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I had one Pomegranate tree or bush that I planted, and a number that the birds started... This delicious pomegranate is produced on a bird-started tree by the pool. The trees in my gardens do make beautiful and delicious fruit... They are hardy here in Tucson, even though the top branches of the more exposed trees are killed back each year by frost. The flowers are gorgeous!
Recently, I planted three heirloom varieties of pomegranate from old Tucson gardens. They are descendants of the original trees planted in Tucson by Father Kino. However that is another story, unrelated to the fruit on this bush.
Here are excerpts from an article by the California Rare Fruit Growers that can help a gardener like me:
www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pomegranate.html
POMEGRANATE
Punica granatum L.
Punicaceae
Common Names: Pomegranate, Granada (Spanish), Grenade (French).
Related Species: Punica proto-punica.
Origin: The pomegranate is native from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and was cultivated and naturalized over the whole Mediterranean region since ancient times. It is widely cultivated throughout India and the drier parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and tropical Africa. The tree was introduced into California by Spanish settlers in 1769. In this country it is grown for its fruits mainly in the drier parts of California and Arizona.
Adaptation: Pomegranates prefer a semi-arid mild-temperate to subtropical climate and are naturally adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers. A humid climate adversely affects the formation of fruit. The tree can be severely injured by temperatures below 12° F. In the U. S. pomegranates can be grown outside as far north as southern Utah and Washington, D.C. but seldom set fruit in these areas. The tree adapts well to container culture and will sometimes fruit in a greenhouse.
DESCRIPTION
Growth Habits: The pomegranate is a neat, rounded shrub or small tree that can grow to 20 or 30 ft., but more typically to 12 to 16 ft. in height. Dwarf varieties are also known. It is usually deciduous, but in certain areas the leaves will persist on the tree. The trunk is covered by a red-brown bark which later becomes gray. The branches are stiff, angular and often spiny. There is a strong tendency to sucker from the base. Pomegranates are also long-lived. There are specimens in Europe that are known to be over 200 years of age. The vigor of a pomegranate declines after about 15 years, however.
Foliage: The pomegranate has glossy, leathery leaves that are narrow and lance-shaped.
Flowers: The attractive scarlet, white or variegated flowers are over an inch across and have 5 to 8 crumpled petals and a red, fleshy, tubular calyx which persists on the fruit. The flowers may be solitary or grouped in twos and threes at the ends of the branches. The pomegranate is self-pollinated as well as cross-pollinated by insects. Cross-pollination increases the fruit set. Wind pollination is insignificant.
Fruit: The nearly round, 2-1/2 to 5 in. wide fruit is crowned at the base by the prominent calyx. The tough, leathery skin or rind is typically yellow overlaid with light or deep pink or rich red. The interior is separated by membranous walls and white, spongy, bitter tissue into compartments packed with sacs filled with sweetly acid, juicy, red, pink or whitish pulp or aril. In each sac there is one angular, soft or hard seed. High temperatures are essential during the fruiting period to get the best flavor. The pomegranate may begin to bear in 1 year after planting out, but 2-1/2 to 3 years is more common. Under suitable conditions the fruit should mature some 5 to 7 months after bloom.
CULTIVARS
Balegal
Originated in San Diego, Calif. Selected by Paul H. Thomson. Large, roundish fruit, 3 inches in diameter. Somewhat larger than Fleshman. Skin pale pink, lighter then Fleshman. Flesh slightly darker than Fleshman, very sweet.
Cloud
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Medium-sized fruit with a green-red color. Juice sweet and white.
Crab
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Large fruit have red juice that is tart but with a rich flavor. A heavy bearing tree.
Early Wonderful
Large, deep-red, thin-skinned, delicious fruit. Ripens about 2 weeks ahead of Wonderful. Medium-sized bush with large, orange-red fertile flowers. Blooms late, very productive.
Fleshman
Originated in Fallbrook, Calif. Selected by Paul H. Thomson. Large, roundish fruit, about 3 inches in diameter, pink outside and in. Very sweet flavor, seeds relatively soft, quality very good.
Francis
Originated in Jamaica via Florida. Large, sweet, split-resistant fruit. Prolific producer.
Granada
Originated in Lindsay, Calif. Introduced in 1966. Bud mutation of Wonderful. Fruit resembles Wonderful, but displays a red crown while in the green state, darker red in color and less tart. Ripens one month earlier than Wonderful. Flowers also deeper red. Tree identical to Wonderful.
Green Globe
Originated in Camarillo, Calif. Selected by John Chater. Large, sweet, aromatic, green-skinned fruit. Excellent quality.
Home
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. The fruit is variable yellow-red in color, with light pink juice that is sweet and of rich flavor. Some bitterness.
King
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Medium to large fruit, somewhat smaller than Balegal and Fleshman. Skin darker pink to red. Flavor very sweet. Has a tendency to split. Bush somewhat of a shy bearer.
Phoenicia (Fenecia)
Originated in Camarillo, Calif. Selected by John Chater. Large fruit, 4-5 inches in diameter, mottled red-green skin. Flavor sweet, seeds relatively hard.
Sweet
Fruit is lighter in color than Wonderful, remains slightly greenish with a red blush when ripe. Pink juice, flavor much sweeter than other cultivars. Excellent in fruit punch. Trees highly ornamental, bears at an early age, productive.
Utah Sweet
Very sweet, good quality fruit. Pink skin and pulp. Seeds notably softer than those of Wonderful and other standard cultivars. Attractive pinkish-orange flowers.
Wonderful
Originated in Florida. First propagated in California in 1896. Large, deep purple-red fruit. Rind medium thick, tough. Flesh deep crimson in color, juicy and of a delicious vinous flavor. Seeds not very hard. Better for juicing than for eating out of hand. Plant is vigorous and productive. Leading commercial variety in California.
CULTURE
Location: Pomegranates should be placed in the sunniest, warmest part of the yard or orchard for the best fruit, although they will grow and flower in part shade. The attractive foliage, flowers and fruits of the pomegranate, as well as its smallish size make it a excellent landscaping plant.
Soil: The pomegranate does best in well-drained ordinary soil, but also thrives on calcareous or acidic loam as well as rock strewn gravel.
Irrigation: Once established, pomegranates can take considerable drought, but for good fruit production they must be irrigated. To establish new plants they should be watered every 2 to 4 weeks during the dry season. The plants are tolerant of moderately saline water and soil conditions.
Fertilizing: In the West, the trees are given 2 to 4-ounce applications of ammonium sulfate or other nitrogen fertilizer the first two springs. After that very little fertilizer is needed, although the plants respond to an annual mulch of rotted manure or other compost.
Pruning: Plants should be cut back when they are about 2 ft. high. From this point allow 4 or 5 shoots to develop, which should be evenly distributed around the stem to keep the plant well balanced. These should start about 1 ft. from the ground, giving a short but well-defined trunk. Any shoots which appear above or below should be removed as should any suckers. Since the fruits are borne only at the tips of new growth, it is recommended that for the first 3 years the branches be judiciously shortened annually to encourage the maximum number of new shoots on all sides, prevent straggly development and achieve a strong well framed plant. After the 3rd year, only suckers and dead branches are removed.
Propagation: The pomegranate can be raised from seed but may not come true. Cuttings root easily and plants from them bear fruit after about 3 years. Twelve to 20 inches long cuttings should be taken in winter from mature, one-year old wood. The leaves should be removed and the cuttings treated with rooting hormone and inserted about two-thirds their length into the soil or into some other warm rooting medium. Plants can also be air-layered but grafting is seldom successful.
Pests and Diseases: Pomegranates are relatively free of most pests and diseases. Minor problems are leaf and fruit spot and foliar damage by white flies, thrips, mealybugs and scale insects. The roots are seldom bothered by gophers but deer will browse on the foliage.
Harvest: The fruits are ripe when they have developed a distinctive color and make a metallic sound when tapped. The fruits must be picked before over maturity when they tend to crack open, particularly when rained on. The pomegranate is equal to the apple in having a long storage life. It is best maintained at a temperature of 32° to 41° F. and can be kept for a period of 7 months within this temperature range and at 80 to 85% relative humidity without shrinking or spoiling. The fruits improve in storage, becoming juicier and more flavorful.
