View allAll Photos Tagged Internalizing
.
www.ccsenet.org/ells English Language and Literature Studies Vol. 2, No. 3; 2012.
.
Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (1993) have suggested, Fanon's model of intellectual development in the.
colonial context is inadequate since it cannot thoroughly and adequately account for the constitution of the.
subjectivity of these intellectuals. Williams and Chrisman therefore call for "an historical theorization of these.
intellectuals as crucial exponents of anti-colonial subjectivity, one which goes beyond Fanon's highly.
teleological and progressivist `three stages' characterization of anti-colonial intellectual development" (p.15)..
Indeed Fanon's model is highly problematic, and there is a need for the sort of theorization that Williams and.
Chrisman call for. In what follows I shall make a modest attempt in this direction, limiting myself only to a.
critique of Fanon's narrative of colonial literary and intellectual development. To delimit the scope of this article.
even further, I must state at the very outset that I do not intend to supplant Fanon's narrative by one of my own,.
for part of the point I shall raise against Fanon is the impossibility of constructing such an abstract narrative..
Another point that I should like to stress here is that this article is concerned with the theoretical problems that.
his model raises (or illuminates), rather than simply with reading a particular author or text in relation to this.
model. There have been interesting attempts at reading particular literary texts, authors or literary histories.
through Fanon. The work of Neil Lazarus and Patrick Taylor is so far the best in this regard (Taylor, 1989;.
Lazarus, 1990; Irele, 1969; Neill, 1982; Tabuteau, 1993; Patil, 1995; Fusco, 1995; Agovi, 1990; Richards, 2005)..
To study a specific literary theory means to interrogate its categories and underlying ideological assumptions..
Placing Fanon's paradigm within the totality of his work, this article will question its internal logic and how it.
relates to the rest of his work. Nevertheless, in order to profitably evaluate his literary theory and criticism, there.
will be a need to look at the history of colonial literatures and cultures to be able to gauge how far his proposed.
model can be related..
.
2. The Early Stage: in the Beginning There Were Only Mimic Men.
.
One of the problems of the paradigm Fanon proposes is the fact that it is too cryptic, with extremely little details.
of the three phases he identifies. Obviously in this schema he intends to describe the intellectual and political.
performance of the native elites. It seems to me, however, that his thinking here reflects more or less his thinking.
about native culture under colonialism in general. In order to understand the complexity of this paradigm, we.
need therefore to look at his entire work, where on many occasions he raises the question of colonial influence.
on native culture, and in turn the resistance of such culture to the dynamics and effects of colonialism. The first.
striking feature of the literature of the first phase of this paradigm, Fanon claims, is that the native writer totally.
identifies with the culture of the colonizer aesthetically and ideologically. For not only are Western literary forms.
reproduced, but even the content of such literature reflects Western colonial attitudes and cultural practices. In.
the absence of further details, we can only surmise that Fanon's characterization of this first phase reflects his.
early research and conclusions in Black Skin, White Masks and in his essay "West Indians and North Africans,".
which is reprinted in Toward the African Revolution. In "West Indians and North Africans" he remarks that.
before Aimé Césaire's "West India literature was a literature of Europeans:".
.
Until 1939 the West Indian lived, thought, dreamt, composed poems, wrote novels exactly as a white man would.
have done ...The West Indian identified himself with the white man, adopted a white man's attitude ,and "was a.
white man." (1969, p.26).
.
These remarks are adumbrated in Black Skin, White Masks. The thrust of the argument of this text is that the.
internalization of colonial culture, with its racist representation of the black other, induces a self-division in the.
black subject (1986, p.17). Fanon's colonial "Negro," as Stuart Hall (1996) puts it, "is obliged, in the scenarios.
of the colonial relation, to have a relation to self, to give a performance to self, which is scripted by the.
colonizer," producing in him the internally divided, pathological condition of self-hatred and alienation (p.18)..
The concept of "black skin, white masks" then is not only meant to explain the black subject-constitution, but.
also the attendant psychopathologies of this split identity. Fanon seems thus to imply this argument in his.
description of the early "assimilationist" period..
.
However, turning the concept of "black skins, white masks" without adjustment into a general theory of.
subject-constitution applicable to allnative intellectuals in the early phases of colonialism raises many questions.
about the validity of Fanon's claims. Surely not all colonial subjects are black, nor have all the black colonial.
subjects been subjected to the same colonial conditions as the Afro-Caribbeans. For the Afro-Caribbean social.
formations are, after all, particular cases. As Vere Knight (1994) points out, most of the islands were colonized.
by France, "which sought not merely political and economic domination, but, in the most active of fashions,.
cultural [hegemony] as well" (p.548). This colonial project "found Antilleans especially vulnerable because they.
lacked the support systems available to other colonized peoples - for example, in Africa - since they had been.
uprooted from their original homeland" and brought to the Caribbean "in a condition of slavery" (p.548). Octave.
Mannoni (1956), whose psychological study of colonialism appeared before that of Fanon, observes that.
.
122.
..
Beacon Hill Show Stables holds a special place in my heart, serving as a backdrop to my journey of recovery from alcoholism. This serene and vibrant environment has been more than just a stable; it has been a sanctuary where I found comfort and inspiration during a challenging time in my life.
As I spent my days there, I was fortunate to witness my aunt train her professional riders. Each session was a captivating display of dedication, skill, and passion, showcasing the intricate bond between horse and rider. The energy in the arena was palpable, filled with the rhythm of hooves on the ground, the gentle whinnies of the horses, and the camaraderie among the riders. This enchanting atmosphere created a sense of community that was incredibly uplifting, reminding me that I was not alone in my struggles.
