Boston - Beacon Hill

Beacon Hill is a historic neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is also the location of the Massachusetts State House. The term "Beacon Hill" is used locally as a metonym to refer to the state government or the legislature itself, much like Washington, D.C.'s Capitol Hill does at the federal level.

 

Federal-style rowhouses, narrow gaslit streets and brick sidewalks run through the neighborhood, which is generally regarded as one of the more desirable and expensive in Boston. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood was 9,023.

 

Etymology

 

Like many similarly named areas, the neighborhood is named for the location of a former beacon atop the highest point in central Boston. The beacon was used to warn the residents of an invasion.

 

Geography

 

Beacon Hill is bounded by Storrow Drive, and Cambridge, Bowdoin, Park and Beacon Streets. It is about 1/6 of a square mile in size, and situated along the riverfront of the Charles River Esplanade to the west, just north of Boston Common and the Boston Public Garden. The block bound by Beacon, Tremont and Park Streets is included as well. Beacon Hill has three sections: the south slope, the north slope and the "Flat of the Hill", which is a level neighborhood built on landfill, located west of Charles Street and between Beacon and Cambridge streets.

 

Located in the center of the Shawmut Peninsula, the area originally had three hills, Beacon Hill and two others nearby, Pemberton Hill and Mount Vernon, which were leveled for Beacon Hill's development. The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street.

 

Between 1807 and 1832, Beacon Hill was reduced from 138 feet in elevation to 80 feet. The shoreline and bodies of water such as the Mill Pond had a "massive filling", increasing Boston's land mass by 150%. Charles Street was one of the new roads created from the project.

 

Before the hill was reduced substantially, Beacon Hill was located just behind the current site of Massachusetts State House.

 

Demographics

 

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023. This reflects a slight (0.3% or 29 individuals) decrease from the 2000 Census. The racial/ethnic make-up of the neighborhood's population is as follows: 86.8% of the population is white, 2% black or African American, 4.1% Hispanic or Latino, 0.1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 5.3% Asian, 0.4% some other race/ethnicity, and 1.3% two or more races/ethnicities.

 

According to 2007–2011 American Community Survey estimates, of the 5,411 households in Beacon Hill, 27.3% were family households and 72.7 were non-family households (with 55.7% of those female householders). Of the 1,479 family households 81.6% were married couple families. 36.6% of married couple families were with related children under the age of 18 and 63.4% were with no related children under age 18. Other family types make up 18.4% of Beacon Hill's population, with 90.8% being female householders with no husband present and a majority of these households included children under 18 present.

 

History

 

The first European settler was William Blaxton, also spelled Blackstone. In 1625 he built a house and orchard on Beacon Hill's south slope, roughly at the location of Beacon and Spruce street. The settlement was a "preformal arrangement". In 1630 Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company. The southwestern slope was used by the city for military drills and livestock grazing. In 1634 a signal beacon was established on the top of the hill. Sailors and British soldiers visited the north slope of Beacon Hill during the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, it became an "undesirable" area for Boston residents "Fringe activities" occurred on "Mount Whoredom", the backslope of Beacon Hill.

 

18th century

 

Beacon Street was established in 1708 from a cow path to the Boston Common. John Singleton Copley owned land on the south slope for pasture for his cows and farmland.

 

In 1787 Charles Bulfinch designed the Massachusetts State House. Its construction was completed in 1795, replacing the Old State House in the center of Boston.

 

The Mount Vernon Proprietors group was formed to develop the trimount area, The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. when by 1780 the city's neighborhoods could no longer meet the needs of the growing number of residents. Eighteen and a half or 19 acres of grassland west of the State House was purchased in 1795, most of it from John Singleton Copley. The Beacon Hill district's development began when Charles Bulfinch, an architect and planner, laid out the plan for the neighborhood. Four years later the hills were leveled, Mount Vernon Street was laid, and mansions were built along it. One of the first homes was the Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street.

 

19th century

 

Development

 

Construction of homes began in earnest at the turn of the century, such as: freestanding mansions, symmetrical pairs of houses, and row houses. Between 1803 and 1805, the first row houses were built for Stephen Higginson.