The fruit can be eaten out of hand by deeply scoring several times vertically and then breaking it apart. The clusters of juice sacs are then lifted out and eaten. The sacs also make an attractive garnish when sprinkled on various dishes. Pomegranate fruits are most often consumed as juice and can be juiced is several ways. The sacs can be removed and put through a basket press or the juice can be extracted by reaming the halved fruits on an ordinary orange juice squeezer. Another approach starts with warming the fruit slightly and rolling it between the hands to soften the interior. A hole is then cut in the stem end which is placed on a glass to let the juice run out, squeezing the fruit from time to time to get all the juice. The juice can be used in a variety of of ways: as a fresh juice, to make jellies, sorbets or cold or hot sauces as well as to flavor cakes, baked apples, etc. Pomegranate syrup is sold commercially as grenadine. The juice can also be made into a wine.
Commercial Potential: The primary commercial growing regions of the world are the Near East, India and surrounding countries and southern Europe. In California commercial cultivation is centered in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Consumer demand in this country is not great. More pomegranate fruits probably wind up as decorations in fruit bowls than are consumed.
_____________________________________________
Also see the more general Wikipedia article. It has a section on use in cooking by regions of the world:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate
Here are a few highlights that struck my fancy:
A pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to between five and eight meters tall. Native to the drier regions of the Mediterranean Basin, pomegranate is widely cultivated throughout India and parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and tropical Africa.[1] Introduced into Latin America and California by Spanish settlers in 1769, pomegranate is now cultivated in parts of California and Arizona for juice production. [2]
Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae
Genus: Punica
Species: P. granatum
Binomial Name
Punica granatum - Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Synonyms
Punica malus - Linnaeus, 1758
Cultivars
More than 500 cultivars of pomegranate have been named, but such fruits evidently have considerable synonymy in which the same genotype is named differently across regions of the world.[4] Iran hosts a great genetic diversity of pomegranate and more than 760 Iranian genotypes are collected at Iranian national pomegranate collection in Yazd, Iran.
Several characteristics between pomegranate genotypes vary for identification, consumer preference, preferred use, and marketing, the most important of which are fruit size, exocarp color (ranging from yellow to purple, with pink and red most common), aril color (ranging from white to red), hardness of seed, maturity, juice content and its acidity, sweetness, and astringency.[4]
Etymology
The name "pomegranate" derives from Latin pomum ("apple") and granatus ("seeded"). This has influenced the common name for pomegranate in many languages (e.g., German Granatapfel, "Granat" meaning "garnet" and "Apfel" meaning "apple", thus "garnet apple"). Perhaps stemming from the French word for the fruit, "pomme-grenade", the pomegranate was known in early English as "apple of Grenada" -- a term which today survives only in heraldic blazons. This was probably a folk etymology, confusing Latin granatus with the Spanish city of Granada. The genus name Punica is named for the Phoenicians, who were active in broadening its cultivation, partly for religious reasons. In classical Latin, where "malum" was broadly applied to many apple-like fruits, the pomegranate's name was malum punicum or malum granatum, the latter giving rise to the Italian name melograno, or less commonly melagrana.
Potential health benefits
In preliminary laboratory research and human pilot studies, juice of the pomegranate was effective in reducing heart disease risk factors, including LDL oxidation, macrophage oxidative status, and foam cell formation,[35][36][37] all of which are steps in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
In a limited study of hypertensive patients, consumption of pomegranate juice for two weeks was shown to reduce systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum angiotensin-converting enzyme.[38] Juice consumption may also inhibit viral infections[39] while pomegranate extracts have antibacterial effects against dental plaque.[40][41]
Culinary use
After opening the pomegranate by scoring it with a knife and breaking it open, the arils (seed casings) are separated from the peel and internal white pulp membranes. Separating the red arils is easier in a bowl of water, because the arils sink and the inedible pulp floats. Freezing the entire fruit also makes it easier to separate. Another very effective way of quickly harvesting the arils is to cut the pomegranate in half, score each half of the exterior rind four to six times, hold the pomegranate half over a bowl and smack the rind with a large spoon. The arils should eject from the pomegranate directly into the bowl, leaving only a dozen or more deeply embedded arils to remove.
The entire seed is consumed raw, though the watery, tasty aril is the desired part. The taste differs depending on the subspecies of pomegranate and its ripeness. The pomegranate juice can be very sweet or sour, but most fruits are moderate in taste, with sour notes from the acidic tannins contained in the aril juice.
Pomegranate juice has long been a popular drink in Persian and Indian cuisine, and began to be widely distributed in the United States and Canada in 2002.[12]
Grenadine syrup is thickened and sweetened pomegranate juice used in cocktail mixing. Before tomatoes (a new-world fruit) arrived in the Middle East, grenadine was widely used in many Iranian foods, and is still found in traditional recipes such as fesenjan, a thick sauce made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts, usually spooned over duck or other poultry and rice, and in ash-e anar (pomegranate soup).[13]
Wild pomegranate seeds are used as a spice known as anardana (from Persian: anar+dana, pomegranate+seed), most notably in Indian and Pakistani cuisine, but also as a substitute for pomegranate syrup in Persian cuisine. Dried whole arils can often be obtained in ethnic Indian subcontinent markets. These seeds are separated from the flesh, dried for 10–15 days and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry preparation. Ground anardana is also used, which results in a deeper flavoring in dishes and prevents the seeds from getting stuck in teeth. Seeds of the wild pomegranate variety known as daru from the Himalayas are regarded as quality sources for this spice.
Dried pomegranate arils, found in some natural specialty food markets, still contain the seed and residual aril water, maintaining a natural sweet and tart flavor. Dried arils can be used in several culinary applications, such as trail mix, granola bars, or as a topping for salad, yogurt, or ice cream. Chocolate covered arils, also available in gourmet food stores, may be added to desserts and baked items.
In the Caucasus, pomegranate is used mainly as juice.[14] In Azerbaijan a sauce from pomegranate juice (narsharab) is usually served with fish[15] or tika kabab. In Turkey, pomegranate sauce, (Turkish: nar ekşisi) is used as a salad dressing, to marinate meat, or simply to drink straight. Pomegranate seeds are also used in salads and sometimes as garnish for desserts such as güllaç.[16] Pomegranate syrup or molasses is used in muhammara, a roasted red pepper, walnut, and garlic spread popular in Syria and Turkey.[17]
In Greece, pomegranate (Greek: ρόδι, rodi) is used in many recipes, including kollivozoumi, a creamy broth made from boiled wheat, pomegranates and raisins, legume salad with wheat and pomegranate, traditional Middle Eastern lamb kebabs with pomegranate glaze, pomegranate eggplant relish, and avocado-pomegranate dip. Pomegranate is also made into a liqueur and popular fruit confectionery used as ice cream topping or mixed with yogurt or spread as jam on toast. In Cyprus as well as in Greece and among the Greek Orthodox Diaspora , ρόδι is used to make kolliva, a mixture of wheat, pomegranate seeds, sugar, almonds and other seeds served at memorial services.
In present-day cuisine, pomegranate can be used to add a creative touch to green salads or potato or chickpea-based salads.[18]
IMG_5229 - Version 2
Part of: "an apple a day keeps the doctor away - An ENSO (Japanese: circle, Japanisch: Kreis) a day .... " Aktion Kreis Tagebuch A circle diary - Start of the 365-days Project: 1. September
panasonic DMC-GH3 - P1060579 - 2015-07-26 lumix
#rose #weiß #friede #peace #white #rosenblatt #rosengarten #laurin #teppich #tapestry #wandteppich #tapissery #tapestry #weaver #teppichweber #textilkunst #handwerk #haslach #oberösterreich #mühlviertel #aussteller #ausstellung #wood #holz #haarspange #geschenk #present #gift #schnittmuster #musterbogen #scherenschnitt #schaubild #red #rot #blut #blood #bartholomäusnacht #pomegranate #granatapfel #blue #blau #juli #july #green #grün #maigrün #yellow #werkstatt #arbeitsraum #workingroom #museum #indigo #blaufärber #blaudruck #wolle #wool #schafwolle #baumwolle #leinen #filz #folder #falter #entfalten #leporello #gedanke #überlegungen #ausflug #trip #outing #spaziergang #rundgang #unterwegs #sommerlicht #sonne #sun #light #licht #arbeitslicht #schablone #stencil #passepartout #square #quadrat #map #plan #private #privateness #privat #unterlegung
++++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA +++++
Manavgat ist eine Kreisstadt der Provinz Antalya an der Türkischen Riviera mit 215.526 Einwohnern (Stand 2014). Sie liegt 75 km östlich von Antalya, 60 km nordwestlich von Alanya und 7 km nordöstlich der antiken Stadt und des Urlaubsorts Side.
Manavgat liegt in der fruchtbaren Ebene zwischen dem Taurusgebirge und dem Mündungsdelta des Flusses Manavgat. In der Ebene werden Baumwolle, Getreide, Sesam, viele Obst- und Gemüsesorten sowie Blumen (teilweise in Gewächshäusern) angebaut. Auch erste Bananenplantagen sind hier zu finden. Am Fluss wird Forellen- und Crevettenzucht betrieben.
