but, rest assured, if you love antique and classic cars - you want to make Karlock's Kars & Pop Culture Museum part of your visit to beautiful Hannibal, Missouri!
Pop Culture
A Blast From The Past
Whether you're 7 or 70, you're sure to enjoy the vast collection of toys, collectables, models, neon signs, jukeboxes, classic pinball machines, arcade games, movie posters, photographs, and more!
The arcade machines can be played and there is a change machine available. Bring the kids so they can see that, in fact, toys weren't electronic back in your day…
Transformers To Star Wars And Beyond
Lovers of the silver screen won't want to miss Karlock's Kars & Pop Culture Museum!
We have stand-ups from classic movies of the past, movie posters from Hollywood’s Golden Age, figurines and models from way back when, and much more.
Music From A By-Gone Era
From our extensive collection of jukeboxes that will take you back in time to our posters, albums, memorabilia from Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley and more, music lovers are sure to find something they love in Karlock's Kars & Pop Culture Museum.
These photos are just a small sampling of the countless items you’ll find on display at Karlock's Kars & Pop Culture Museum.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis
St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri, United States. It sits near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers, on the western bank of the latter. As of 2020, the city proper had a population of around 301,500, while the bi-state metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, the second-largest in Illinois, the seventh-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis, and the 20th-largest in the United States.
Before European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. St. Louis was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, who named it for Louis IX of France. In 1764, following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, the area was ceded to Spain. In 1800, it was retroceded to France, which sold it three years later to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase; the city was then the point of embarkation for the Corps of Discovery on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In the 19th century, St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. St. Louis had a brief run as a world-class city in the early 20th century. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics.
A "Gamma" global city with a metropolitan GDP of more than $160 billion in 2017, metropolitan St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and tourism industries. It is home to nine of the ten Fortune 500 companies based in Missouri. Major companies headquartered or with significant operations in the city include Ameren Corporation, Peabody Energy, Nestlé Purina PetCare, Anheuser-Busch, Wells Fargo Advisors, Stifel Financial, Spire, Inc., MilliporeSigma, FleishmanHillard, Square, Inc., U.S. Bank, Anthem BlueCross and Blue Shield, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Centene Corporation, and Express Scripts.
Major research universities include Saint Louis University and Washington University in St. Louis. The Washington University Medical Center in the Central West End neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of medical and pharmaceutical institutions, including Barnes-Jewish Hospital.
St. Louis has three professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, and the St. Louis BattleHawks of the newly formed XFL. In 2019, the city was awarded a Major League Soccer franchise, St. Louis City SC, which is expected to begin play upon the completion of a 22,500-seat stadium in the city's Downtown West neighborhood in 2023. Among the city's notable sights is the 630-foot (192 m) Gateway Arch in the downtown area. St. Louis is also home to the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri Botanical Garden, which has the second-largest herbarium in North America.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Louis
Paint Louis is an annual global community event happening over the American holiday Labor Day bringing together people practicing all four elements of Hip hop including Graffiti, Breakdancing, Rapping and DJs to St. Louis for three days of creation and performance. The event started informally in 1995 as a "graffiti jam" and became more formalized in 1997 as noted with its 20th anniversary celebration in 2017. One of the originators, if not the man outright credited with the genesis of Paint Louis, is Stun1.
The event is well known as the largest gathering of Graffiti writers who have permission to legally paint the 1.9 mile Guinness Records deemed "longest mural in the world", the Mississippi River flood wall, along the Mississippi river all south of the Gateway Arch.
Source: racstl.org/public-art/the-mural-mile-floodwall/
The Mural Mile is located along the Riverfront between Victor and Chouteau Avenues, south of the Gateway Arch. Started in 1997, the project became an annual event held every labor day weekend. Organized by the organization Paint Louis, more than 250 graffiti artists from around the country came to St. Louis to add to this mural on the Mississippi River floodwall.
Graffiti artists from across the nation periodically assemble for a local event known as “Paint Louis,” during which they each leave their artistic mark on an industrial wall or structure that has been designated for the task. After the event has finished, paint-overs become increasingly common, and the piece takes on additional lives and identities as the original work slowly disappears.