 

In the 1830s, residential homes were built for wealthy people on Chestnut and Mt. Vernon Streets. Some affluent people moved, beginning in the 1870s, to Back Bay with its "French-inspired boulevards and mansard-roofed houses that were larger, lighter, and airier than the denser Beacon Hill."

 

In the early 19th century, there were "fringe activities" along the Back Bay waterfront, with ropewalks along Beacon and Charles Streets.

 

South slope

 

The south slope "became the seat of Boston wealth and power." It was carefully planned for people who left densely populated areas, like the North End. The residents of opulent homes, called the Boston Brahmins, were described by Oliver Wendell Holmes as a "harmless, inoffensive, untitled aristocracy". They had "houses by Charles Bulfinch, their monopoly on Beacon Street, their ancestral portraits and Chinese porcelains, humanitarianism, Unitarian faith in the march of the mind, Yankee shrewdness, and New England exclusiveness."

 

Literary salons and publishing houses were founded in the 19th century. "Great thinkers" lived in the neighborhood, including Daniel Webster, Henry Thoreau and Wendell Phillips.

 

Flat of the Hill

 

Development began in the early 19th century. Single family homes often had stores on the first floor for retailers, carpenters and shoemakers. Today, many of the 19th century waterfront landmarks, such as the Charles Street Meeting House, are found far from the water due to the filling that has taken place since then.

 

North slope

 

The north slope was the home of African Americans, sailors and Eastern and Southern European immigrants. The area around Belknap Street (now Joy Street) in particular became home to more than 1,000 blacks beginning in the mid-1700s. While this community is often described as arising from domestic workers in the homes of white residents on the south slope of the Hill, property records indicate that the black community on the north slope was already well-established by 1805, before the filling-in of the south slope was completed, and so before that slope of Beacon Hill came to be considered an affluent area.

 

Many blacks in the neighborhood attended church with the whites but did not have a vote in church affairs and sat in segregated seating. A Baptist congregation, built the African Meeting House in 1806 and by 1840 there were five black churches. The African Meeting House on Joy Street was a community center for members of the black elite. Frederick Douglass spoke there about abolition, and William Lloyd Garrison formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society at the Meeting House. It became a "hotbed and an important depot on the Underground Railroad."

 

Blacks and whites were largely united on the subject of abolition. Beacon Hill was one of the staunchest centers of the anti-slavery movement in the Antebellum era.

 

One of the earliest black Republican legislators in the United States was Julius Caesar Chappelle (1852–1904), who served as a legislator in Boston from 1883 to 1886 and whose district included the Beacon Hill area. Chappelle was a popular, well-liked politician and was covered by many of the black newspapers in the United States.

 

Blacks migrated to Roxbury and Boston's South End after the Civil War.

 

Immigrants

 

In the latter part of the 19th century, Beacon Hill absorbed an influx of Irish, Jewish and other immigrants.

 

Many homes built of brick and wood in the early 19th century were dilapidated by the end of the Civil War and were razed for new housing. Brick apartment buildings, or tenements, were built. Yellow brick townhouses were constructed, generally with arched windows on the first floor and a low ceiling on the top, fourth floor. Residential homes were also converted to boarding houses.

 

The north slope neighborhood transitioned as blacks moved out of the neighborhood and immigrants, such as Eastern European Jews, made their homes in the community. The Vilna Shul was established in 1898, and the African Meeting House was converted into a synagogue.

 

20th century

 

Better transportation service to the suburbs and other cities led a boom to the city's economy at the beginning of the 20th century. New buildings, "compatible with the surroundings", were built and older buildings renovated. To ensure that there were controls on new development and demolition, the Beacon Hill Association was formed in 1922. Into the 1940s there were attempts to replace brick sidewalks, but the projects were abandoned due to community resistance.

 

Banks, restaurants and other service industries moved into the "Flat of the Hill", with a resulting transformation of the neighborhood.

 

Red-light districts operated near Beacon Hill in Scollay Square and the West End until a 1950s urban renewal project renovated the area. To prevent urban renewal projects of historically significant buildings in Beacon Hill, its residents ensured that the community obtained historic district status: south slope in 1955, Flat of the Hill in 1958, and north slope in 1963. The Beacon Hill Architectural Commission was established in 1955 to monitor renovation and development projects. For instance, in 1963, 70-72 Mount Vernon Street was to be demolished for the construction of an apartment building. A compromise was made to maintain the building and its exterior and build new apartments inside.