In Manavgat wohnt ein großer Teil der im Tourismus in Side und den umliegenden Hotels tätigen türkischen Bevölkerung; der Ort dient als Logistikzentrum des Tourismus; daraus ist sein stetiges Wachstum zu erklären.
Durch den Ort fließt der gleichnamige Fluss, der mit dem großen Wasserfall (büyük şelale) und kleinen Wasserfall (küçük şelale – eher Stromschnellen) und den teilweise über den Fluss gebauten Fischrestaurants ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel darstellt. Ansonsten ist Manavgat regional noch für seinen großen, von Einheimischen wie Touristen besuchten Basar und Gewürzmarkt bekannt.
Auffallend ist eine einspurige Stahlbrücke über dem Fluss, die in den Jahren 1931 bis 1938 von der deutschen Firma Krupp errichtet worden ist. Diese Brücke war lange Zeit die einzige Verbindung zwischen den beiden Flussufern.
Flussaufwärts gibt es zwei Stauseen, die im Sommer mit Ausflugsbooten befahren werden können. Der obere Stausee (Oymapınar-Talsperre) hat eine 360 m lange und 157 m hohe Staumauer und einen Speicherraum von 300 Mio. m³. Er wurde 1984 zur Trinkwasserversorgung und Energiegewinnung errichtet.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Entwicklung
2 Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
3 Einzelnachweise
4 Weblinks
Entwicklung
Mit dem Tourismus wuchs Manavgat von einem ehemals kleinen Dorf zu einer größeren Stadt mit vielen Geschäften, Einkaufszentren, Restaurants und Bars heran. Es entstand ein neuer, künstlich erbauter Wasserfall mitten in der Stadt. Die oberhalb des Wasserfalles stehende Atatürk-Statue bildet zusammen mit dem Wasserfall ein ansprechendes Bild und ist daher bei Touristen sehr beliebt.
Des Weiteren wurde eine neue Brücke errichtet, die auch entsprechend Yeni Köprü (neue Brücke) heißt. Sie ist behindertengerecht erbaut, an beiden Enden der Brücke befindet sich jeweils ein Aufzug.
Geography
Between the Taurus Mountains to the north, and the sandy beaches of the Mediterranean coast, much of the district is surrounded by a flat plain. This is mostly fertile farmland and agriculture is well-developed in Manavgat, keeping livestock and growing crops including grains, sesame and many fruits and vegetables; in recent years olives have also been planted. There is no industry except for food-processing, so apart from agriculture the local economy depends on tourism.
The mountains are covered with forests and typical Mediterranean shrubs, there are small plains higher in the mountains too, traditionally used for summer grazing by the yörük nomads. Manavgat has a Mediterranean climate of hot, dry summers and warm, wet winters; the temperature rarely drops to freezing. The district is irrigated by the Manavgat River, and has two dams for hydro-electric power. In 2001 plans began to export water from these reservoirs to Israel and other Mediterranean countries including Malta and Cyprus; as of 2006 these plans are on hold.[3]
History
The ancient cities of Side and Selge date back to the 6th century BC. Manavgat was taken over by the Seljuk Turks in 1220 and the Ottoman Empire in 1472.
Tourism
With 64 kilometres (40 mi) of hot, sunny coastline, much of it sandy beaches, with a long river and the waterfall, well-protected countryside including mountains and forests, Manavgat has an important tourist industry. There is plenty of accommodation on the coastline and many places to explore including historical sites, rivers, streams and caves. And there is the sea itself including the odd experience of swimming from fresh water into the salt sea at the rivermouth. Predictably the cuisine includes fish from the Mediterranean.
The villages of Kumköy and Ilıca on the coast are particularly lively.
Side (Greek: Σίδη) is an ancient Greek city on the southern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, a resort town and one of the best-known classical sites in the country. It lies near Manavgat and the village of Selimiye, 78 km from Antalya in the province of Antalya.[1]
It is located on the eastern part of the Pamphylian coast, which lies about 20 km east of the mouth of the Eurymedon River. Today, as in antiquity, the ancient city is situated on a small north-south peninsula about 1 km long and 400 m across.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Alexander the Great
1.2 Romans
1.3 Decline
1.4 Ecclesiastical history
2 Ruins
3 Today
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
History
Strabo and Arrian both record that Side was founded by Greek settlers from Cyme in Aeolis, a region of western Anatolia. This most likely occurred in the 7th century BC. Its tutelary deity was Athena, whose head adorned its coinage.
Dating from the tenth century B.C., its coinage bore the head of Athena (Minerva), the patroness of the city, with a legend. Its people, a piratical horde, quickly forgot their own language to adopt that of the aborigines.
Possessing a good harbour for small-craft boats, Side's natural geography made it one of the most important places in Pamphylia and one of the most important trade centres in the region. According to Arrian, when settlers from Cyme came to Side, they could not understand the dialect. After a short while, the influence of this indigenous tongue was so great that the newcomers forgot their native Greek and started using the language of Side. Excavations have revealed several inscriptions written in this language. The inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, remain undeciphered, but testify that the local language was still in use several centuries after colonisation. Another object found in the excavations at Side, a basalt column base from the 7th century BC and attributable to the Neo-Hittites, provides further evidence of the site's early history. The name Side may be Anatolian in origin, meaning pomegranate.[citation needed]
Next to no information exists concerning Side under Lydian and Persian sovereignty.
Alexander the Great
Vespasian Gate
Temple of Apollo
Alexander the Great occupied Side without a struggle in 333 BC. Alexander left only a single garrison behind to occupy the city. This occupation, in turn, introduced the people of Side to Hellenistic culture, which flourished from the 4th to the 1st century BC. After Alexander's death, Side fell under the control of one of Alexander's generals, Ptolemy I Soter, who declared himself king of Egypt in 305 BC. The Ptolemaic dynasty controlled Side until it was captured by the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC. Yet, despite these occupations, Side managed to preserve some autonomy, grew prosperous, and became an important cultural centre.
Walls of the ancient theatre of Side
In 190 BC a fleet from the Greek island city-state of Rhodes, supported by Rome and Pergamum, defeated the Seleucid King Antiochus the Great's fleet, which was under the command of the fugitive Carthaginian general Hannibal. The defeat of Hannibal and Antiochus the Great meant that Side freed itself from the overlord-ship of the Seleucid Empire. The Treaty of Apamea (188 BC) forced Antiochus to abandon all European territories and to cede all of Asia Minor north of the Taurus Mountains to Pergamum. However, the dominion of Pergamum only reached de facto as far as Perga, leaving Eastern Pamphylia in a state of uncertain freedom. This led Attalus II Philadelphus to construct a new harbour in the city of Attalia (the present Antalya), although Side already possessed an important harbour of its own. Between 188 and 36 BC Side minted its own money, tetradrachms showing Nike and a laurel wreath (the sign of victory).
In the 1st century BC, Side reached a peak when the Cilician pirates established their chief naval base and a centre for their slave-trade.
Romans
The consul Servilius Vatia defeated these brigands in 78 BC and later the Roman general Pompey in 67 BC, bringing Side under the control of Rome and beginning its second period of ascendancy, when it established and maintained a good working relationship with the Roman Empire.[2]
Emperor Augustus reformed the state administration and placed Pamphylia and Side in the Roman province of Galatia in 25 BC, after the short reign of Amyntas of Galatia between 36 and 25 BC. Side began another prosperous period as a commercial centre in Asia Minor through its trade in olive oil. Its population grew to 60,000 inhabitants. This period would last well into the 3rd century AD. Side also established itself as a slave-trading centre in the Mediterranean. Its large commercial fleet engaged in acts of piracy, while wealthy merchants paid for such tributes as public works, monuments, and competitions as well as the games and gladiator fights. Most of the extant ruins at Side date from this period of prosperity.
One of the maps (portolani) of Piri Reis, taken from the Kitab-i Bahriye, which Piri produced in several editions, supplementing in 1520, but integrating it into subsequent editions.
Side was the home of Eustathius of Antioch, of the philosopher Troilus, of the fifth-century ecclesiastical writer Philip; of the famous lawyer Tribonian.[3]
Decline
Side began a steady decline from the 4th century on. Even defensive walls could not stop successive invasions of highlanders from the Taurus Mountains. During the 5th and 6th centuries, Side experienced a revival, and became the seat of the Bishopric of Eastern Pamphylia. Arab fleets, nevertheless, raided and burned Side during the 7th century, contributing to its decline. The combination of earthquakes, Christian zealots and Arab raids, left the site abandoned by the 10th century, its citizens having emigrated to nearby Antalya.[2]
In the 12th century, Side temporarily established itself once more as a large city. An inscription found on the site of the former ancient city shows a considerable Jewish population in early Byzantine times. However, Side was abandoned again after being sacked. Its population moved to Antalya, and Side became known as Eski Adalia 'Old Antalya' and was buried.