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2008 Bergwertung Stoderzinken - Ferrari 275 Daytona
The Sea Cliff Bridge is a balanced cantilever bridge located in the northern Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The $52 million bridge links the coastal villages of Coalcliff and Clifton. Featuring two lanes of traffic, a cycleway and a walkway, the Sea Cliff Bridge boasts spectacular views and is a feature of the scenic Lawrence Hargrave Drive. Read more: en.wikipedia.org
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Lawrence Hargrave Drive is a scenic coastal road and popular tourist drive connecting the northernmost suburbs of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia to both Wollongong and Sydney. It was originally constructed in the 1870s.
The road begins at the Old Princes Highway, Helensburgh (Princes Motorway exit) and passes through Stanwell Tops to descend the steep Illawarra Escarpment at Bald Hill, the site of a spectacular lookout and hang gliding area. The road then passes south through Stanwell Park and Coalcliff to cross the renowned Sea Cliff Bridge.
The Sea Cliff Bridge construction was completed in December 2005, replacing the former cliff-hugging route which was prone to rockfalls and consequent closures. Remnants of the former road can still be seen to this day, including some of the guard rail and most of the road section which is now overgrown with trees and ridden with boulders and rocks that have fallen freely since the roads closure, essentially acting as a ditch. The road then winds its way through the coastal villages of Clifton, Scarborough, Wombarra, Coledale, Austinmer and finally Thirroul where it meets the Princes Highway at the bottom of Bulli Pass.
The road was formerly known as Lower Coast Road until 1947 when it was renamed after Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian aviation pioneer and explorer who had a house at Stanwell Park and flew his devices from Bald Hill. Read more: en.wikipedia.org
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La llama verde de la vida de Cosmarium portianum se ha extinguido y a su paso ha dejado la impronta de su belleza esculpida en una joya que es burbuja de cascarón. Fue su coraza discreta y liviana y hoy se ha convertido en alma de lo que fue.
Como suele ser habitual, las algas del género Cosmarium recortan sus siluetas en el agua en dos mitades simétricas de contornos redondeados, más o menos ovaladas y separadas por una profunda constricción. Sus cuerpos hacen un perfecto reparto de volumen creando un equilibrio exacto, y permitiendo así, el máximo aprovechamiento de la luz del sol que necesitan para vivir.
En Cosmarium portianum el tamaño de las células es mediano y suele oscilar entre las 20 y las 30 micras de anchura y las 25 y 45 de longitud, pero lo más característico de esta especie es el ancho itmso que separa sus dos semicélulas, que hoy no se aprecia bien en el ejemplar fotografiado.
La otra particularidad de Cosmarium portianum es la ornamentación de su pared, constituida por diez o doce hileras verticales de diminutos gránulos perfectamente alineadas que llegan a sumar hasta veinte o veintitrés en cada semicélula. Cada una de estas semicélulas presenta un contorno arriñonado en vista vertical y casi circular cuando se observa en vista lateral.
Cosmarium portianum presenta una gran similitud con algunas variedades de Cosmarium reniforme que muestra una ornamentación de disposición más irregular y gránulos de mayor tamaño, además de tener el cuerpo más contraído.
Probablemente se trate de una especie de distribución cosmopolita. Vive en turberas, lagunas de aguas ácidas y también en algunos cursos de aguas lentas. Aunque fue citada de La Coruña, Lugo y Orense por Allorge en el primer cuarto del siglo XX, de Burgos y Ávila en la década de los 40 por Caballero, de Lérida por Massanell en la década de los 60 o de Granada por Sánchez Castillo en la de los 80, no se conocía de la provincia de Zamora hasta que fue citada por Proyecto Agua en el año 2008 en la Laguna de Peces y en esta nueva cita para el Lago de Sanabria.
La imagen, tomada a 400 aumentos con la técnica de contraste de interferencia, procede de una muestra integrada recogida en el Lago de Sanabria (Zamora) el 13 de diciembre pasado por Ismael y Laura desde el catamarán Helios Sanabria el primer catamarán del mundo propulsado por energía eólica y solar.
Presentación ponencia congreso internacional de Limnología de la AIL
Informes de contaminación en el Lago de Sanabria
Informe de evolución de la contaminación en el Lago de Sanabria
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,731,571 in 2016, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,245,438 people (as of 2016) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario, while the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) proper had a 2016 population of 6,417,516. Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and is recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.
People have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years. After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown, the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops. York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).
The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. More than 50 percent of residents belong to a visible minority population group, and over 200 distinct ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.
Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Its varied cultural institutions, which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities, attract over 43 million tourists each year. Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the CN Tower.