 

Historic district and national landmark

 

In 1955, state legislation Chapter 616 created the Historic Beacon Hill District. It was the first such district in Massachusetts, created to protect historic sites and manage urban renewal. Supporting these objectives is the local non-profit Beacon Hill Civic Association. According to the Massachusetts Historical Commission, the historic districts "appear to have stabilized architectural fabric" of Beacon Hill.[

 

Beacon Hill was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1962.

 

21st century

 

Wealthy Boston families continue to live at the Flat of the Hill and south slope. Inhabitants of the north slope include Suffolk University students and professionals.

 

Neighborhoods

 

Beacon Hill is predominantly residential, known for old colonial brick row houses with "beautiful doors, decorative iron work, brick sidewalks, narrow streets, and gas lamps". Restaurants and antique shops are located on Charles Street.

 

Louisburg Square is "the most prestigious address" in Beacon Hill. Its residents have access to private parking and live in "magnificent Greek Revival townhouses." Nearby is Acorn Street, often mentioned as the "most frequently photographed street in the United States." It is a narrow lane paved with cobblestones that was home to coachmen employed by families in Mt. Vernon and Chestnut Street mansions.

 

The Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street was built in 1796. Charles Bulfinch designed this house, and two additional houses, for the businessman and politician who was instrumental in Beacon Hill's development and Boston becoming the state capital. The Otis House also houses the headquarters of Historic New England, previously known as Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Other notable houses are the Francis Parkman House and an 1804 townhouse, now the Nichols House Museum. The Nichols House "offers a rare glimpse inside [the] Brahmin life" of Rose Standish Nichols, a landscape artists.

 

In popular culture

 

Published in 1937, the Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand satirizes the upper-class white residents of Beacon Hill.

 

William Kane, one of the protagonists in the Jeffrey Archer novel Kane and Abel, lives in Beacon Hill.

 

On Beacon Street, the Bull and Finch Bar was the inspiration and source of exterior shots for the Cheers television show.

 

Make Way for Ducklings (Viking, 1941) is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey. Most of the story is set at the foot of Beacon Hill, especially the route taken by the fictional Mrs. Mallard and her children on foot across Beacon Street. It is commemorated every year in May by a parade through Beacon Hill to the Boston Public Garden, where the mallards nested.

 

Nine Lives; or, the celebrated cat of Beacon Hill (Pantheon, 1951) is a 62-page children's book by the novelist Edward Fenton (1917–1995) and illustrator Paul Galdone. "A wealthy, elderly Boston matron adopts a scruffy tomcat and while she is away on a trip her jealous butler tries very hard to destroy all nine of the cat's lives."

 

The 1968 Norman Jewison film The Thomas Crown Affair is set and was largely filmed in and around Beacon Hill.

 

Dr. Charles Emerson Winchester was born and raised there, and in an episode of MASH [9/13 "No Laughing Matter"] swears "By Beacon Hill" to get revenge on the commanding officer who sent him to MASH 4077.

 

Robert Lowell's prose sketch 91 Revere Street was inspired by his childhood home on Beacon Hill.

 

Dr. Michaela Quinn of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman was raised on Beacon Hill.

 

Dr. Maura Isles of TNT's Rizzoli & Isles lives on Beacon Hill.

Asclepia, a small private hospital, is mentioned in Patrick O'Brian's sixth Aubrey-Maturin novel, The Fortune of War, as being "in a dry, healthy location near Beacon Hill."

 

The NBC TV series Banacek (1972–1974) was set and partially filmed on Beacon Hill. Its main character "Thomas Banacek" played by George Peppard grew up in nearby "Scollay Square" and lived in the "Second Harrison Grey Otis House."