A hospital dating back to the 6th century.
This portion of the main street in Side is lined with the ruins of homes or shops, many of which feature their original mosaic tile flooring.
Ecclesiastical history
As capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, Side was ecclesiastically the metropolitan see. The earliest known bishop was Epidaurus, presiding at the Synod of Ancyra, 314. Others are John, fourth century; Eustathius, 381; Amphilochius, 426-458, who played an important part in the history of the time; Conon, 536; Peter, 553; John, 680-692; Mark, 879; Theodore, 1027-1028; Anthimus, present at the synod held at Constantinople in 1054; John, then counsellor to the Emperor Michael VII Ducas, presided at a council on the worship of images, 1082; Theodosius and his successor Nicetas, twelfth century. John, present at a synod at Constantinople in 1156. The Notitiae Episcopatuum continued to mention Side as a metropolis of Pamphylia until the thirteenth century. It does not appear in the "Notitia" of Andronicus III. From other documents we learn that in 1315 and for some time previous to that, Sidon had bishops of its own — the Bishop of Sinope was called to the position, but was unable to leave his own diocese; this call was repeated in 1338 and 1345. In 1397 the diocese was united with that of Attalia; in 1400 the Metropolitan of Perge and Attalia was at the same time the administrator of Side.[4][citation needed]
No longer a residential see, Side is today included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.[5]
Ruins
The great ruins are among the most notable in Asia Minor. They cover a large promontory where a wall and a moat separate it from the mainland. During medieval times, the wall and moat were repaired and the promontory houses a wealth of structures.
There are colossal ruins of a theatre complex, the largest of Pamphylia, built much like a Roman amphitheatre that relies on arches to support the sheer verticals. The Roman style was adopted because Side lacked a convenient hillside that could be hollowed out in the usual Greek fashion more typical of Asia Minor. The theatre is less preserved than the theatre at Aspendos, but it is almost as large, seating 15,000–20,000 people. With time and the shifting of the earth, the scena wall has collapsed over the stage and the proscenium is in a cataract of loose blocks. It was converted into an open-air sanctuary with two chapels during Byzantine times (5th or 6th century).
The well-preserved city walls provide an entrance to the site through the Hellenistic main gate (Megale Pyle) of the ancient city, although this gate from the 2nd century BC is badly damaged. Next comes the colonnaded street, whose marble columns are no longer extant; all that remains are a few broken stubs near the old Roman baths. The street leads to the public bath, restored as a museum displaying statues and sarcophagi from the Roman period. Next is the square agora with the remains of the round Tyche and Fortuna temple (2nd century BC), a periptery with twelve columns, in the middle. In later times it was used as a trading centre where pirates sold slaves. The remains of the theatre, which was used for gladiator fights and later as a church, and the monumental gate date back to the 2nd century. The early Roman Temple of Dionysus is near the theatre. The fountain gracing the entrance is restored. At the left side are the remains of a Byzantine Basilica. A public bath has also been restored.[2]
The remaining ruins of Side include three temples, an aqueduct, and a nymphaeum. Side's nymphaeum – a grotto with a natural water supply dedicated to the nymphs – was an artificial grotto or fountain building of elaborate design.
There is also a virtually unknown, but expansive site, up in the Taurus foothills, several miles inland, known locally as Seleucia. Virtually unknown to the outside world and not represented on the internet at all, it is the Roman garrison, built by Marc Anthony, to support the city of Side. It covers at least a couple of square miles and is almost completely unexcavated, apart from two weeks in 1975, when the Turkish government funded two weeks of excavations. The site was, apparently, finally abandoned in the 7th century, when an earthquake caused the spring which fed the site with water to dry up completely. Many of the buildings are in remarkably good shape, particularly since, due to the lack of available stone, a significant quantity of the sites stonework contains egg and gravel based concrete blocks.[citation needed]
Turkish archaeologists have been excavating Side since 1947 and intermittently continue to do so.[6]
Today
In 1895 Turkish Muslim[7][8][9] refugees from Crete moved to the ruined town and called it Selimiye. Today, Side has become a popular holiday destination and experiences a new revival.
It was a popular spot for watching the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006.
Side (Pamphylien)
Die antike Stadt Side ist teilweise unter dem heutigen Selimiye gelegen, einem Urlaubsort an der Türkischen Riviera. Die Stadt liegt zwischen den Städten Antalya und Alanya im Landkreis Manavgat, der zu der türkischen Provinz Antalya gehört. Side wurde vor 3500 Jahren erstmals besiedelt und war in der Antike eine bedeutende Hafenstadt in der Region Pamphylien, wie diese Landschaft an der mittleren Südküste in der Antike genannt wurde. Von der antiken Hafenstadt sind viele Bauwerke erhalten geblieben.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Side in der Antike
2 Sprache von Side: Das Sidetische
3 Side heute
4 Sehenswürdigkeiten
5 Bildergalerie
6 Klima
7 Literatur
8 Weblinks
9 Einzelnachweise
Side in der Antike
Das antike Side liegt auf einer flachen Halbinsel mit Hafenanlagen an der Spitze. Der Kirchenhistoriker Eusebios (4. Jahrhundert) datiert die Gründung der Stadt auf 1405 v. Chr., die antike Überlieferung geht davon aus, dass Side etwa im 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr. vom äolischen Kyme aus neu gegründet wurde. Die Stadt wurde für einige Zeit sehr bedeutend und prägte eigene Münzen, die häufig einen Granatapfel als Beizeichen trugen. Im 2. und 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. galt Side als ein Schwerpunkt des Piratenunwesens. Die bedeutendsten Ruinen stammen aus der römischen Epoche, dem 2. und 3. Jahrhundert. Weitere bedeutende Bauten entstanden, als Side im 5. oder 6. Jahrhundert Bischofssitz wurde. Die Stadt wurde vermutlich im 10. Jahrhundert verlassen. Ein Erdbeben im 12. Jahrhundert zerstörte viele der noch verbliebenen Bauwerke endgültig. Side wurde über Aquädukte mit Trinkwasser aus dem 30 Kilometer entfernten Fluss Manavgat versorgt. Reste der Aquädukte sind an verschiedenen Stellen noch zu sehen.
Sprache von Side: Das Sidetische
Die Sprache des antiken Sides war – neben der Sprache der griechischen Kolonisatoren – eine Sidetisch genannte anatolische Sprache. Das Sidetische scheint schon vor Christi Geburt ausgestorben zu sein. Es wird berichtet, dass sich die Griechen aus Kyme die Sprache zu eigen gemacht hätten (Arrian, Anabasis). Side bedeutet auf Griechisch wie auf Sidetisch: Granatapfel.
Side heute
Fischerboote in Side
Türkische Flüchtlinge aus Kreta gründeten 1895 auf der südlichen Hälfte der verlassenen antiken Stadt Side das Fischerdorf Selimiye.[1] 1947 begannen erste Ausgrabungen, die bis heute andauern. Das Fischerdorf wurde in den 1970er Jahren als Badeort entdeckt und erlebt seitdem wie viele Orte an der Türkischen Riviera einen andauernden touristischen Aufschwung. Der Ort Selimiye überbaut heute den südlichen Teil des antiken Side und bildet das Zentrum von Side. In diesem dicht besiedelten Teil verblieben nur wenige antike Gebäude, wie z. B. die Hafentherme und die Große Therme. Der nordöstliche Teil der antiken Stadtfläche ist von einer Düne überdeckt. Vom Apollon-Tempel am Hafen wurden fünf Säulen wieder aufgerichtet und bilden aufgrund der exponierten Lage ein beliebtes Foto-Motiv. Beiderseits der Halbinsel liegen ausgedehnte Sandstrände mit dahinter liegenden Hotelanlagen.