Being at Beacon Hill allowed me to immerse myself in an environment of hard work and resilience. I learned valuable lessons about perseverance, both in riding and in life. Each rider faced their own challenges, whether it was mastering a difficult jump or overcoming a moment of self-doubt. Observing their determination and seeing how they supported one another inspired me to embrace my own challenges with a similar tenacity.
The act of being around the horses became a form of therapy for me. Their gentle nature and intuitive ability to sense emotions provided a comforting presence that helped soothe my anxiety. I found solace in grooming them, feeling the warmth of their bodies, and forging connections that transcended words. Each horse had its unique personality, and learning to understand them fostered a sense of empathy and patience within me.
Moreover, the stable culture emphasized the importance of setting goals and working diligently to achieve them. Watching my aunt mentor her riders, I began to internalize the idea that progress often comes in small, incremental steps. This perspective was invaluable during my recovery, as I learned to celebrate each small victory, no matter how insignificant it may have seemed.
Through my time at Beacon Hill, I not only regained confidence in myself but also developed a newfound appreciation for the journey of healing. The lessons I learned there—about resilience, community, and the beauty of hard work—have become guiding principles in my life. I now carry those experiences with me, applying them to my own challenges and embracing each day as an opportunity for growth.
In essence, Beacon Hill Show Stables has become a sanctuary not just for horses and riders, but for me as well. It symbolizes a chapter of my life filled with healing, empowerment, and the unwavering belief that, with dedication and support, I can overcome any obstacle that comes my way.
In these pictures I played music and asked my friends to set the mood of the photograph by internalizing how the songs made them feel. "Rangers"- A Fine Frenzy
The post-colonialist in me reads this and thinks, "Wow, internalization, gratitude, metropole . . ." while the rest of me just thinks, "Wow, the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association?"
This design is based on artwork by my friend Bill Rogers - www.flickr.com/photos/giveawayboy/4327499868/in/photostream/.
He has given me his permission to reproduce it on a mug. The mug was thrown by John, the drawing and painting on the mug was done by me.
This is the piece completely painted with the underglaze. In the next steps I will cover it with clear gloss to protect it and give it a nice shine. Then it will be final fired.
After I get it back from the kiln I'll post more pics.
Eggshell; or Vỏ Trứng by Anthony Doan, 2024
Everything's coming up roses at the Ly family's Christmas Eve dinner. That is until Rose arrives, hoping to make a good impression, as she's meeting her fiancé's family for the first time. Despite her best efforts, the mood turns frigidly vicious when secrets are brought to light, forcing everyone to confront the fragility of their individual nature. Eggshell; or Vỏ Trứng tiptoes between farce, dark comedy, thriller, and tragedy as it follows a hauntingly dysfunctional family and unearths the fangs of internalized whiteness, self-acceptance, and the lengths we go to in order to survive.
.
27-05-2011.
NSUI .
Down with the shameful attempts of'JNU forum against war on people' to violate 'the national emblem act' !!! .
Right to free expression and speech should be followed by .
responsibility and transparency !!! .
JNU has always been known for its progressive student politics. Student organizations in this campus have .
Dear friends, .
always been at the forefront to struggle and fight for issues which effect our nation and its people. This .
enjoy here. Everybody in this campus enjoys the freedom and democratic right to express their views and .
.
( .
progressive and sensitive culture has always been possible because ofthe freedom, which all organizations .
concerns on whatever issue they like. This is precisely why JNU politics·is hailed across the country. .
activities in the guise of the freedom enjoyed without showing any amount of responsibility or However, unfortunately there have been few organizations in the campus that have indulged in unlawful .
These Recently the student community has witnessed such acts for instance the shameful .
celebrations were shamefully organized without the permission of the administration and it largely transparency..
celebrations that took place at Godavari dhaba after the Dantewada Massacre by naxals. People' (JNUFAW) has completely washed its hands from this issue and came up with an irresponsible .
saddened the student community in the campus. NSUI rose in protest against such naked display of anti-national spectacle on the behest of freedom of expression. 'The JNU Forum Against War on .
treated our national symbols with utmost disdain and have missed no point to denigrate it. For years response about this issue. The so-called ultra left organizations including AISA, DSU, PSU have always .
JNUSU, under SFI and AISA, have not celebrated Independence Day and deliberately avoided the .
ceremony of flag hoisting. With this kind of anti-national prejudice internalized by these organizations, .
JNUFAW actions do not come as a surprise. The red imperialists/ the juvenile comrades has time and .
("' again shown that their true allegiance is not towards India but rather towards non-democratic countries .
NSUI strongly condemns JNUFAW for bringing slips depicting our national emblem in a bad ruled by totalitarian tyrants like China, Cuba, Venezuela, etc. .
manner and warns them to use freedom of expression with responsibility. We are also apprehensive .
about the anonymous leaflets/pamphlets circulating in the campus and request administration to take .
staunch action against students indulged in it. NSUI demands strong action against the office bearers of JNUFAW ifthey are proven guilty after the Proctorial Enquiry for violating the National Emblem Act. Neyertheless, we have always stood for the freedom of expression of all the student organizations of this campus. However, we assert that owning such freedom of speech and expression shall be followed by .
This dissent and criticism should be productive and constructive in the developn1ent ofour nation. Iqbal Singh Sandhuresponsibility and transparency. Democracy needs dissent and criticism to coiTect and rectify itself. .
General Secretary, NSUI · .