The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks, and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations. Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, aerospace, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower
The CN Tower (French: Tour CN) is a 553.3 m-high (1,815.3 ft) concrete communications and observation tower located in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built on the former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976. Its name "CN" originally referred to Canadian National, the railway company that built the tower. Following the railway's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company's privatization in 1995, it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company, a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development.
The CN Tower held the record for the world's tallest free-standing structure for 32 years until 2007 when it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa, and was the world's tallest tower until 2009 when it was surpassed by the Canton Tower. It is now the ninth tallest free-standing structure in the world and remains the tallest free-standing structure on land in the Western Hemisphere. In 1995, the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers.
It is a signature icon of Toronto's skyline and attracts more than two million international visitors annually.
Piccadilly is a road in the City of Westminster, London to the south of Mayfair, between Hyde Park Corner in the west and Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is part of the A4 road that connects central London to Hammersmith, Earl's Court, Heathrow Airport and the M4 motorway westward. St James's is to the south of the eastern section, while the western section is built up only on the northern side. At just under 1 mile (1.6 km) in length, Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London. Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of London's West End in the City of Westminster, built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning "circle", is a round open space at a street junction.
Piccadilly now links directly to the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square) and Glasshouse Street. The Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic junction has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right. The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the Shaftesbury memorial fountain and statue, which is popularly, though mistakenly, believed to be of Eros. It is surrounded by several notable buildings, including the London Pavilion and Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus tube station, part of the London Underground system. Source: en.wikipedia.org
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Desaparición del fitoplancton en el Lago de Sanabria, julio de 2017: Spondylosium planum y Asterionella
Lo han decidido así, decidieron convertir el Lago de Sanabria en depuradora primero y ahora en cementerio de espumas y huesos de cristal.
Un día, decidieron convertir el Lago de Sanabria en depuradora y quedarse de paso con buena parte del dinero que desde Europa se envío para que no lo fuese, y el Lago, discretamente, fue aguantando la afrenta y la carga de aguas sucias hasta donde pudo. Hasta que ya no pudo más. Se ruborizó entonces en verde, haciendo que florecieran las vergüenzas de quienes lo traicionaron en florecitas de cristal, estrellitas de Tabellaria que inundaron su alma de belleza en lágrimas vítreas de ámbar verdoso.
En una batalla sin tregua entre hongos y algas, las algas estos años han crecido pintando de tonos verdes las aguas del Lago y los hongos quitridios en pocas semanas las devoraban y devolvían al agua por un instante su transparencia, borrando su presencia... y vuelta a empezar.
Como el gato y el ratón, hongos y algas en altos y bajos de desequilibrio nunca visto, han hecho la historia de la vida del Lago estos años. Él y todos los que nos asomamos a su interior hemos sido testigos de los bruscos cambios que han pintando sus entrañas de turbio verdoso, una y otra vez. Verde y turbio de Tabellaria, pero también de Coenocystis, Peridinium, Sphaerocystis, Planktosphaeria, en floraciones intensas, a veces de apenas unas semanas, y desde hace algo más de un año con infinitas constelaciones de Asterionella que alegrando de estrellas estas aguas enfermas enjaularon su alma entre barrotes de cristal.
Decidieron entonces convertir el Lago en un cementerio, para borrar la huella, y poco a poco, desde hace unas semanas, las pompas fúnebres de las espumas densas, han deshecho las infinitamente infinitas estrellas de Asterionella y han disuelto el alma verde de las escasas algas que la acompañaban, han matado los bosques de Myriophyllum, eliminado las selvas sumergidas de Ranunculus y borrado la maraña densa de Tychonema, Spirogyra y muchas otras... no han sido los hongos, ni un cuchillo, ni una enfermedad... ha quedado su huella en rastros de espuma mientras el fitoplancton se muere entre pompas.
Las espumas densas, de tacto jabonoso, que están presentes en el Lago de Sanabria desde el inicio de la temporada de este verano de 2017 y cuya presencia va ligada a la desaparición del fitoplancton, contienen unas más que elevadas concentraciones de fosfatos, de entre 1,2 y 8,8 mg/l, con valores medios de 4,83 mg/l, y nitratos que que alcanzan valores medios alarmantes de hasta 19,35 mg/l.
En un espejismo falso de mejoría el Lago agoniza, hoy envenenado, mientras sus algas se hunden en los fondos donde pronto serán abono para nuevas vidas, descansen en paz.