Das flach abfallende Meer eignet sich hervorragend für Schnorchler. Eine besondere Attraktion ist das Beobachten der zahlreichen Meeresschildkröten in der Nähe des Strandes westlich von Side.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Theater, Zuschauerraum
Vom antiken Side sind einige bedeutende Ruinen erhalten geblieben, die wichtigsten darunter sind:
Theater für ca. 20.000 Zuschauer
Nymphaeum
Aquädukte
Agora
Staatsagora (Bibliothek)
Große Therme
Hafentherme
Säulenstraßen
Stadtmauern
Apollon-/Artemis-Tempel, darin wurde später eine byzantinische Kirche gebaut
Basilika und Bischofspalast
Side-Museum in der Agora-Therme
One lonely pomegranate bud so far. The big question is: will we get fruit this year? Last year we had some buds but they all dropped off before forming fruit. This bud is about half an inch long. The name "pomegranate" derives from Latin pomum ("apple") and granatus ("seeded"). This has influenced the common name for pomegranate in many languages (e.g., German Granatapfel, seeded apple). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate
Punica granatum show.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
In the eyes of the camera. Totale Mondfinsternis 15.6.2011
Part of the series קידוש לבנה "kiddusch lewanah"
DMC-G2 - P1050186
#dunkelbunt #pomegranate #granatapfel #schnittmuster #sewingpattern #design #entwurf #spiegel #mirror #physalis #kapstachelbeer #lampion #lampionblume #schnittmuster #musterbogen #sewingpattern #design #entwurf #toledo #memory #erinnerung #kimono #tapestry #tapisserie #weaver #teppichweber #tapis
keine kommentarlosen FAVS!
NO FAVS, thanks!
Alles, alles Liebe und alles erdenklich Gute zum Geburtstag und noch mehr, liebe Annette, und noch viele goldene Oktobertage! Am WE hier war es nicht der Fall, trotzdem ist der Besuch in Strassoldo Pflicht (dagegen mußte Venzone ausfallen wegen kräftiger Regenfälle :(). Laß Dich gebührend und ausführlich feiern :)) (Post ist diesmal leicht in Verzug, dafür wird der Postbote zweimal klingeln ;))
tavolo autunnale a festa per Annette
Miniserie di decorazioni su tavolo ai castelli di Strassoldo per castelli aperti "In autunno: frutti, acque, castelli" per il compleanno di cara Annette!
www.castellodistrassoldo.it/ (auch auf Deutsch and english)
Gin Daisy, Grenadine, Zitronensaft, Gin und Soda auf crushed Ice, schwarzer Hintergrund, schwarzer Untergrund mit frischen Zitronen und Granatapfel
Part of the set: MORPH.
Balloon left behind at the Entrance of the kindergarten Otto Wagner Spital.
DMC-G2 - P1150140 6.10.2011 Manipulation
Morgenröte - Triduum - Ostersonntag
Part of the set: MORPH.
Bearbeitung von: DianaF120mm-03-2011- 000060500005 - "It is what you see 2"
#red #rot #dream #traum #blue #blau #schwarz #black #orange #lieblingsfarbe #mirror #spiegel #pomegranate #granatapfel #physalis #kapstachelbeer #lampion #lampionblume #schnittmuster #sewingpattern #design #entwurf #spiegel #mirror #toledo #memory #erinnerung
Carl Maria von Webern "Aufforderung zum Tanz" Von Michel Focine für das Ballett "Spectre de la Rose" verwendete Musik (Uraufführung: Ballets Russes, Tamara Karsawina und Vaslav Nijinsky)
digital painting with ArtRage. Processing: Acdsee. Collage with photoshop.
"blindtext": literally translation of the German word Blindtext = dummy text, dummy page.
Die Variable: von lateinisch variabilis: veränderbar.
In der formalen Logik: „ein sprachliches Zeichen, für das beliebige Ausdrücke einer bestimmten Art eingesetzt werden können“
Variable verwendet man auch in der Mathematik.
In der Typographie dient der sogenannte Blindtext als Platzhalter.
In der Informatik gibt es die Wildcard als Jokerzeichen.
Erstmals verwendet wurden Variable in der formalen Logik und zwar schon von Aristoteles.
Part of: "Unanswered Request for a Painting - 2 Paintings Wanting a Neighbor - °) the Void °) the Variable, a Blindtext" // Überlegungen Lieblingsfarbe blau braun bunt gelb grau grün indigo rosa rot schwarz türkis violett weiß fav colour black blue brown green grey indigo pink red turquoise violet white yellow
Photo: DMC-G2 - P1680635 - 2013-09-18 15-32-06
Drawing: AR15_51_8_9_2013
#spiegel #mirror #rose #rosengarten #laurin #red #rot #dance #tanz #farbe #color #überlegung
Duesseldorf, Carlsplatz Marketsquare Impressions -------
Der Carlsplatz, lange Zeit Karlplatz, ist der älteste noch betriebene Marktplatz in Düsseldorf. Er liegt südlich der Altstadt, in der Carlstadt, benannt nach Kurfürst Carl Theodor. Der Carlsplatz ist der wichtigste Marktplatz der Stadt, an dem an sechs Wochentagen, außer an Feiertagen, Markt abgehalten wird. 60 Markthändler[1]Stand 2014 bieten vor allem Lebensmittel, Obst und Gemüse, Eier, Fleisch, Fisch, Geflügel und Backwaren sowie die traditionellen Reibekuchen mit Apfelmus und fertigen Backfisch an. In den letzten Jahren haben sich verstärkt gastronomische Stände angesiedelt, die den herkömmlichen Markthandel an einigen Stellen abgelöst haben.
Mit der Erhebung zur Stadt im Jahre 1288 erhielt Düsseldorf Stadt- und Marktrechte.
Im Jahr 1808, setzte sich der Carlsplatz als Standort für die vier einwöchigen Jahrmärkte Düsseldorfs gegen den Markt der Altstadt durch. 1821 wurde der St. Nicola-Jahrmarkt ebenfalls auf den Carlsplatz verlegt.
Ab 1910 war der Karlplatz, nun mit K und ohne s geschrieben, endgültig als Wochenmarkt etabliert. Ab 1940 wurde er allerdings auf den Schwanenmarkt verlegt, da unter dem Karlplatz ein Luftschutzbunker errichtet wurde. Nach dem Krieg kehrte ab Mai 1951 der Markt auf den Karlplatz zurück.[11] Das Parkhaus am Rande des Platzes wurde 1970 erbaut.
Der Carlsplatz veränderte seine Schreibweise im Laufe der Zeit. Insbesondere büßte er im 20. Jahrhundert das Fugen-s ein. Die Bevölkerung akzeptierte dies jedoch nie und nannte den Platz stets Karlsplatz. Über Jahrzehnte hinweg weigerte sich die Stadt, die Sprechweise der Bevölkerung zu übernehmen. Inzwischen ist das S allerdings auf Initiative der Bürgergesellschaft Alde Düsseldorfer zurückgekehrt, auch die Schreibweise mit C zu Beginn wurde wieder eingeführt.
digital painting with ArtRage
"blindtext": literally translation of the German word Blindtext = dummy text, dummy page.
Die Variable: von lateinisch variabilis: veränderbar.
In der formalen Logik: „ein sprachliches Zeichen, für das beliebige Ausdrücke einer bestimmten Art eingesetzt werden können“
Variable verwendet man auch in der Mathematik.
In der Typographie dient der sogenannte Blindtext als Platzhalter.
In der Informatik gibt es die Wildcard als Jokerzeichen.
Erstmals verwendet wurden Variable in der formalen Logik und zwar schon von Aristoteles.
Arvo Paert: "Perpetuum Mobile"
AR15_41_3_9_2013
Sooo lecker, jeden Morgen frischen Orangensaft mit einem Granatapfel und einem kleinen Schuss frischem Olivenöl.
Es sind die einfachen Dinge....
POMEGRANATE
How unreal my pomegranate looks
Outflung against that rough white wall
And yet that's how on its branch it hung
It seems painted by Paul Cezanne
***********************************
MELOGRANO
Quanto sembra irreale il mio melograno
Esposto contro quel ruvido muro bianco
Eppure è appeso così sull suo ramo
Sembra dipinto da Paul Cezanne
***********************************
GRANATAPFEL
Wie unwirklich sieht mein Granatapfel aus
Exponiert gegen diese raue weisse Wand
Aber hing es so auf seinem Zweig
Es scheint von Paul Cezanne gemalt worden zu sein
Instax wide Film exposed in an old Voigtländer Bergheil 6x9 camera and developed in an instax wide 210. About 60 minutes of experimenting around to get it to this stage :-)
Rosh HaShanah (ראש השנה) is the Jewish New Year. Over the centuries it has become associated with many food customs, for instance, eating sweet food to symbolize our hopes for a "Sweet New Year."
Honey (Apples and Honey)
Biblical texts often mention "honey" as the sweetener of choice though some historians believe that the honey referenced in the Bible was actually a sort of fruit paste. Real honey was, of course, available but much more difficult to acquire! Honey represented good living and wealth. The Land of Israel is often called the land of "milk and honey" in the Bible.