JAI-HIND!.
Manish Arya .
Vice President, NSUI .
.
.
Artist Statement:
The Listening Room is not a place, but a state a condition of total surrender to what’s been left unsaid. The voices that surround the central figure are not hallucinations; they are held silences, ancestral judgments, warnings, lullabies. In this moment, the self has ceased to speak, choosing instead to become the listener. The work suggests that identity is shaped as much by what we internalize as by what we express. Rendered in digital decay and baroque shadow, the image confronts the viewer with a quiet question: who are you when you stop narrating yourself, and let the chorus speak?
Hashtags:
#TheListeningRoom #InternalChorus #HauntedSilence #DigitalBaroque #InheritedVoices #EgoInSuspension #PortraitOfSurrender #RhondaMelo #Melora #Melora<3 #MeloraArtist
This design is based on artwork by my friend Bill Rogers - www.flickr.com/photos/giveawayboy/4327499868/in/photostream/.
He has given me his permission to reproduce it on a mug. The mug was thrown by John, the drawing and painting on the mug was done by me.
More steps in the painting process.
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behaviour.
This is a piece I am working on with a wall of letterpressed post-it notes. the text is from post-its i once had on my wall to get over a breakup. so far i have printed 550 of them. the work i am doing at the moment revolves around communication within the framework of a relationship, whether past, present, or future. it is not only about what transpires between individuals but also how we internalize and recollect on those experiences.
7 Steps to Achieve Your Dream 7 Steps to Achieve Your Dream What is your dream? Here Are 7 Steps to Achieve Your Dream If you have been struggling to achieve your dream, read through the following and internalize the thoughts presented. By applying them, you will be on the road to achieving your dream! Step #1 – Dream It Every dream begins in the heart and mind. Believe it is possible to achieve your dream. THINK BIG Don’t let negative thinking discourage you. Dream of the possibilities for yourself, your family, and for others. If you had a dream that you let grow cold, re-ignite The post 7 Steps to Achieve Your Dream appeared first on PAC. from PAC ift.tt/2snBBXw via Article Source ift.tt/eA8V8J PAC June 28, 2017 at 10:39PM
This design is based on artwork by my friend Bill Rogers - www.flickr.com/photos/giveawayboy/4327499868/in/photostream/.
He has given me his permission to reproduce it on a mug. The mug was thrown by John, the drawing and painting on the mug was done by me.
This is the piece completely painted with the underglaze. In the next steps I will cover it with clear gloss to protect it and give it a nice shine. Then it will be final fired.
After I get it back from the kiln I'll post more pics.
I used my own personal experience of moving to Ohio University to illustrate examples of culture, subculture, socialization, and internalization. Because I was moving from the city of Cleveland to the small town of Athens, I decided to incorporate the concepts of culture and the differences between "city culture" and "small town culture". I was also aware that college students often fall into a sort of subculture during their four years at university. To further explain culture and subculture, I used the terms socialization and internalization as they were meant to explain how and why people adopt new cultures and / or subcultures.
The transition from in to college can be challenging for any student. Often times, it is not one big transition as much as it is many small ones going on at once. As previously illustrated, the locations where the transitions take place can influence the outcome of the transition of a whole. Even simple things like moving from place to place involve sociological concepts previously mentioned.
Age: 343-337Ma
Viséan
Middle Mississippian Epoch
Carboniferous Period - Giant arthropods and amphibians, early reptiles, most plants fern or lycophyte-like, known for tropical forests and seas
Paleozoic Era - pre-Dinosaurs
Location: England
Lancashire
Hurst Green (Stonyhurst)
Dinckley
Dinckley Hall
The brook east of Dinckley Bridge
Rock Type: Bowland Shale Formation mudstone.
Species:
Orthoceras is a genus of extinct cephalopods belonging to the subclass Nautiloidea, characterised by its long, straight, conical shell. This genus thrived in marine environments during the Paleozoic Era and is found in rock formations worldwide. The fossils attributed to Orthoceras include some of the most recognisable and abundant remains of ancient marine life.
The shell of Orthoceras was composed of calcium carbonate, with a smooth or subtly ornamented surface and a tapered, cylindrical form. The internal structure featured a series of gas-filled chambers, separated by transverse walls known as septa. These chambers were connected by a central tube, the siphuncle, which allowed the animal to regulate buoyancy by controlling the levels of gas and fluid in the chambers. This is basically a type of phragmocone. This adaptation enabled Orthoceras to move efficiently through the water column, using jet propulsion to evade predators and hunt small prey.
Typically ranging from a few centimetres to over a metre in length, Orthoceras was an active predator. It likely fed on small marine organisms, such as trilobites and early crustaceans. Its tentacles, equipped with suction-like structures, were used to grasp prey and convey it to its beak-like jaws.
From an evolutionary perspective, Orthoceras represents an important early form of cephalopod. As one of the ancestors of both modern nautiloids and more advanced coleoids (such as squids and octopuses), it highlights the early diversification of cephalopods in Paleozoic oceans. The straight-shelled nautiloids, including Orthoceras, were eventually outcompeted by ammonoids and more flexible, soft-bodied cephalopods. However, their success during the Carboniferous period is evident from their widespread fossil record.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
Age: 343-337Ma
Viséan
Middle Mississippian Epoch
Carboniferous Period - Giant arthropods and amphibians, early reptiles, most plants fern or lycophyte-like, known for tropical forests and seas
Paleozoic Era - pre-Dinosaurs
Location: England
Lancashire
Hurst Green (Stonyhurst)
Dinckley
Dinckley Hall
The brook east of Dinckley Bridge
Rock Type: Bowland Shale Formation mudstone.