Las fotografías que mostramos, realizadas a 400 aumentos empleando la técnica de contraste de interferencia (izquierda) y de fase (derecha), se han tomado sobre una muestra de superficie, a tres metros de profundidad, junto a la boya de Bouzas por Juan Carlos Feijó, Pablo, Lucas Patrick y Alberto Martínez el día 2 de julio de 2017 en el Lago de Sanabria (Zamora), desde el catamarán Helios Sanabria el primer catamarán construido en el Planeta propulsado por energía eólica y solar. Las espumas corresponden a las que cubrieron la playa de Custa LLago el día 1 de julio.
LIBRO: Lago de Sanabria 2015, presente y futuro de un ecosistema en desequilibrio
Presentación ponencia congreso internacional de Limnología de la AIL
Informes de contaminación en el Lago de Sanabria
informe de evolución de la contaminación en el Lago de Sanabria
one of the lousiest coffee I ever had .... IMHO
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This stone track was built through the forest to take King George the sixth to the lighthouse up top. This small littoral rainforest was damaged by fire a few years ago. Quite a number of rainforest trees have died. A large number are re-sprouting from the base. This rainforest is black in places, but I expect it will probably recover.
The king never made it here, as his health deteriorated because of a life of smoking. I wonder what sort of car was to be used to drive him up the top, in those days a king wouldn't walk up to Barrenjoey lighthouse.
The plants living here grow on soils based on the Narrabeen group of sedimentary rocks. This particular place was once an island. The bottom half is made of rocks of the Narrabeen group, the top part made of Hawkesbury sandstone and a couple of rows of ancient volcanic dykes or sills, a couple of hundred metres to the north of this photo.
Rainfall is 1300 mm per year, fires seldom seen in this place. The rainforest is on the south western corner of the rocky area, once an island. Relatively safe from fire which is the most significant enemy of Australian rainforests (apart from man).
The rainforest here is low, with a few trees above 10 metres tall, mainly because of the shallow, acid and infertile soils. Dominant species include Sweet Pittosporum, Cheese Tree, Sandpaper Fig and Lilly Pilly. There's a couple of Moreton Bay Figs here, as the large leaves were far too big for the Port Jackson Fig. Most likely planted.
This rainforest has interesting species. Such as the Snowwood, and Whip Vine. The Native Quince (Guioa semiglauca), Red Olive Plum (Elaeodendron australe) and the Blue Cherry, (Syzygium oleosum) also occur here at Barrenjoey.
Whip Vine is a widespread Asian rainforest plant, very far south of the equator here in Sydney. The Native Guava was recorded here, growing naturally south of the Hawkesbury River. Now likely extirpated, due to myrtle rust. (Rhodomyrtus psidioides). Another interesting rainforest tree here is the most southerly of the mighty tribe of Ebonies and Persimmons, (Diospyros). Around 450 species of ebony occur in all continents apart from Antarctica. And here the Southern Ebony was growing well, with juicy black fruit.
The original Australian flora was mostly rainforest. And the eucalyptus and acacias evolved from the rainforest flora. When the continent dried out and the fires became more prevalent then the surviving plants evolved to their current state.
That is to adapt, change and to survive fire. However, some didn't bother to change, they stayed more or less the same.
Acacias have much in common with the Snowwood. Their curly seed pod is easily recognised as similar to a wattle. Snowwood stayed put in the rainforest, wattles moved out and dominated so much of Australia and Africa.
The Snowwood is a good example of a Gondwana rainforest relict. An ancient plant, still well suited to its environment. And here they're happy in this little remnant, a sea-side rainforest.
www.1001gardens.org/buying-guide-how-choose-garden-greenh...
The avid gardener can not do without a greenhouse. Because when you love your garden, it is frustrating to see his efforts undone by unpredictable weather. Well protected elements, in the greenhouse, the seedlings are prepared, start the plants and even cultivated, well beyond the end of the season. How to choose a greenhouse? How to equip? Can we heat the greenhouse?
There are several types of greenhouses: the mini-greenhouses for balconies and terraces, large greenhouses, genuine small glass houses and tunnel greenhouses, under plastic sheeting, dedicated to growing vegetables or flowers. These are highly technical equipment. So at the time of purchase, keep your eyes open!
How to choose a greenhouse?
To the balcony or terrace, orient yourself mini-greenhouses. They can cover between 1 and 2 m2 surface for a height of 50 cm to 2 m. You can shelter your fragile plants and growing a beautiful tomato plant. In this configuration, the lean-to greenhouse is a good option. The plants benefit from the warmth of home, the floor space is restricted and taking the wind reduced.