On the first night of Rosh Hashanah, we dip challah into honey and say the blessing over the challah. Then we dip apple slices into honey and say a prayer asking God for a sweet year. Slices of apple dipped in honey are often served to Jewish children – either at home or in religious school - as a special Rosh HaShanah snack.
Round Challah
After apples and honey, round loaves of challah are the most recognizable food symbol of Rosh HaShanah. Challah is a kind of braided egg bread that is traditionally served by Jews on Shabbat. During Rosh HaShanah, however, the loaves are shaped into spirals or rounds symbolizing the continuity of Creation. Sometimes raisins or honey are added to the recipe in order to make the resulting loaves extra sweet. (Click here to learn more about challah shapes and meanings.)
Honey Cake
Many Jewish households make honey cakes on Rosh HaShanah as another way to symbolically express their wishes for a Sweet New Year. Often people will use a recipe that has been passed down through the generations. Honey cake can be made with a variety of spices, though autumnal spices (cloves, cinnamon, allspice) are especially popular. Different recipes call for the use of coffee, tea, orange juice or even rum to add an additional dimension of flavor.
New Fruit
On the second night of Rosh Hashanah, we eat a "new fruit" – meaning, a fruit that has recently come into season but that we have not yet had the opportunity to eat. When we eat this new fruit, we say the shehechiyanu blessing thanking God for keeping us alive and bringing us to this season. This ritual reminds us to appreciate the fruits of the earth and being alive to enjoy them.
A pomegranate is often used as this new fruit. In the Bible, the Land of Israel is praised for its pomegranates. It is also said that this fruit contains 613 seeds just as there are 613 mitzvot. Another reason given for blessing and eating pomegranate on Rosh HaShanah is that we wish that our good deeds in the ensuing year will be as plentiful as the seeds of the pomegranate.
Fish
Rosh HaShanah literally means "head of the year" in Hebrew. For this reason in some Jewish communities it is traditional to eat the head of a fish during the Rosh HaShanah holiday meal. Fish is also eaten because it is an ancient symbol of fertility and abundance.
Sources:
Faye Levy's International Jewish Cookbook, A Time Warner Company, 1991.
The Spice and Spirit of Kosher-Jewish Cooking, Lubavitch Women’s Organization, 1977.
Alphabet Soup: Jewish Family Cooking from A to Z, Schechter Day Schools, 1990.
A Treasury of Jewish Holiday Baking. Goldman, Marcy. 1996.
judaism.about.com/od/holidays/a/Rosh-Hashanah-Food-Custom...
I have one Pomegranate tree or bush that I planted, and a number that the birds started... The trees in our gardens do make beautiful and delicious fruit... They are hardy here in Tucson, even though the top branches of the more exposed trees are killed back each year by frost. The flowers are gorgeous!
The focus is on the strong branches within... How does the camera do that? It probably detects edges as indicated by sudden light to dark changes over a number of contiguous pixels in a line in any of a number of directions... I suspect the depth of field and the distance from the subject affects that.
I am beginning to experiment to gain some degree of control over that focusing by taking half steps backwards in a series of shots...
Here are excerpts from an article by the California Rare Fruit Growers that can help a gardener like me:
www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pomegranate.html
POMEGRANATE
Punica granatum L.
Punicaceae
Common Names: Pomegranate, Granada (Spanish), Grenade (French).
Related Species: Punica proto-punica.
Origin: The pomegranate is native from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and was cultivated and naturalized over the whole Mediterranean region since ancient times. It is widely cultivated throughout India and the drier parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and tropical Africa. The tree was introduced into California by Spanish settlers in 1769. In this country it is grown for its fruits mainly in the drier parts of California and Arizona.
Adaptation: Pomegranates prefer a semi-arid mild-temperate to subtropical climate and are naturally adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers. A humid climate adversely affects the formation of fruit. The tree can be severely injured by temperatures below 12° F. In the U. S. pomegranates can be grown outside as far north as southern Utah and Washington, D.C. but seldom set fruit in these areas. The tree adapts well to container culture and will sometimes fruit in a greenhouse.
DESCRIPTION
Growth Habits: The pomegranate is a neat, rounded shrub or small tree that can grow to 20 or 30 ft., but more typically to 12 to 16 ft. in height. Dwarf varieties are also known. It is usually deciduous, but in certain areas the leaves will persist on the tree. The trunk is covered by a red-brown bark which later becomes gray. The branches are stiff, angular and often spiny. There is a strong tendency to sucker from the base. Pomegranates are also long-lived. There are specimens in Europe that are known to be over 200 years of age. The vigor of a pomegranate declines after about 15 years, however.
Foliage: The pomegranate has glossy, leathery leaves that are narrow and lance-shaped.
Flowers: The attractive scarlet, white or variegated flowers are over an inch across and have 5 to 8 crumpled petals and a red, fleshy, tubular calyx which persists on the fruit. The flowers may be solitary or grouped in twos and threes at the ends of the branches. The pomegranate is self-pollinated as well as cross-pollinated by insects. Cross-pollination increases the fruit set. Wind pollination is insignificant.
Fruit: The nearly round, 2-1/2 to 5 in. wide fruit is crowned at the base by the prominent calyx. The tough, leathery skin or rind is typically yellow overlaid with light or deep pink or rich red. The interior is separated by membranous walls and white, spongy, bitter tissue into compartments packed with sacs filled with sweetly acid, juicy, red, pink or whitish pulp or aril. In each sac there is one angular, soft or hard seed. High temperatures are essential during the fruiting period to get the best flavor. The pomegranate may begin to bear in 1 year after planting out, but 2-1/2 to 3 years is more common. Under suitable conditions the fruit should mature some 5 to 7 months after bloom.
CULTIVARS
Balegal
Originated in San Diego, Calif. Selected by Paul H. Thomson. Large, roundish fruit, 3 inches in diameter. Somewhat larger than Fleshman. Skin pale pink, lighter then Fleshman. Flesh slightly darker than Fleshman, very sweet.
Cloud
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Medium-sized fruit with a green-red color. Juice sweet and white.
Crab
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Large fruit have red juice that is tart but with a rich flavor. A heavy bearing tree.
Early Wonderful
Large, deep-red, thin-skinned, delicious fruit. Ripens about 2 weeks ahead of Wonderful. Medium-sized bush with large, orange-red fertile flowers. Blooms late, very productive.
Fleshman
Originated in Fallbrook, Calif. Selected by Paul H. Thomson. Large, roundish fruit, about 3 inches in diameter, pink outside and in. Very sweet flavor, seeds relatively soft, quality very good.
Francis
Originated in Jamaica via Florida. Large, sweet, split-resistant fruit. Prolific producer.
Granada
Originated in Lindsay, Calif. Introduced in 1966. Bud mutation of Wonderful. Fruit resembles Wonderful, but displays a red crown while in the green state, darker red in color and less tart. Ripens one month earlier than Wonderful. Flowers also deeper red. Tree identical to Wonderful.
Green Globe
Originated in Camarillo, Calif. Selected by John Chater. Large, sweet, aromatic, green-skinned fruit. Excellent quality.
Home
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. The fruit is variable yellow-red in color, with light pink juice that is sweet and of rich flavor. Some bitterness.
King
From the Univ. of Calif., Davis pomegranate collection. Medium to large fruit, somewhat smaller than Balegal and Fleshman. Skin darker pink to red. Flavor very sweet. Has a tendency to split. Bush somewhat of a shy bearer.
Phoenicia (Fenecia)
Originated in Camarillo, Calif. Selected by John Chater. Large fruit, 4-5 inches in diameter, mottled red-green skin. Flavor sweet, seeds relatively hard.
Sweet
Fruit is lighter in color than Wonderful, remains slightly greenish with a red blush when ripe. Pink juice, flavor much sweeter than other cultivars. Excellent in fruit punch. Trees highly ornamental, bears at an early age, productive.
Utah Sweet
Very sweet, good quality fruit. Pink skin and pulp. Seeds notably softer than those of Wonderful and other standard cultivars. Attractive pinkish-orange flowers.
Wonderful
Originated in Florida. First propagated in California in 1896. Large, deep purple-red fruit. Rind medium thick, tough. Flesh deep crimson in color, juicy and of a delicious vinous flavor. Seeds not very hard. Better for juicing than for eating out of hand. Plant is vigorous and productive. Leading commercial variety in California.
CULTURE
Location: Pomegranates should be placed in the sunniest, warmest part of the yard or orchard for the best fruit, although they will grow and flower in part shade. The attractive foliage, flowers and fruits of the pomegranate, as well as its smallish size make it a excellent landscaping plant.