Species:
Orthoceras is a genus of extinct cephalopods belonging to the subclass Nautiloidea, characterised by its long, straight, conical shell. This genus thrived in marine environments during the Paleozoic Era and is found in rock formations worldwide. The fossils attributed to Orthoceras include some of the most recognisable and abundant remains of ancient marine life.
The shell of Orthoceras was composed of calcium carbonate, with a smooth or subtly ornamented surface and a tapered, cylindrical form. The internal structure featured a series of gas-filled chambers, separated by transverse walls known as septa. These chambers were connected by a central tube, the siphuncle, which allowed the animal to regulate buoyancy by controlling the levels of gas and fluid in the chambers. This is basically a type of phragmocone. This adaptation enabled Orthoceras to move efficiently through the water column, using jet propulsion to evade predators and hunt small prey.
Typically ranging from a few centimetres to over a metre in length, Orthoceras was an active predator. It likely fed on small marine organisms, such as trilobites and early crustaceans. Its tentacles, equipped with suction-like structures, were used to grasp prey and convey it to its beak-like jaws.
From an evolutionary perspective, Orthoceras represents an important early form of cephalopod. As one of the ancestors of both modern nautiloids and more advanced coleoids (such as squids and octopuses), it highlights the early diversification of cephalopods in Paleozoic oceans. The straight-shelled nautiloids, including Orthoceras, were eventually outcompeted by ammonoids and more flexible, soft-bodied cephalopods. However, their success during the Carboniferous period is evident from their widespread fossil record.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
This is a piece I am working on with a wall of letterpressed post-it notes. the text is from post-its i once had on my wall to get over a breakup. so far i have printed 550 of them. the work i am doing at the moment revolves around communication within the framework of a relationship, whether past, present, or future. it is not only about what transpires between individuals but also how we internalize and recollect on those experiences.
Keeping the Poster simple and crisp was key in this case. What inspired me to direct the poster this way was the idea of
'what it means to be an adult, and how children learn and internalize grown-up behaviour and responsibilities through lectures, through tears, but mostly by silently observing'. To represent the character Stan I used a sheep as he works in a slaughter house contrasted with an innocent child which represents his family.
This work takes place through Operation Acolhida, which is an organized response by the Brazilian government in partnership with PAHO and other international organizations and Brazilian institutions.
Operação Acolhida involves actions at the border, welcoming, protecting and internalizing migrants and refugees, offering assistance from the first contact.
The municipality of Pacaraima is approximately 200 kilometers from the capital of Roraima, Boa Vista. In both locations, Operação Acolhida offers shelters equipped to guarantee food, safety and health. These shelters have specific spaces for groups in vulnerable situations, such as indigenous people, LGBTQIAPN+, elderly people and people with disabilities.
As soon as they arrive, migrants undergo a health screening, receiving the vaccines provided for in the Brazilian Vaccination Calendar through the SUS.
They also have access to all health services in the country, including Primary Care, with prenatal care, diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases, among other health care, both in Boa Vista and in its next destinations, which are defined in the internalization process.
PHOTOS ARY ROGERIO SILVA
.
.
Bol ke lab .1zaad bain tere Bol zabaan ab tak teri hai -Faiz Ahmad Faiz .
NO EXCUSE FOR GENDERED VIOLENCE ! .
.
I t was a disconcerting feature of the events on No lfember 14, 2005 that the violence that took place was strongly gendered. Given the circumstances, we fetl the need to emphas1se on the nature of the violence rather than the technicalities that have been raised concerning the issue. Witnesses will testify to the VIrulence of the attack. A pamphlet was brought out by the 5-tudent representative to GSCASH which condemned the gendered violence that was perpetrated. This pamrJhlet marked the beginnmg of d1scuss1on on gendered violence and forced it on the consciousness of a wider community of students. ln the JNUSU public meeting that followed, sen1or political act1v1sts and teachers spoke against the vtolence directed at women. V/ithout the pamphlet, it 1s unlike!·; that th1s issue would have been ment1oned at all In keep1ng wtth the sptrit of a progressive gender politics of our campus, we urge that the censure of technicalltv must NOT be used to enforce :;iler.c~, ::.ince it results 1n the fortificatiOn of pw.r:arC11a1 VIOlence tnstead. .
The matrtx of gender politics on campus is everybody's concern and no excuse can be allowed to deflect focus and debate away from real issues, and these issues remain serious, immediate and crucial to every member of the JNU community, not just the women who were harassed. Maintaming silence or absta1nmg from comment is not the solution towards a progressive gender sensitive poltt1cs. .
Unfortunately, at the moment, the debate on gendered violence is becoming limited to forms and external .
trappings...and does not address content. The fact remains that women were assaulted, not only because .
they were vocal/activists but also because they we"e women. The violence on that day is not unique but .
constitutes an integral part of patriarchal structures and the mechan1sms that are employed to silence, .
intimidate and exclude women. History stands testament to the fact that the political consciousness of women .
as a group has been held subservient ...We feel the time is right for women to unite against violence .
disregarding narrow sectarian interests. Our campus has seen Similar expressions of solidarity when Ashok .
Stngl'.al's visit had evoked protests from sections of t:he Left; then too, the outcome was stmilar -the right-.
wing beat up and hounded some protestors all the V\ay to the JNUSU office. Even then, the existence of the .
parent party at the centre had emboldened those lumpens. If we don't speak out against such a g!anng .
example cf patriarchal violence, how then, would we PXpect the student representattves to GSCASH to engage .
evervday w1th internalized forms of gendered violenr~e en campus? In this ltght, the apueal to tect-.n1ca1ity .