If you need a space to prepare your seedlings, start plants, store fragile plants, enjoy the green "hard". Transparent, it comes in several versions of structure (aluminum, wood) and the cover (glass or polycarbonate). These are small houses, some of which are real jewels: the greenhouses old.
Finally, if you want to grow beautiful vegetables for the family without fearing the weather, the tunnel greenhouse (greenhouse or culture) is your solution. With it, you harvest earlier and later in the season. Tomatoes from the garden at Christmas is appreciated!
Walls of glass or polycarbonate for my greenhouse?
Some large greenhouses are available with glass walls, others with polycarbonate walls. Both materials have their advantages and some disadvantages. Glass is more durable but also more fragile. With it, the condensation does not drop (it flows along the walls) and we appreciate its beautiful transparency.
Polycarbonate, it is lighter, easier to assemble and shock resistant. So what is the best option? It is the mixture of the two, polycarbonate roof because it is resistant to impact (hail or branches) and the glass on the sides, to take advantage of its transparency.
For safety, choose a tempered glass that will not shatter into small sharp pieces. You can also choose a cathedral glass (hammered). Interior comfort is better, there is no magnifying effect and it delays the need for shading.
How to choose a tunnel greenhouse?
Look 3 points: the diameter of the hoops, the quality of the ground anchor and that of the sheet.
For hoops, take galvanized steel, with a correct diameter (ours are 40 mm). These hoops are to be held in place by reinforcements diagonally. The greenhouse should hold the ground, not only by the tarp, but buried feet (preferably platinum). Finally, the sheet has to be durable and packed with good thermal qualities to distribute heat.
Attention also to the height of your tunnel. Some manufacturers offer free and high legs, which allow you to move comfortably and fully exploit the space on the sides.
Install the greenhouse: how?
For your greenhouse in hard, different types of mounting are available. Some manufacturers recommend pouring a concrete belt, then attach the greenhouse. Others argue for a pouring the concrete than around the feet, in particular if the greenhouse has a base (the lower part of metal which stiffens and provides squareness). Follow the recommendations related to your equipment.
For the tunnel greenhouse, most manufacturers recommend digging a trench to accommodate buried struts that connect the feet. Again, you must carefully follow the instructions on the installation guide. It is preferable to be two to properly handle and easy structure.
The polycarbonate sheets and tarpaulins tunnel greenhouses have a shorter lifespan than structures. Also, feel free to substitute your walls or your Rebacher greenhouse tunnel every 5/6 years.
The installation of a greenhouse is subject to planning rules. Contact your town hall before purchase or installation. In historical or protected areas, regulations are often very restrictive.
Ventilate the greenhouse and regulate the temperature
Greenhouse, thermal conditions are favorable for the growth of plants, particularly because the hot air remains inside. Must be regulated, however.
In any season and more so in the summer, it must ventilate the greenhouse to ensure the renewal of air and prevent condensation. The doors, side vents and skylights fill this role. At the time of purchase, these are points to consider carefully. The greenhouse she has skylights in the upper part? Is their opening manual or automatic? Is the greenhouse tunnel open on both sprockets to promote the passage of the air? Is the door lift?
In summer, besides ventilation, it will install a shading system to prevent overheating: shade sails (above the tunnel greenhouses) or shading screens.
For tunnels greenhouses, the sheet is also a decisive factor: it must be heat, or even better, and thermal diffusion to best protect the plants by filtering the light rays.
Can we heat a greenhouse?
In winter it can get very cold in a greenhouse, it is sometimes necessary to bring a little heating in supplement during cold periods. We can start by putting wintering sails on plants and cover plans. can then be isolated with a horticultural greenhouse bubble wrap, excellent insulator but lets in light. Then last step, installing a heating.
There are two types of heating on the market: the oil models are relatively strong but can maintain frost. If you want to make a positive temperature, it will invest in an electric heater.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is the world's largest embankment dam, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.
Before the High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along its floodplain and delta; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times. However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years.
The Aswan Dam was designed by the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute.
The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme.
The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor.
In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the Cold War, as well as growing intra-Arab tensions.
In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League. America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and imperialism, Nasser identified as a tactical neutralist, and sought to work with both the U.S. and the USSR for Egyptian and Arab benefit.[8] After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid.
American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that the U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.
Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal, with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $56 and $14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam.
Though the Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.
Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that the USSR would not fulfil its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War. At the time, other Western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were resentful that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid.