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Beacon Hill ist ein historischer Stadtteil (Neighborhood) der Stadt Boston im Bundesstaat Massachusetts in den Vereinigten Staaten. Gemeinsam mit dem benachbarten Back Bay, das gleichfalls ein Historic District ist, lebten dort im Jahr 2010 27.476 Einwohner. In Beacon Hill stehen viele Reihenhäuser im Federal Style. Der Stadtteil ist bekannt für seine engen Straßen mit Gasbeleuchtung und Bürgersteige aus Backsteinen. Heute gilt Beacon Hill als einer der begehrenswertesten und teuersten Stadtteile von Boston.

 

Der Stadtteil liegt nördlich des Boston Common und des Boston Public Garden. Er wird grob durch die Beacon Street im Süden, die Somerset Street im Osten, die Cambridge Street im Norden und den Storrow Drive entlang des Charles River im Westen begrenzt. Hinzu gerechnet wird der Block zwischen der Beacon Street, Tremont Street und Park Street, in dem der Boston Common liegt. Der Bereich westlich der Charles Street wird von den Einwohnern als „Flat of the Hill“ bezeichnet.

 

Weil sich das Massachusetts State House an einer hervorgehobenen Position auf der Spitze des Hügels befindet, wird der Ausdruck Beacon Hill von den lokalen Medien häufig auch als Metonym für die staatliche Regierung oder auch Gesetzgebung verwendet.

 

Geschichte

 

Das zweite Haus Harrison Gray Otis House, 85 Mount Vernon Street.

Wie viele gleichnamige Orte in den USA wurde der Stadtteil nach einem Leuchtfeuer (engl. „beacon“) benannt, das früher auf der Spitze des Hügels und damit auf dem höchsten Punkt im Bostoner Zentrum stand. Es befand sich direkt hinter dem heutigen Massachusetts State House, wo heute ein Denkmal daran erinnert. Der Hügel selbst wurde gemeinsam mit den in der Nähe gelegenen Hügeln Pemberton Hill und Mount Vernon erheblich in der Höhe reduziert, um den Hausbau in der Gegend zu vereinfachen und mit dem gewonnenen Material den nordöstlich gelegenen Mill Pond aufzufüllen, um weiteres Bauland gewinnen zu können.

 

Der gesamte Hügel war von 1625 bis 1635 das Eigentum des ersten europäischen Siedlers in Boston namens William Blaxton, der das Gebiet schließlich an die Puritaner verkaufte. Der südliche Hang des Beacon Hill mit Ausrichtung zum Boston Common war im 19. Jahrhundert die begehrteste Seite, der nördliche Hang war als Black Beacon Hill bekannt. Viele bekannte Afroamerikaner wie Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, David Walker und Sojourner Truth hielten Reden im African Meeting House an der Joy Street. Die Gegend um den Beacon Hill war in der Zeit vor dem Sezessionskrieg eines der wichtigsten und stabilsten Zentren des Abolitionismus.

 

Die dort ebenfalls eine Zeit lang lebende Rebecca Lee Crumpler war die erste afroamerikanische Frau, die einen Hochschulabschluss in Medizin in den Vereinigten Staaten erhielt. Im Jahr 1860 wurde sie am New England Female Medical College aufgenommen, das später in das Boston College eingegliedert wurde, und machte ihren Abschluss als M.D. Ihre 1883 veröffentlichte Schrift „A Book of Medical Discourses“ war eines der ersten Bücher der Medizinwissenschaft, das von einer Afroamerikanerin geschrieben wurde.

 

Die Nordseite des Hügels war bis in das 20. Jahrhundert hinein eine Gegend, in der vorwiegend Afroamerikaner mit sehr geringem oder gar keinem Einkommen wohnten und in dem die Prostitution blühte. Daher lebten die ärmsten Immigranten zunächst ebenfalls dort, zumeist Juden aus Irland, Italien und Osteuropa. Erst ein groß angelegtes Stadterneuerungsprojekt in den 1950er Jahren schränkte den Rotlichtbezirk am Scollay Square ein.

 

1937 erschien der Roman The Late George Apley, der den Pulitzer-Preis gewann und satirisch das Leben der wohlhabenden Weißen auf dem Beacon Hill beschrieb.

 

Beacon Hill wurde am 19. Dezember 1962 als National Historic Landmark in das National Register of Historic Places aufgenommen.

 

(Wikipedia)

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