"':'r~ ·r:--ori ,.. ""',·r.,.. -r"':-.... n: .. -~ . .. ··~... ~~'\1"" --~ ·r·-= -~--:,. . ... -,.....,-.,....."',..... .
~----· --- '"-"""-' .:~0·~.;, ~..,,.,.., l tl.. ~vu 1\..tt ,l;:;,ut..... L.vt .:> ~o:. ~011 .!)\. VJ'-n..). t. .
'..Vhen we speak of a gender-sensitive campus, we corfront a huge question mark. The debate 1s not about the form of the violence, but of the mentality that steers tt. What allows lumpen elements to think that they can or that they should specifically target women? One needs to thtnk about the effect this VIolence has on women with some being advised to stay away fr)m future polittcal acttvity and some taking that advice senously. .
.
This is the paradox of patriarchy: first it vitiates public spaces and makes them hostile for women. Then, it tells .
them to stay away from the public sphere, c1ting tletr own safety and honour. The source of oppression .
.
remams above reproach while the oppressed bear the cross of their gender tdenttty. .
Thts is clearly an assault on activ1sts of a particular gender who identify w1th a Left ideology and the abuse is directed at them because they are women. .
GSCASH is not just a punitive body responsible for pUnishing explicit acts of sexual harassment...and gender sensitiv1ty is not just about assuring the physical integrity of women students. There is much more to the politics of patriarchy than direct physical violation. There is a malignant psycho,ogical dimension reinforcing an oppressive politics which often eludes identification and challenge. Sex1st language t:lat is ~sed ond ·vvas used on the dJ'/ of the protest bet ays a patnarr.hal rrt!ndset th2t rnu-;t be cc!1d~:~~'1ed . .
GSCASH is not a corrective effort, it is & should be, a transformative body: that enters the arena of prisons of the mind and challenges them. .
Sd-.
Dalpat, Gazalla, Afzal, Kirti, Nima, Nilanjana, Serohi, Abdun Noor, Vanessa, .
Kaustav.B, Jilangamba, Abhimanyu, Gautam Kr., Jaiprakash Sagar, Anand Kr. .
Tripathi, Neha, Vipan, Khalida. A ; vjb ho_VCl~i .
.
.
.
·r .
.
.
.
.
.
Against ABVP's com -.
a . . munai-Fasctst POII-11-CS.
The recent serial bomb blasts in different .
as an opportunity by the sangh gJroh for irs ;ts ~F Delhi which have targeted and killed aro .
~II are ~pewing venom against the Muslim co~sost pol~tics. Whether it ISBJP, RSS or VHP ouund. 40 people h~s been used t ha; srngled out and Implicated a whole commmu~lty rn the name of fighting 'Islamic Terron~~,e or ABV~ In the campus, ed that the Muslims are behind the bl t unity for these bomb blasts. In its comm II . In a senes of pamphlets cts! ThPir -:.,..__ ... . as s and that their aim is to nnish off all th una Y c~arged propaganda ABVP .
This ~eans.a clear seat cut,. which JNUSU leadership or the admimstration however dechned to acknowledge. .
.
The Academic Coundl dedded this saapping of the prevailing 'offer' system for the 'waitlist' system 1n May. The JNUSU-AISA now daims that in the AC meeting they took a position in favour of the 'offer' system and against the regressive 'waitJist' system pushed by the administration, which was finally adopted by a majority vote. However from the time the issue of seat cut came to the fore until the UGBM the JNUSU-AISA maintained that the previous progressive offer system was illegal and arbitrary. Why did the JNUSU suddenly decide to reveal their 'actual position' on the day of the UGBM itself instead of mobilizing students against the new waitlist system to ensure that the progressive admissions policy remained? Why did they noteven infonn the student community that the progressive admission policy, i.e., offer system was being scrappedby the administration?The next logical step for JNUSU would have been to initiate a timely and united struggle against the administration's moves to do away with the offer system, in which they failed miserably. .
The role of AISA-Ied JNUSU: In April after the Supreme Court decision to reverse the stay on OBC reservations, JNUSU launched an agitation to ensure the implementation of quota in one-go. After a ten-day hunger strike, the AISA~ led JNUSU came back to the student community with a self-proclaimed "great victory" for sodal justice on campus-the administration had under student pressure agreed to full implementation of 27°/o OBC reservation for the coming year. In May, the administration's empty promises revealed themselves to be, as usual, empty. .
The JNUSU, apart from infonning the student community about the phased reservation through one poster did precious little to defend the "victory" of the student community. Regressive administrative decisions always come in the summer when most students are not on campus, be it the rustication of students in 2007 or this year's flawed admission procedure. Yet during the agitation against student rustication, hundreds of students protested. This time as well, JNUSU's responsibility was to inform the student body of the AC's decision, build a consensus and mobilize students to take forward the struggle for full implementation of OBC reservation. In choosing to remain silent the JNUSU has endorsed the scuttling of reservations this year and the implementation of drastic seat cuts. .
However, JNUSU's role was not just of a silent spectator. Through their campaign AISA-Ied JNUSU has served the administration's purpose of confusing most of the students and convindng some through spurious calculations that there has even been a seat increase. For 1nstance, JNUSU calculated the total number of seats offered this year by adding both the first list of unconditionally offered seats .
e non~M· ,c~,~.. ,. ,..r ..r... _ .
and the waiting list, thus coming up with the figure of 2043 for this year as opposed to last year's 2012. .