In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances."
On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of the High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw.
In 1958, the USSR proceeded to provide support for the High Dam project.
In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of Abu Simbel were about to be submerged by waters collected behind the dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under UNESCO
Despite its size, the Aswan project has not materially hurt the Egyptian balance of payments. The three Soviet credits covered virtually all of the project's foreign exchange requirements, including the cost of technical services, imported power generating and transmission equipment and some imported equipment for land reclamation. Egypt was not seriously burdened by payments on the credits, most of which were extended for 12 years with interest at the very low rate of 2-1/2%. Repayments to the USSR constituted only a small net drain during the first half of the 1960s, and increased export earnings derived from crops grown on newly reclaimed land have largely offset the modest debt service payments in recent years. During 1965–70, these export earnings amounted to an estimated $126 million, compared with debt service payments of $113 million.
A central pylon of the monument to Arab-Soviet Friendship. The memorial commemorates the completion of the Aswan High Dam. The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is on the left and the coat of arms of Egypt is on the right.
The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams.
Originally designed by West German and French engineers in the early 1950s and slated for financing with Western credits, the Aswan High Dam became the USSR's largest and most famous foreign aid project after the United States, the United Kingdom, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) withdrew their support in 1956. The first Soviet loan of $100 million to cover construction of coffer dams for diversion of the Nile was extended in 1958. An additional $225 million was extended in 1960 to complete the dam and construct power-generating facilities, and subsequently about $100 million was made available for land reclamation. These credits of some $425 million covered only the foreign exchange costs of the project, including salaries of Soviet engineers who supervised the project and were responsible for the installation and testing of Soviet equipment. Actual construction, which began in 1960, was done by Egyptian companies on contract to the High Dam Authority, and all domestic costs were borne by the Egyptians. Egyptian participation in the venture has raised the construction industry's capacity and reputation significantly.
On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half.
1960: Start of construction on 9 January
1964: First dam construction stage completed, reservoir started filling
1970: The High Dam, as-Sad al-'Aali, completed on 21 July[18]
1976: Reservoir reached capacity.
Specifications
The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 metres (12,570 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at the crest and 111 m (364 ft)[ tall. It contains 43,000,000 cubic metres (56,000,000 cu yd) of material. At maximum, 11,000 cubic metres per second (390,000 cu ft/s) of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is 500 km (310 mi) long[20] and 35 km (22 mi) at its widest, with a surface area of 5,250 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi). It holds 132 cubic kilometres (1.73×1011 cu yd) of water.
Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.
The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre⋅ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals.
In the Nile valley and delta, almost 336,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water is about 38 cubic kilometres (31,000,000 acre⋅ft). Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is 38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency.
The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from the one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza.
Branch canalWater delivery in m3/feddan *
Kafret Nasser4,700
Beni Magdul3,500
El Mansuria3,300
El Hammami upstream2,800
El Hammami downstream1,800
El Shimi1,200
* Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 feddan is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre.
* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)
The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about 0.25 kilograms per cubic metre (0.42 lb/cu yd), a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft), the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is 2.7 kilograms per cubic metre (4.6 lb/cu yd). At an annual discharge of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) (not counting the 2 kilograms per cubic metre [3.4 lb/cu yd] of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing. Part of this could be due to the large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity.
Drainage through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from waterlogging and soil salinization caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system and approximately 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors.
Effects
The High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems.
The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was LE 255 million, $587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $2.30 per LE 1): LE 140 million from agricultural production, LE 100 million from hydroelectric generation, LE 10 million from flood protection, and LE 5 million from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to LE 450 million. Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some environmental problems, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and 500,000 hectares (1,900 sq mi) of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Samuel C. Florman wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of the Nile Basin – most of which could have been predicted – it is a failure".
Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships.[clarification needed] A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.
According to a 1971 CIA declassified report, Although the High Dam has not created ecological problems as serious as some observers have charged, its construction has brought economic losses as well as gains. These losses derive largely from the settling in dam's lake of the rich silt traditionally borne by the Nile. To date (1971), the main impact has been on the fishing industry. Egypt's Mediterranean catch, which once averaged 35,000-40,000 tons annually, has shrunk to 20,000 tons or less, largely because the loss of plankton nourished by the silt has eliminated the sardine population in Egyptian waters. Fishing in high dam's lake may in time at least partly offset the loss of saltwater fish, but only the most optimistic estimates place the eventual catch as high as 15,000-20,000 tons. Lack of continuing silt deposits at the mouth of the river also has contributed to a serious erosion problem. Commercial fertilizer requirements and salination and drainage difficulties, already large in perennially irrigated areas of Lower and Middle Egypt, will be somewhat increased in Upper Egypt by the change to perennial irrigation.