Soil: The pomegranate does best in well-drained ordinary soil, but also thrives on calcareous or acidic loam as well as rock strewn gravel.
Irrigation: Once established, pomegranates can take considerable drought, but for good fruit production they must be irrigated. To establish new plants they should be watered every 2 to 4 weeks during the dry season. The plants are tolerant of moderately saline water and soil conditions.
Fertilizing: In the West, the trees are given 2 to 4-ounce applications of ammonium sulfate or other nitrogen fertilizer the first two springs. After that very little fertilizer is needed, although the plants respond to an annual mulch of rotted manure or other compost.
Pruning: Plants should be cut back when they are about 2 ft. high. From this point allow 4 or 5 shoots to develop, which should be evenly distributed around the stem to keep the plant well balanced. These should start about 1 ft. from the ground, giving a short but well-defined trunk. Any shoots which appear above or below should be removed as should any suckers. Since the fruits are borne only at the tips of new growth, it is recommended that for the first 3 years the branches be judiciously shortened annually to encourage the maximum number of new shoots on all sides, prevent straggly development and achieve a strong well framed plant. After the 3rd year, only suckers and dead branches are removed.
Propagation: The pomegranate can be raised from seed but may not come true. Cuttings root easily and plants from them bear fruit after about 3 years. Twelve to 20 inches long cuttings should be taken in winter from mature, one-year old wood. The leaves should be removed and the cuttings treated with rooting hormone and inserted about two-thirds their length into the soil or into some other warm rooting medium. Plants can also be air-layered but grafting is seldom successful.
Pests and Diseases: Pomegranates are relatively free of most pests and diseases. Minor problems are leaf and fruit spot and foliar damage by white flies, thrips, mealybugs and scale insects. The roots are seldom bothered by gophers but deer will browse on the foliage.
Harvest: The fruits are ripe when they have developed a distinctive color and make a metallic sound when tapped. The fruits must be picked before over maturity when they tend to crack open, particularly when rained on. The pomegranate is equal to the apple in having a long storage life. It is best maintained at a temperature of 32° to 41° F. and can be kept for a period of 7 months within this temperature range and at 80 to 85% relative humidity without shrinking or spoiling. The fruits improve in storage, becoming juicier and more flavorful.
The fruit can be eaten out of hand by deeply scoring several times vertically and then breaking it apart. The clusters of juice sacs are then lifted out and eaten. The sacs also make an attractive garnish when sprinkled on various dishes. Pomegranate fruits are most often consumed as juice and can be juiced is several ways. The sacs can be removed and put through a basket press or the juice can be extracted by reaming the halved fruits on an ordinary orange juice squeezer. Another approach starts with warming the fruit slightly and rolling it between the hands to soften the interior. A hole is then cut in the stem end which is placed on a glass to let the juice run out, squeezing the fruit from time to time to get all the juice. The juice can be used in a variety of of ways: as a fresh juice, to make jellies, sorbets or cold or hot sauces as well as to flavor cakes, baked apples, etc. Pomegranate syrup is sold commercially as grenadine. The juice can also be made into a wine.
Commercial Potential: The primary commercial growing regions of the world are the Near East, India and surrounding countries and southern Europe. In California commercial cultivation is centered in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Consumer demand in this country is not great. More pomegranate fruits probably wind up as decorations in fruit bowls than are consumed.
_____________________________________________
Also see the more general Wikipedia article. It has a section on use in cooking by regions of the world:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate
Here are a few highlights that struck my fancy:
A pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to between five and eight meters tall. Native to the drier regions of the Mediterranean Basin, pomegranate is widely cultivated throughout India and parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and tropical Africa.[1] Introduced into Latin America and California by Spanish settlers in 1769, pomegranate is now cultivated in parts of California and Arizona for juice production. [2]
Scientific Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae
Genus: Punica
Species: P. granatum
Binomial Name
Punica granatum - Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Synonyms
Punica malus - Linnaeus, 1758
Cultivars
More than 500 cultivars of pomegranate have been named, but such fruits evidently have considerable synonymy in which the same genotype is named differently across regions of the world.[4] Iran hosts a great genetic diversity of pomegranate and more than 760 Iranian genotypes are collected at Iranian national pomegranate collection in Yazd, Iran.
Several characteristics between pomegranate genotypes vary for identification, consumer preference, preferred use, and marketing, the most important of which are fruit size, exocarp color (ranging from yellow to purple, with pink and red most common), aril color (ranging from white to red), hardness of seed, maturity, juice content and its acidity, sweetness, and astringency.[4]
Etymology
The name "pomegranate" derives from Latin pomum ("apple") and granatus ("seeded"). This has influenced the common name for pomegranate in many languages (e.g., German Granatapfel, "Granat" meaning "garnet" and "Apfel" meaning "apple", thus "garnet apple"). Perhaps stemming from the French word for the fruit, "pomme-grenade", the pomegranate was known in early English as "apple of Grenada" -- a term which today survives only in heraldic blazons. This was probably a folk etymology, confusing Latin granatus with the Spanish city of Granada. The genus name Punica is named for the Phoenicians, who were active in broadening its cultivation, partly for religious reasons. In classical Latin, where "malum" was broadly applied to many apple-like fruits, the pomegranate's name was malum punicum or malum granatum, the latter giving rise to the Italian name melograno, or less commonly melagrana.
Potential health benefits
In preliminary laboratory research and human pilot studies, juice of the pomegranate was effective in reducing heart disease risk factors, including LDL oxidation, macrophage oxidative status, and foam cell formation,[35][36][37] all of which are steps in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
In a limited study of hypertensive patients, consumption of pomegranate juice for two weeks was shown to reduce systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum angiotensin-converting enzyme.[38] Juice consumption may also inhibit viral infections[39] while pomegranate extracts have antibacterial effects against dental plaque.[40][41]
Culinary use
After opening the pomegranate by scoring it with a knife and breaking it open, the arils (seed casings) are separated from the peel and internal white pulp membranes. Separating the red arils is easier in a bowl of water, because the arils sink and the inedible pulp floats. Freezing the entire fruit also makes it easier to separate. Another very effective way of quickly harvesting the arils is to cut the pomegranate in half, score each half of the exterior rind four to six times, hold the pomegranate half over a bowl and smack the rind with a large spoon. The arils should eject from the pomegranate directly into the bowl, leaving only a dozen or more deeply embedded arils to remove.
The entire seed is consumed raw, though the watery, tasty aril is the desired part. The taste differs depending on the subspecies of pomegranate and its ripeness. The pomegranate juice can be very sweet or sour, but most fruits are moderate in taste, with sour notes from the acidic tannins contained in the aril juice.
Pomegranate juice has long been a popular drink in Persian and Indian cuisine, and began to be widely distributed in the United States and Canada in 2002.[12]
Grenadine syrup is thickened and sweetened pomegranate juice used in cocktail mixing. Before tomatoes (a new-world fruit) arrived in the Middle East, grenadine was widely used in many Iranian foods, and is still found in traditional recipes such as fesenjan, a thick sauce made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts, usually spooned over duck or other poultry and rice, and in ash-e anar (pomegranate soup).[13]
Wild pomegranate seeds are used as a spice known as anardana (from Persian: anar+dana, pomegranate+seed), most notably in Indian and Pakistani cuisine, but also as a substitute for pomegranate syrup in Persian cuisine. Dried whole arils can often be obtained in ethnic Indian subcontinent markets. These seeds are separated from the flesh, dried for 10–15 days and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry preparation. Ground anardana is also used, which results in a deeper flavoring in dishes and prevents the seeds from getting stuck in teeth. Seeds of the wild pomegranate variety known as daru from the Himalayas are regarded as quality sources for this spice.
Dried pomegranate arils, found in some natural specialty food markets, still contain the seed and residual aril water, maintaining a natural sweet and tart flavor. Dried arils can be used in several culinary applications, such as trail mix, granola bars, or as a topping for salad, yogurt, or ice cream. Chocolate covered arils, also available in gourmet food stores, may be added to desserts and baked items.
In the Caucasus, pomegranate is used mainly as juice.[14] In Azerbaijan a sauce from pomegranate juice (narsharab) is usually served with fish[15] or tika kabab. In Turkey, pomegranate sauce, (Turkish: nar ekşisi) is used as a salad dressing, to marinate meat, or simply to drink straight. Pomegranate seeds are also used in salads and sometimes as garnish for desserts such as güllaç.[16] Pomegranate syrup or molasses is used in muhammara, a roasted red pepper, walnut, and garlic spread popular in Syria and Turkey.[17]
In Greece, pomegranate (Greek: ρόδι, rodi) is used in many recipes, including kollivozoumi, a creamy broth made from boiled wheat, pomegranates and raisins, legume salad with wheat and pomegranate, traditional Middle Eastern lamb kebabs with pomegranate glaze, pomegranate eggplant relish, and avocado-pomegranate dip. Pomegranate is also made into a liqueur and popular fruit confectionery used as ice cream topping or mixed with yogurt or spread as jam on toast. In Cyprus as well as in Greece and among the Greek Orthodox Diaspora , ρόδι is used to make kolliva, a mixture of wheat, pomegranate seeds, sugar, almonds and other seeds served at memorial services.