Suppose in some center 30 seats are offered this year and from the first list 26 students take admission. Through the waiting list 4 students w:u be offered seats to replace the four who did not take admission, but the seats offered remains still at 30. By JNUSU's calculation not 30 but 34 seats were offered in this particular center! JNUSU deliberately misinformed and spread an inflated offer figure of 2043 seats in the student community. In the CESP MA programme alone, at least 25 students were offered admission on .
the waiting list. So this figure of 2043 includes these 25 .
conditional seats and numerous more to bulk up the .
figure and hide AISA's deceitful JX>Iitics. .
Moreover, the functioning of JNUSU-AISA throughout the agitation was highly undemocratic, oordering on dictatorial as was seen during the UGBM. In fact, neither SA nor AISA attempted to build a broader consensus and mobilize students around the crudal issue of reservation. They instead chose to play a game of one-upmanship and launched sectarian struggles. Despite repeated demands for AII-Qrganizabon and Open Meetings, JNUSU-AISA did not pay heed. They called an Emergency Coundl meeting only after the SFI had begun their sectarian hunger strike. The AISA-Ied JNUSU even made a mC'Ckery of the UGBM, the most democratic platform and highest decision-making body of the students. They turned it into a site for the President to arrogantly display his questionable "discretionary" powers. .
.
What is more dangerous is the thorough Internalization by AISA of the language of the anti-reservationist administration, which was on display during and after the UGBM. One of the resolutions placed by SSS AISA coundlors was that '' This UGBM holds that there should be a united struggle underJNUSU's leadership to ensure the fulfillment ofosqsqsr;PHreservation subject to the availability ofeligible candidates so that the anomalies in the present admission process can be remedied'. It was only after a strong JX>int of order raised from the floor that they were forced to remove the 'eligibility' dause. But from what understanding anrl position did this dause come? It speaks the same language as the meritocratic YFE and the anti-reservationist administration. Which sections was AISA trying to appease? .
Another resolution placed by the AISA SSS Councillors: " The house holds that for fulfilling the increased .
intake in the wake ofOBC reservations, a .
properly defined one shot offermethodshould .
be worked outforJNU admissions in the .
forthcoming year, keeping in view the due share .
ofdifferent categories in the admission list" .
.
.
.
.
.
.
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
The Meeting of David and
Abigail - c. 1630
Sir Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish, 1577 - 1640
This biblical narrative, recounted in 1 Samuel 25:2–42, describes an episode during David's exile in the wilderness in southern Judah. David, in need of provisions, sent some of his men to request aid from a wealthy sheep farmer named Nabal, whose herd David had let graze unmolested all winter. The sheep farmer curtly refused their request. Infuriated, David set out with 400 armed men to seek revenge. Nabal's wife, Abigail, having learned of David's impending attack, quickly packed generous provisions—including bread, wine, meat, and fruit—on the backs of donkeys, and set out to intercept David and his soldiers. She pleaded with David to forego his punitive action, reminding him that he was fighting the Lord's battles and should not allow evil into his life. Abigail returned home and her joyous news caused her husband's heart to die "within him, and he became as a stone." Upon hearing of Nabal's death, David assumed that God had acted to support his cause and rejoiced, after which he promptly sent servants to ask Abigail to marry him. She consented and became David's second wife.
The Old Testament is filled with poignant stories of the often harsh-and-cruel world of ancient Israel where, despite human frailties and personal betrayals, the followers of Moses formed a nation through spiritual faith, military valor, forgiveness of—and reconciliation with—bitter antagonists. Peter Paul Rubens, perhaps more than any other artist, internalized the force of these narratives and captured their powerful emotional impact in his expressive images. Yet the meeting of David and Abigail is a story of reconciliation, a quality Rubens suggests with the gentle forward movements of two distinctive figural groups who come together in a peaceful landscape. As Abigail kneels before David and offers him the gift of bread, the military leader, touched by her eloquence and humility, tenderly reaches out to help her rise. Through Abigail's gaze and gesture, Rubens conveys that Abigail's beauty and sincere supplication have successfully persuaded David to forego his intended attack against her husband. By bringing emotional nourishment and encouraging peace, Abigail represents a prefiguration of the Virgin as intercessor.
Rubens, who was profoundly Catholic, received many commissions for religious works, including altarpieces and designs for tapestries. He painted this luminous oil sketch, which may have served as a model for a tapestry, in the early 1630s, shortly after he had returned to Antwerp following delicate diplomatic assignments in Spain and England at the behest of King Philip IV of Spain, missions that he accomplished under the cover of his activities as an artist. The fluid brushwork and flickering highlights that both model and accentuate forms; the deeply resonant colors; and the broad, atmospheric handling of the landscape all reflect Rubens's appreciation of Titian's and Veronese's artistic achievements—two Venetian masters whose works he studied in Madrid and London in the late 1620s.
Italian artists' influence on Rubens had begun much earlier, in fact. Around 1600, Rubens, who had been trained in classical ideals and philosophy, travelled from Antwerp to Italy to experience firsthand its artistic traditions, not only those of antiquity and the Renaissance, but also those being created by contemporary artists such as Caravaggio. The inspiration he gained from this multifaceted exposure profoundly affected his own style of painting and became the foundation for his future work. Rubens returned to Antwerp in 1609 and became court painter to the regents for the Spanish king in the Southern Netherlands, Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella. With dramatic narratives like The Meeting of David and Abigail, executed in a bold and fluid style, Rubens had a strong and long-lasting impact on artists throughout Europe. One of the greatest masters of the 17th century, Rubens's artistic legacy cannot be overestimated.