The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km3 of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km3 of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km3. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year.
Electricity production
The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp), with a total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows.
All High Dam power facilities were completed ahead of schedule. 12 turbines were installed and tested, giving the plant an installed capacity of 2,100 megawatts (MW), or more than twice the national total in 1960. With this capacity, the Aswan plant can produce 10 billion kWh of energy yearly. Two 500-kilovolt trunk lines to Cairo have been completed, and initial transmission problems, stemming mainly from poor insulators, were solved. Also, the damage inflicted on a main transformer station in 1968 by Israeli commandos has been repaired, and the Aswan plant is fully integrated with the power network in Lower Egypt. By 1971 estimation, Power output at Aswan, won't reach much more than half of the plant's theoretical capacity, because of limited water supplies and the differing seasonal water-use patterns for irrigation and power production. Agricultural demand for water in the summer far exceeds the amount needed to meet the comparatively low summer demand for electric power. Heavy summer irrigation use, however, will leave insufficient water under Egyptian control to permit hydroelectric power production at full capacity in the winter. Technical studies indicate that a maximum annual output of 5 billion kWh appears to be all that can be sustained due to fluctuations in Nile flows.
Resettlement and compensations
In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification.
In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Edna and Kom Ombo, 45 kilometers (28 mi) downstream from Aswan in what was called "New Nubia". Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane.
In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment.
Archaeological sites
Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including the Abu Simbel temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the UNESCO Nubia Campaign. Also moved were Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.
These monuments were granted to countries that helped with the works:
The Debod temple to Madrid
The Temple of Dendur to the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York
The Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden of Leiden
The Temple of Ellesyia to the Museo Egizio of Turin
These items were removed to the garden area of the Sudan National Museum of Khartoum:
The temple of Ramses II at Aksha
The temple of Hatshepsut at Buhen
The temple of Khnum at Kumma
The tomb of the Nubian prince Djehuti-hotep at Debeira
The temples of Dedwen and Sesostris III at Semna
The granite columns from the Faras Cathedral
A part of the paintings of the Faras Cathedral; the other part is in the National Museum of Warsaw.
The Temple of Ptah at Gerf Hussein had its free-standing section reconstructed at New Kalabsha, alongside the Temple of Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, and the Kiosk of Qertassi.
The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort and the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser.
Loss of sediments
Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated.
A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. The coastline erodes an estimated 125–175 m (410–574 ft) per year.
Waterlogging and increase in soil salinity
Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in the Nile Valley fluctuated 8–9 m (26–30 ft) per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields.[31] Drainage through sub-surface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from soil salinization and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $3.1 billion.
Health
Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis (bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. mansoni in the Delta.
Other effects
Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km3, including 31 km3 dead storage at the bottom of the lake below 147 m (482 ft) above sea level, 90 km3 live storage, and 41 km3 of storage for high flood waters above 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.
Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of the infested waterways was about 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.
Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists."
A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between and 2 and 10 meters (6.6 and 32.8 ft). However, the actual drop has been measured at 0.3–0.7 meters (0.98–2.30 ft), much less than expected.[30]
The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected. Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to 120 square kilometers (46 sq mi) annually, with an estimated 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) destroyed by 1984 when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. According to one source, bricks are now being made from new techniques which use a sand-clay mixture and it has been argued that the mud-based brick industry would have suffered even if the dam had not been built.
Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.
Appraisal of the Project
Although it is moot whether the project constitutes the best use of the funds spent, the Aswan Dam project unquestionably is and will continue to be economically beneficial to Egypt. The project has been expensive and it took considerable time to complete, as is usually the case with large hydroelectric developments, But Egypt now has a valuable asset with a long life and low operating costs. Even so, the wisdom of concentrating one-third of domestic saving and most of available foreign aid on a slow growth project is questionable. Since 1960, GNP has grown 50%, but mainly as a result of other investment.
Egyptian authorities were well aware that equivalent gains in output could have been achieved more quickly and more cheaply by other means. A series of low dams, similar to the barrages now contemplated, was suggested by Egyptian engineers as a more economical means of achieving up to 2,000 mW of additional generating capacity, US and WorldBank agricultural experts had long recommended improved drainage, introduction of hybrid seeds, and other such low-cost alternatives to land reclamation as a means of increasing agricultural output, In other areas, most notably the once efficient cotton textile industry, investment was needed to forestall an output decline, Implementation of these and other alternatives has been postponed rather than precluded by the High Dam project.