In present-day cuisine, pomegranate can be used to add a creative touch to green salads or potato or chickpea-based salads.[18]
IMG_4305_2
Hector Berlioz La Spectre de la Rose (Anne Sophie von Otter, youtube)
digital painting with ArtRage
"blindtext": literally translation of the German word Blindtext = dummy text, dummy page.
Die Variable: von lateinisch variabilis: veränderbar. In der formalen Logik: „ein sprachliches Zeichen, für das beliebige Ausdrücke einer bestimmten Art eingesetzt werden können“
Variable verwendet man auch in der Mathematik.
In der Typographie dient der sogenannte Blindtext als Platzhalter.
In der Informatik gibt es die Wildcard als Jokerzeichen.
Erstmals verwendet wurden Variable in der formalen Logik und zwar schon von Aristoteles.
AR15_51_8_9_2013
Conrad von Hötzendorf, ein Major und der Hofphotograph Skolik
Major: "Er (der Skolik) sagt, die ham kan Kopf, da macht er eh nur a Brustbild".
C. v. Hötzendorf: "Sollen wir wieder beim Studium der Balkankarte - das war ja außerordentlich - aber ich denk zur Abwechslung vielleicht die italienische -"
Skolik: "Ungeniert, Exzellenz, - so - ganz leger - ganz ungeniert - so - nein, das war bißl - da könnt man am End glauben, es is gstellt -"
Snapshot notes from work in telegraphese
Arizona Greentea Pomegranate Wasserflasche, Physalis
Part of: "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" // "Empty Padded Time at Work": Prompter`s book ~ Soufflierbuch Soufflierbuch "Die letzten Tage der Menschheit" (Karl Kraus) Seite 23, drawing: 4.4.2014, 12.6.2014
Diptych:
DMC-G2 - P1810094 - 2014-06-12
DMC-G2 - P1810101 - 2014-06-12
English wikipedia: Karl Kraus
Die letzten Tage der Menschheit ~ "The Last Days of Mankind: a Tragedy in Five Acts" (a play about World War I)
Arizona Greentea Pomegranate, Kinder-Pingui Schoko, Programm Folder September 2014 "125 Jahre Volkstheater", Federschachtel.
Part of "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" // Alltag // Aquarius // "Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Time at Work" - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die letzten Tage der Menschheit" (Karl Kraus) S. 14, 25.3.2014, 3.6.2014, 7.6.2014 // Pomegranate Granatapfel // "res noscenda" Circular Weaving - Arachne - im Kreis weben // "An Exercise: Fools Tower, One Thousand and One Sights ~ Narrenturm Tausendundeine Ansichten, eine Übung" I asked for learning - he does not find it worth the effort to answer. - Narrenturm ungezählt - Narrenturm weben
Diptych:
DMC-G2 - P1800859 - 2014-06-07
DMC-G2 - P1800864 - 2014-06-07
2 paintings: private collection E. H. u. J. H.
Arvo Paert: "Perpetuum Mobile" (youtube)
Part of: "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau / flickr bilderordner 1" / UNANSWERED REQUEST FOR A PAINTING
Triptychon AR15_28.8.2013
#musterbogen #schnittmuster #kimono #tapestry #tapisserie #teppich #carpet #teppchweber #weben #weave
Fruit salad with green kiwi, red pomme granate and Lubera Redlove Calypso apples: iitm.be/lubapfel
Obstalat mit grünen Kiwis, Granatapfel und Lubera Redlove Calypso Äpfeln: iitm.be/lubapfel
Gustav Holst: Mercury, the Winged Messenger. The Planets. Arrangement for 2 Pianos (youtube).
Part of the set: MORPH.
Balloon left behind at the Entrance of the kindergarten Otto Wagner Spital.
DMC-G2 - P1150140 6.10.2011 Manipulation
Part of: "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" Circular Weaving - Arachne - im Kreis weben // Die Welt als Atelier, Werkstatt // Arbores Trees Bäume // "An Exercise: Fools Tower, One Thousand and One Sights ~ Narrenturm Tausendundeine Ansichten, eine Übung" I asked for learning - he does not find it worth the effort to answer. - Narrenturm ungezählt - Narrenturm weben
DMC-G2 - P1800280 - 2014-05-22
Denn in ihm (Jesus Christus) wohnt die ganze Fülle der Gottheit leibhaftig.
For in him (Jesus Christ) the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily,
Kolosser / Colossians 2,9
Bild / Picture: Punica Granatum / Blüte des Granatbaumes
Familie: Lythraceae / Weiderichgewächse
Heimat: West-/Mittelasien; heute auch Mittelmeerraum
Granatapfel (Punica granatum)
Klostergarten von Kloster Bonlanden mit dem Sonnengesangweg dem Lobpreis des hl. Franziskus, dem Mutterhaus der Franziskanerinnen von der Unbefleckten Empfängnis Unserer Lieben Frau (OSF) in Bonlanden, einem Teilort der Gemeinde Berkheim an der Iller im Landkreis Biberach in Oberschwaben-Deutschland
Der Sonnengesangweg - Station "Mutter Erde"
„Mutter Erde" ist die Mutter allen Lebens, der Pflanzen, der Tiere und der Menschen. Aus ihrem fruchtbaren Schoß kommt alles Leben hervor und geht wieder zu ihr zurück.
Monastery Garden Monastery Bonlanden with the Sonnengesangweg the worship of St. Francis, the motherhouse of the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady (OSF) in Bonlanden, a suburb of the municipality Berkheim on the Iller in the district of Biberach in Upper Swabia-Germany
The Canticle - Station 'Mother Earth'
'Mother Earth' is the mother of all life, of plants, animals and humans. From her fertile womb comes forth all life and goes back to her.
Jardin du cloître du monastère bonlanden avec Sonnenweg chantant les louanges de la St. Francis, la maison-mère des sœurs franciscaines de l’Immaculée conception de notre Dame (OSF) en bonlanden, un village de la municipalité de Berkheim sur l’Iller dans le District de Biberach, en Haute-Souabe Allemagne
la façon dont les chanter au soleil - terre-mère station ;
' mère Mise à la terre est la mère de toute vie, les végétaux, les animaux et les gens. De son ventre fertile, toute vie vient et remonte à elle de nouveau.
The translation from German to English with ImTranslator
Traduction de l'allemand en français avec ImTranslator
Gustav Holst "Mars, the Bringer of War (Planet Suite)" (Sommernachtskonzert Schönbrunn, Franz Welser-Möst, Wiener Philharmoniker / youtube)
Kunst kommt nicht von schön, aber Granate kommt von Granatapfel
auf dem blauen Boden in der blauen Spiegel-Küche: Sirupflasche, Kreis aus Sirup, Rechnung Merkur (Bote): 1 Riemerschmid Granatapfel, Grenadine Bar-Syrup 1 Casali Schokobanane XL, Block Canson Black 29,7x42cm, Klarsicht-Plastikfolie (Verpackung des Blocks), wiederbenutzte Alufolie.
Part of: "an apple a day keeps the doctor away - An ENSO (circle, Kreis) a day .... " Aktion Kreis Tagebuch A circle diary - Start of the Project: 1. September // The Warrior - why the warrior loves pomegranates - The Color Blood - Die Farbe Blut
Diptych:
DMC-G2 - P1850682 - 2014-10-14
DMC-G2 - P1850687 - 2014-10-14
La granada es el, fruto de un árbol llamado granado que alcanza hasta cuatro metros de altura, de la familia de las Punicáceas.
El granado era cultivado en tiempos muy remotos porque se han encontrado indicios del consumo de esta fruta en tumbas egipcias de 2.500 años antes de Cristo.
Posiblemente fueron los cartagineses los que que introdujeron el granado en la región mediterránea a raíz de las guerras Púnicas.
Basándose en ese origen propuso Linneo su nombre: Punica granatum. Teofrasto describió este árbol alrededor del año 300 a.C. y Plinio se refirió a él como uno de los frutales más valiosos.
Los principales países productores son: Israel, Líbano, Egipto, Túnez, España e Italia.