________________________________
For earlier visit in 2024 see:
www.flickr.com/photos/ugardener/albums/72177720320689747/
The National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC is a world-class art museum that displays one of the largest collections of masterpieces in the world including paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, and decorative arts from the 13th century to the present. The National Gallery of Art collection includes an extensive survey of works of American, British, Italian, Flemish, Spanish, Dutch, French and German art. With its prime location on the National Mall, surrounded by the Smithsonian Institution, visitors often think that the museum is a part of the Smithsonian. It is a separate entity and is supported by a combination of private and public funds. Admission is free. The museum offers a wide range of educational programs, lectures, guided tours, films, and concerts.
The original neoclassical building, the West Building includes European (13th-early 20th century) and American (18th-early 20th century) paintings, sculptures, decorative arts, and temporary exhibitions. The National Gallery of Art was opened to the public in 1941 with funds provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The original collection of masterpieces was provided by Mellon, who was the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury and ambassador to Britain in the 1930s. Mellon collected European masterpieces and many of the Gallery’s original works were once owned by Catherine II of Russia and purchased in the early 1930s by Mellon from the Hermitage Museum in Leningrad.
The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery's collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the development of Western art from the Middle Ages to the present, including the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder.
The NGA's collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent collection date from the Middle Ages to the present. The Italian Renaissance collection includes two panels from Duccio's Maesta, the tondo of the Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli work on the same subject, Giorgione's Allendale Nativity, Giovanni Bellini's The Feast of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.
The collections include paintings by many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Beggar, by El Greco, and works by Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elder, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, among others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works as the Chalice of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work by Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent collection include the second of the two original sets of Thomas Cole's series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the first set is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley (two other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art
Andrew W. Mellon, who pledged both the resources to construct the National Gallery of Art as well as his high-quality art collection, is rightly known as the founder of the gallery. But his bequest numbered less than two hundred paintings and sculptures—not nearly enough to fill the gallery’s massive rooms. This, however, was a feature, not a failure of Mellon’s vision; he anticipated that the gallery eventually would be filled not only by his own collection, but also by additional donations from other private collectors. By design, then, it was both Andrew Mellon and those who followed his lead—among them, eight men and women known as the Founding Benefactors—to whom the gallery owes its premier reputation as a national art museum. At the gallery’s opening in 1941, President Roosevelt stated, “the dedication of this Gallery to a living past, and to a greater and more richly living future, is the measure of the earnestness of our intention that the freedom of the human spirit shall go on.”
www.doaks.org/resources/cultural-philanthropy/national-ga...
.
This design is based on artwork by my friend Bill Rogers - www.flickr.com/photos/giveawayboy/4327499868/in/photostream/.
He has given me his permission to reproduce it on a mug. The mug was thrown by John, the drawing and painting on the mug was done by me.
This is the piece completely painted with the underglaze. In the next steps I will cover it with clear gloss to protect it and give it a nice shine. Then it will be final fired.
After I get it back from the kiln I'll post more pics.
The company is one of the leading digital marketing agencies that have emerged in the digital marketing agency industry to deliver the best results for their customers. They use the latest technological improvements to produce the most effective web solutions for their clients. Their web design company is located centrally between Hartford and New Heaven. They believe that relaunching their services will bring in fresh ideas that will help them internalize their customers’ business objectives and later use them as the main objective of their output. In order to expertly transform their creative vision into reality, mediaBOOM will integrate their developers’ wield cutting-edge technologies to expertly transform their creative vision into reality.
For More Information Please Visit : mediaboom.com
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
For this collaboration we will be engaging with each other through letter correspondenceby the perspectives of characters who are fearful of gophers. This is a self-reflection based oncharacteristics of individuals who have internalized homophobia and project overtly and covertlytheir fear as well as the underlying truth of their own sexuality. Reflecting upon both ourup-bringings as Catholics and examining the reality of what behavior we have witnessed/experienced surrounding internalized-homophobia and policing sexuality.Our process included coming up with a topic for our “characters” to discuss in letters toone and other. We wanted to incorporate both our areas of practice by using photography ofourselves as the characters we created and covering the faces with gopher faces made withlinoleum blocks, we took inspiration from the gophers from Looney Tunes. Tess’s process ofmaking is investigating thermochromic ink that vanishes with heat. We decided to use this ink tocover up areas of the letters that revealed the characters true desires in regards to the gophersand in the linoleum blocks to reveal identity.
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
But why do college students adopt the “college culture” so readily? One theory is that new college students are socialized into college culture. Socialization (page 68) is “the process by which culture is learned and internalized by each normal member of society”. Internalization (page 68) is “the process by which people accept the norms, values, roles, beliefs, and other primary aspects of their culture”. Many college students want to accept college culture as it comes with being an adult and being on your own for the first time. Unfortunately, some norms, such as excessive drinking and partying are also accepted.
Thanks for the new one "Internalize" !! : )
1. Internalize, 2. Long Walk Home, 3. The Heavens, 4. Untitled
Created with fd's Flickr Toys.
Age: 201–182 Ma
Liassic sediment
Early Jurassic Epoch
Jurassic Period – A time dominated by dinosaurs, characterised by lush vegetation, abundant marine reptiles, ammonites, and the evolution of early birds.