However, the decision to concentrate Egyptian savings and energies on the Aswan project for a decade was heavily based on non-economic factors. Nasser undoubtedly believed that a project of considerable symbolic appeal was needed to mobilize the population behind the government's economic goals, He also apparently felt that the East and West would be more easily persuaded to bid against each other for a project of this scope.
The Aswan High Dam made an appreciable contribution to Egyptian GNP, however the returns were well below what the planners had anticipated. The principal limiting factors on the High Dam's contribution to Egyptian output are a shortage of land suitable for reclamation, the high cost and long time required to bring reclaimed land to full productivity, and an inadequate water supply to meet power and irrigation goals simultaneously. The last limitation arises in part from the allocation in a 1959 agreement of more water to Sudan than was originally foreseen and in part from differences in the seasonal demand pattern of agriculture and the hydroelectric plant for the water. Irrigation requires very heavy use of water during summer months, while power generation needs peak during the winter. Ecological problems created by the dam, most of which were anticipated, have not seriously harmed the economy, although a few minor industries have been damaged.
The dam is, nonetheless, a viable project. Eventually the contribution to GNP equals as much as 20% of total investment. Moreover, the dam and associated projects provided returns that at least offset the cost of operation, repayment of foreign loans and amortisation of domestic loans.
The Pima Air & Space Museum, located in Tucson, Arizona, is one of the world's largest non-government funded aerospace museums. The museum features a display of nearly 300 aircraft spread out over 80 acres (320,000 m²) on a campus occupying 127 acres (610,000 m²). It is also been the home to the Arizona Aviation Hall of Fame since 1991.
A large number of the museum's aircraft are displayed outside with the remainder located in one of the museum's 4 display hangars. In addition to the display hangars, the museum has a restoration hangar.
Opened to the public in May 1976 with 48 aircraft then on display, the Museum's main hangar houses an SR-71A Blackbird, an A-10 Warthog, a United States Air Force Through the Years exhibit, and a mock-up of a control tower.
The museum is adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG), affiliated with the base, also known as the "Graveyard of Planes" or "The Boneyard", is the largest aircraft storage and preservation facility in the world. Bus tours of the boneyard leave from the museum several times a day from Monday to Friday, except Federal holidays.
The nearby Titan Missile Museum is located about 20 miles south of Tucson in Green Valley off of Interstate 19 and features a Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile still in its silo. Tours of the above-ground and underground installations around the missile are conducted daily. More extensive "top to bottom" tours take up to five hours and are conducted several times each month. Reservations required for top to bottom tour.
Both museums are overseen by the Arizona Aerospace Foundation and are governed by the Board of Trustees. They are non-profit 501 (c) 3 organization that relies on visitors paying admissions, for trams and AMARG tours, as well as what they spend in the Museum stores. They also rely on memberships and contracted events to pay to restore and acquire exhibits.
(Wikipedia)
Das Pima Air & Space Museum (umgangssprachlich kurz: PASM) befindet sich im Südosten von Tucson, Arizona, USA am südlichen Ende der Start- und Landebahn der Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.
Auf einer Fläche von rund 320.000 m² werden rund 300, fast ausschließlich militärische Flugzeuge ausgestellt; diese verteilen sich einerseits auf eine Anzahl von Hangars und ähnliche Ausstellungshallen, andererseits auf das weitläufige Außengelände. Nördlich angrenzend befinden sich die Davis-Monthan Air Force Base sowie die 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (kurz: AMARG) mit ihren mehreren Tausend eingelagerten militärischen Flugzeugen; diese Einrichtungen sind nicht Teil des PASM.
Die Liste der ausgestellten Flugzeuge ist mit rund 300 sehr umfangreich; teils handelt es sich um die letzten erhalten gebliebenen Exemplare, selten auch um Unikate. Auf Grund der intensiven Sonneneinstrahlung im Süden Arizonas ist insbesondere bei den Ausstellungsstücken im Außenbereich eine sonnenbedingte Verwitterung von Lackierungen, Kunststoffen und Gummi zu erwarten.
Das PASM ist Ansprechpartner und Organisator für Besuchertouren über das Gelände der AMARG.
(Wikipedia)