Mesozoic Era – The age of dinosaurs
Location:
Near Boggle Hole
Robin Hood’s Bay
Yorkshire Coast
England
Rock Type:
Redcar Mudstone Formation
Species:
Belemnites cylindricus is an extinct species of belemnite, a group of marine cephalopods related to modern squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. Belemnites, part of the subclass Coleoidea, bridge the gap between ancient, externally shelled ammonites and nautiloids, and modern, soft-bodied coleoid cephalopods.
The anatomy of Belemnites cylindricus was adapted for life in the open seas. Its fossilised guard, or rostrum, represents the posterior portion of the internal skeleton. The guard is dense and bullet-shaped, providing ballast to aid in stabilisation during swimming. Another important feature of the skeleton is the phragmacone, a conical, chambered structure located at the anterior end of the guard. The phragmacone housed gas-filled chambers that helped regulate buoyancy, enabling the animal to maintain its position in the water column.
Belemnites cylindricus is characterised by an elongated, cylindrical guard with a smooth surface and a tapering apex, typically ranging between 5 and 15 centimetres in length. Fossils of this species often show both the guard and the phragmacone, though occasional tentacle impressions and more are found.
Belemnites cylindricus was a skilled predator, preying on small fish and crustaceans. It possessed 10 tentacles, two of which were longer and equipped with hooks for grasping prey, much like modern squids have. Like modern cephalopods, it used jet propulsion, expelling water through a siphon for rapid movement, and had an ink sac for defence, releasing clouds of ink to confuse predators.
From an evolutionary perspective, belemnites represent an intermediate step in the development of coleoid cephalopods. Unlike their ammonite and nautiloid relatives, they had completely internalised their shell, a feature retained in modified forms in modern squids and cuttlefish. This adaptation reduced drag and made them more agile swimmers. Belemnites cylindricus was part of the family Belemnitidae, which thrived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods before becoming extinct in the Late Cretaceous mass extinction.
The widespread distribution of Belemnites cylindricus and its abundance in Jurassic sediments make it a valuable biostratigraphic marker, aiding geologists in dating and correlating rock layers.
A cephalopod is a member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, which includes creatures like squid, octopuses, cuttlefish, nautiluses, ammonites, orthocones, and belemnites. These exclusively marine animals are known for their bilateral body symmetry, prominent heads, and arms or tentacles—muscular hydrostats derived from the primitive molluscan foot.
Cephalopods first became dominant during the Ordovician period, primarily represented by primitive nautiloids. Today, the class includes two distantly related extant subclasses: Coleoidea (octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) and Nautiloidea (Nautilus and Allonautilus). In coleoids, the shell is internalized or absent, while nautiloids retain their external shells. There are approximately 800 living species of cephalopods, with an estimated 11,000 extinct species. Some well-known extinct groups include Ammonoidea (ammonites) and Belemnoidea (belemnites). Because many cephalopods are soft-bodied, they are not easily fossilized.
Cephalopods are exclusively marine and have never adapted to freshwater habitats, likely due to biochemical constraints. They are widely regarded as the most intelligent of all invertebrates, possessing highly developed senses and large brains—larger than those of their molluscan relatives, the gastropods. The cephalopod nervous system is the most complex among invertebrates, and their brain-to-body mass ratio falls between those of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates.
With the exception of the Nautilidae and certain deep-sea octopuses (suborder Cirrina), all known cephalopods possess an ink sac, which they use to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse predators. This sac is a muscular extension of the hindgut, releasing almost pure melanin mixed with mucus to form a thick, smokescreen-like cloud. The ink is ejected via their funnel, using the same water jet propulsion system employed for locomotion. Early cephalopods likely produced jets by retracting their bodies into their shells, as Nautilus still does today.
The evolution of cephalopods is believed to have begun in the Late Cambrian, likely from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, closely related to gastropods. The development of the siphuncle, a tube-like structure, allowed early cephalopods to fill their shells with gas, achieving buoyancy and differentiating them from putative ancestors like Knightoconus, which lacked a siphuncle. This buoyancy enabled cephalopods to rise off the seafloor and eventually develop jet propulsion, which furthered their evolution as top predators.
After the late Cambrian extinction, cephalopods diversified significantly during the Ordovician, filling newly available predatory niches and becoming a dominant presence in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. Initially, their range was limited to shallow, sublittoral regions in the low latitudes, often in association with thrombolites. Over time, they adopted a more pelagic lifestyle. By the mid-Ordovician, some cephalopods developed septa strong enough to withstand deeper water pressures, allowing them to inhabit depths greater than 100–200 meters.
The direction of shell coiling became a crucial evolutionary trait. Endogastric coiling, in which the ventral (lower) side is concave, limited size expansion, while exogastric coiling, where the ventral side is convex, allowed the large spiral shells familiar in fossil records. Ancient cephalopods, unlike most modern species, had protective shells. These early shells were straight and conical but later evolved into curved nautiloid shapes similar to modern Nautilus.
Competition from fish during evolutionary history is thought to have driven shelled cephalopods into deeper waters, exerting pressure towards shell loss. This adaptation gave rise to modern coleoids, which, despite losing buoyancy, gained greater maneuverability, allowing them to re-colonize shallow waters. Some straight-shelled nautiloids eventually evolved into belemnites, which in turn evolved into squid and cuttlefish. The loss of the shell may also have been a response to evolutionary pressures for increased mobility, giving cephalopods a more fish-like behavior.
International Business School and Information Technology is a well reputed, innovative and entrepreneurial management business school in India. IBSIT programs have internalized the main phenomena influencing business education today: the globalization of management; the impact of new technologies on the learning process;http://bizitschool.com/